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</li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the year. For the 2014 album by Taylor Swift, see <a href="/wiki/1989_(album)" title="1989 (album)">1989 (album)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/1989_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="1989 (disambiguation)">1989 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1255975824">.mw-parser-output .events-by-month{margin:0.5em 0;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;background-color:var(--background-color-base,white);font-size:88%;text-align:center;color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418)}</style><div class="events-by-month" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="1989-label"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1989</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/January_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="January 1989">January</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/February_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1989">February</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/March_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1989">March</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/April_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="April 1989">April</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1989">May</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/June_1989" title="June 1989">June</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/July_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="July 1989">July</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/August_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="August 1989">August</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/September_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1989">September</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/October_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="October 1989">October</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/November_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1989">November</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/December_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1989">December</a></dd></dl> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1989" title="Special:EditPage/1989">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221989%22">"1989"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221989%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221989%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221989%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221989%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221989%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> 1989 (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MCMLXXXIX</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Sunday" title="Common year starting on Sunday">common year starting on Sunday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, the 1989th year of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (CE) and <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> (AD) designations, the 989th year of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a>, the 89th year of the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>, and the 10th and last year of the <a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a> decade. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1989_Events_Collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1989_Events_Collage.png/300px-1989_Events_Collage.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1989_Events_Collage.png/450px-1989_Events_Collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1989_Events_Collage.png/600px-1989_Events_Collage.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="840"></a><figcaption>From left, clockwise: an <a href="/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake" title="1989 Loma Prieta earthquake">earthquake</a> strikes the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, killing 63 people; the proposal document for the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> is submitted; the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez" title="Exxon Valdez">Exxon Valdez</a> oil tanker runs aground in <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, causing a large <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">oil spill</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> begins the downfall of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and heralds <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>; the United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">invades</a> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> to depose <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a> led to the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>; the stands of <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium" title="Hillsborough Stadium">Hillsborough Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster" title="Hillsborough disaster">Hillsborough disaster</a> occurred; <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">students demonstrate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>; many are killed by forces of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a>: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s" title="2000s">2000s</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1989">1989</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1992">1992</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%">1989 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1989 MCMLXXXIX</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2742</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>1438 ԹՎ ՌՆԼԸ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6739</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí calendar</a></td><td>145–146</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1910–1911</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>1396</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2939</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">British Regnal year</a></td><td>37 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Eliz. 2</a> – 38 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Eliz. 2</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>2533</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>1351</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>7497–7498</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">戊辰</a>年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>) 4686 or 4479 — to — 己巳年 (Earth <a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>) 4687 or 4480</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1705–1706</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>3155</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1981–1982</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5749–5750</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></td><td>2045–2046</td></tr><tr><td> - <a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></td><td>1910–1911</td></tr><tr><td> - <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></td><td>5089–5090</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11989</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>989–990</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>1367–1368</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>1409–1410</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1926%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa (1926–1989)">Shōwa</a> 64 / <a href="/wiki/Heisei" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisei">Heisei</a> 1 (平成元年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1921–1922</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche calendar</a></td><td>78</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>Gregorian minus 13 days</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>4322</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">ROC</a> 78 民國78年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>521</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>2532</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳土龙年 (male Earth-<a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>) 2115 or 1734 or 962 — to — 阴土蛇年 (female Earth-<a href="/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)" title="Snake (zodiac)">Snake</a>) 2116 or 1735 or 963</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></td><td>599616000 – 631151999</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1989" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1989">1989</a>.</div></div> </div> 1989 was a turning point in political history with the "<a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>" which ended communism in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> of Europe, starting in Poland and Hungary, with experiments in power-sharing coming to a head with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in November, the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> in Czechoslovakia and the overthrow of the communist dictatorship in Romania in December; the movement ended in December 1991 with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. Revolutions against communist governments in Eastern Europe mainly succeeded, but the year also saw the suppression by the Chinese government of the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. It was the year of the first <a href="/wiki/1989_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1989 Brazilian presidential election">Brazilian direct presidential election</a> in 29 years, since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military government</a> in <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a> that ruled the country for more than twenty years, and marked the redemocratization process's final point. <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> was elected as <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President of South Africa</a>, and his regime gradually dismantled the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> system over the next five years, culminating with the <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 election</a> that brought jailed <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> to power. The first commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> surfaced in this year,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> as well as the first written proposal for the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> and New Zealand, Japan and Australia's first Internet connections. The first babies born after <a href="/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis" title="Preimplantation genetic diagnosis">preimplantation genetic diagnosis</a> were conceived in late 1989.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1119456059">.mw-parser-output .tocnumber{display:none}.mw-parser-output #toc ul,.mw-parser-output .toc ul{line-height:1.5em;list-style:none;margin:.3em 0 0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist #toc ul ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist .toc ul ul{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097603156">.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-center{clear:none}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-center .toc{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-right{clear:right}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-none{clear:none}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist horizontal-toc horizontal-toc-align-center toclimit-2"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Events">1 Events</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#January">1.1 January</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#February">1.2 February</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#March">1.3 March</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#April">1.4 April</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#May">1.5 May</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#June">1.6 June</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#July">1.7 July</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#August">1.8 August</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#September">1.9 September</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#October">1.10 October</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#November">1.11 November</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#December">1.12 December</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#World_population">2 World population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Births_and_deaths">3 Births and deaths</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Nobel_Prizes">4 Nobel Prizes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Further_reading">6 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January">January</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: January" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> discloses involvement of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> company Imhausen and <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter_AG" title="Salzgitter AG">Salzgitter AG</a> in building a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapon</a> plant in Rabta, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a> takes office as the third <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President of Sri Lanka</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1989)">Gulf of Sidra incident (1989)</a>: Two <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">MiG-23 "Floggers"</a> are engaged and shot down by two US Navy <a href="/wiki/F-14_Tomcat" class="mw-redirect" title="F-14 Tomcat">F-14 Tomcats</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Hirohito" title="Death and state funeral of Hirohito">dies</a>; his son <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> is enthroned as the 125th <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a> immediately, followed by the change in the era name from <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a> on the following day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – In accordance with <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_626" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 626">United Nations Security Council Resolution 