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class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">TMS9918</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/TMS9918" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:TMS9918" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> 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</ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/TMS9918" title="Special:EditPage/TMS9918">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22TMS9918%22">"TMS9918"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22TMS9918%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22TMS9918%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22TMS9918%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22TMS9918%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22TMS9918%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>TMS9918</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Video_display_controller" title="Video display controller">video display controller</a> (VDC) manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, in manuals referenced as "Video Display Processor" (VDP) and introduced in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TMS9918 and its variants were used in the <a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a>, <a href="/wiki/VTech_CreatiVision" title="VTech CreatiVision">CreatiVision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memotech_MTX" title="Memotech MTX">Memotech MTX</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a>, <a href="/wiki/NABU_Network#Hardware" title="NABU Network">NABU Personal Computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/SG-1000" title="SG-1000">SG-1000</a>/<a href="/wiki/SC-3000" class="mw-redirect" title="SC-3000">SC-3000</a>, Spectravideo <a href="/wiki/SV-318" title="SV-318">SV-318</a>, <a href="/wiki/SV-328" title="SV-328">SV-328</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sord_M5" title="Sord M5">Sord M5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatung_Einstein" title="Tatung Einstein">Tatung Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/TI-99/4A" title="TI-99/4A">TI-99/4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casio_PV-1000#PV-2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Casio PV-1000">Casio PV-2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coleco_Adam" title="Coleco Adam">Coleco Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanimex" title="Hanimex">Hanimex Pencil II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programa_Educativo_de_Colegios_Secundarios" title="Programa Educativo de Colegios Secundarios">PECOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomy_Tutor" title="Tomy Tutor">Tomy Tutor</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMS9918A_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/TMS9918A_01.jpg/220px-TMS9918A_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/TMS9918A_01.jpg/330px-TMS9918A_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/TMS9918A_01.jpg/440px-TMS9918A_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="479"></a><figcaption>VDP TMS9918A</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMS9918A_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/TMS9918A_02.jpg/220px-TMS9918A_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/TMS9918A_02.jpg/330px-TMS9918A_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/TMS9918A_02.jpg/440px-TMS9918A_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="305"></a><figcaption>VDP TMS9918A</figcaption></figure> <p>The TMS9918 generates both grid-based character graphics (used to display text or background images) and <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a> used for moving foreground objects. </p><p>The key features of this chip are, as highlighted in a 1980 presentation by Karl Guttag (one of the designers):<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>256 by 192 full color pixels per screen</li> <li>15 different colors and/or shades</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Non-interlaced</a> color <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> output</li> <li>Direct wiring to RAS/CAS type <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">dynamic RAMs</a></li> <li>Automatic refresh of dynamic RAMs</li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> memory mapped type CPU interface</li> <li>CPU accesses RAM via VDP (no need for <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a>)</li> <li>32 dynamic characters per screen</li> <li>Thirty-two 8×8 patterns per row, 24 rows per screen</li> <li>Text mode with forty 6×8 patterns per row</li> <li>Multicolor mode with 64 by 48 memory mappable color squares</li> <li>External video input and control</li> <li>Single supply +5 volt operation</li> <li>Standard N-Channel <a href="/wiki/Silicon-gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon-gate">silicon gate</a> technology</li></ul> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Product_family"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Product family</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#TMS9918"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">TMS9918</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#TMS9918A,_TMS9928A_and_TMS9929A"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">TMS9918A, TMS9928A and TMS9929A</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#TMS9118,_TMS9128_and_TMS9129"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">TMS9118, TMS9128 and TMS9129</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#External_interfaces"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">External interfaces</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Video_RAM"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Video RAM</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#CPU"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">CPU</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Graphics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Graphics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Characters"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Characters</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Screen_modes"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Screen modes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11"><a href="#Documented"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Documented</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-12"><a href="#Screen_Mode_2_details"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Screen Mode 2 details</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-13"><a href="#Undocumented"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Undocumented</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Scrolling"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Scrolling</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Sprites"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sprites</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Colors"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Colors</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Datasheet_values"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Datasheet values</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#CRT_display"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">CRT display</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Specifications"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Specifications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Product_family">Product family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Product family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>All of the ICs in this family are usually referred to by the TMS9918 name, sometimes with an 'A' postfix. The 'A' indicates a second version of the chip which added new features, most prominently the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Bitmap" title="Bitmap">bitmap</a> mode (Graphic II). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Texas Instruments TMS9918 Product Family Summary </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chip Variant </th> <th>Video Out </th> <th>Video In </th> <th>Video Frequency </th> <th>Mode 2 Support </th></tr> <tr> <td>9918 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite</a> </td> <td>Composite </td> <td><a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">60 Hz</a> </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>9918A / 9118 </td> <td>Composite </td> <td>Composite </td> <td>60 Hz </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>9928A / 9128 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YPbPr</a> </td> <td>(None) </td> <td>60 Hz </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>9929A / 9129 </td> <td>YPbPr </td> <td>(None) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">50 Hz</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TMS9918">TMS9918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: TMS9918" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <b>TMS9918</b> was only used in the TI-99/4; the <a href="/wiki/TI-99/4A" title="TI-99/4A">TI-99/4A</a> and the other computers had the A version VDC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TMS9918A,_TMS9928A_and_TMS9929A"><span id="TMS9918A.2C_TMS9928A_and_TMS9929A"></span>TMS9918A, TMS9928A and TMS9929A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: TMS9918A, TMS9928A and TMS9929A" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMS9928A_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/TMS9928A_01.jpg/220px-TMS9928A_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="714"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 125px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/TMS9928A_01.jpg/220px-TMS9928A_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="125" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/TMS9928A_01.jpg/330px-TMS9928A_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/TMS9928A_01.jpg/440px-TMS9928A_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>VDP TMS9928A</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>TMS9918A</b> and <b>TMS9928A</b> output a <a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">60 Hz video signal</a>, while the <b>TMS9929A</b> outputs 50 Hz. The difference between '1' and the '2' in 'TMS9918A' and 'TMS9928A' is that the '1' version outputs <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite</a> <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> video, while the '2' versions (including the TMS9929A) outputs analog Y <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luminance</a> and R-Y and B-Y colour difference signals. The need for the latter was predominant in the <a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">50 Hz world</a>, including Europe, due to the different video signal standards <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>. It was more cost-effective to output Y, R-Y and B-Y and encode them into PAL or SECAM in the <a href="/wiki/RF_modulator" title="RF modulator">RF modulator</a>, than to try to have a different console for every different color standard. The '1' version also features an external composite video input which made it a handy chip to use in video "titlers" that could overlay text or graphics on video, while the '2' version does not. </p><p>The original variants of the TMS9918 were depletion load NMOS and manufactured on a 4.5 μm process; it was one of the first depletion load NMOS chips Texas Instruments manufactured in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/TMS9900" title="TMS9900">TMS9900</a> microprocessor which used the older enhancement load NMOS process that required three supply voltages. Due to the large die size and relatively high internal speed, the TMS9918 ran warm enough to necessitate a heat sink; some devices such as the Taiwanese DINA console (a hybrid Colecovision/SG-1000) neglected to install sinks and suffered from malfunctions of the chip. By 1983 Texas Instruments had shrunk the die size to 3 μm which ran cooler and no longer required a sink; MSX machines and the Sega SG-1000 used the newer 3 μm TMS9918 while most Colecovisions had the original 4.5 μm variant (the final run of the consoles produced in 1985 had the newer model TMS9918). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TMS9118,_TMS9128_and_TMS9129"><span id="TMS9118.2C_TMS9128_and_TMS9129"></span>TMS9118, TMS9128 and TMS9129</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: TMS9118, TMS9128 and TMS9129" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VDP_TMP9118.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/VDP_TMP9118.png/220px-VDP_TMP9118.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="1584"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/VDP_TMP9118.png/220px-VDP_TMP9118.png" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/VDP_TMP9118.png/330px-VDP_TMP9118.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/VDP_TMP9118.png/440px-VDP_TMP9118.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>VDP TMP9118NL prototype</figcaption></figure> <p>A later variant of the TMS9918 series chips, the <b>TMS9118</b>, <b>TMS9128</b>, and <b>TMS9129</b>, were released in the mid-late 1980s, but were never very popular. The function of one pin is changed, and the mapping of the video memory allows two 16K×4-bit chips to be used instead of the eight 16K×1-bit chips the TMS99xx needs. Otherwise the chips are completely identical to the TMS9918A, TMS9928A and TMS9929A respectively. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_interfaces">External interfaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External interfaces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_RAM">Video RAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Video RAM" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The VDP has 16K × 8 bits of external video memory. This memory is outside the address space of the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>. Having a separate address space means that the CPU has to do more work to write or read this memory, but it also means that the VDC doesn't slow the CPU down when it periodically reads this memory to generate the display. Additionally, it leaves more address space available to the CPU for other memory and memory-mapped hardware. </p><p>Depending on the screen mode being used, not all of the video memory may be needed to generate the display. In these cases, the CPU may use the extra video memory for other purposes. For example, one use is as a scratch-pad for uncompressing graphics or sound data stored in cartridge ROM into. Another popular use is to create a second copy of some or all of the display data to eliminate flickering and tearing, a technique known as <a href="/wiki/Multiple_buffering#Double_buffering_in_computer_graphics" title="Multiple buffering">double buffering</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CPU">CPU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: CPU" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The CPU communicates with the VDP through an <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">8-bit bus</a>. A pin controlled by the CPU separates this bus into two "ports", a control port and a data port. To write or read a byte of video memory, the CPU first has to write two bytes on the VDP's control port to the VDC's internal address <a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">register</a>. Next, the CPU performs the actual write or read on the VDP's data port. As a data byte is written or read, the TMS9918 automatically increments the internal address register. This auto-increment feature accelerates writes and reads of blocks of data. The control port is also used to access various internal registers. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Graphics">Graphics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Graphics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The TMS9918 has two separate and distinct graphics types: characters and <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characters">Characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Characters are typically used to create text or background images. They appear behind sprites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Screen_modes">Screen modes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Screen modes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The TMS9918 has a number of screen modes that control the characteristics of the characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Documented">Documented</h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Documented" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>There are four documented screen modes available in the TMS9918A (as mentioned before, the TMS9918 lacks mode Graphic 2): </p> <ul><li><b>Mode 0 (Text):</b> 240×192 pixels total, as 40×24 characters, pulled from 1 character set of 256 6×8 pixel characters. The entire character set has a 2-color limitation. This mode doesn't support sprites.</li> <li><b>Mode 1 (Graphic 1):</b> 256×192 pixels total, as 32×24 characters, pulled from 1 character set of 256 8×8 pixel characters. Each group of 8 characters in the character set has a 2-color limitation. For example, the characters "0" through "7" will all have the same <a href="/wiki/Attribute_clash" title="Attribute clash">color attributes</a>.</li> <li><b>Mode 2 (Graphic 2):</b> 256×192 pixels total, as 32×24 characters, pulled from 3 character sets of 256 8×8 pixel characters. Each 8-pixel-wide line of a character in the character sets has a 2-color limitation. This mode provides a unique character for every character location on screen, allowing for the display of bitmapped images.</li> <li><b>Mode 3 (Multicolor):</b> 256×192 pixels total, 64×48 changeable virtual pixels, as 32×24 "<a href="/wiki/Semigraphics" title="Semigraphics">semi-graphics</a>" characters. These semi-graphics are defined in a special character set of 256 characters defined by 2×2 "fat-pixels". There are 4×4 pixels in each fat-pixel, but the pixels within a fat-pixel cannot be individually defined, although each fat-pixel can have its own color, hence the name of this mode (Multicolor). This mode is very blocky, and rarely used.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Screen_Mode_2_details">Screen Mode 2 details</h6><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Screen Mode 2 details" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Technically, mode 2 is a character mode with a colorful character set. The screen is horizontally divided into three 256×64 pixel areas, each of which gets its own character set. By sequentially printing the characters 0 through 255 in all three areas, the program can simulate a graphics mode where each pixel can be set individually. However, the resulting <a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">framebuffer</a> is non-linear. </p><p>The program can also use three identical character sets, and then deal with the screen like a text mode with a colorful character set. Background patterns and sprites then consist of colorful characters. This was commonly used in games, because only 32×24 bytes would have to be moved to fill and scroll the entire screen. </p><p>The challenge of using TMS9918 mode 2 was that every 8×1 pixel area could have only two colors, foreground and background. They could be freely picked out of the 16 color palette, but for each 8×1 area, only two colors could exist. When manipulating the screen in <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> with the <code>LINE</code> command, one easily could exceed the maximum 2 colors per 8×1 area and end up with "<a href="/wiki/Attribute_clash" title="Attribute clash">color spill</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Undocumented">Undocumented</h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Undocumented" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Texas Instruments originally only documented the four modes listed above. However the bit that enables mode 2 is more interesting than initially let on. It is best described as a modifier bit for the other modes. Enabling it does three things:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Expands the color table size.</li> <li>Divides the screen horizontally into thirds.</li> <li>Changes two address bits of the pattern and color tables into mask bits, which controls whether each third of the screen has its own pattern and color table or not.</li></ol> <p>With this in mind, three additional modes are possible. Note that although genuine TMS9918A chips support these modes, clones and emulators may not. </p> <ul><li><b>Mode 0 (Text) + Mode 2 (Graphic 2)</b>: Known as <i>Bitmap Text Mode</i>. This mode allows for two-color bitmap images, with no color table. This saves memory, at the expense of a slightly reduced horizontal resolution (text mode has a horizontal resolution of 240 pixels instead of 256 pixels like the graphic modes do).