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id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apprenticeship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apprenticeship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Apprenticeship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apprenticeship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy_(1600–1608)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy_(1600–1608)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Italy (1600–1608)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_(1600–1608)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antwerp_(1609–1621)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antwerp_(1609–1621)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Antwerp (1609–1621)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antwerp_(1609–1621)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marie_de'_Medici_Cycle_and_diplomatic_missions_(1621–1630)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marie_de'_Medici_Cycle_and_diplomatic_missions_(1621–1630)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Marie de' Medici Cycle and diplomatic missions (1621–1630)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marie_de'_Medici_Cycle_and_diplomatic_missions_(1621–1630)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_decade_(1630–1640)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_decade_(1630–1640)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Last decade (1630–1640)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_decade_(1630–1640)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Workshop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workshop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Workshop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workshop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selected exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lost works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Paul Rubens</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Петр Паул Рубенс – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Петр Паул Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рубенс, Питер Пауль – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Рубенс, Питер Пауль" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%92%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD_%E1%8D%93%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8D_%E1%88%A9%E1%89%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5" title="ፒተር ፓውል ሩበንስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፒተር ፓውል ሩበንስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3" title="بيتر بول روبنس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتر بول روبنس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierro_Pol_Rubens" title="Pierro Pol Rubens – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pierro Pol Rubens" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="পিটাৰ পল ৰুবেন্স – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পিটাৰ পল ৰুবেন্স" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Rubens" title="Pedro Pablo Rubens – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pedro Pablo Rubens" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Петер Паул Рубенс – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Петер Паул Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_Paul_Rubens" title="Piter Paul Rubens – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Piter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2" title="پیتر پائول روبنز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیتر پائول روبنز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8" title="পিটার পল রুবেনস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিটার পল রুবেনস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Питер Пауль Рубенс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Питер Пауль Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Пітэр Паўль Рубенс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пітэр Паўль Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Пітэр Паўль Рубэнс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пітэр Паўль Рубэнс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Петер Паул Рубенс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Петер Паул Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Pauwel_Rubens" title="Pieter Pauwel Rubens – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pieter Pauwel Rubens" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Питер Пауль Рубенс – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Питер Пауль Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%82" title="Πέτερ Πάουλ Ρούμπενς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέτερ Πάουλ Ρούμπενς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Rubens" title="Pedro Pablo Rubens – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pedro Pablo Rubens" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Pa%C5%ADlo_Rubens" title="Petro Paŭlo Rubens – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Petro Paŭlo Rubens" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3" title="پیتر پل روبنس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیتر پل روبنس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Rubens" title="Pierre Paul Rubens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8_%EB%A3%A8%EB%B2%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="페테르 파울 루벤스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페테르 파울 루벤스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD" title="Պիտեր Պաուլ Ռուբենս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիտեր Պաուլ Ռուբենս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="पीटर पाल रूबेंस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीटर पाल रूबेंस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="פטר פאול רובנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטר פאול רובנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Rubens" title="Pierre Paul Rubens – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pierre Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="პეტერ პაულ რუბენსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პეტერ პაულ რუბენსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Питер Пауль Рубенс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Питер Пауль Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Питер Пауль Рубенс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Питер Пауль Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Paulus_Rubens" title="Petrus Paulus Rubens – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Paulus Rubens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABters_Pauls_Rubenss" title="Pīters Pauls Rubenss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pīters Pauls Rubenss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens" title="Rubens – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rubens" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Paul_Rubens" title="Pieter Paul Rubens – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pieter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Петер Паул Рубенс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Петер Паул Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Rubens" title="Pierre Paul Rubens – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pierre Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="പീറ്റർ പോൾ റൂബൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പീറ്റർ പോൾ റൂബൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="पीटर पॉल रुबेन्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पीटर पॉल रुबेन्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="პეტერ პაულ რუბენსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პეტერ პაულ რუბენსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3" title="بيتر بول روبينس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتر بول روبينس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Питер Рубенс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Питер Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပီတာ ပေါ ရူးဗင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပီတာ ပေါ ရူးဗင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="पिटर पल रुबेन्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पिटर पल रुबेन्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="ピーテル・パウル・ルーベンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピーテル・パウル・ルーベンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рубенс, Питер Пауль – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Рубенс, Питер Пауль" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A8rre_Paul_Rubens" title="Pièrre Paul Rubens – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pièrre Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рубенс, Питер Пауль – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Рубенс, Питер Пауль" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_Pauel_Rubens" title="Piter Pauel Rubens – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Piter Pauel Rubens" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਪੀਟਰ ਪਾਲ ਰੂਬੇਨਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੀਟਰ ਪਾਲ ਰੂਬੇਨਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2" title="پیٹر پال روبنز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیٹر پال روبنز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_Paul_Rubens" title="Piter Paul Rubens – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Piter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitter_P%C3%A4ul_Rubens" title="Pitter Päul Rubens – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Pitter Päul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Петер Паул Рубенс – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Петер Паул Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рубенс, Питер Пауль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рубенс, Питер Пауль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Петер Паул Рубенс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Петер Паул Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5,_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱨᱩᱵᱮᱱᱥ, ᱯᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱣᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱩᱵᱮᱱᱥ, ᱯᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱣᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="පීටර් පෝල් රූබන්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පීටර් පෝල් රූබන්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%95%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3" title="پیتەر پاول ڕوبنس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیتەر پاول ڕوبنس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Петер Паул Рубенс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Петер Паул Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="பீட்டர் பவுல் ரூபென்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீட்டர் பவுல் ரூபென்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_Paul_Rubens" title="Piter Paul Rubens – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Piter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เปเตอร์ เปาล์ รือเบินส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เปเตอร์ เปาล์ รือเบินส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рубенс, Питер Пауль – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Рубенс, Питер Пауль" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Пітер Пауль Рубенс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пітер Пауль Рубенс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2" title="پیٹر پال روبنز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیٹر پال روبنز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3" title="رۇبىنىس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رۇبىنىس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_Piter" title="Rubens Piter – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rubens Piter" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubensi_Piitre_Paul" title="Rubensi Piitre Paul – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rubensi Piitre Paul" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF" title="彼得·保罗·鲁本斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="彼得·保罗·鲁本斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="פעטער פאל רובענס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעטער פאל רובענס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF" title="彼得·保羅·魯本斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="彼得·保羅·魯本斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97ter%C4%97s_Pauls_Robensos" title="Pėterės Pauls Robensos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėterės Pauls Robensos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF" title="彼得·保罗·鲁本斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彼得·保罗·鲁本斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Peter Paul Rubens" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Flemish artist and diplomat (1577–1640)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rubens" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rubens_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rubens (disambiguation)">Rubens (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Peter Paul Rubens</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="5281" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Rubens,_London)" title="Self-Portrait (Rubens, London)">Self-Portrait</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a> (1623)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1577<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nassau" title="County of Nassau">Nassau-Dillenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 1640<span style="display:none">(1640-05-30)</span> (aged 62)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Verhaecht" title="Tobias Verhaecht">Tobias Verhaecht</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Adam_van_Noort" title="Adam van Noort">Adam van Noort</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Otto_van_Veen" title="Otto van Veen">Otto van Veen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a>, tapestry design, print design</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish</a> <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant" title="Isabella Brant">Isabella Brant</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1609; died 1626)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment" title="Helena Fourment">Helena Fourment</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1630)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8, including <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Rubens,_Lord_of_Rameyen" title="Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen">Nikolaas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Rubens" title="Albert Rubens">Albert</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Rubens" title="Jan Rubens">Jan Rubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pypelincks" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Pypelincks">Maria Pypelincks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_autograph_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rubens_autograph_vector.svg/150px-Rubens_autograph_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rubens_autograph_vector.svg/225px-Rubens_autograph_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rubens_autograph_vector.svg/300px-Rubens_autograph_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Peter Paul Rubens</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ROO</span>-bənz</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈpeːtər<span class="wrap"> </span>pʌul<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈrybəns]</a></span>; 28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a <a href="/wiki/Flemish_painting" title="Flemish painting">Flemish artist</a> and diplomat.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered the most influential artist of the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a> tradition. Rubens' highly charged compositions reference erudite aspects of classical and Christian history. His unique and immensely popular Baroque style emphasised movement, colour, and sensuality, which followed the immediate, dramatic artistic style promoted in the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. Rubens was a painter producing altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history paintings</a> of mythological and allegorical subjects. He was also a prolific designer of cartoons for the Flemish tapestry workshops and of <a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">frontispieces</a> for the publishers in Antwerp. </p><p>Rubens was born and raised in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>) to parents who were refugees from <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>) and moved to Antwerp at about 12. In addition to running a large workshop in Antwerp that produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, Rubens was a classically educated <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist scholar</a> and diplomat who was <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighted</a> by both <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a>. Rubens was a prolific artist. The catalogue of his works by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jaff%C3%A9" title="Michael Jaffé">Michael Jaffé</a> lists 1,403 pieces, excluding numerous copies made in his workshop.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His commissioned works were mostly <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history paintings</a>, which included religious and mythological subjects, and hunt scenes. He painted portraits, especially of friends, and self-portraits, and in later life painted several landscapes. Rubens designed tapestries and prints, as well as his own house. He also oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Ephemeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeral">ephemeral</a> decorations of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_entry" title="Royal entry">royal entry</a> into Antwerp by the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria">Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria</a> in 1635. He wrote a book with illustrations of the palaces in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, which was published in 1622 as <i><a href="/wiki/Palazzi_di_Genova" title="Palazzi di Genova">Palazzi di Genova</a></i>. The book was influential in spreading the Genoese palace style in Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-giu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rubens was an avid art collector and had one of the largest collections of art and books in Antwerp. He was also an art dealer and is known to have sold important art objects to <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-genius_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genius-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was one of the last major artists to make consistent use of <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">wooden panels</a> as a support medium, even for very large works, but used <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> as well, especially when the work needed to be sent a long distance. For <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpieces</a>, he sometimes painted on <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> to reduce reflection problems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rubens was born in <a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nassau" title="County of Nassau">Nassau</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Rubens" title="Jan Rubens">Jan Rubens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Pypelinckx" title="Maria Pypelinckx">Maria Pypelincks</a>. His father's family were long-time residents of Antwerp tracing their lineage there back to 1350. Records show that a certain Arnold Rubens bought 'a house with court' in the Gasthuisstraat in Antwerp in 1396. The Rubens family belonged to the well-to-do bourgeois class and its members were known to operate grocery shops and pharmacies. Jan Rubens decided to study law and lived from 1556 to 1562 in the main cities of Italy to further his studies. He was awarded the degree of doctor of ecclesiastical and civil law by the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapienza University">Sapienza University</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-dbnl_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbnl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return to Antwerp he became a lawyer and held the office of <a href="/wiki/Alderman" title="Alderman">alderman</a> in Antwerp from 1562 to 1568. Jan Rubens married Maria Pypelinckx, who came from a prominent family originally from <a href="/wiki/Kuringen" title="Kuringen">Kuringen</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a>. A large portion of the nobility and bourgeoisie in the Southern Netherlands at the time sided with the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and Jan Rubens also converted to <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>. In 1566 the Low Countries were the victim of the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasic</a> fury, referred to in Dutch as the <i><a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈbeːldə(n)ˌstɔr(ə)m]</a></span>) during which <a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a> and many forms of church fittings and decoration were destroyed in unofficial or mob actions by <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> Protestant crowds as part of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Byfield2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byfield2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruler of the Low Countries - the Catholic Spanish king <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> - reacted to the unrest by ordering the severe repression of the followers of the Reformation. In 1568, the Rubens family, with two boys and two girls (Jan Baptist (1562–1600), Blandina (1564–1606), Clara (1565–1580) and Hendrik (1567–1583)), fled to Cologne. As Calvinists, they feared persecution in their homeland during the harsh rule of <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">the Duke of Alba</a>, who as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands" title="List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands">Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands</a> was responsible for implementing the harsh repression. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Man,_Possibly_an_Architect_or_Geographer_MET_DT8854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Possibly_an_Architect_or_Geographer_MET_DT8854.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Possibly_an_Architect_or_Geographer_MET_DT8854.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Possibly_an_Architect_or_Geographer_MET_DT8854.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Possibly_an_Architect_or_Geographer_MET_DT8854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Possibly_an_Architect_or_Geographer_MET_DT8854.