626</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Accord_(Angola)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Accord (Angola)">New York Accords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> troops begin withdrawing from <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infiniti" title="Infiniti">Infiniti</a> luxury car brands are launched at the <a href="/wiki/North_American_International_Auto_Show" title="North American International Auto Show">North American International Auto Show</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> with the unveiling of the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Lexus_LS" title="Lexus LS">Lexus LS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infiniti_Q45" title="Infiniti Q45">Infiniti Q45</a> sedans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – Former <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Ugandan</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> is expelled to <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> after using a fake Zairean passport in an attempt to return to Uganda. Amin is eventually expelled from Senegal and subsequently returns to Zaire after the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Saudi Arabia">Saudi government</a> refuses to allow him in Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – Thirty-five European nations, meeting in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, agree to strengthen <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and improve East–West trade.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ante_Markovi%C4%87" title="Ante Marković">Ante Marković</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Branko_Mikuli%C4%87" title="Branko Mikulić">Branko Mikulić</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister of Yugoslavia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> is <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">sworn in</a> as the 41st President of the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a>–<a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">24</a> – Armed civilian leftists briefly <a href="/wiki/1989_attack_on_La_Tablada_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 attack on La Tablada Regiment">attack and occupy</a> an <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentinian</a> army base near <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_reshuffle" title="Cabinet reshuffle">shuffles</a> <a href="/wiki/24th_Canadian_Ministry" title="24th Canadian Ministry">his cabinet</a>, appointing six new ministers and reassigning the responsibilities of nineteen others.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Kabul" title="Embassy of the United States, Kabul">Embassy of the United States, Kabul</a>, Afghanistan, is closed; it does not reopen until late 2001.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February">February</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: February" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> – In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Kirner" title="Joan Kirner">Joan Kirner</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>'s first female Deputy Premier, after the resignation of Robert Fordham over the VEDC (Victorian Economic Development Co-operation) Crisis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>: The last <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> armoured column leaves Kabul, ending <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Afghan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Afghan war">nine years of military occupation since 1979</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">Carlos Andrés Pérez</a> takes office as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Paraguayan coup d'état">1989 Paraguayan coup d'état</a> ("La Noche de la Candelaria"): A military coup overthrows <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner</a>, dictator of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> since <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li>After a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President of South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a> resigns as Leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_5" title="February 5">February 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eurosport" title="Eurosport">Eurosport</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Multiple-language_version" title="Multiple-language version">multiple-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">sports broadcasting station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, begins broadcasting, from <a href="/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux" title="Issy-les-Moulineaux">Issy-les-Moulineaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – The Government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> holds formal talks with representatives of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity movement</a> for the first time since <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party" title="People's National Party">People's National Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a>, wins the <a href="/wiki/1989_Jamaican_general_election" title="1989 Jamaican general election">1989 Jamaican general election</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">February 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Ron Brown</a> is elected as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> to lead a major United States <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>.</li> <li>U.S. President Bush meets Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, laying the groundwork for the <a href="/wiki/Air_Quality_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Quality Agreement">Acid Rain Treaty of 1991</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harris_(bishop)" title="Barbara Harris (bishop)">Barbara Harris</a> is the first woman consecrated as a bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal Church in the United States of America</a> (and also the first woman to become a bishop in the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Carbide" title="Union Carbide">Union Carbide</a> agrees to pay $470,000,000 to the Indian government for damages in the <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_disaster" title="Bhopal disaster">Bhopal disaster</a>, a gas leak that killed 3.7 thousand.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">The Satanic Verses controversy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> (d. June 3), issues a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> calling for the death of Indian-born British author <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> and his publishers for issuing the novel <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a> (1988).</li> <li>The first of 24 <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> is placed into orbit.