</li> <li><b>Mode 1 (Graphic 1) + Mode 2 (Graphic 2):</b> Known as <i>Half-Bitmap Mode</i>. Texas Instruments actually documented this "undocumented" screen mode in their manual titled <i>"Video Display Processors Programmers Guide SPPU004"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In section 8.4.2, "<i>Playing Games with VRAM Addressing"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they discuss how this mode combines the memory savings of mode 1 with the color detail of mode 2. However, as they go on to say this mode limits the number of sprites that can be displayed to 8 instead of 32. Therefore, the term "undocumented" used to describe this mode is a misnomer. However, because this manual was not widely known, this mode is generally considered to be one of the undocumented modes. Generally, the only reason to use this mode over Mode 2 is to reduce memory consumption.</li> <li><b>Mode 3 (Multicolor) + Mode 2 (Graphic 2)</b>: Known as Bitmap Multicolor Mode. This mode is more of a novelty, as it offers nothing beyond what the standard Multicolor mode can already do.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scrolling">Scrolling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scrolling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The TMS9918 does not have any <a href="/wiki/Scrolling" title="Scrolling">scroll</a> registers, so scrolling must be done by software. Furthermore, scrolling can only be done on character boundaries, not pixel by pixel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sprites">Sprites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sprites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Sprites are typically used to create moving foreground objects. They appear in front of characters (tiles). </p><p>Modes 1, 2, and 3 can render sprites. There can be up to 32 monochrome sprites of either 8×8 or 16×16 pixels on screen, each sprite with its own, single color. The illusion of multicolor sprites can be created by stacking multiple sprites on top of each other. </p><p>There can be no more than 4 sprites on a single scanline; any additional sprites' horizontal pixels are dropped. Sprites with a higher priority are drawn first. The VDP reports in a status register the number of the first dropped sprite. The CPU can get around this limitation by rotating sprite priorities so that a different set of sprites is drawn on every frame; instead of disappearing entirely, the sprites will flicker. This technique is known as sprite multiplexing. </p><p>Automatic sprite movement is not handled by the VDP. Instead, in practice, the CPU will pick up on the VDP's <a href="/wiki/Vertical_blank_interrupt" title="Vertical blank interrupt">vertical interrupt</a> - a standard VDP output, which is triggered automatically once every 50th or 60th of a second (depending on chip variant), at the start of the VBI (<a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">vertical blanking interval</a>). The CPU then jumps to a sprite-handling routine in the software, which in turn tells the VDP where to reposition the sprites. </p><p>The sprite collision flag is set when non-zero pattern bits of two sprites coincide, even if either sprite has transparent colour. This is useful for triggering more advanced collision detection routines inside the software which can then determine the exact location of the collision and act upon it, as the VDP is itself incapable of reporting which two sprites have collided. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colors">Colors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Colors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The TMS9918 family chips used a <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> palette. Colors were generated based on a combination of <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a> values for the TMS9918A and <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a>, <a href="/wiki/R-Y" title="R-Y">R-Y</a> and <a href="/wiki/B-Y" title="B-Y">B-Y</a> values are for the TMS9928A/9929A . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Datasheet_values">Datasheet values</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Datasheet values" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The TMS9918 has a fixed <a href="/wiki/Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">16-color palette</a>, composed of 15 displayed colors and a "transparent" color. </p> <ul><li>When "transparent" is used for sprites, it will show the graphics plane.</li> <li>When "transparent" is used for the text/graphics plane, it will show the backdrop.</li> <li>When "transparent" is used for the backdrop, it will show the external video signal (if enabled) otherwise black.</li></ul> <p>According to "Table 2.3 - Color Assignments" on the datasheet<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outputs levels are the following: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable centered"> <tbody><tr> <th>Color code </th> <th>Color </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">Y</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">R-Y</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">B-Y</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">0 </td> <td>transparent </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">- </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">- </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">- </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">- </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#000000; color:white">1 </td> <td>black </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">- </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#008000">2 </td> <td>medium green </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">7% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#90EE90">3 </td> <td>light green </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">67% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">40% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">67% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">17% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">27% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#000080; color:white">4 </td> <td>dark blue </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">40% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">60% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">40% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">40% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">100% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#ADD8E6; color:white">5 </td> <td>light blue </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">43% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">93% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#8B0000; color:white">6 </td> <td>dark red </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">83% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">30% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#00FFFF">7 </td> <td>cyan </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">67% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">60% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">73% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">70% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#FF0055">8 </td> <td>medium red </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">60% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">93% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">27% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#FF6666">9 </td> <td>light red </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">67% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">60% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">67% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">93% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">27% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#808000">10 </td> <td>dark yellow </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">73% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">73% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">57% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#FFFF80">11 </td> <td>light yellow </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">80% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">33% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">80% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">57% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">17% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#008000; color:white">12 </td> <td>dark green </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">46% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">13% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">23% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#FF00FF; color:white">13 </td> <td>magenta </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">40% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">73% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">67% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#808080">14 </td> <td>gray </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">80% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">- </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">80% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#FFFFFF">15 </td> <td>white </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">100% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">- </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">100% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Notes: Colors are merely illustrative, and were converted from the YPrPb values (MS9928A/9929A) to <a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a> taking into account <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">Gamma correction</a>. <a href="/wiki/NTSC#SMPTE_C" title="NTSC">SMPTE C</a> colorimetry was not taken into account - see the next section for alternate color conversions.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CRT_display">CRT display</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: CRT display" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (May 2021)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Converting Y, R-Y and B-Y to RGB requires considering how Y originated: </p> <pre> Y = R * 0.30 + G * 0.59 + B * 0.11 </pre> <p>This leads to the following formulas: </p> <pre> R = R-Y + Y B = B-Y + Y G = (Y - 0.30 * R - 0.11 * B) / 0.59 </pre> <p>But for all colors that have no chrominance - thus black, gray and white - R-Y and B-Y are not 0% but all have an offset of 47%. So this offset has to be subtracted from all R-Y and B-Y values at first. Due to the fact that in practice this one step will never be done alone, it's no problem that some results will be negative: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Color code </th> <th>Color </th> <th>Y </th> <th>R-Y </th> <th>B-Y </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td> <td>black </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">2 </td> <td>medium green </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-40% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-27% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">3 </td> <td>light green </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">67% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-30% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">4 </td> <td>dark blue </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">40% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-7% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">5 </td> <td>light blue </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-4% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">46% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">6 </td> <td>dark red </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">36% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-17% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">7 </td> <td>cyan </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">73% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">23% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">8 </td> <td>medium red </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">46% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">9 </td> <td>light red </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">67% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">46% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">10 </td> <td>dark yellow </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">73% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">10% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-40% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">11 </td> <td>light yellow </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">80% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">10% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-30% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">12 </td> <td>dark green </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-34% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">-24% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">13 </td> <td>magenta </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">26% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">14 </td> <td>gray </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">80% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">15 </td> <td>white </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">100% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Next comes the conversion to RGB. All results must be in the range from 0% to 100%: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Color code </th> <th>Color </th> <th>R </th> <th>G </th> <th>B </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td> <td>black </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0.0000% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">2 </td> <td>medium green </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">13% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">78.3729% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">26% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">3 </td> <td>light green </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">37% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">85.9831% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">4 </td> <td>dark blue </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">33% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">33.6780% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">93% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">5 </td> <td>light blue </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">49% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">46.4576% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">99% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">6 </td> <td>dark red </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">83% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">31.8644% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">30% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">7 </td> <td>cyan </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">26% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">92.6102% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">96% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">8 </td> <td>medium red </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">99% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">33.3390% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">9 </td> <td>light red </td> <td style="text-align: right ; background: red;">113% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">53.9492% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">47% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">10 </td> <td>dark yellow </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">83% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">75.3729% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">11 </td> <td>light yellow </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">90% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">80.5085% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">50% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">12 </td> <td>dark green </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">13% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">68.7627% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">23% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">13 </td> <td>magenta </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">79% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">36.0508% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">73% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">14 </td> <td>gray </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">80% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">80.0000% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">80% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">15 </td> <td>white </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">100% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">100.0000% </td> <td style="text-align: right ;">100% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The erroneous value of 113% for R of color "light red" might seem to come from a typo within the datasheet and there R-Y must not be greater than 80%. But measuring the output signals of the chip with an <a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscope</a> shows that all values in the table are correct. So the error is inside the chip and drives the red signal into saturation. For this reason this value is to be corrected to 100%. </p><p>Up to that time only <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode ray tubes</a> had been available for computer monitors as well as for televisions, and that these CRTs had a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a>. The TMS9918 series chips had been designed to work with televisions and their CRTs had a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a> of 1.6 (remark: CRTs of <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> monitors had 1.8 and the CRTs of PC monitors had 2.2). Flat screens do not have <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a>. For this reason the colors of the TMS9918 look somewhat pale here as in the first table above. The below table uses the gamma-corrected values, which are (written in hexadecimal): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Color code </th> <th>Color </th> <th>R </th> <th>G </th> <th>B </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#000000; color:white">1 </td> <td>black </td> <td>00 </td> <td>00 </td> <td>00 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#0AAD1E">2 </td> <td>medium green </td> <td>0A </td> <td>AD </td> <td>1E </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#34C84C">3 </td> <td>light green </td> <td>34 </td> <td>C8 </td> <td>4C </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#2B2DE3; color:white">4 </td> <td>dark blue </td> <td>2B </td> <td>2D </td> <td>E3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#514BFB; color:white">5 </td> <td>light blue </td> <td>51 </td> <td>4B </td> <td>FB </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#BD2925; color:white">6 </td> <td>dark red </td> <td>BD </td> <td>29 </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#1EE2EF">7 </td> <td>cyan </td> <td>1E </td> <td>E2 </td> <td>EF </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#FB2C2B">8 </td> <td>medium red </td> <td>FB </td> <td>2C </td> <td>2B </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#FF5F4C">9 </td> <td>light red </td> <td>FF </td> <td>5F </td> <td>4C </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#BDA22B">10 </td> <td>dark yellow </td> <td>BD </td> <td>A2 </td> <td>2B </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#D7B454">11 </td> <td>light yellow </td> <td>D7 </td> <td>B4 </td> <td>54 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#0A8C18; color:white">12 </td> <td>dark green </td> <td>0A </td> <td>8C </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#AF329A; color:white">13 </td> <td>magenta </td> <td>AF </td> <td>32 </td> <td>9A </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#B2B2B2">14 </td> <td>gray </td> <td>B2 </td> <td>B2 </td> <td>B2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#FFFFFF">15 </td> <td>white </td> <td>FF </td> <td>FF </td> <td>FF </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The used steps are: Round all values to two decimal places, then raise to the power of 1.6 for <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</a> and finally transform the range of values from 0...100 to 0...255. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Specifications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li>Video RAM: direct wiring to 4, 8, or 16 KB</li> <li>Text modes: 40 × 24 and 32 × 24</li> <li>Resolution: 256 × 192</li> <li>Colours: 15 colours + transparent</li> <li>Sprites: 32, 1 colour, max 4 per horizontal line</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Texas Instruments' TMS9918A was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha's</a> <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_V9938" title="Yamaha V9938"><b>V9938</b></a>, which added additional bitmap modes, more colorful <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a>, a vertical full-screen scroll register, vertical and horizontal offset registers, a hardware <a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">blitter</a> and a customizable <a href="/wiki/Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">palette</a>. The V9938 was designed for the <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX2</a> standard of computers, and later used in a third-party upgrade to the <a href="/wiki/TI-99/4A" title="TI-99/4A">TI-99/4A</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Geneve_9640" title="Geneve 9640">Geneve 9640</a> "computer-on-a-card". </p><p>The V9938, in turn, was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_V9958" title="Yamaha V9958">V9958</a>, which added some additional <a href="/wiki/High_color" title="High color">high-colour</a> modes and a horizontal two-page scroll register, these chips were used in the MSX2+/<a href="/wiki/MSX_turboR" class="mw-redirect" title="MSX turboR">turboR</a> systems. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Clone_(computing)" title="Clone (computing)">clone</a> called the <b>T6950</b> and does not support the undocumented pattern / color table masking feature in graphics 2 mode.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The provided source is a forum posting, which is a self-published source (November 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later, Toshiba released the T7937A <a href="/wiki/MSX-Engine" title="MSX-Engine">MSX-Engine</a> with a built-in VDP and fixed the masking features. Both VDPs by Toshiba feature a slightly different palette than the Texas VDPs, with more vivid colors. </p><p>The TMS9918 was the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Video_display_controller" title="Video display controller">VDP</a> chips in the <a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_Gear" title="Game Gear">Game Gear</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Mega Drive (Genesis)</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They use additional display modes and registers, and added hardware <a href="/wiki/Scrolling" title="Scrolling">scrolling</a> capabilities and other advanced features. The <a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Picture_Processing_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture Processing Unit">PPU</a> chip in the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System (Famicom)</a> is also based on the TMS9918.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TMS34010" title="TMS34010">TMS34010</a>, a 1986 microprocessor with dedicated graphics instructions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a> have comparable graphics hardware introduced the same year</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6845" title="Motorola 6845">Motorola 6845</a>, a display controller widely used in 8-bit computers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6847" title="Motorola 6847">Motorola 6847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_V9938" title="Yamaha V9938">Yamaha V9938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_V9958" title="Yamaha V9958">Yamaha V9958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_8-bit_computer_hardware_graphics" title="List of 8-bit computer hardware graphics">List of 8-bit computer hardware graphics</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smspower.org/Development/TMS9918ArizonaTechnicalSymposiumDraft">"TMS9918 Arizona Technical Symposium Draft - Development - SMS Power!"</a>. <i>www.smspower.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.smspower.org&rft.atitle=TMS9918+Arizona+Technical+Symposium+Draft+-+Development+-+SMS+Power%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smspower.org%2FDevelopment%2FTMS9918ArizonaTechnicalSymposiumDraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATMS9918" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unige.ch/medecine/nouspikel/ti99/tms9918a.htm#hybrid%20bitmap">Video Display Processor / Hybrid Modes.</a>, which is also put to use.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msxblog.es/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/vdpprogrammersguide.pdf"><i>Video Display Processors - Programmer's Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Texas Instruments.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Video+Display+Processors+-+Programmer%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Texas+Instruments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msxblog.es%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F09%2Fvdpprogrammersguide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATMS9918" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTexas_Instruments1982" class="citation cs2">Texas Instruments (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/TMS9900/TMS9918A_TMS9928A_TMS9929A_Video_Display_Processors_Data_Manual_Nov82.pdf"><i>TMS9918A/TMS9928A/TMS9929A Video Display Processors</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-02</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TMS9918A%2FTMS9928A%2FTMS9929A+Video+Display+Processors&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Texas+Instruments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fcomponents%2Fti%2FTMS9900%2FTMS9918A_TMS9928A_TMS9929A_Video_Display_Processors_Data_Manual_Nov82.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATMS9918" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msx.org/forum/development/msx-development/undocumented-mode-1-2-polldiscussion?page=1">"Undocumented Mode 1 + 2 : Poll/Discussion | MSX Resource Center (Page 2/4)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Undocumented+Mode+1+%2B+2+%3A+Poll%2FDiscussion+%26%23124%3B+MSX+Resource+Center+%28Page+2%2F4%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msx.org%2Fforum%2Fdevelopment%2Fmsx-development%2Fundocumented-mode-1-2-polldiscussion%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATMS9918" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=TMS9918&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717212934/https://emu-docs.org/VDP%20TMS9918/Datasheets/TMS9918.pdf">Datasheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://map.grauw.nl/resources/video/ti-vdp-programmers-guide.pdf">Programmers Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://codehackcreate.com/archives/30">F18A Modern Replacement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.hackaday.io/files/5789247676576/9918-SRAM.pdf">SRAM Replacement for TMS9x18 VRAM</a></li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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