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Possibly_an_Architect_or_Geographer_MET_DT8854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2485" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of a Man, Possibly an Architect or Geographer</i>, 1597</figcaption></figure> <p>Jan Rubens became in 1570 the legal adviser of <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Saxony" title="Anna of Saxony">Anna of Saxony</a>, the second wife of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William I of Orange</a> who at the time lived in Cologne. She later moved to Siegen about 90 kilometres from Cologne. Jan Rubens would visit her there while his family remained in Cologne. He had an affair with Anna of Saxony, which resulted in a pregnancy in 1571.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rubens was imprisoned in Dillenburg Castle and under threat of execution for his transgression. The illegitimate daughter, Christina of Dietz, was born on 22 August 1571.<sup id="cite_ref-lamster_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamster-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to the repeated pleas of his wife and by paying a bail bond of 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">thalers</a>, Jan Rubens was permitted to leave prison after two years. The conditions of his release were a ban on practising as a lawyer and the obligation to take up residence in Siegen where his movements would be supervised. This put the rest of the family, who had joined Jan in Siegen, in financial difficulty. During this period two sons were born: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Rubens" title="Philip Rubens">Philip</a> in 1574, followed in 1577 by Peter Paul who, although likely born in Siegen, was reportedly baptised in Cologne. Anna of Saxony died in 1577. The travel ban imposed on Jan Rubens was lifted in 1578 on condition that he not settle in the Prince of Orange's possessions nor in the hereditary dominions of the Low Countries and maintain the bail bond of 6,000 thalers as security. He was allowed to leave his place of exile in Siegen and to move the Rubens family to Cologne. While in Siegen, the family had of necessity belonged to the Lutheran Church in Cologne; the family now reconverted to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-white_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eldest son, Jan Baptist, who may also have been an artist, left for Italy in 1586. Jan Rubens died in 1587 and was buried in Cologne's <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church_(Cologne)" title="St Peter's Church (Cologne)">St Peter's Church</a>, a Catholic church.<sup id="cite_ref-lamster_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamster-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widow Maria Pypelinckx returned with the rest of the family (i.e. Blandina, Philip and Peter Paul) to Antwerp in 1590, where they moved into a house on the Kloosterstraat.<sup id="cite_ref-lamster_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamster-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_Painting_Adam_Eve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rubens_Painting_Adam_Eve.jpg/170px-Rubens_Painting_Adam_Eve.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rubens_Painting_Adam_Eve.jpg/255px-Rubens_Painting_Adam_Eve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rubens_Painting_Adam_Eve.jpg/340px-Rubens_Painting_Adam_Eve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption><i>Adam and Eve</i>, early work, c. 1599</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apprenticeship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until his death in 1587, father Jan had been intensively involved in his sons' education. Peter Paul and his older brother Philip received a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance humanist">humanist</a> education in Cologne which they continued after their move to Antwerp. They studied at the Latin school of Rombout Verdonck in Antwerp, where they studied Latin and classical literature. Philip later became a prominent <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a>, librarian and <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> but died young. In 1590, the brothers had to interrupt their schooling and go to work, in order to contribute financially to their sister Blandina's dowry. </p><p>While his brother Philip would continue with his humanistic and scholarly education while working as a private teacher, Peter Paul first took up a position as a page to the countess Marguerite de Ligne-Arenberg, whose father-in-law had been the governor general of the Spanish Netherlands. The countess was the widow of Count Philippe de Lalaing and probably lived in Oudenaarde. Even though intellectually and temperamentally suited for a career as a courtier, Rubens had from a young age been attracted by the woodblock prints of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Stimmer" title="Tobias Stimmer">Tobias Stimmer</a>, which he had diligently copied, along with <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Raimondi" title="Marcantonio Raimondi">Marcantonio Raimondi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a> after <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ox_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acting on his ambition to pursue a career as an artist, he began an apprenticeship with the landscape painter <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Verhaecht" title="Tobias Verhaecht">Tobias Verhaecht</a> in 1592.<sup id="cite_ref-lamster_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamster-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verhaecht was married to Suzanna van Mockenborch, who was a granddaughter of Peter Paul Rubens' stepfather Jan de Landmetere and also a cousin of his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This family connection possibly explains the choice for Verhaecht as his first master. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Battle_of_the_Amazons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Battle_of_the_Amazons.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Battle_of_the_Amazons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Battle_of_the_Amazons.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Battle_of_the_Amazons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Battle_of_the_Amazons.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Battle_of_the_Amazons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3980" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><i>Battle of the Amazons</i>, 1598</figcaption></figure> <p>Rubens left Verhaecht's workshop after about one year as he wished to study history painting rather than landscape painting.<sup id="cite_ref-ox_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then continued his studies with one of the city's leading painters of the time, the artist <a href="/wiki/Adam_van_Noort" title="Adam van Noort">Adam van Noort</a>. Van Noort was a so-called <a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanist</a>, a term used to denote artists who had travelled from the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> to Rome to study the work of leading Italian artists of the period such as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, Da Vinci, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> and Titian and had created upon their return home artworks that reflected their engagement with these Italian innovations. Rubens' apprenticeship with van Noort lasted about four years during which he improved his handling of figures and faces.<sup id="cite_ref-oppen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oppen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He subsequently studied with another Romanist painter, <a href="/wiki/Otto_van_Veen" title="Otto van Veen">Otto van Veen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Veen offered Rubens the intellectual and artistic stimulation that suited his temperament. Van Veen had spent five years in Italy and was an accomplished portraitist and had a broad Humanist education. He knew Spanish royalty and had received portrait commissions as a court painter to Albert VII, Archduke of Austria and Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, the sovereigns of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oppen_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oppen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Veen instilled in Rubens the ideal of the 'pictor doctus' (learned painter), who understands that painting requires not only practice, but also on knowledge of art theory Classical art and literature and the masters of the Italian Renaissance. He also introduced Rubens to the 'code of conduct' which court painters needed to respect to become successful.<sup id="cite_ref-cod_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cod-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rubens completed his apprenticeship with van Veen in 1598, the year he entered the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_St._Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Guild of St. Luke">Guild of St. Luke</a> as an independent master. As an independent master, he was allowed to take commissions and train apprentices. His first pupil was <a href="/wiki/Deodat_del_Monte" title="Deodat del Monte">Deodat del Monte</a> who would later accompany him on his trip to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He seems to have remained an assistant in van Veen's after becoming and independent master. His works from this period, such as the <a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_Painting_Adam_Eve.jpg" title="File:Rubens Painting Adam Eve.jpg"><i>Adam and Eve</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Rubenshuis" title="Rubenshuis">Rubenshuis</a>, Antwerp, c. 1599) and the <i>Battle of the Amazons</i> (Bildergalerie, Potsdam-Sanssouci) show the influence of his master van Veen.<sup id="cite_ref-ox_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style was characterised by a pronounced Italianate mannerism constrained by the Antwerp workshop tradition and the Italian art theory of the Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-cod_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cod-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy_(1600–1608)"><span id="Italy_.281600.E2.80.931608.29"></span>Italy (1600–1608)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Italy (1600–1608)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_from_Mantua" title="Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua">Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua</a></i>, 1602-06</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1600 Rubens travelled to Italy with his first pupil Deodat del Monte. They stopped first in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he saw paintings by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Veronese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>. The colouring and compositions of <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Veronese</a> and Tintoretto had an immediate effect on Rubens' painting, and his later, mature style was profoundly influenced by Titian.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His visit to Venice coincided with that of Duke <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_I_of_Gonzaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincenzo I of Gonzaga">Vincenzo I Gonzaga</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>. It is possible that he was hired by the Duke during his stay in Venice or that Otto van Veen, who was court painter to Archdukes Albert and Isabella, joint governors of Flanders, had introduced Rubens to the Duke during the latter's visit to the Brussels court. The small duchy of Mantua was renowned as an art centre and the Duke as an avid art collector with a rich collection of Italian masters. Rubens mainly painted portraits of the Duke's family and also copied the famous Renaissance paintings in the Duke's collection.<sup id="cite_ref-ox_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With financial support from the Duke, Rubens travelled to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in 1601. There, he studied classical Greek and Roman art and copied works of the Italian masters. The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> sculpture <i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> was especially influential on him, as was the art of <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rubens came in Rome also under the spell of the recent, highly naturalistic paintings by <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>. He later made a copy of Caravaggio's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Entombment_of_Christ_(Caravaggio)" title="The Entombment of Christ (Caravaggio)">Entombment of Christ</a></i> and recommended his patron, the Duke of Mantua, to buy <a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_Virgin_(Caravaggio)" title="Death of the Virgin (Caravaggio)"><i>The Death of the Virgin</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained a strong supporter of Caravaggio's art as shown by his important role in the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Rosary_(Caravaggio)" title="Madonna of the Rosary (Caravaggio)"><i>The Madonna of the Rosary</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna</a>) for the <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Antwerp" title="St. Paul's Church, Antwerp">St. Paul's Church</a> in Antwerp after he had returned home.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this first stay in Rome, Rubens completed his first altarpiece commission, <i>St. Helena with the True Cross</i> for the Roman church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">Santa Croce in Gerusalemme</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Fall_of_Phaeton_(National_Gallery_of_Art).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Fall_of_Phaeton_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg/280px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Fall_of_Phaeton_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Fall_of_Phaeton_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg/420px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Fall_of_Phaeton_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Fall_of_Phaeton_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg/560px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Fall_of_Phaeton_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10520" data-file-height="7849" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Phaeton_(Rubens)" title="The Fall of Phaeton (Rubens)">The Fall of Phaeton</a></i>, c. 1604/1605, probably reworked c. 1606/1608, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rubens travelled to Spain on a diplomatic mission in 1603, delivering gifts from the Gonzagas to the court of <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, he studied the extensive collections of Raphael and Titian that had been collected by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also painted an <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Lerma" title="Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma">equestrian portrait of the Duke of Lerma</a> during his stay (Prado, Madrid) that demonstrates the influence of works like Titian's <i><a href="/wiki/File:Tizian_082.jpg" title="File:Tizian 082.jpg">Charles V at Mühlberg</a></i> (1548; Prado, Madrid). This journey marked the first of many during his career that combined art and diplomacy. </p><p>He returned to Italy in 1604, where he remained for the next four years, first in Mantua and then in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. In Genoa, Rubens painted numerous portraits, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/File:Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria.jpg" title="File:Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria.jpg">Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria</a></i> (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), and the portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra Pallavicini, in a style that influenced later paintings by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made drawings of the many new palaces that were going up in Genoa. These were later engraved and published in 1622 as <i><a href="/wiki/Palazzi_di_Genova" title="Palazzi di Genova">Palazzi di Genova</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg/250px-Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg/375px-Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg/500px-Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption><i>Madonna on Floral Wreath</i>, together with Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1619</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1606 to 1608, he was mostly in Rome when he received, with the assistance of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Serra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacopo Serra">Jacopo Serra</a> (the brother of Maria Pallavicini), his most important commission to date for the High Altar of the city's most fashionable new church, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Vallicella" title="Santa Maria in Vallicella">Santa Maria in Vallicella</a> also known as the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Vallicella" title="Santa Maria in Vallicella">Chiesa Nuova</a>. The subject was <a href="/wiki/St._Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Gregory the Great">St. Gregory the Great</a> and important local saints adoring an <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the Virgin and Child. The first version, a single canvas (now at the Musée des Beaux-Arts, Grenoble), was immediately replaced by a second version on three slate panels that permits the actual miraculous holy image of the "Santa Maria in Vallicella" to be revealed on important feast days by a removable copper cover, also painted by the artist.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother Philip was also at the time of his second residence in Rome as a scholar. The brothers lived together on Via della Croce near Piazza di Spagna. They had thus the opportunity to share their common interest in Classical art.<sup id="cite_ref-rome_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rome-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rubens's experiences in Italy continued to influence his work even after his return to Flanders. His stay in Italy had also allowed him to build a network of friendships with important figures of his time such as the scientist <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> whom he included as the central figure in his friendship portrait he painted in Mantua known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_from_Mantua" title="Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua">Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua</a></i>. Rubens continued to correspond with many of his friends and contacts in Italian, signed his name as "Pietro Paolo Rubens", and spoke longingly of returning to the peninsula—a wish that never materialised.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rubens was a polyglot who corresponded not only in Italian and Dutch, but also in French, Spanish and Latin. His mother tongue and most commonly used idiom remained, however, the dialect of Brabant. This is demonstrated in that he wrote his most spontaneous letters in that dialect and also used it for the notes on his drawings and designs.<sup id="cite_ref-cod_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cod-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antwerp_(1609–1621)"><span id="Antwerp_.281609.E2.80.931621.29"></span>Antwerp (1609–1621)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antwerp (1609–1621)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Honeysuckle_Bower_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_(Unframed).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Honeysuckle_Bower_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28Unframed%29.jpg/170px-The_Honeysuckle_Bower_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28Unframed%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Honeysuckle_Bower_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28Unframed%29.jpg/255px-The_Honeysuckle_Bower_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28Unframed%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Honeysuckle_Bower_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28Unframed%29.jpg/340px-The_Honeysuckle_Bower_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28Unframed%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3521" data-file-height="4597" /></a><figcaption><i>Rubens and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brandt" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella Brandt">Isabella Brandt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle_Bower" title="Honeysuckle Bower">Honeysuckle Bower</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1609</span>, <a href="/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek" title="Alte Pinakothek">Alte Pinakothek</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon hearing of his mother's illness in 1608, Rubens planned his departure from Italy for Antwerp, but she died before he arrived home. His return coincided with a period of renewed prosperity in the city with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Antwerp_(1609)" title="Treaty of Antwerp (1609)">Treaty of Antwerp</a> in April 1609, which initiated the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">Twelve Years' Truce</a>. In September 1609 Rubens was appointed as court painter<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert VII, Archduke of Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain">Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain</a>, sovereigns of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a>. </p><p>He received special permission to base his studio in Antwerp instead of at their court in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, and to also work for other clients. He remained close to the Archduchess Isabella until her death in 1633, and was called upon as a painter and also as an ambassador and diplomat. Rubens further cemented his ties to the city when, on 3 October 1609, he married <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant" title="Isabella Brant">Isabella Brant</a>, the daughter of a leading Antwerp citizen and humanist, Jan Brant. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GARDENS_IN_THE_RUBENS_HOUSE_-_ANTWERP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GARDENS_IN_THE_RUBENS_HOUSE_-_ANTWERP.jpg/220px-GARDENS_IN_THE_RUBENS_HOUSE_-_ANTWERP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GARDENS_IN_THE_RUBENS_HOUSE_-_ANTWERP.jpg/330px-GARDENS_IN_THE_RUBENS_HOUSE_-_ANTWERP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GARDENS_IN_THE_RUBENS_HOUSE_-_ANTWERP.jpg/440px-GARDENS_IN_THE_RUBENS_HOUSE_-_ANTWERP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5112" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption>The garden of the <a href="/wiki/Rubenshuis" title="Rubenshuis">Rubenshuis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> designed by Rubens</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1610, Rubens moved into a new house and studio that he designed. Now the <a href="/wiki/Rubenshuis" title="Rubenshuis">Rubenshuis</a> Museum, the Italian-influenced villa in the centre of Antwerp accommodated his workshop, where he and his apprentices made most of the paintings, and his personal art collection and library, both among the most extensive in Antwerp. During this time he built up a studio with numerous students and assistants. His most famous pupil was the young <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>, who soon became the leading Flemish portraitist and collaborated frequently with Rubens. He also often collaborated with the many specialists active in the city, including the animal painter <a href="/wiki/Frans_Snyders" title="Frans Snyders">Frans Snyders</a>, who contributed the eagle to <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound_(Rubens)" title="Prometheus Bound (Rubens)">Prometheus Bound</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1611–12</span>, completed by 1618), and his good friend the flower-painter <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a>. </p><p>Rubens built another house to the north of Antwerp in the <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polder</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Doel" title="Doel">Doel</a>, "Hooghuis" (1613/1643), perhaps as an investment. The "High House" was built next to the village church. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Familie_van_Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Familie_van_Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude.jpg/170px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Familie_van_Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Familie_van_Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude.jpg/255px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Familie_van_Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Familie_van_Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude.jpg/340px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Familie_van_Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption><i>Family of Jan Brueghel the Elder</i>, 1613–1615, <a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld Institute of Art</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Altarpieces such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elevation_of_the_Cross_(Rubens)" title="The Elevation of the Cross (Rubens)">The Raising of the Cross</a></i> (1610) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(Rubens,_1612-1614)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Descent from the Cross (Rubens, 1612-1614)">The Descent from the Cross</a></i> (1611–1614) for the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady,_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp">Cathedral of Our Lady</a> were particularly important in establishing Rubens as Flanders' leading painter shortly after his return. <i>The Raising of the Cross</i>, for example, demonstrates the artist's synthesis of <a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_Tintoretto_021.jpg" title="File:Jacopo Tintoretto 021.jpg">Tintoretto's <i>Crucifixion</i></a> for the <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Grande_di_San_Rocco" title="Scuola Grande di San Rocco">Scuola Grande di San Rocco</a> in Venice, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s dynamic figures, and Rubens's own personal style. This painting has been held as a prime example of Baroque religious art.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rubens used the production of <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a> and book title-pages, especially for his friend <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Moretus" class="mw-redirect" title="Balthasar Moretus">Balthasar Moretus</a>, the owner of the large <a href="/wiki/Plantin_Press" title="Plantin Press">Plantin-Moretus publishing house</a>, to extend his fame throughout Europe during this part of his career. In 1618, Rubens embarked upon a printmaking enterprise by soliciting an unusual triple privilege (an early form of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>) to protect his designs in France, the Southern Netherlands, and United Provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Hottle_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hottle-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enlisted <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Vorsterman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucas Vorsterman">Lucas Vorsterman</a> to engrave a number of his notable religious and mythological paintings, to which Rubens appended personal and professional dedications to noteworthy individuals in the Southern Netherlands, United Provinces, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hottle_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hottle-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of a few <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etchings</a>, Rubens left the <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a> to specialists, who included Lucas Vorsterman, <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Pontius" title="Paulus Pontius">Paulus Pontius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willem_Panneels" title="Willem Panneels">Willem Panneels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recruited a number of engravers trained by <a href="/wiki/Christoffel_Jegher" title="Christoffel Jegher">Christoffel Jegher</a>, whom he carefully schooled in the more vigorous style he wanted. Rubens also designed the last significant <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a> before the 19th-century revival in the technique.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens,_,_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien,_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Die_vier_Fl%C3%BCsse_des_Paradieses_-_GG_526_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Die_vier_Fl%C3%BCsse_des_Paradieses_-_GG_526_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Die_vier_Fl%C3%BCsse_des_Paradieses_-_GG_526_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Die_vier_Fl%C3%BCsse_des_Paradieses_-_GG_526_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Die_vier_Fl%C3%BCsse_des_Paradieses_-_GG_526_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Die_vier_Fl%C3%BCsse_des_Paradieses_-_GG_526_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Die_vier_Fl%C3%BCsse_des_Paradieses_-_GG_526_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Continents" title="The Four Continents">The Four Continents</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1615</span>, <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marie_de'_Medici_Cycle_and_diplomatic_missions_(1621–1630)"><span id="Marie_de.27_Medici_Cycle_and_diplomatic_missions_.281621.E2.80.931630.29"></span>Marie de' Medici Cycle and diplomatic missions (1621–1630)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marie de' Medici Cycle and diplomatic missions (1621–1630)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici_cycle" title="Marie de' Medici cycle">Marie de' Medici cycle</a></div> <p>In 1621, the Queen Mother of France, <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a>, commissioned Rubens to paint two large allegorical cycles celebrating her life and the life of her late husband, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Palace" title="Luxembourg Palace">Luxembourg Palace</a> in Paris. The <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici_cycle" title="Marie de' Medici cycle">Marie de' Medici cycle</a> (now in the Louvre) was installed in 1625, and although he began work on the second series it was never completed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marie was exiled from France in 1630 by her son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a>, and died in 1642 in the same house in Cologne where Rubens had lived as a child.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_of_Austria_by_Rubens_(1622-1625,_Norton_Simon_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Anna_of_Austria_by_Rubens_%281622-1625%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum%29.jpg/220px-Anna_of_Austria_by_Rubens_%281622-1625%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Anna_of_Austria_by_Rubens_%281622-1625%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum%29.jpg/330px-Anna_of_Austria_by_Rubens_%281622-1625%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Anna_of_Austria_by_Rubens_%281622-1625%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum%29.jpg/440px-Anna_of_Austria_by_Rubens_%281622-1625%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anna of Austria</a></i>, Queen of France, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1622–1625</span></figcaption></figure> <p>After the end of the Twelve Years' Truce in 1621, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rulers entrusted Rubens with diplomatic missions.<sup id="cite_ref-peace_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peace-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Paris in 1622 to discuss the Marie de' Medici cycle, Rubens engaged in clandestine information gathering activities, which at the time was an important task of diplomats. He relied on his friendship with <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Claude_Fabri_de_Peiresc" title="Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc">Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc</a> to get information on political developments in France.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1627 and 1630, Rubens was very active as a diplomat. He travelled between the courts of Spain and England in an attempt to bring about peace between the Catholic Spanish Netherlands and the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. He also made several trips to the Dutch Republic as both an artist and a diplomat. </p><p>Some members of the courts he visited did not treat him as an equal as they held that courtiers should not use their hands in any art or trade, but he was also received as an equal gentleman by many others. Rubens was raised by Philip IV of Spain to the nobility in 1624 and knighted by Charles I of England in 1630. Philip IV confirmed Rubens's status as a knight a few months later.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rubens was awarded an honorary <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin)">Master of Arts</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> in 1629.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rubens was in Madrid for eight months in 1628–1629. In addition to diplomatic negotiations, he executed several important works for Philip IV and private patrons. He also began a renewed study of Titian's paintings, copying numerous works including the Madrid <i>Fall of Man</i> (1628–29).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this stay, he befriended the court painter <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a> and the two planned to travel to Italy together the following year. Rubens, however, returned to Antwerp and Velázquez made the journey without him.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Adam_and_Eve,_after_Titian,_between_1628_and_1629.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Adam_and_Eve%2C_after_Titian%2C_between_1628_and_1629.jpg/170px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Adam_and_Eve%2C_after_Titian%2C_between_1628_and_1629.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Adam_and_Eve%2C_after_Titian%2C_between_1628_and_1629.jpg/255px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Adam_and_Eve%2C_after_Titian%2C_between_1628_and_1629.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Adam_and_Eve%2C_after_Titian%2C_between_1628_and_1629.jpg/340px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Adam_and_Eve%2C_after_Titian%2C_between_1628_and_1629.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man_(Rubens)" title="The Fall of Man (Rubens)">The Fall of Man</a></i>, 1628–29, Prado, Madrid</figcaption></figure> <p>His stay in Antwerp was brief, and he soon travelled on to London where he remained until April 1630. An important work from this period is the <i>Allegory of Peace and War</i> (1629; <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery</a>, London).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It illustrates the artist's lively concern for peace, and was given to Charles I as a gift. </p><p>While Rubens's international reputation with collectors and nobility abroad continued to grow during this decade, he and his workshop also continued to paint monumental paintings for local patrons in Antwerp. The <i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_(Rubens,_Antwerp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Rubens, Antwerp)">Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></i> (1625–26) for the Cathedral of Antwerp is one prominent example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_decade_(1630–1640)"><span id="Last_decade_.281630.E2.80.931640.29"></span>Last decade (1630–1640)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Last decade (1630–1640)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rubens's last decade was spent in and around Antwerp. Major works for foreign patrons still occupied him, such as the ceiling paintings for the <a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House_at_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="Banqueting House at Whitehall">Banqueting House</a> at <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a>, but he also explored more personal artistic directions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Feast_of_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Feast_of_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Feast_of_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Feast_of_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Feast_of_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Feast_of_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Feast_of_Venus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7266" data-file-height="4481" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Venus_(Rubens)" title="The Feast of Venus (Rubens)">The Feast of Venus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1630, four years after the death of his first wife Isabella, the 53-year-old painter married her niece, the 16-year-old <a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment" title="Helena Fourment">Helena Fourment</a>. Hélène inspired the voluptuous figures in many of his paintings from the 1630s, including <i><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_117.jpg" title="File:Peter Paul Rubens 117.jpg">The Feast of Venus</a></i> (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna), <i><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens,_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces.jpg" title="File:Rubens, Peter Paul - The Three Graces.jpg">The Three Graces</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Judgement_of_Paris_(Rubens)" title="The Judgement of Paris (Rubens)">The Judgement of Paris</a></i> (both Prado, Madrid). In the latter painting, which was made for the Spanish court, the artist's young wife was recognised by viewers in the figure of <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>. In an intimate portrait of her, <i>Helena Fourment in a Fur Wrap</i>, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Het_Pelsken" title="Het Pelsken">Het Pelsken</a></i>, Rubens's wife is even partially modelled after classical sculptures of the <a href="/wiki/Venus_Pudica" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus Pudica">Venus Pudica</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Venus_de%27_Medici" title="Venus de' Medici">Medici Venus</a>. </p><p>In 1635, Rubens bought an estate outside Antwerp, the <a href="/wiki/Elewijt_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elewijt Castle">Steen</a>, where he spent much of his time. Landscapes, such as his <i><a href="/wiki/A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning" title="A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning">A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning</a></i> (National Gallery, London) and <i><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_102.jpg" title="File:Peter Paul Rubens 102.jpg">Farmers Returning from the Fields</a></i> (Pitti Gallery, Florence), reflect the more personal nature of many of his later works. He also drew upon the Netherlandish traditions of <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a> for inspiration in later works like <i><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Feasting_and_dancing_peasants.jpg" title="File:Peter Paul Rubens - Feasting and dancing peasants.jpg">Feasting and dancing peasants</a></i> (c. 1630; Louvre, Paris). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_omringd_door_heiligen_-_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maria_omringd_door_heiligen_-_Rubens.jpg/170px-Maria_omringd_door_heiligen_-_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maria_omringd_door_heiligen_-_Rubens.jpg/255px-Maria_omringd_door_heiligen_-_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maria_omringd_door_heiligen_-_Rubens.jpg/340px-Maria_omringd_door_heiligen_-_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2845" data-file-height="3256" /></a><figcaption><i>Virgin and child with saints</i>, 1638–39</figcaption></figure> <p>Rubens died from heart failure as a result of his chronic <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> on 30 May 1640. He was interred in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_James%27_Church,_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint James' Church, Antwerp">Saint James' Church</a> in Antwerp. A burial chapel for the artist and his family was built in the church. Construction on the chapel started in 1642 and was completed in 1650 when Cornelis van Mildert (the son of Rubens's friend, the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Johannes_van_Mildert" title="Johannes van Mildert">Johannes van Mildert</a>) delivered the altarstone. The chapel is a marble altar portico with two columns framing the altarpiece of the <i>Virgin and child with saints</i> painted by Rubens himself. The painting expresses the basic tenets of the Counter Reformation through the figures of the Virgin and saints. In the upper niche of the retable is a marble statue depicting the Virgin as the Mater Dolorosa whose heart is pierced by a sword, which was likely sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Faydherbe" title="Lucas Faydherbe">Lucas Faydherbe</a>, a pupil of Rubens. The remains of Rubens's second wife <a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment" title="Helena Fourment">Helena Fourment</a> and two of her children (one of whom was fathered by Rubens) were later also laid to rest in the chapel. Over the coming centuries about 80 descendants from the Rubens family were interred in the chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the request of <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canon</a> van Parijs, Rubens's epitaph, written in Latin by his friend <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Gevartius" title="Gaspar Gevartius">Gaspar Gevartius</a>, was chiselled on the chapel floor. In the tradition of the Renaissance, Rubens is compared in the epitaph to <a href="/wiki/Apelles" title="Apelles">Apelles</a>, the most famous painter of Greek Antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Hercules_as_Heroic_Virtue_Overcoming_Discord_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Hercules_as_Heroic_Virtue_Overcoming_Discord_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Hercules_as_Heroic_Virtue_Overcoming_Discord_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Hercules_as_Heroic_Virtue_Overcoming_Discord_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Hercules_as_Heroic_Virtue_Overcoming_Discord_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Hercules_as_Heroic_Virtue_Overcoming_Discord_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Hercules_as_Heroic_Virtue_Overcoming_Discord_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption><i>Hercules as Heroic Virtue Overcoming Discord</i>, 1632–33</figcaption></figure> <p>His biblical and mythological nudes are especially well-known. Painted in the Baroque tradition of depicting women as soft-bodied, passive, and to the modern eye highly sexualised beings, his nudes emphasise the concepts of fertility, desire, physical beauty, temptation, and virtue. Skilfully rendered, these paintings of nude women are thought by feminists to have been created to sexually appeal to his largely male audience of patrons,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the female nude as an example of beauty has been a traditional motif in European art for centuries. Rubens was quite fond of painting full-figured women, giving rise to terms like 'Rubensian' or 'Rubenesque' (sometimes 'Rubensesque'). His large-scale cycle representing <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> focuses on several classic female archetypes like the virgin, consort, wife, widow, and diplomatic regent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of this iconography in his female portraits, along with his art depicting noblewomen of the day, serve to elevate his female portrait sitters to the status and importance of his male portrait sitters.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rubens's depiction of males is equally stylised, replete with meaning, and quite the opposite of his female subjects. His male nudes represent highly athletic and large mythical or biblical men. Unlike his female nudes, most of his male nudes are depicted partially nude, with sashes, armour, or shadows shielding them from being completely unclothed. These men are twisting, reaching, bending, and grasping: all of which portrays his male subjects engaged in a great deal of physical, sometimes aggressive, action. The concepts Rubens artistically represents illustrate the male as powerful, capable, forceful and compelling. The allegorical and symbolic subjects he painted reference the classic masculine tropes of athleticism, high achievement, valour in war, and civil authority.