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_827820_Soviet_unit_pictured_prior_to_their_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/RIAN_archive_827820_Soviet_unit_pictured_prior_to_their_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_827820_Soviet_unit_pictured_prior_to_their_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/RIAN_archive_827820_Soviet_unit_pictured_prior_to_their_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_827820_Soviet_unit_pictured_prior_to_their_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/RIAN_archive_827820_Soviet_unit_pictured_prior_to_their_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_827820_Soviet_unit_pictured_prior_to_their_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/RIAN_archive_827820_Soviet_unit_pictured_prior_to_their_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_827820_Soviet_unit_pictured_prior_to_their_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Soviet unit pictured prior to their withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> announces that <a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">all of its troops have left Afghanistan</a>.</li> <li>Following a campaign that saw over 1,000 people killed in massive campaign-related violence, the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/1989_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="1989 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">Sri Lankan parliamentary election</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a>: Investigators announce that the cause of the <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a> crash was a <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bomb</a> hidden inside a radio-cassette player.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union</a> (AMU) is formed.</li> <li>South African police raid the home of <a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Mandela</a> and arrest four of her bodyguards.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – In Canada's <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukon Territory">Yukon Territory</a>, the ruling <a href="/wiki/Yukon_New_Democratic_Party" title="Yukon New Democratic Party">New Democrats</a> narrowly maintain control of the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Legislative_Assembly" title="Yukon Legislative Assembly">Yukon Legislative Assembly</a>, winning 9 seats vs. the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Progressive_Conservative_Party" title="Yukon Progressive Conservative Party">Progressive Conservative Party</a>'s 7.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – After protracted testimony, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Armed Services Committee">Senate Armed Services Committee</a> rejects, 11–9, President Bush's nomination of <a href="/wiki/John_Tower" title="John Tower">John Tower</a> for Secretary of Defense.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Shōwa</a> (Hirohito) in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> is attended by leaders and representatives of 160 nations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">The Satanic Verses controversy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> places a $3,000,000 bounty on the head of <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a> author <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a>: After 44 years, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Estonia" title="Flag of Estonia">Estonian flag</a> is raised at the <a href="/wiki/Pikk_Hermann" title="Pikk Hermann">Pikk Hermann</a> tower in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_811" title="United Airlines Flight 811">United Airlines Flight 811</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>, suffers <a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">uncontrolled decompression</a> after leaving <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu International Airport">Honolulu International Airport</a>; nine passengers are blown out of the cabin to their deaths.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a>–<a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">27</a> – U.S. President Bush visits <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, meeting with China's <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> and South Korea's <a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> is rocked by the <a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a>, a wave of protests and looting.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March">March</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: March" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Szabads%C3%A1g_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Szabads%C3%A1g_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%284%29.jpg/220px-Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Szabads%C3%A1g_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4561" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Szabads%C3%A1g_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%284%29.jpg/220px-Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Szabads%C3%A1g_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%284%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Szabads%C3%A1g_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%284%29.jpg/330px-Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Szabads%C3%A1g_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Szabads%C3%A1g_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%284%29.jpg/440px-Nemzeti_%C3%9Cnnep_-_Szabads%C3%A1g_t%C3%A9r_1989.03.15_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mass demonstration at the Hungarian state television headquarters</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exval.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Exval.jpeg/200px-Exval.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Exval.jpeg/200px-Exval.jpeg" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Exval.jpeg/300px-Exval.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Exval.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez" title="Exxon Valdez">Exxon Valdez</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>March – <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> begins to liberalise its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">currency exchange</a> in a move towards <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a>, an international <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> on <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrights</a>, is ratified by the United States.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> is imposed in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, where protests continue over the alleged intimidation of the <a href="/wiki/Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb">Serb</a> minority.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Politieke_Partij_Radicalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Politieke Partij Radicalen">Politieke Partij Radicalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacifistisch_Socialistische_Partij" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij">Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communistische_Partij_Nederland" class="mw-redirect" title="Communistische Partij Nederland">Communistische Partij Nederland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_People%27s_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands)">Evangelical People's Party</a> amalgamate to form the Dutch political party <a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a> (GL, GreenLeft).