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male archetypes readily found in Rubens's paintings include the hero, husband, father, civic leader, king, and the battle weary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workshop">Workshop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Workshop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_(Ecce_Homo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rubens_%28Ecce_Homo%29.jpg/220px-Rubens_%28Ecce_Homo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rubens_%28Ecce_Homo%29.jpg/330px-Rubens_%28Ecce_Homo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rubens_%28Ecce_Homo%29.jpg/440px-Rubens_%28Ecce_Homo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4572" data-file-height="5997" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Rubens)" title="Ecce Homo (Rubens)">Ecce Homo</a></i>, or <i>Christ wearing the Crown of Thorns</i>, 1612, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Paintings from Rubens's workshop can be divided into three categories: those he painted by himself, those he painted in part (mainly hands and faces), and copies supervised from his drawings or <a href="/wiki/Oil_sketch" title="Oil sketch">oil sketches</a>. He had, as was usual at the time, a large workshop with many apprentices and students. It has not always been possible to identify who were Rubens's pupils and assistants since as a court painter Rubens was not required to register his pupils with the Antwerp <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke" title="Guild of Saint Luke">Guild of Saint Luke</a>. About 20 pupils or assistants of Rubens have been identified, with various levels of evidence to include them as such. It is also not clear from surviving records whether a particular person was a pupil or assistant in Rubens's workshop or was an artist who was an independent master collaborating on specific works with Rubens. The unknown Jacob Moerman was registered as his pupil while <a href="/wiki/Willem_Panneels" title="Willem Panneels">Willem Panneels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justus_van_Egmont" title="Justus van Egmont">Justus van Egmont</a> were registered in the Guild's records as Rubens's assistants. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a> worked in Rubens's workshop after training with <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_van_Balen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick van Balen">Hendrick van Balen</a> in Antwerp. Other artists linked to the Rubens's workshop as pupils, assistants or collaborators are <a href="/wiki/Abraham_van_Diepenbeeck" title="Abraham van Diepenbeeck">Abraham van Diepenbeeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Faydherbe" title="Lucas Faydherbe">Lucas Faydherbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Franchoys_the_Younger" title="Lucas Franchoys the Younger">Lucas Franchoys the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_van_der_Horst" title="Nicolaas van der Horst">Nicolaas van der Horst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans_Luycx" title="Frans Luycx">Frans Luycx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Mol" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter van Mol">Peter van Mol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deodat_del_Monte" title="Deodat del Monte">Deodat del Monte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Schut" title="Cornelis Schut">Cornelis Schut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Quellinus_the_Younger" title="Erasmus Quellinus the Younger">Erasmus Quellinus the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Soutman" title="Pieter Soutman">Pieter Soutman</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Elder" title="David Teniers the Elder">David Teniers the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans_Wouters" title="Frans Wouters">Frans Wouters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Thomas_van_Ieperen" title="Jan Thomas van Ieperen">Jan Thomas van Ieperen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodoor_van_Thulden" title="Theodoor van Thulden">Theodoor van Thulden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Wolfvoet_(II)" title="Victor Wolfvoet (II)">Victor Wolfvoet (II)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also often sub-contracted elements such as animals, landscapes or <a href="/wiki/Still-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Still-life">still-lifes</a> in large compositions to specialists such as animal painters <a href="/wiki/Frans_Snyders" title="Frans Snyders">Frans Snyders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Vos" title="Paul de Vos">Paul de Vos</a>, or other artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Jordaens" title="Jacob Jordaens">Jacob Jordaens</a>. One of his most frequent collaborators was <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Old_Woman_and_Boy_with_Candles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Old_Woman_and_Boy_with_Candles.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Old_Woman_and_Boy_with_Candles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Old_Woman_and_Boy_with_Candles.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Old_Woman_and_Boy_with_Candles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Old_Woman_and_Boy_with_Candles.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Old_Woman_and_Boy_with_Candles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>Old Woman and Boy with Candles</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1616/17</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_exhibitions">Selected exhibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Selected exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1936: <i>Rubens and His Times</i>, Paris.</li> <li>1997: <i>The Century of Rubens in French Collections</i>, Paris.</li> <li>2004: <i>Rubens</i>, Palais de Beaux-Arts, Lille.</li> <li>2005: <i>Peter Paul Rubens: The Drawings</i>, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.</li> <li>2015: <i>Rubens and His Legacy</i>, The Royal Academy, London.</li> <li>2017: <i>Rubens: The Power of Transformation</i>, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.</li> <li>2019: <i>Early Rubens</i>, Art Gallery of Ontario Toronto, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lost_works">Lost works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lost works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lost works by Rubens include: </p> <ul><li>The <i>Crucifixion</i>, painted for the Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">Santa Croce in Gerusalemme</a>, Rome, was imported to England in 1811. It was auctioned in 1812 and again in 1820 and 1821 but was lost at sea sometime after 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Equestrian Portrait of the Archduke Albert</i></li> <li><i>Susannah and the Elders</i> is now known only from engraving from 1620 by Lucas Vosterman.</li> <li><i>Satyr, Nymph, Putti and Leopards</i> is now known only from engraving.</li> <li><i>Judith Beheading Holofernes</i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1609</span> known only through the 1610 engraving by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Galle_the_Elder" title="Cornelis Galle the Elder">Cornelis Galle the Elder</a>.</li> <li>Works destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Brussels_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Brussels (1695)">bombardment of Brussels</a> include:</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Reuige_Magdalena_und_ihre_Schwester_Martha_-_GG_683_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Reuige_Magdalena_und_ihre_Schwester_Martha_-_GG_683_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Reuige_Magdalena_und_ihre_Schwester_Martha_-_GG_683_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Reuige_Magdalena_und_ihre_Schwester_Martha_-_GG_683_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Reuige_Magdalena_und_ihre_Schwester_Martha_-_GG_683_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Reuige_Magdalena_und_ihre_Schwester_Martha_-_GG_683_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Reuige_Magdalena_und_ihre_Schwester_Martha_-_GG_683_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1528" /></a><figcaption><i>Repentant Magdalene and her sister Martha</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1620</span>, <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><i>Madonna of the Rosary</i> painted for the Royal Chapel of the Dominican Church</li> <li><i>Virgin Adorned with Flowers by Saint Anne</i>, 1610 painted for the Church of the Carmelite Friars</li> <li><i>Saint Job Triptych</i>, 1613, painted for Saint Nicholas Church</li> <li><i>Cambyses Appointing Otanes Judge</i>, <i>Judgment of Solomon</i>, and <i>Last Judgment</i>, all for the Magistrates' Hall</li></ul></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Coudenberg#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Coudenberg">Coudenberg Palace fire</a> there were several works by Rubens destroyed, like <i>Nativity</i> (1731), <i>Adoration of the Magi</i> and <i>Pentecost</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The paintings <i>Neptune and Amphitrite</i>, <i>Vision of Saint Hubert</i> and <i>Diana and Nymphs Surprised by Satyrs</i> was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin#The_"Kriegsinferno"" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Friedrichshain flak tower fire</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The painting <i>The Abduction of Proserpine</i> was destroyed in the fire at <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a>, Oxfordshire, 5 February 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The painting <i>Crucifixion with Mary, St. John, Magdalen</i>, 1643 was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> by Parliamentarians in the Queen's Chapel, Somerset House, London, 1643<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The painting <i>Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV of Spain</i> was destroyed in the fire at <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Madrid#The_fire_of_1734" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcázar of Madrid">Royal Alcázar of Madrid fire</a> in 1734. A copy is in the Uffizi Gallery.</li> <li><i>The Continence of Scipio</i> was destroyed in a fire in the Western Exchange, Old Bond Street, London, March 1836<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The painting <i>The Lion Hunt</i> was removed by Napoleon's agents from Schloss Schleissheim, near Munich, 1800 and was destroyed later in a fire at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Bordeaux" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An alleged Rubens painting <i>Portrait of a Girl</i> reported to have been in the collection of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dumas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Dumas">Alexander Dumas</a> was reported lost in a fire.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The painting <i>Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Buckingham</i> (1625) and the ceiling painting <i>The Duke of Buckingham Triumphing over Envy and Anger</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1625</span>), both later owned by the Earl of Jersey at <a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a>, were destroyed in a fire at the Le Gallais depository in St Helier, Jersey, on 30 September 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Portrait of Philip IV of Spain</i> from 1628 was destroyed in the incendiary attack at the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthaus_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Kunsthaus Zürich">Kunsthaus Zürich</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_portrait_of_George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Lost portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Portrait of George Villiers</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1625</span>. This painting that had been deemed lost for nearly 400 years was rediscovered in 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Pollok_House" title="Pollok House">Pollok House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland. Conservation treatment carried out by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rollo_Gillespie" title="Simon Rollo Gillespie">Simon Rollo Gillespie</a> helped to demonstrate that the work was not a later copy by a lesser artist but was the original by the hand of the master himself.<sup id="cite_ref-graun_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graun-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Early paintings</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_ecuestre_del_duque_de_Lerma_(Rubens).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma, 1603, Prado"><img alt="Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma, 1603, Prado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Retrato_ecuestre_del_duque_de_Lerma_%28Rubens%29.jpg/143px-Retrato_ecuestre_del_duque_de_Lerma_%28Rubens%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Retrato_ecuestre_del_duque_de_Lerma_%28Rubens%29.jpg/214px-Retrato_ecuestre_del_duque_de_Lerma_%28Rubens%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Retrato_ecuestre_del_duque_de_Lerma_%28Rubens%29.jpg/285px-Retrato_ecuestre_del_duque_de_Lerma_%28Rubens%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2177" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Lerma" title="Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma">Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma</a></i>, 1603, Prado</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria, 1603, Prado Museum"><img alt="Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria, 1603, Prado Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria.jpg/129px-Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria.jpg/193px-Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria.jpg/258px-Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3318" data-file-height="5143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria" class="mw-redirect" title="Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria">Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria</a></i>, 1603, Prado Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Judgement_of_Paris,_c.1606_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Judgement of Paris, c. 1606, Museo del Prado"><img alt="The Judgement of Paris, c. 1606, Museo del Prado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_c.1606_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_c.1606_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_c.1606_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_c.1606_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_c.1606_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Judgement_of_Paris%2C_c.1606_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Judgement of Paris</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1606</span>, Museo del Prado</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus at the Mirror, 1613–14"><img alt="Venus at the Mirror, 1613–14" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg/161px-Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg/242px-Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg/322px-Rubens_Venus_at_a_Mirror_c1615.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> at the Mirror</i>, 1613–14</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Presentig_the_Catch_to_Pan_-_WGA20291.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diana Returning from the Hunt, 1615, oil on canvas, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister"><img alt="Diana Returning from the Hunt, 1615, oil on canvas, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Presentig_the_Catch_to_Pan_-_WGA20291.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Presentig_the_Catch_to_Pan_-_WGA20291.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Presentig_the_Catch_to_Pan_-_WGA20291.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Presentig_the_Catch_to_Pan_-_WGA20291.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Presentig_the_Catch_to_Pan_-_WGA20291.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_Presentig_the_Catch_to_Pan_-_WGA20291.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="2688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Diana Returning from the Hunt</i>, 1615, oil on canvas, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:07leucip.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, c. 1617, oil on canvas, Alte Pinakothek"><img alt="The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, c. 1617, oil on canvas, Alte Pinakothek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/07leucip.jpg/186px-07leucip.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/07leucip.jpg/279px-07leucip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/07leucip.jpg/372px-07leucip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1239" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Daughters_of_Leucippus" title="The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus">The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1617</span>, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek" title="Alte Pinakothek">Alte Pinakothek</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Portraits</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Das_Kind_mit_dem_Vogel_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin_-_5405161.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Child with a bird, 1614 and 1625, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin"><img alt="Child with a bird, 1614 and 1625, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Das_Kind_mit_dem_Vogel_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin_-_5405161.jpg/162px-Das_Kind_mit_dem_Vogel_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin_-_5405161.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Das_Kind_mit_dem_Vogel_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin_-_5405161.jpg/243px-Das_Kind_mit_dem_Vogel_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin_-_5405161.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Das_Kind_mit_dem_Vogel_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin_-_5405161.jpg/324px-Das_Kind_mit_dem_Vogel_-_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Berlin_-_5405161.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2101" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Child with a bird</i>, 1614 and 1625, <a href="/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie,_Berlin" title="Gemäldegalerie, Berlin">Gemäldegalerie, Berlin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_King_Philip_IV_(Hermitage).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of King Philip IV of Spain, c. 1628–29"><img alt="Portrait of King Philip IV of Spain, c. 1628–29" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pieter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_King_Philip_IV_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/146px-Pieter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_King_Philip_IV_%28Hermitage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pieter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_King_Philip_IV_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/220px-Pieter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_King_Philip_IV_%28Hermitage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pieter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_King_Philip_IV_%28Hermitage%29.jpg/293px-Pieter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_King_Philip_IV_%28Hermitage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of King Philip IV of Spain</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1628</span>–29</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_Marchese_Ambrogio_Spinola_(NG_Prague).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Ambrogio Spinola, c. 1627, National Gallery in Prague"><img alt="Portrait of Ambrogio Spinola, c. 1627, National Gallery in Prague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_Marchese_Ambrogio_Spinola_%28NG_Prague%29.jpg/144px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_Marchese_Ambrogio_Spinola_%28NG_Prague%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_Marchese_Ambrogio_Spinola_%28NG_Prague%29.jpg/216px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_Marchese_Ambrogio_Spinola_%28NG_Prague%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_Marchese_Ambrogio_Spinola_%28NG_Prague%29.jpg/288px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_Marchese_Ambrogio_Spinola_%28NG_Prague%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9025" data-file-height="12544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of Ambrogio Spinola</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1627</span>, National Gallery in Prague</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_GL_GM_PC_49.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, c. 1617–1628, Pollok House"><img alt="Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, c. 1617–1628, Pollok House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_GL_GM_PC_49.jpg/153px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_GL_GM_PC_49.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_GL_GM_PC_49.jpg/230px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_GL_GM_PC_49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_GL_GM_PC_49.jpg/306px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_George_Villiers%2C_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_GL_GM_PC_49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_portrait_of_George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Lost portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1617–1628</span>, <a href="/wiki/Pollok_House" title="Pollok House">Pollok House</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Lady_Arundel_with_her_Train_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_(unframed).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lady Arundel with her Train, 1620"><img alt="Lady Arundel with her Train, 1620" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Portrait_of_Lady_Arundel_with_her_Train_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28unframed%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Lady_Arundel_with_her_Train_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28unframed%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Portrait_of_Lady_Arundel_with_her_Train_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28unframed%29.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_Lady_Arundel_with_her_Train_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28unframed%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Portrait_of_Lady_Arundel_with_her_Train_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28unframed%29.jpg/400px-Portrait_of_Lady_Arundel_with_her_Train_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens_%28unframed%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3813" data-file-height="3697" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Lady Arundel with her Train</i>, 1620</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_as_Mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of a Man as Mars, 1620–1625, private collection"><img alt="Portrait of a Man as Mars, 1620–1625, private collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_as_Mars.jpg/159px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_as_Mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_as_Mars.jpg/238px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_as_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_as_Mars.jpg/318px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_as_Mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of a Man as Mars</i>, 1620–1625, private collection</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Landscapes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Landscape_with_the_Ruins_of_Mount_Palatine_in_Rome.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Landscape with the Ruins of Mount Palatine in Rome, 1615"><img alt="Landscape with the Ruins of Mount Palatine in Rome, 1615" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Landscape_with_the_Ruins_of_Mount_Palatine_in_Rome.JPG/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Landscape_with_the_Ruins_of_Mount_Palatine_in_Rome.