</li> <li>After 74 years, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> ends its <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Iceland" title="Prohibition in Iceland">prohibition on beer</a>; celebrated since as bjórdagur or <a href="/wiki/Beer_Day_(Iceland)" title="Beer Day (Iceland)">beer day</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – Twelve <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> nations agree to ban the production of all <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs) by the end of the century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jammu_Siltavuori" title="Jammu Siltavuori">Jammu Siltavuori</a> abducts and murders two eight-year-old girls in the Myllypuro suburb of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_Inc." title="Time Inc.">Time Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Communications">Warner Communications</a> announce plans for a merger, forming <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a>. (Now <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery" title="Warner Bros. Discovery">Warner Bros. Discovery</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Purley_station_rail_crash" title="Purley station rail crash">Purley station rail crash</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> leaves five people dead and 94 injured.</li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> elections are held.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> breaks off <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic relations">diplomatic relations</a> with the United Kingdom over <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> submits to the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/World_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="World Court">World Court</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> produces the proposal document that will become the blueprint for the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – A <a href="/wiki/March_1989_geomagnetic_storm" title="March 1989 geomagnetic storm">geomagnetic storm</a> causes the collapse of the Hydro-Québec power grid. 6,000,000 people are <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">left without power</a> for nine hours. Some areas in the northeastern U.S. and in Sweden also lose power, and <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurorae</a> are seen as far as <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">Gun control</a>: U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> bans the importation of certain guns deemed "<a href="/wiki/Assault_weapon" title="Assault weapon">assault weapons</a>" into the United States.</li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a> declares a "War of Liberation" to rid <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> forces and their allies.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> hands over <a href="/wiki/Taba,_Egypt" title="Taba, Egypt">Taba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, ending a seven-year territorial dispute.</li> <li>Mass demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>, demanding democracy.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> approves agricultural reforms allowing farmers the right to lease state-owned farms for life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Civic_Tower_(Pavia)" title="Civic Tower (Pavia)">Civic Tower</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, built in the eleventh century, collapses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Cristiani" title="Alfredo Cristiani">Alfredo Cristiani</a> is elected as <a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">President of El Salvador</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Australian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Prime Minister">Australian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> weeps on national television as he admits marital infidelity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Malarchuk" title="Clint Malarchuk">Clint Malarchuk</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres" title="Buffalo Sabres">Buffalo Sabres</a> suffers a near-fatal injury when another player accidentally slits his throat.</li> <li>Asteroid <a href="/wiki/4581_Asclepius" title="4581 Asclepius">4581 Asclepius</a> approaches the Earth at a distance of 700,000 kilometres (430,000 mi).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Pons" title="Stanley Pons">Stanley Pons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Fleischmann" title="Martin Fleischmann">Martin Fleischmann</a> announce that they have achieved <a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">cold fusion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a>–<a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">28</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic of Serbia</a> passes constitutional changes revoking the autonomy of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo</a>, triggering six days of rioting by the <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Kosovo">Albanian majority</a>, during which at least 29 people are killed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">Exxon Valdez oil spill</a>: In <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez" title="Exxon Valdez">Exxon Valdez</a> spills 240,000 barrels (38,000 m3) of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> after running aground.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1989 Soviet Union legislative election">1989 Soviet Union legislative election</a>: The first (and last) contested elections for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> parliament, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a>, result in losses for the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>; the first session of the new Congress opens in late May.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – The <a href="/wiki/61st_Academy_Awards" title="61st Academy Awards">61st Academy Awards</a> are held at the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_Auditorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine Auditorium">Shrine Auditorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Rain_Man" title="Rain Man">Rain Man</a> winning <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a> wins her first award for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Best Actress</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April">April</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: April" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okr%C4%85g%C5%82y_St%C3%B3%C5%82_Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Okr%C4%85g%C5%82y_St%C3%B3%C5%82_Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_2019.jpg/220px-Okr%C4%85g%C5%82y_St%C3%B3%C5%82_Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Okr%C4%85g%C5%82y_St%C3%B3%C5%82_Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_2019.jpg/220px-Okr%C4%85g%C5%82y_St%C3%B3%C5%82_Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_2019.