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Landscape_with_the_Ruins_of_Mount_Palatine_in_Rome.JPG/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Landscape_with_the_Ruins_of_Mount_Palatine_in_Rome.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Landscape_with_the_Ruins_of_Mount_Palatine_in_Rome.JPG/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Landscape_with_the_Ruins_of_Mount_Palatine_in_Rome.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1045" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Landscape with the Ruins of Mount Palatine in Rome</i>, 1615</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Visi%C3%B3n_de_San_Huberto_por_Jan_Brueghel_el_Viejo_con_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miracle of Saint Hubert, painted together with Jan Bruegel, 1617"><img alt="Miracle of Saint Hubert, painted together with Jan Bruegel, 1617" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/La_Visi%C3%B3n_de_San_Huberto_por_Jan_Brueghel_el_Viejo_con_Rubens.jpg/200px-La_Visi%C3%B3n_de_San_Huberto_por_Jan_Brueghel_el_Viejo_con_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/La_Visi%C3%B3n_de_San_Huberto_por_Jan_Brueghel_el_Viejo_con_Rubens.jpg/300px-La_Visi%C3%B3n_de_San_Huberto_por_Jan_Brueghel_el_Viejo_con_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/La_Visi%C3%B3n_de_San_Huberto_por_Jan_Brueghel_el_Viejo_con_Rubens.jpg/400px-La_Visi%C3%B3n_de_San_Huberto_por_Jan_Brueghel_el_Viejo_con_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="1912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Miracle of Saint Hubert</i>, painted together with Jan Bruegel, 1617</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_Milkmaids_cattle_landscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landscape with Milkmaids and Cattle, 1618"><img alt="Landscape with Milkmaids and Cattle, 1618" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rubens_Milkmaids_cattle_landscape.jpg/200px-Rubens_Milkmaids_cattle_landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rubens_Milkmaids_cattle_landscape.jpg/300px-Rubens_Milkmaids_cattle_landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rubens_Milkmaids_cattle_landscape.jpg/400px-Rubens_Milkmaids_cattle_landscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Landscape with Milkmaids and Cattle</i>, 1618</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danza_aldeanos_Rubens_lou.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dance of the Villagers, Prado, c. 1635"><img alt="The Dance of the Villagers, Prado, c. 1635" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Danza_aldeanos_Rubens_lou.jpg/200px-Danza_aldeanos_Rubens_lou.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Danza_aldeanos_Rubens_lou.jpg/300px-Danza_aldeanos_Rubens_lou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Danza_aldeanos_Rubens_lou.jpg/400px-Danza_aldeanos_Rubens_lou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Dance of the Villagers</i>, Prado, c. 1635</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning, c. 1635–1638, National Gallery, London"><img alt="A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning, c. 1635–1638, National Gallery, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7233" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning" title="A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning">A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1635–1638</span>, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery, London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Feasting_and_dancing_peasants.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Feasting and dancing peasants, Louvre, c. 1636"><img alt="Feasting and dancing peasants, Louvre, c. 1636" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Feasting_and_dancing_peasants.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Feasting_and_dancing_peasants.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Feasting_and_dancing_peasants.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Feasting_and_dancing_peasants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Feasting_and_dancing_peasants.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Feasting_and_dancing_peasants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="835" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Feasting and dancing peasants</i>, Louvre, c. 1636</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Mythological</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_%E2%80%93_Venus,_Cupid,_Bacchus_and_Ceres_%E2%80%93_WGA20283.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus, Cupid, Bacchus and Ceres, 1612"><img alt="Venus, Cupid, Bacchus and Ceres, 1612" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Peter_Paul_Rubens_%E2%80%93_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Bacchus_and_Ceres_%E2%80%93_WGA20283.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_%E2%80%93_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Bacchus_and_Ceres_%E2%80%93_WGA20283.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Peter_Paul_Rubens_%E2%80%93_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Bacchus_and_Ceres_%E2%80%93_WGA20283.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_%E2%80%93_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Bacchus_and_Ceres_%E2%80%93_WGA20283.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Peter_Paul_Rubens_%E2%80%93_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Bacchus_and_Ceres_%E2%80%93_WGA20283.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_%E2%80%93_Venus%2C_Cupid%2C_Bacchus_and_Ceres_%E2%80%93_WGA20283.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Venus,_Cupid,_Bacchus_and_Ceres,_1612" title="Venus, Cupid, Bacchus and Ceres, 1612"><i>Venus, Cupid, Bacchus and Ceres</i>, 1612</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Jupiter_and_Callisto_-_WGA20285.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jupiter and Callisto, 1613, Museumslandschaft of Hesse in Kassel"><img alt="Jupiter and Callisto, 1613, Museumslandschaft of Hesse in Kassel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Jupiter_and_Callisto_-_WGA20285.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Jupiter_and_Callisto_-_WGA20285.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Jupiter_and_Callisto_-_WGA20285.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Jupiter_and_Callisto_-_WGA20285.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Jupiter_and_Callisto_-_WGA20285.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Jupiter_and_Callisto_-_WGA20285.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Jupiter and Callisto</i>, 1613, Museumslandschaft of Hesse in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_(1618-20);_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pythagoras Advocating Vegetarianism, 1618–1630, by Rubens and Frans Snyders, inspired by Pythagoras's speech in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Royal Collection"><img alt="Pythagoras Advocating Vegetarianism, 1618–1630, by Rubens and Frans Snyders, inspired by Pythagoras's speech in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Royal Collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/200px-Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/300px-Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/400px-Pythagoras_advocating_vegetarianism_%281618-20%29%3B_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pythagoras Advocating Vegetarianism</i>, 1618–1630, by Rubens and <a href="/wiki/Frans_Snyders" title="Frans Snyders">Frans Snyders</a>, inspired by Pythagoras's speech in Ovid's <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Perseus_and_Andromeda_(Hermitage_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perseus and Andromeda, c. 1622, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg"><img alt="Perseus and Andromeda, c. 1622, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Perseus_and_Andromeda_%28Hermitage_Museum%29.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Perseus_and_Andromeda_%28Hermitage_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Perseus_and_Andromeda_%28Hermitage_Museum%29.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Perseus_and_Andromeda_%28Hermitage_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Perseus_and_Andromeda_%28Hermitage_Museum%29.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Perseus_and_Andromeda_%28Hermitage_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3772" data-file-height="2691" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Perseus_and_Andromeda_(Rubens)" title="Perseus and Andromeda (Rubens)">Perseus and Andromeda</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1622</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_147.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ermit and sleeping Angelica, 1628"><img alt="Ermit and sleeping Angelica, 1628" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Peter_Paul_Rubens_147.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_147.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Peter_Paul_Rubens_147.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_147.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Peter_Paul_Rubens_147.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_147.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="1042" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ermit and sleeping <a href="/wiki/Angelica_(character)" title="Angelica (character)">Angelica</a></i>, 1628</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_-_Perseo_y_Andr%C3%B3meda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perseus Liberating Andromeda, 1639–40, Museo del Prado"><img alt="Perseus Liberating Andromeda, 1639–40, Museo del Prado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rubens_-_Perseo_y_Andr%C3%B3meda.jpg/126px-Rubens_-_Perseo_y_Andr%C3%B3meda.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rubens_-_Perseo_y_Andr%C3%B3meda.jpg/189px-Rubens_-_Perseo_y_Andr%C3%B3meda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rubens_-_Perseo_y_Andr%C3%B3meda.jpg/251px-Rubens_-_Perseo_y_Andr%C3%B3meda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Perseus Liberating Andromeda</i>, 1639–40, <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_(1577-1640)_Peace_and_War_(1629).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars, 1629–1630, The National Gallery, London"><img alt="Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars, 1629–1630, The National Gallery, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Peter_Paul_Rubens_%281577-1640%29_Peace_and_War_%281629%29.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_%281577-1640%29_Peace_and_War_%281629%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Peter_Paul_Rubens_%281577-1640%29_Peace_and_War_%281629%29.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_%281577-1640%29_Peace_and_War_%281629%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Peter_Paul_Rubens_%281577-1640%29_Peace_and_War_%281629%29.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_%281577-1640%29_Peace_and_War_%281629%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Protecting_Peace_from_Mars" title="Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars">Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars</a></i>, 1629–1630, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">The National Gallery</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens,_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Three Graces, 1635, Prado"><img alt="The Three Graces, 1635, Prado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rubens%2C_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces.jpg/164px-Rubens%2C_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rubens%2C_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces.jpg/246px-Rubens%2C_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rubens%2C_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces.jpg/328px-Rubens%2C_Peter_Paul_-_The_Three_Graces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Three Graces</i>, 1635, <a href="/wiki/Prado" class="mw-redirect" title="Prado">Prado</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_and_her_Nymphs_Surprised_by_the_Fauns_(Prado).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diana and her Nymphs surprised by the Fauns, c. 1639–40, Prado Museum"><img alt="Diana and her Nymphs surprised by the Fauns, c. 1639–40, Prado Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_and_her_Nymphs_Surprised_by_the_Fauns_%28Prado%29.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_and_her_Nymphs_Surprised_by_the_Fauns_%28Prado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_and_her_Nymphs_Surprised_by_the_Fauns_%28Prado%29.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_and_her_Nymphs_Surprised_by_the_Fauns_%28Prado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_and_her_Nymphs_Surprised_by_the_Fauns_%28Prado%29.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Diana_and_her_Nymphs_Surprised_by_the_Fauns_%28Prado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="1230" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Diana and her Nymphs surprised by the Fauns</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1639–40</span>, Prado Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_-_Venus_and_Adonis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus and Adonis, 1635–1638, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Venus and Adonis, 1635–1638, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rubens_-_Venus_and_Adonis.jpg/200px-Rubens_-_Venus_and_Adonis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rubens_-_Venus_and_Adonis.jpg/300px-Rubens_-_Venus_and_Adonis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rubens_-_Venus_and_Adonis.jpg/400px-Rubens_-_Venus_and_Adonis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1823" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Rubens,_1635)" title="Venus and Adonis (Rubens, 1635)">Venus and Adonis</a></i>, 1635–1638, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_roi_Ixion_tromp%C3%A9_par_Junon,_qu%27il_voulait_s%C3%A9duire_(Louvre_RF_2121)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Ixion fooled by Juno, whom he wanted to seduce (Louvre Museum)"><img alt="King Ixion fooled by Juno, whom he wanted to seduce (Louvre Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Le_roi_Ixion_tromp%C3%A9_par_Junon%2C_qu%27il_voulait_s%C3%A9duire_%28Louvre_RF_2121%29_01.jpg/200px-Le_roi_Ixion_tromp%C3%A9_par_Junon%2C_qu%27il_voulait_s%C3%A9duire_%28Louvre_RF_2121%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Le_roi_Ixion_tromp%C3%A9_par_Junon%2C_qu%27il_voulait_s%C3%A9duire_%28Louvre_RF_2121%29_01.jpg/300px-Le_roi_Ixion_tromp%C3%A9_par_Junon%2C_qu%27il_voulait_s%C3%A9duire_%28Louvre_RF_2121%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Le_roi_Ixion_tromp%C3%A9_par_Junon%2C_qu%27il_voulait_s%C3%A9duire_%28Louvre_RF_2121%29_01.jpg/400px-Le_roi_Ixion_tromp%C3%A9_par_Junon%2C_qu%27il_voulait_s%C3%A9duire_%28Louvre_RF_2121%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="1643" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>King <a href="/wiki/Ixion" title="Ixion">Ixion</a> fooled by <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, whom he wanted to seduce</i> (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre Museum</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way,_1636-1637.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Birth of the Milky Way, c. 1637, Prado Museum"><img alt="The Birth of the Milky Way, c. 1637, Prado Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2186" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way" title="The Birth of the Milky Way">The Birth of the Milky Way</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1637</span>, Prado Museum</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Helena Fourment and related pictures</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rubens with Helena Fourment and their Son Peter Paul, 1639, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Rubens with Helena Fourment and their Son Peter Paul, 1639, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Peter_Paul_Rubens_300.jpg/157px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Peter_Paul_Rubens_300.jpg/235px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Peter_Paul_Rubens_300.jpg/313px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Rubens with Helena Fourment and their Son Peter Paul</i>, 1639, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_her_wedding_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Helena Fourment in Wedding Dress, c. 1630, Alte Pinakothek"><img alt="Helena Fourment in Wedding Dress, c. 1630, Alte Pinakothek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_her_wedding_dress.jpg/167px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_her_wedding_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_her_wedding_dress.jpg/250px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_her_wedding_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_her_wedding_dress.jpg/333px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_her_wedding_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3751" data-file-height="4499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment" title="Helena Fourment">Helena Fourment</a> in Wedding Dress</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1630</span>, <a href="/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek" title="Alte Pinakothek">Alte Pinakothek</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_a_Fur_Robe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Helena Fourment in a Fur Wrap, also known as Het Pelsken, 1636–1638, Kunsthistorisches Museum"><img alt="Helena Fourment in a Fur Wrap, also known as Het Pelsken, 1636–1638, Kunsthistorisches Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_a_Fur_Robe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/95px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_a_Fur_Robe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_a_Fur_Robe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/142px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_a_Fur_Robe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_a_Fur_Robe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/190px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Helena_Fourment_in_a_Fur_Robe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="8093" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Helena Fourment in a Fur Wrap</i>, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Het_Pelsken" title="Het Pelsken">Het Pelsken</a></i>, 1636–1638, Kunsthistorisches Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bathsheba at the Fountain, c. 1635, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden"><img alt="Bathsheba at the Fountain, c. 1635, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_Paul_Rubens_013.jpg/145px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_Paul_Rubens_013.jpg/218px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_Paul_Rubens_013.jpg/291px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="5942" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bathsheba at the Fountain</i>, c. 1635, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Pastoral_Scene_-_WGA20325.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pastoral Scene, c. 1637, Hermitage Museum"><img alt="Pastoral Scene, c. 1637, Hermitage Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Pastoral_Scene_-_WGA20325.jpg/160px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Pastoral_Scene_-_WGA20325.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Pastoral_Scene_-_WGA20325.jpg/240px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Pastoral_Scene_-_WGA20325.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Pastoral_Scene_-_WGA20325.jpg/320px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Pastoral_Scene_-_WGA20325.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pastoral Scene</i>, c. 1637, Hermitage Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way,_1636-1637.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Birth of the Milky Way,Museo del Prado 1636,"><img alt="The Birth of the Milky Way,Museo del Prado 1636," src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way%2C_1636-1637.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2186" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Birth of the Milky Way</i>,Museo del Prado 1636,</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Biblical Scenes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Pablo_Rubens_-_Susana_y_los_viejos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susanna and the Elders, 1609–1610, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando"><img alt="Susanna and the Elders, 1609–1610, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pedro_Pablo_Rubens_-_Susana_y_los_viejos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Pedro_Pablo_Rubens_-_Susana_y_los_viejos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pedro_Pablo_Rubens_-_Susana_y_los_viejos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Pedro_Pablo_Rubens_-_Susana_y_los_viejos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pedro_Pablo_Rubens_-_Susana_y_los_viejos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Pedro_Pablo_Rubens_-_Susana_y_los_viejos_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6822" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Susanna_and_the_Elders_(Rubens)" title="Susanna and the Elders (Rubens)">Susanna and the Elders</a></i>, 1609–1610, <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando" title="Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando">Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens, The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man, Mauritshuis, The Hague"><img alt="Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens, The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man, Mauritshuis, The Hague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/200px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/300px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/400px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a> and Peter Paul Rubens, <i>The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritshuis" title="Mauritshuis">Mauritshuis</a>, The Hague</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lot_and_his_daughters,_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lot and His Daughters, c. 1613–14"><img alt="Lot and His Daughters, c. 1613–14" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lot_and_his_daughters%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/200px-Lot_and_his_daughters%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lot_and_his_daughters%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/300px-Lot_and_his_daughters%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lot_and_his_daughters%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/400px-Lot_and_his_daughters%2C_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3843" data-file-height="3203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Lot and His Daughters</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1613–14</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Heilige_Dreifaltigkeit_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Holy Trinity, Kunstmuseum Basel"><img alt="The Holy Trinity, Kunstmuseum Basel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Die_Heilige_Dreifaltigkeit_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/143px-Die_Heilige_Dreifaltigkeit_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Die_Heilige_Dreifaltigkeit_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/214px-Die_Heilige_Dreifaltigkeit_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Die_Heilige_Dreifaltigkeit_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/286px-Die_Heilige_Dreifaltigkeit_-_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Holy Trinity</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Basel" title="Kunstmuseum Basel">Kunstmuseum Basel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_triumphing_over_Death_and_Sin_mg_0050.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg"><img alt="Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Christ_triumphing_over_Death_and_Sin_mg_0050.jpg/148px-Christ_triumphing_over_Death_and_Sin_mg_0050.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Christ_triumphing_over_Death_and_Sin_mg_0050.jpg/222px-Christ_triumphing_over_Death_and_Sin_mg_0050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Christ_triumphing_over_Death_and_Sin_mg_0050.jpg/297px-Christ_triumphing_over_Death_and_Sin_mg_0050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2578" data-file-height="3475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Triumphant_over_Sin_and_Death_(Rubens)" title="Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death (Rubens)">Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Strasbourg" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens,_,_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien,_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Verk%C3%BCndigung_Mariae_-_GG_685_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Annunciation, 1609, Kunsthistorisches Museum"><img alt="The Annunciation, 1609, Kunsthistorisches Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Verk%C3%BCndigung_Mariae_-_GG_685_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/179px-Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Verk%C3%BCndigung_Mariae_-_GG_685_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Verk%C3%BCndigung_Mariae_-_GG_685_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/269px-Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Verk%C3%BCndigung_Mariae_-_GG_685_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Verk%C3%BCndigung_Mariae_-_GG_685_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg/358px-Peter_Paul_Rubens%2C_%2C_Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_-_Verk%C3%BCndigung_Mariae_-_GG_685_-_Kunsthistorisches_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Annunciation</i>, 1609, <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Drawings</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0_La_Nuit_-_Pierre_Paul_Rubens_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Michel-Ange.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Night, 1601–1603, black chalk and gouache on paper (after Michelangelo), Louvre-Lens"><img alt="The Night, 1601–1603, black chalk and gouache on paper (after Michelangelo), Louvre-Lens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/0_La_Nuit_-_Pierre_Paul_Rubens_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Michel-Ange.JPG/200px-0_La_Nuit_-_Pierre_Paul_Rubens_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Michel-Ange.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/0_La_Nuit_-_Pierre_Paul_Rubens_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Michel-Ange.JPG/300px-0_La_Nuit_-_Pierre_Paul_Rubens_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Michel-Ange.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/0_La_Nuit_-_Pierre_Paul_Rubens_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Michel-Ange.JPG/400px-0_La_Nuit_-_Pierre_Paul_Rubens_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Michel-Ange.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="1669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Night</i>, 1601–1603, black chalk and gouache on paper (after <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Louvre-Lens" title="Louvre-Lens">Louvre-Lens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Farnese_bull.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Farnese bull, 1600–1608, British Museum"><img alt="The Farnese bull, 1600–1608, British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Farnese_bull.jpg/200px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Farnese_bull.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Farnese_bull.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Farnese_bull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Farnese_bull.jpg/400px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Farnese_bull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2017" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Farnese bull</i>, 1600–1608, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Man_in_Korean_Costume,_about_1617.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Man in Korean Costume, c. 1617, black chalk with touches of red chalk, J. Paul Getty Museum"><img alt="Man in Korean Costume, c. 1617, black chalk with touches of red chalk, J. Paul Getty Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Man_in_Korean_Costume%2C_about_1617.jpg/128px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Man_in_Korean_Costume%2C_about_1617.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Man_in_Korean_Costume%2C_about_1617.jpg/191px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Man_in_Korean_Costume%2C_about_1617.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Man_in_Korean_Costume%2C_about_1617.jpg/255px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Man_in_Korean_Costume%2C_about_1617.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4669" data-file-height="7310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Man in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> Costume</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1617</span>, black chalk with touches of red chalk, <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubensad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robin, the Dwarf of the Earl of Arundel, 1620, pen and brown ink over red, black and white chalk, Nationalmuseum"><img alt="Robin, the Dwarf of the Earl of Arundel, 1620, pen and brown ink over red, black and white chalk, Nationalmuseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rubensad.jpg/124px-Rubensad.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rubensad.jpg/187px-Rubensad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rubensad.jpg/249px-Rubensad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="2076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Robin, the Dwarf of the Earl of Arundel</i>, 1620, pen and brown ink over red, black and white chalk, <a href="/wiki/Nationalmuseum" title="Nationalmuseum">Nationalmuseum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens%27_daughter_Clara_Serena_(or_Infanta_Isabella%27s_lady-in-waiting)_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Possibly Rubens' daughter Clara Serena, c. 1623, Albertina"><img alt="Possibly Rubens' daughter Clara Serena, c. 1623, Albertina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rubens%27_daughter_Clara_Serena_%28or_Infanta_Isabella%27s_lady-in-waiting%29_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/161px-Rubens%27_daughter_Clara_Serena_%28or_Infanta_Isabella%27s_lady-in-waiting%29_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rubens%27_daughter_Clara_Serena_%28or_Infanta_Isabella%27s_lady-in-waiting%29_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/241px-Rubens%27_daughter_Clara_Serena_%28or_Infanta_Isabella%27s_lady-in-waiting%29_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rubens%27_daughter_Clara_Serena_%28or_Infanta_Isabella%27s_lady-in-waiting%29_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/322px-Rubens%27_daughter_Clara_Serena_%28or_Infanta_Isabella%27s_lady-in-waiting%29_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Possibly Rubens' daughter Clara Serena</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1623</span>, <a href="/wiki/Albertina" title="Albertina">Albertina</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Young_Woman_with_Folded_Hands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young Woman with Folded Hands, c. 1629–30, red and black chalk, heightened with white, Boijmans Van Beuningen"><img alt="Young Woman with Folded Hands, c. 1629–30, red and black chalk, heightened with white, Boijmans Van Beuningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Young_Woman_with_Folded_Hands.jpg/151px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Young_Woman_with_Folded_Hands.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Young_Woman_with_Folded_Hands.jpg/227px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Young_Woman_with_Folded_Hands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Young_Woman_with_Folded_Hands.jpg/302px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Young_Woman_with_Folded_Hands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="3701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Young Woman with Folded Hands</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1629–30</span>, red and black chalk, heightened with white, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen" title="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen">Boijmans Van Beuningen</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rubens">"Rubens"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weststeijn, T. (2008). The Visible world: Samuel van Hoogstraten's art theory and the legitimation of painting in the Dutch Golden Age. Amsterdam University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B90%2B8964%2B027%2B7" title="Special:BookSources/978+90+8964+027+7">978 90 8964 027 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/1979/153/1/doctoraat.pdf">Nico Van Hout, <i>Functies van doodverf met bijzondere aandacht voor de onderschildering en andere onderliggende stadia in het werk van P. P. Rubens</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053626/https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/1979/153/1/doctoraat.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PHD thesis Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2005. <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giu_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giulio Girondi, <i>Frans Geffels, Rubens and the Palazzi di Genova</i>, pp. 183–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genius-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-genius_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joost vander Auwera, Arnout Balis, <i>Rubens: A Genius at Work : the Works of Peter Paul Rubens in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium Reconsidered</i>, Lannoo Uitgeverij, 2007, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dbnl-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dbnl_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_vla023187701_01/_vla023187701_01_0039.php">Gustaaf Segers, <i>De moeder van Rubens. Biographische schets</i></a> in: De Vlaamsche Kunstbode. Jaargang 7 (1877), pp. 211-216 <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byfield2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Byfield2002_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByfield2002" class="citation book cs1">Byfield, Ted (2002). <i>A Century of Giants, A.D. 1500 to 1600: In an Age of Spiritual Genius, Western Christendom Shatters</i>. Christian History Project. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780968987391" title="Special:BookSources/9780968987391"><bdi>9780968987391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Giants%2C+A.D.+1500+to+1600%3A+In+an+Age+of+Spiritual+Genius%2C+Western+Christendom+Shatters&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Christian+History+Project&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780968987391&rft.aulast=Byfield&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. C. Erik Midelfort, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDu1OHSZ1_8C&pg=PA58">"Mad Princes of Renaissance Germany"</a>, p. 58, University of Virginia Press, 22 January 1996. Retrieved 2 February 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamster-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lamster_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamster_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamster_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamster_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamster (2010), pp. 40-58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-white-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-white_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Mr. Christopher (1987), p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ox-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ox_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ox_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ox_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ox_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Devisscher. "Verhaecht, Tobias." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 29 May 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marie-Anne Lescourret, <i>Rubens: A Portrait</i>, Ivan R. Dee, 21 May 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oppen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oppen_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oppen_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Oppenheimer, <i>Rubens: a portrait </i>. New York, 2002, pp. 121-123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Held (1983): 14–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cod-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cod_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cod_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cod_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.codart.nl/feature/curators-project/rubenss-flemish-heritage">Paul Huvenne, <i>Rubens’s Flemish Heritage</i></a>, October 2013, in CODART</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 22–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyes2017" class="citation book cs1">Noyes, Ruth S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kC82DwAAQBAJ&q=rubens+1600+arrival+venice&pg=PT271"><i>Peter Paul Rubens and the Counter-Reformation Crisis of the Beati moderni</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351613200" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351613200"><bdi>978-1351613200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Paul+Rubens+and+the+Counter-Reformation+Crisis+of+the+Beati+moderni&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351613200&rft.aulast=Noyes&rft.aufirst=Ruth+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkC82DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Drubens%2B1600%2Barrival%2Bvenice%26pg%3DPT271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 42, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 52–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sirjacobs, Raymond. <i>Antwerpen Sint-Pauluskerk: Rubens En De Mysteries Van De Rozenkrans = Rubens Et Les Mystères Du Rosaire = Rubens and the Mysteries of the Rosary</i>, Antwerpen: Sint-Paulusvrienden, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rosen, Mark (2008). "The Medici Grand Duchy and Rubens' First Trip to Spain". <i>Oud Holland</i>. <b>121</b> (2/3): <span class="nowrap">147–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187501708787335857">10.1163/187501708787335857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oud+Holland&rft.atitle=The+Medici+Grand+Duchy+and+Rubens%27+First+Trip+to+Spain&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187501708787335857&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 71–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaffé (1977): 85–99; Belting (1994): 484–490, 554–556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rome-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rome_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cecilia Paolini, Philip and Peter Paul Rubens in Rome: newly discovered documents concerning their early careers, The Burlington Magazine, February 2019, pp. 120-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuerloo2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duerloo, Luc (2010), Delobette, Laurence; Delsalle, Paul (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/pufc/24857">"21. Patronage, painting and faction. Rubens, the Archducal Court and its network from the Franche-Comté"</a>, <i>La Franche-Comté et les anciens Pays-Bas, XIIIe-XVIIIe siècles</i> (in French), Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, pp. <span class="nowrap">449–</span>470, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.pufc.24857">10.4000/books.pufc.24857</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-276-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-276-2"><bdi>978-2-84867-276-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Franche-Comt%C3%A9+et+les+anciens+Pays-Bas%2C+XIIIe-XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.atitle=21.+Patronage%2C+painting+and+faction.+Rubens%2C+the+Archducal+Court+and+its+network+from+the+Franche-Comt%C3%A9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E470&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.pufc.24857&rft.isbn=978-2-84867-276-2&rft.aulast=Duerloo&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fpufc%2F24857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (1977): 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hottle-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hottle_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hottle_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHottle2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hottle, Andrew D. (2004). "Commerce and Connections: Peter Paul Rubens and the Dedicated Print". <i>Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek</i>. <b>55</b>: <span class="nowrap">54–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22145966-90000105">10.1163/22145966-90000105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nederlands+Kunsthistorisch+Jaarboek&rft.atitle=Commerce+and+Connections%3A+Peter+Paul+Rubens+and+the+Dedicated+Print&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22145966-90000105&rft.aulast=Hottle&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pauw-De Veen (1977): 243–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Hyatt Mayor, Prints and People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, no. 427–32, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00326-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00326-2">0-691-00326-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 175; 192; Held (1975): 218–233, esp. pp. 222–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 173–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peace-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peace_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 199–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auwers: p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auwers: p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 339–340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 210–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin (1998): 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531113432/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=NG46">"Minerva protects Pax from Mars ('Peace and War')"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Gallery">The National Gallery</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=ng46">the original</a> on 31 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minerva+protects+Pax+from+Mars+%28%27Peace+and+War%27%29&rft.pub=The+National+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2FWebObjects.dll%2FCollectionPublisher.woa%2Fwa%2Fwork%3FworkNumber%3Dng46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Muller, <i>St. Jacob's Antwerp Art and Counter Reformation in Rubens's Parish Church</i>, Brill, 2016, pp. 359–364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antwerpen – Parochiekerken; 1. Afdeeling, Volume 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topa.be/en/antwerp/kerken-in-antwerpen/sint-jacob/syllabus/kooromgang/The">Full text of the epitaph reads as follows</a>: "D.O.M./PETRVS PAVLVS RVBENIVS eques/IOANNIS, huius urbis senatoris/flfius steini Toparcha:/qui inter cæteras quibus ad miraculum/excelluit doctrinæ historiæ priscæ/omniumq. bonarum artiu. et elegantiaru. dotes/ non sui tantum sæculi,/ sed et omnes ævi/ Appeles dicit meruit:/atque ad Regum Principumq. Virorum amicitias/gradum sibi fecit:/a. PHILIPPO IV. Hispaniarum Indiarumq. Rege / inter Sanctioris Concilli scribas Adscitus,/ et ad CAROLVM Magmnæ Brittaniæ Regem/Anno M.DC.XXIX. delegatus,/pacis inter eosdem principes mox initæ/fundamenta filiciter posuit./ Obiit anno sal. M.DC.XL.XXX. May ætatis LXIV. Hoc momumenteum a Clarissimo GEVARTIO/olim PETRO PAVLO RVBENIO consecratum/ a Posteris huc usque neglectum,/ Rubeniana stirpe Masculina jam inde extincta/ hoc anno M.DCC.LV. Poni Curavit./ R.D. JOANNES BAPT. JACOBVS DE PARYS. Hujus insignis Eccelsiæ Canonicus/ ex matre et avia Rubenia nepos./ R.I.P." ("In honor of the good and all-powerful God. Peter Paul Rubens, knight, son of Jan, alderman of this city and Lord of Steen, who, apart from his other talents, through which he excelled miraculously in the knowledge of (old) history and of all (useful) noble and beautiful arts, also deserved the glorious name of Apelles, of his time as of all centuries, and who gained the friendship of kings and princes, was elevated to the dignity of writer of the Secret Council; and was sent by Philip IV, King of Spain and India, as his envoy to Charles, King of Great Britain, in 1629, (fortunately) laid the foundations for peace, which was soon made between the two monarchs. He died in the year of the Lord 1640, 30 May, at the age of 64. May he rest in peace")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkowitz1995" class="citation journal cs1">Markowitz, Sally (Spring 1995). "Review of Nead, Lynda, <i>The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity, and Sexuality</i>". <i>The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism</i>. <b>53</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">216–</span>218. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/431556">431556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Aesthetics+and+Art+Criticism&rft.atitle=Review+of+Nead%2C+Lynda%2C+The+Female+Nude%3A+Art%2C+Obscenity%2C+and+Sexuality&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F431556%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Markowitz&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Sarah R. (2003). "Rubens's France: Gender and Personification in the Marie de Médicis Cycle". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>85</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">490–</span>522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177384">10.2307/3177384</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177384">3177384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Rubens%27s+France%3A+Gender+and+Personification+in+the+Marie+de+M%C3%A9dicis+Cycle&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E490-%3C%2Fspan%3E522&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3177384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3177384%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Sarah+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3424300308.html">"Gender in Art – Dictionary definition of Gender in Art"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Gender+in+Art+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+definition+of+Gender+in+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3424300308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balis, A, Rubens and his Studio: Defining the Problem. in Rubens: a Genius at Work. Rubens: a Genius at Work, Warnsveld (Lannoo), 2007, pp. 30–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ago.ca/exhibitions/early-rubens">"Early Rubens"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Rubens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fago.ca%2Fexhibitions%2Fearly-rubens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1830" class="citation cs2">Smith, John (1830), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUg2AAAAMAAJ&q=Crucifixion"><i>A Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch, Flemish, and French Painters: Peter Paul Rubens</i></a>, Smith</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+Raisonn%C3%A9+of+the+Works+of+the+Most+Eminent+Dutch%2C+Flemish%2C+and+French+Painters%3A+Peter+Paul+Rubens&rft.pub=Smith&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUg2AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCrucifixion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoost_vander_Auwera2007" class="citation cs2">Joost vander Auwera (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfurKXZJ8fIC&pg=PA12"><i>Rubens, l'atelier du génie</i></a>, Lannoo Uitgeverij, p. 14, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-209-7242-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-209-7242-9"><bdi>978-90-209-7242-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rubens%2C+l%27atelier+du+g%C3%A9nie&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Lannoo+Uitgeverij&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-209-7242-9&rft.au=Joost+vander+Auwera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfurKXZJ8fIC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Smith, <i>A catalogue raisonne of the works of the most eminent (...)</i> (1830), p. 153. Retrieved 8 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGxHAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA18"><i>The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year ...</i></a>, J. Dodsley, 1862, p. 18</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annual+Register%2C+Or%2C+A+View+of+the+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Literature+for+the+Year+...&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=J.+Dodsley&rft.date=1862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRGxHAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert J. Loomie, "A Lost Crucifixion by Rubens", <i>The Burlington Magazine</i> Vol. 138, No. 1124 (November 1996). Retrieved 8 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Pickering, <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i> vol. 5 (1836), p. 590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, <i>An examination of Hunting Scenes by Peter Paul Rubens</i> (2009), p.34. Retrieved 7 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19080126.2.10&srpos=10&e=--1908---1908--en--20--1--txt-txIN-%20Rubens%20-------1">"San Francisco Call 26 January 1908"</a>. <i>California Digital Newspaper Collection</i>. University of California, Riverside.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Digital+Newspaper+Collection&rft.atitle=San+Francisco+Call+26+January+1908&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSFC19080126.2.10%26srpos%3D10%26e%3D--1908---1908--en--20--1--txt-txIN-%2520Rubens%2520-------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2004" class="citation cs2">Sutton, Peter C. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcVSqTA_cLcC&pg=PA248"><i>Drawn by the Brush: Oil Sketches by Peter Paul Rubens</i></a>, Yale University Press, p. 144, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10626-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10626-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawn+by+the+Brush%3A+Oil+Sketches+by+Peter+Paul+Rubens&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10626-8&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcVSqTA_cLcC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss2001" class="citation cs2">Goss, Steven (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/3/toolsofartvandalism.php">"A Partial Guide to the Tools of Art Vandalism"</a>, <i>Cabinet Magazine</i> (3)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cabinet+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Partial+Guide+to+the+Tools+of+Art+Vandalism&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinetmagazine.org%2Fissues%2F3%2Ftoolsofartvandalism.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graun-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-graun_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlawson2017" class="citation news cs1">Slawson, Nicola (24 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/sep/24/lost-rubens-portrait-james-i-lover-rediscovered-glasgow">"Lost Rubens portrait of James I's 'lover' is rediscovered in Glasgow"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lost+Rubens+portrait+of+James+I%27s+%27lover%27+is+rediscovered+in+Glasgow&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft.aulast=Slawson&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2017%2Fsep%2F24%2Flost-rubens-portrait-james-i-lover-rediscovered-glasgow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatil2017" class="citation web cs1">Latil, Lucas (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/arts-expositions/2017/09/27/03015-20170927ARTFIG00285-un-rubens-perdu-depuis-400ans-aurait-ete-retrouve-en-ecosse.php">"Un Rubens, perdu depuis 400 ans, aurait été retrouvé en Écosse"</a>. Le Figaro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un+Rubens%2C+perdu+depuis+400+ans%2C+aurait+%C3%A9t%C3%A9+retrouv%C3%A9+en+%C3%89cosse&rft.place=Le+Figaro&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Latil&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Farts-expositions%2F2017%2F09%2F27%2F03015-20170927ARTFIG00285-un-rubens-perdu-depuis-400ans-aurait-ete-retrouve-en-ecosse.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXinhua2017" class="citation web cs1">Xinhua (26 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadailyhk.com/articles/79/29/165/1506419225507.html">"Rubens' long-lost masterpiece exhibited in gallery as copy"</a>. China Daily.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rubens%27+long-lost+masterpiece+exhibited+in+gallery+as+copy&rft.place=China+Daily&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft.au=Xinhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadailyhk.com%2Farticles%2F79%2F29%2F165%2F1506419225507.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Auwers, Michael, <i>Pieter Paul Rubens als diplomatiek debutant. Het verhaal van een ambitieus politiek agent in de vroege zeventiende eeuw</i>, in: Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis – 123e jaargang, nummer 1, p. 20–33 <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelkin1998" class="citation book cs1">Belkin, Kristin Lohse (1998). <i>Rubens</i>. <a href="/wiki/Phaidon_Press" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3412-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3412-2"><bdi>0-7148-3412-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rubens&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7148-3412-2&rft.aulast=Belkin&rft.aufirst=Kristin+Lohse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelting1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Belting" title="Hans Belting">Belting, Hans</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kuWm7jVWFiEC"><i>Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image before the Era of Art</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-04215-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-04215-4"><bdi>0-226-04215-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Likeness+and+Presence%3A+A+History+of+the+Image+before+the+Era+of+Art&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-226-04215-4&rft.aulast=Belting&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkuWm7jVWFiEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Evers, Hans Gerhard: <i>Peter Paul Rubens.</i> F. Bruckmann, Munich 1942, 528 pages, 272 images, 4 color plates (Flemish edition at De Sikkel, Antwerp 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.evers.frydrych.org/rubens.html">(Information on the book and download link)</a></li> <li>Evers, Hans Gerhard: <i>Rubens und sein Werk. Neue Forschungen.</i> De Lage Landen, Brussels 1943. 383 pages and plates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.evers.frydrych.org/rubens.html">(information on the book and download link)</a></li> <li>Held, Julius S. (1975) "On the Date and Function of Some Allegorical Sketches by Rubens." In: <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes.</i> Vol. 38: 218–233.</li> <li>Held, Julius S. (1983) "Thoughts on Rubens' Beginnings." In: <i>Ringling Museum of Art Journal</i>: 14–35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916758-12-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-916758-12-5">0-916758-12-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffé1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jaff%C3%A9" title="Michael Jaffé">Jaffé, Michael</a> (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rubensitaly00jaff"><i>Rubens and Italy</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1064-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1064-9"><bdi>0-8014-1064-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rubens+and+Italy&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8014-1064-9&rft.aulast=Jaff%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frubensitaly00jaff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lamster, Mark. Master of Shadows: The Secret Diplomatic Career of the Painter Peter Paul Rubens, Random House Incorporated, 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1977" class="citation book cs1">Martin, John Rupert (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baroque00mart"><i>Baroque</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-430077-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-430077-3"><bdi>0-06-430077-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baroque&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-06-430077-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=John+Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaroque00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor1971" class="citation book cs1">Mayor, A. Hyatt (1971). <i>Prints and People</i>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>/<a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00326-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00326-2"><bdi>0-691-00326-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prints+and+People&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%2FPrinceton&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-691-00326-2&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=A.+Hyatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pauw-De Veen, Lydia de. "Rubens and the graphic arts". In: <i>Connoisseur</i> CXCV/786 (Aug 1977): 243–251.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rubens01roos/page/n3/mode/2up">Rooses, Max, <i>Rubens</i></a>, London, Druckworth & Co., 1904</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alpers, Svetlana. <i>The Making of Rubens</i>. New Haven 1995.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vdg-weimar.de/katalog/rubens_zwischen_predigt_und_kunst-443.html">Heinen, Ulrich, "Rubens zwischen Predigt und Kunst." Weimar 1996</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumstark,_Reinhold1985" class="citation book cs1">Baumstark, Reinhold (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/90445"><i><span></span></i>Peter Paul Rubens: the Decius Mus cycle<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87099-394-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87099-394-1"><bdi>0-87099-394-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Paul+Rubens%3A+the+Decius+Mus+cycle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87099-394-1&rft.au=Baumstark%2C+Reinhold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F90445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Paul+Rubens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Büttner, Nils, Herr P. P. Rubens. Göttingen 2006.</li> <li><i>Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard. An Illustrated Catalogue Raisonne of the Work of Peter Paul Rubens Based on the Material Assembled by the Late Dr. Ludwig Burchard in Twenty-Seven Parts</i>, Edited by the Nationaal Centrum Voor de Plastische Kunsten Van de XVI en de XVII Eeuw.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Lilar" title="Suzanne Lilar">Lilar, Suzanne</a>, <i>Le Couple</i> (1963), Paris, Grasset; Reedited 1970, Bernard Grasset Coll. Diamant, 1972, Livre de Poche; 1982, Brussels, Les Éperonniers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87132-193-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-87132-193-0">2-87132-193-0</a>; Translated as <i>Aspects of Love in Western Society</i> in 1965, by and with a foreword by Jonathan Griffin, New York, McGraw-Hill, LC 65-19851.</li> <li>Sauerlander, Willibald. <i>The Catholic Rubens: Saints and Martyrs</i> (Getty Research Institute; 2014); 311 pages; looks at his altarpieces in the context of the Counter-Reformation.</li> <li>Schrader, Stephanie, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.getty.edu/products/looking-east-rubenss-encounter-with-asia-978-1606061312">Looking East: Rubens's Encounter with Asia</a></i>, Getty Publications, Los Angeles, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-131-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-131-2">978-1-60606-131-2</a></li> <li>Vlieghe, Hans, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AS_NXFoY0M4C">Flemish Art and Architecture 1585–1700</a></i>, Yale University Press, Pelican History of Art, New Haven and London, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07038-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07038-1">0-300-07038-1</a></li> <li>White, Mr. Christopher, Peter Paul Rubens: Man and Artist, Yale University Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03778-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03778-3">0-300-03778-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Paul_Rubens&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" class="extiw" title="q:Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" class="extiw" title="commons:Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rubenianum.be/en/page/corpus-rubenianum-ludwig-burchard-online"><i>Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard</i> Online, a catalogue of Rubens' art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/blog/?catalogue=peter-paul-rubens">The Correspondence of Peter Paul Rubens</a> in <a rel="nofollow" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Paul Rubens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peter_Paul_Rubens82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Paul Rubens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Paintings<br />and drawings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(Rubens,_1600%E2%80%931602)" title="The Descent from the Cross (Rubens, 1600–1602)">The Descent from the Cross</a></i> (Siegen; 1600–1602)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Rubens)" title="Leda and the Swan (Rubens)">Leda and the Swan</a></i> (1601, 1602)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deposition_(Rubens)" title="The Deposition (Rubens)">The Deposition</a> </i>(1602)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_from_Mantua" title="Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua">Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua</a></i> (1602–1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Lerma" title="Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma">Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma</a> </i>(1603)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_(Rubens)" title="Portrait of a Young Woman (Rubens)">Portrait of a Young Woman</a></i> (1603)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hercules_and_Omphale_(Rubens)" title="Hercules and Omphale (Rubens)">Hercules and Omphale</a></i> (1603)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus_and_Democritus_(Rubens)" title="Heraclitus and Democritus (Rubens)">Heraclitus and Democritus</a></i> (1603)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_(Rubens)" title="Virgin and Child (Rubens)">Virgin and Child</a></i> (c. 1604)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Phaeton_(Rubens)" title="The Fall of Phaeton (Rubens)">The Fall of Phaeton</a></i> (c. 1604/1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_(Rubens)" title="The Baptism of Christ (Rubens)">The Baptism of Christ</a></i> (1604–1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gonzaga_Family_in_Adoration_of_the_Holy_Trinity" title="The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity">The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity</a></i> (1604–1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(Rubens)" title="Transfiguration (Rubens)">Transfiguration</a></i> (1604–1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Circumcision_(Rubens)" title="The Circumcision (Rubens)">The Circumcision</a></i> (1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria" title="Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria">Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria</a></i> (1606)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Maria_di_Antonio_Serra" title="Portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra">Portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra</a></i> (1606)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Noblewoman_with_an_Attendant" title="Portrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant">Portrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant</a></i> (1606)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Giovanni_Carlo_Doria_on_Horseback" title="Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback">Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback</a></i> (1606)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Gregory_with_Saints" title="Saint Gregory with Saints">Saint Gregory with Saints</a></i> (1606-07)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_della_Vallicella" title="Madonna della Vallicella">Madonna della Vallicella</a></i> (1606–1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susanna_and_the_Elders_(Rubens)" title="Susanna and the Elders (Rubens)">Susanna and the Elders</a></i> (1607)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Head_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_Presented_to_Salome" title="The Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome">The Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome</a></i> (c. 1609)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Madrid)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Madrid)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (Madrid; 1609 and 1628–29)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(Rubens)" title="Samson and Delilah (Rubens)">Samson and Delilah</a></i> (1609–1610)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle_Bower" title="Honeysuckle Bower">Honeysuckle Bower</a> </i>(1609–1610)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin_(Rubens)" title="Coronation of the Virgin (Rubens)">Coronation of the Virgin</a></i> (1609–1611)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_and_Argus" title="Juno and Argus">Juno and Argus</a></i> (1610)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elevation_of_the_Cross_(Rubens)" title="The Elevation of the Cross (Rubens)">Raising of the Cross</a></i> (1610–1611)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_(Rubens,_London)" title="The Conversion of Saint Paul (Rubens, London)">Conversion of Saint Paul</a></i> (London; 1610–1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents_(Rubens)" title="Massacre of the Innocents (Rubens)">Massacre of the Innocents</a></i> (c. 1611)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Frigida" title="Venus Frigida">Venus Frigida</a></i> (1611)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound_(Rubens)" title="Prometheus Bound (Rubens)">Prometheus Bound</a> </i>(1611–1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Philosophers" title="The Four Philosophers">The Four Philosophers</a></i> (1611–1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Rubens,_Antwerp)" title="Resurrection (Rubens, Antwerp)">Antwerp Resurrection</a></i> (1611–1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Rubens)" title="Visitation (Rubens)">Visitation</a></i> (c. 1611–1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity_(Rubens)" title="Roman Charity (Rubens)">Roman Charity</a></i> (1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Rubens)" title="Ecce Homo (Rubens)">Ecce Homo</a></i> (1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(Rubens,_1612%E2%80%931614)" title="The Descent from the Cross (Rubens, 1612–1614)">Descent from the Cross</a></i> (Antwerp; 1612–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Teresa_of_%C3%81vila%27s_Vision_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit">Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit</a></i> (Rotterdam; 1612–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Teresa_of_%C3%81vila%27s_Vision_of_the_Holy_Spirit_(Cambridge)" title="Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Cambridge)">Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit</a></i> (Cambridge; c. 1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribute_Money_(Rubens)" title="The Tribute Money (Rubens)">The Tribute Money</a></i> (1612–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Defeat_of_Sennacherib" title="The Defeat of Sennacherib">The Defeat of Sennacherib</a></i> (1612–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Continents" title="The Four Continents">The Four Continents</a></i> (1610s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Giving_the_Keys_to_Saint_Peter_(Rubens)" title="Christ Giving the Keys to Saint Peter (Rubens)">Christ Giving the Keys to Saint Peter</a></i> (1612–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Commander" title="Portrait of a Commander">Portrait of a Commander</a></i> (1613)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowning_of_the_Virtuous_Hero" title="The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero">The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero</a></i> (1613–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredulity_of_Saint_Thomas_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (Rubens)">The