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Okr%C4%85g%C5%82y_St%C3%B3%C5%82_Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_2019.jpg/330px-Okr%C4%85g%C5%82y_St%C3%B3%C5%82_Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Okr%C4%85g%C5%82y_St%C3%B3%C5%82_Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_2019.jpg/440px-Okr%C4%85g%C5%82y_St%C3%B3%C5%82_Pa%C5%82ac_Prezydencki_2019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a> tax (the <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(Great_Britain)" title="Poll tax (Great Britain)">poll tax</a>) is introduced in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. It will be introduced in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> the following year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – In <a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a>, fighting erupts between <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> insurgents and the <a href="/wiki/South_West_African_Police" title="South West African Police">South West African Police</a> on the day that a ceasefire was supposed to end the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> according to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_435" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 435">United Nations Security Council Resolution 435</a>. By <a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a>, nearly 300 people have been killed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – A failed coup attempt against <a href="/wiki/Prosper_Avril" title="Prosper Avril">Prosper Avril</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">President of Haiti</a>, leads to a standoff between mutinous troops and the government which ends on <a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a>, with the government regaining control of the country.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – The Polish Government and the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> sign an agreement restoring Solidarity to legal status, and agreeing to hold <a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Polish legislative election">democratic elections</a> on June 4 (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a>), which initiates the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989 revolution</a> and the overthrow of communism in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> – National Safety Council of Australia chief executive <a href="/wiki/John_Friedrich_(fraudster)" title="John Friedrich (fraudster)">John Friedrich</a> is arrested after defrauding investors to the tune of $235,000,000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_7" title="April 7">April 7</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-278_Komsomolets" title="Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets">Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets</a> sinks in the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>, killing 41.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">Tbilisi massacre</a>: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> demonstrators are massacred by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>'s central square during a peaceful rally; 20 citizens are killed, many injured. This causes further protests.</li> <li>A dispute over grazing rights leads to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Senegal_Border_War" title="Mauritania–Senegal Border War">Mauritania–Senegal Border War</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</a> – The U.S. government seizes the Irvine, California, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Savings_and_Loan_Association" title="Lincoln Savings and Loan Association">Lincoln Savings and Loan Association</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Keating" title="Charles Keating">Charles Keating</a> (for whom the <a href="/wiki/Keating_Five" title="Keating Five">Keating Five</a> are named) eventually goes to jail, as part of the massive 1980s <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">savings and loan crisis</a> which costs U.S. taxpayers nearly $200,000,000 in bailouts, and many people their life savings.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster" title="Hillsborough disaster">Hillsborough disaster</a>, one of the biggest tragedies in European <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, claims the lives of 94 <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool F.C.</a> supporters in Sheffield, England, a further three dying later.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, dies. The public reaction to his death spawned a chain of events which led to the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity (Polish trade union)</a> is once again legalised and allowed to participate in semi-free elections on June 4.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_jogger_case" title="Central Park jogger case">Central Park jogger case</a>: Trisha Meili is seriously assaulted and raped whilst jogging in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>; the convictions of five teenagers for the crime are <a href="/wiki/Vacated_judgment" title="Vacated judgment">vacated</a> in 2002 (the jogger's identity remains secret for years, hence she is referred to as the "Central Park Jogger").</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion" title="USS Iowa turret explosion">USS Iowa turret explodes</a> on the U.S. battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)" title="USS Iowa (BB-61)">Iowa</a>, killing 47 crew members.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> debates modernising short range missiles; although the US and UK are in favour, West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> obtains a concession deferring a decision.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a> – Students from <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> begin protesting in <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">Tiananmen Square</a> in Beijing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zaid_al-Rifai" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaid al-Rifai">Zaid al-Rifai</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan" title="Prime Minister of Jordan">Prime Minister of Jordan</a> in the wake of riots over government-imposed price hikes that began on April 18.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noboru_Takeshita" title="Noboru Takeshita">Noboru Takeshita</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> in the wake of a stock-trading scandal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> introduces the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_MicroTAC" title="Motorola MicroTAC">Motorola MicroTAC</a> personal cellular telephone, the world's smallest mobile phone at this time.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Azlan_Muhibbudin_Shah_ibni_Almarhum_Sultan_Yusuff_Izzudin_Shah_Ghafarullahu-lahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu">Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, becomes the 9th <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Baginda_Almutawakkil_Alallah_Sultan_Iskandar_Al-Haj_ibni_Almarhum_Sultan_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail">Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaid_ibn_Shaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaid ibn Shaker">Zaid ibn Shaker</a> succeeds Zaid al-Rifai as Prime Minister of Jordan.