Incredulity of Saint Thomas</a></i> (1613–1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Adonis_(Rubens)" title="The Death of Adonis (Rubens)">The Death of Adonis</a></i> (1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Rubens,_1614)" title="Venus and Adonis (Rubens, 1614)">Venus and Adonis</a></i> (1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Sebastian_(Rubens)" title="St Sebastian (Rubens)">St Sebastian</a></i> (c. 1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_Mary_and_Saint_Francis_Saving_the_World_from_Christ%27s_Anger" title="The Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger">The Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger</a></i> (c. 1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Basket_(Rubens)" title="Madonna of the Basket (Rubens)">Madonna della Cesta</a></i> (1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ixion,_King_of_the_Lapiths,_Deceived_by_Juno,_Who_He_Wished_to_Seduce" title="Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce">Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce</a></i> (1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_Lions%27_Den_(Rubens)" title="Daniel in the Lions' Den (Rubens)">Daniel in the Lions' Den</a></i> (1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia_(Rubens)" title="Bacchanalia (Rubens)">Bacchanalia</a></i> (c. 1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Statue_of_Ceres" title="A Statue of Ceres">A Statue of Ceres</a></i> (c. 1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hippopotamus_and_Crocodile_Hunt" title="The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt">The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt</a></i> (1615–1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tiger_Hunt" title="The Tiger Hunt">The Tiger Hunt</a></i> (1615–1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_and_Saint_Ambrose_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosius and Saint Ambrose (Rubens)">Theodosius and Saint Ambrose</a></i> (1615–1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Boar_Hunt_(Rubens,_Marseille)" title="The Wild Boar Hunt (Rubens, Marseille)">The Wild Boar Hunt</a></i> (1615–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Resurrection_of_Christ_(Rubens,_Florence)" title="The Resurrection of Christ (Rubens, Florence)">Florence Resurrection</a></i> (1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_Surrounded_by_the_Holy_Innocents" title="The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents">The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents</a></i> (1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erichthonius_Discovered_by_the_Daughters_of_Cecrops_(Rubens)" title="Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops (Rubens)">Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops</a></i> (c. 1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_and_Fox_Hunt" title="The Wolf and Fox Hunt">The Wolf and Fox Hunt</a></i> (c. 1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_Leopard_Hunt" title="The Lion and Leopard Hunt">The Lion and Leopard Hunt</a></i> (c. 1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus_(Rubens)" title="Romulus and Remus (Rubens)">Romulus and Remus</a></i> (1615–1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_St._Francis_Xavier_(Rubens)" title="Miracles of St. Francis Xavier (Rubens)">Miracles of St. Francis Xavier</a></i> (1616–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen_Triptych" title="Saint Stephen Triptych">Saint Stephen Triptych</a></i> (1616–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Women_with_a_Candle" title="Two Women with a Candle">Two Women with a Candle</a></i> (1616–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(Rubens,_1617)" title="The Descent from the Cross (Rubens, 1617)">Descent from the Cross</a></i> (Lille; 1616–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_Between_Abraham_and_Melchizedek_(Rubens)" title="The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek (Rubens)">The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek</a></i> (1616–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_and_the_Penitent_Sinners" title="Christ and the Penitent Sinners">Christ and the Penitent Sinners</a></i> (1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_and_Rhea_Silvia" title="Mars and Rhea Silvia">Mars and Rhea Silvia</a></i> (1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_with_the_Fall_of_Man" title="The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man">The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man</a></i> (1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Last_Judgement_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Last Judgement (Rubens)">The Great Last Judgement</a></i> (1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Bearded_Man" title="A Bearded Man">A Bearded Man</a></i> (c. 1617–18)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Lyon)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Lyon)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (Lyon; 1617–1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Senses_(series)" title="The Five Senses (series)">The Five Senses</a></i> (1617–1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Satyrs" title="Two Satyrs">Two Satyrs</a></i> (1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medusa_(Rubens)" title="Medusa (Rubens)">Medusa</a></i> (1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Daughters_of_Leucippus" title="The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus">The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus</a></i> (c. 1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Triumphant_over_Sin_and_Death_(Rubens)" title="Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death (Rubens)">Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death</a></i> (c. 1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prodigal_Son_(Rubens)" title="The Prodigal Son (Rubens)">The Prodigal Son</a></i> (1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Union_of_Earth_and_Water" title="The Union of Earth and Water">The Union of Earth and Water</a></i> (c. 1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tigress_with_Her_Cubs" title="Tigress with Her Cubs">Tigress with Her Cubs</a></i> (attributed; 1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucius_Scaevola_before_Lars_Porsenna" title="Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna">Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna</a></i> (c. 1618–1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_in_the_House_of_Simon_the_Pharisee_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee (Rubens)">Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee</a></i> (1618–1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Boar_Hunt_(Rubens,_Dresden)" title="The Wild Boar Hunt (Rubens, Dresden)">The Wild Boar Hunt</a></i> (1618–1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene_in_Ecstasy" title="St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy">St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy</a></i> (1619–1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Small_Last_Judgement_(Rubens)" title="The Small Last Judgement (Rubens)">The Small Last Judgement</a></i> (1619)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_(Rubens,_Berlin)" title="The Conversion of Saint Paul (Rubens, Berlin)">Conversion of Saint Paul</a></i> (1620s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Damned" title="The Fall of the Damned">The Fall of the Damned</a></i> (c. 1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Philemon_and_Baucis" title="Landscape with Philemon and Baucis">Landscape with Philemon and Baucis</a></i> (c. 1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_in_Armor" title="Portrait of a Young Man in Armor">Portrait of a Young Man in Armor</a></i> (c. 1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon_(Rubens)" title="Saint George and the Dragon (Rubens)">Saint George and the Dragon</a></i> (c. 1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Freeing_Andromeda_(Rubens)" title="Perseus Freeing Andromeda (Rubens)">Perseus Freeing Andromeda</a></i> (1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saints_Dominic_and_Francis_Saving_the_World_from_Christ%27s_Anger" title="Saints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger">Saints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger</a></i> (1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Orithyia_by_Boreas" title="The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas">The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas</a></i> (1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_on_the_Cross_(Rubens)" title="Christ on the Cross (Rubens)">Christ on the Cross</a></i> (1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Rubens,_Florence)" title="The Three Graces (Rubens, Florence)">The Three Graces</a></i> (Florence; 1620–1623)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant_(drawing)" title="Isabella Brant (drawing)">Isabella Brant</a></i> (c. 1621)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_Hunt_(Rubens)" title="The Lion Hunt (Rubens)">The Lion Hunt</a></i> (1621)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici_cycle" title="Marie de' Medici cycle">Marie de' Medici cycle</a></i> (1621–1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Susanna_Lunden" title="Portrait of Susanna Lunden">Portrait of Susanna Lunden</a></i> (1622)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perseus_and_Andromeda_(Rubens)" title="Perseus and Andromeda (Rubens)">Perseus and Andromeda</a></i> (c. 1622)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Constantine" title="The History of Constantine">The History of Constantine</a></i> (1622–1625)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Rubens,_London)" title="Self-Portrait (Rubens, London)">Self-Portrait</a></i> (1623)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Bavo" title="The Conversion of Saint Bavo">The Conversion of Saint Bavo</a></i> (1623–1624)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_and_Her_Nymphs_Leaving_for_the_Hunt" title="Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt">Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt</a></i> (1623–1624)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Antwerp)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Antwerp)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (Antwerp; 1624)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconciliation_of_Esau_and_Jacob" title="The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob">The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob</a></i> (1624)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Appointing_Saint_Roch_as_Patron_Saint_of_Plague_Victims" title="Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims">Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims</a></i> (1623–1626)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_(Rubens)" title="Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia (Rubens)">Portrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia</a></i> (1625)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_portrait_of_George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Lost portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a></i> (c. 1625)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_(Rubens,_Antwerp)" title="Assumption of the Virgin (Rubens, Antwerp)">Assumption of the Virgin</a></i> (Antwerp; 1625–1626)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_and_the_Hermit" title="Angelica and the Hermit">Angelica and the Hermit</a></i> (c. 1626–1628)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_at_the_Battle_of_Ivry" title="Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry">Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumphal_Entry_of_Henry_IV_into_Paris" title="The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris">The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Annunciation_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annunciation (Rubens)">The Annunciation</a></i> (1627–1628)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man_(Rubens)" title="The Fall of Man (Rubens)">The Fall of Man</a></i> (1628–1629)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Europa_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rape of Europa (Rubens)">The Rape of Europa</a></i> (1628–1629)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_Seizing_the_Opportunity_to_Conclude_Peace" title="Henry IV Seizing the Opportunity to Conclude Peace">Henry IV Seizing the Opportunity to Conclude Peace</a></i> (c.1628)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Protecting_Peace_from_Mars" title="Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars">Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars</a></i> (1629–1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cimon_and_Pero_(Rubens)" title="Cimon and Pero (Rubens)">Cimon and Pero</a></i> (1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(Rubens)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Rubens)">Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</a></i> (c. 1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achilles_Defeating_Hector" title="Achilles Defeating Hector">Achilles Defeating Hector</a></i> (c.1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thetis_Receiving_the_Arms_of_Achilles_from_Vulcan" title="Thetis Receiving the Arms of Achilles from Vulcan">Thetis Receiving the Arms of Achilles from Vulcan</a></i> (c.1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowning_of_Saint_Catherine" title="The Crowning of Saint Catherine">The Crowning of Saint Catherine</a></i> (1631)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ildefonso_Altarpiece" title="Ildefonso Altarpiece">The Ildefonso Altarpiece</a></i> (1630–1631)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper_(Rubens)" title="Last Supper (Rubens)">Last Supper</a></i> (1630–1631)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_on_the_Island_of_the_Phaecians" title="Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians">Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians</a></i> (1630–1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Finding_of_Erichthonius" title="The Finding of Erichthonius">The Finding of Erichthonius</a></i> (1632–1634)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rainbow_Landscape_(1632%E2%80%931635)" title="The Rainbow Landscape (1632–1635)">The Rainbow Landscape</a></i> (Saint Petersburg; 1632–1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Love_(Rubens)" title="The Garden of Love (Rubens)">The Garden of Love</a></i> (c. 1633)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Cambridge)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Cambridge)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (Cambridge; 1634)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba_at_the_Fountain" title="Bathsheba at the Fountain">Bathsheba at the Fountain</a></i> (c. 1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_of_the_Villagers" title="The Dance of the Villagers">The Dance of the Villagers</a></i> (1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_Her_Son_Frans" title="Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans">Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans</a></i> (1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Rubens,_1635)" title="Venus and Adonis (Rubens, 1635)">Venus and Adonis</a></i> (New York; 1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Church_(Rubens)" title="The Triumph of the Church (Rubens)">The Triumph of the Church</a></i> (1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Venus_(Rubens)" title="The Feast of Venus (Rubens)">The Feast of Venus</a></i> (1635–1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deucalion_and_Pyrrha_(Rubens)" title="Deucalion and Pyrrha (Rubens)">Deucalion and Pyrrha</a></i> (1636–1637)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Herod_(Rubens)" title="The Feast of Herod (Rubens)">The Feast of Herod</a></i> (1635–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_F%C3%AAte_(Rubens)" title="The Village Fête (Rubens)">The Village Fête</a></i> (1635–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mercury_and_Argus_(Rubens)" title="Mercury and Argus (Rubens)">Mercury and Argus</a></i> (1635–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hercules%27s_Dog_Discovers_Purple_Dye" title="Hercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye">Hercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye</a></i> (c. 1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_Children" title="Helena Fourment with Children">Helena Fourment with Children</a></i> (1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning" title="A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning">A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning</a></i> (1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(Rubens)" title="Saturn (Rubens)">Saturn</a></i> (1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rainbow_Landscape_(1636)" title="The Rainbow Landscape (1636)">The Rainbow Landscape</a></i> (London; 1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pallas_and_Arachne" title="Pallas and Arachne">Pallas and Arachne</a></i> (1636–1637)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Het_Pelsken" title="Het Pelsken">Het Pelsken</a></i> (1636–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_(Rubens,_Vienna)" title="Assumption of the Virgin (Rubens, Vienna)">Assumption of the Virgin</a></i> (Vienna; c. 1637)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way" title="The Birth of the Milky Way">The Birth of the Milky Way</a></i> (c. 1637)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_War" title="Consequences of War">Consequences of War</a></i> (c. 1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_the_Garden_of_the_Hesperides" title="Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides">Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Deianira_Listens_to_Fame" title="Deianira Listens to Fame">Deianira Listens to Fame</a></i> (1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Rubens,_Madrid)" title="The Three Graces (Rubens, Madrid)">The Three Graces</a></i> (Madrid; 1636–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Ganymede_(Rubens)" title="The Rape of Ganymede (Rubens)">The Rape of Ganymede</a></i> (1636–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_and_Callisto_(Rubens)" title="Diana and Callisto (Rubens)">Diana and Callisto</a></i> (1637–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_a_Carriage" title="Helena Fourment with a Carriage">Helena Fourment with a Carriage</a></i> (1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Rubens,_Vienna)" title="Self-Portrait (Rubens, Vienna)">Self-Portrait</a></i> (Vienna; 1638–1639)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(Rubens)" title="Bacchus (Rubens)">Bacchus</a></i> (1638–1640)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(Rubens)" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women (Rubens)">The Rape of the Sabine Women</a></i> (1639–1640)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasants_Returning_From_The_Fields" title="The Peasants Returning From The Fields">The Peasants Returning From The Fields</a></i> (1640)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rainbow_Landscape_(1640)" title="The Rainbow Landscape (1640)">The Rainbow Landscape</a></i> (Munich; 1640)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Judgement_of_Paris_(Rubens)" title="The Judgement of Paris (Rubens)">Judgment of Paris</a></i> (various)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Tapestries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Constantine" title="The History of Constantine">The History of Constantine</a></i> (1622–1640) (with <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona" title="Pietro da Cortona">Pietro da Cortona</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palazzi_di_Genova" title="Palazzi di Genova">Palazzi di Genova</a></i> (1622)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubenshuis" title="Rubenshuis">Rubenshuis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubens_family" title="Rubens family">Rubens family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant" title="Isabella Brant">Isabella Brant</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment" title="Helena Fourment">Helena Fourment</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Rubens,_Lord_of_Rameyen" title="Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen">Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Rubens" title="Albert Rubens">Albert Rubens</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Rubens" title="Jan Rubens">Jan Rubens</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pypelinckx" title="Maria Pypelinckx">Maria Pypelinckx</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rubens" title="Philip Rubens">Philip Rubens</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Verhaecht" title="Tobias Verhaecht">Tobias Verhaecht</a> (teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_van_Noort" title="Adam van Noort">Adam van Noort</a> (teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_van_Veen" title="Otto van Veen">Otto van Veen</a> (teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Rockox" title="Nicolaas Rockox">Nicolaas Rockox</a> (friend)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubens_(film)" title="Rubens (film)">Rubens</a></i> (1977 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubenesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubenesque">Rubenesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubens%27_Europe" title="Rubens' Europe">Rubens' Europe</a> (exhibition)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5599#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56647196">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11860354X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rubens, Peter Paul, 1577-1640"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79055561">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12149490h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12149490h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36442606">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500002921">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/68737">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/56130060-4f7d-45cb-b5f9-1dd41a8951bd">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/1213/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=1498">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/99/">Auckland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/creators/_/3569/">South Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/90019664">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/07629176">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1256892">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11860354X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h41tm7">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/31733">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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