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Daulatpur%E2%80%93Saturia_tornado" title="Daulatpur–Saturia tornado">Daulatpur–Saturia tornado</a>, the deadliest tornado ever recorded, kills an estimated 1,300 people in the <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a> – A major demonstration occurs in Beijing as part of the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Revolutionary_Year-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May">May</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: May" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>May <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic modification">Genetic modification</a> of adult human beings is tried for the first time, a <a href="/wiki/Gene_tagging" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene tagging">gene tagging</a> trial.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li>The Soviet Union issues its first <a href="/wiki/Visa_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa card">Visa card</a> in a step to digitalise its banking system.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(President)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrés Rodríguez (President)">Andrés Rodríguez</a>, who seized power and declared himself <a href="/wiki/President_of_Paraguay" title="President of Paraguay">President of Paraguay</a> during a military coup in February, wins a landslide victory at a <a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_general_election" title="1989 Paraguayan general election">general election</a> marked by charges of fraud.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> <ul><li>The first crack in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>: Hungary dismantles 240 kilometres (150 mi) of barbed wire fencing along the border with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.</li> <li>The coalition government of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a> collapses in a dispute about a pollution cleanup plan.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> restaurant in the USSR begins construction in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. It will open on January 31, 1990.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">Oliver North</a> is convicted in the United States on charges related to the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a>. His conviction is vacated on appeal in 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Andrew Peacock</a> deposes <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> as Federal Opposition Leader of Australia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – The government of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Panama">President of Panama</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a> declares void the result of the May 7 presidential election, which Noriega had lost to <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Endara" title="Guillermo Endara">Guillermo Endara</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> <ul><li>President Bush orders 1,900 U.S. troops to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> to protect Americans there.</li> <li>The ACT (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>) Legislative Assembly meets for the first time.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a>–<a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">25</a> – <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_train_disaster" title="San Bernardino train disaster">San Bernardino train disaster</a>: Southern Pacific freight locomotive SP 7551 East derails in a residential area of <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino, California</a>, killing four and destroying seven houses. On May 25, as a direct result of the derailment, the <a href="/wiki/Calnev_Pipeline" title="Calnev Pipeline">Calnev Pipeline</a> explodes, killing an additional two people and destroying eleven more houses and 21 cars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> visits <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the first Soviet leader to do so since <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/1989_Argentine_general_election" title="1989 Argentine general election">Argentine presidential election</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> <ul><li>Australia's first private tertiary institution, <a href="/wiki/Bond_University" title="Bond University">Bond University</a>, opens on the Gold Coast.</li> <li>The last <a href="/wiki/Golden_toad" title="Golden toad">golden toad</a> is seen in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>; the species is subsequently classified as extinct.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>: More than 1,000,000 Chinese protesters march through <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> demanding greater democracy, leading to a crackdown.</li> <li>In Stuttgart <a href="/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli" class="mw-redirect" title="S.S.C. Napoli">Napoli</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diego_Maradona" title="Diego Maradona">Diego Maradona</a> wins the Uefa Cup.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_unrest" title="1989 Ürümqi unrest">1989 Ürümqi unrest</a>: <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> Muslim protesters riot in front of the government building in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>, China.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> meets the demonstrators in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciriaco_De_Mita" title="Ciriaco De Mita">Ciriaco De Mita</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>: The Chinese government declares martial law in Beijing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a>: Bombing near Keserwan by Kataeb Regulatory Forces, 9 Syrians soldiers killed.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A.C._Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Milan">Milan</a> of Italy wins the <a href="/wiki/European_Champion_Clubs%27_Cup" title="European Champion Clubs' Cup">European Cup</a> beating <a href="/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti" class="mw-redirect" title="FC Steaua București">Steaua București</a> of Romania 4–0 in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassinations_of_Jeffrey_Brent_Ball_and_Todd_Ray_Wilson" title="Assassinations of Jeffrey Brent Ball and Todd Ray Wilson">Assassinations of Jeffrey Brent Ball and Todd Ray Wilson</a>: A terrorist organization, <a href="/wiki/Zarate_Willka_Armed_Forces_of_Liberation" title="Zarate Willka Armed Forces of Liberation">Zarate Willka Armed Forces of Liberation</a>, kills two American <a href="/wiki/Missionary_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary (LDS Church)">missionaries</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> as they return to their apartment, in <a href="/wiki/La_Paz,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz, Bolivia">La Paz, Bolivia</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Flames" title="Calgary Flames">Calgary Flames</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens" title="Montreal Canadiens">Montreal Canadiens</a> four games to two to win the franchise's first <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> in ice hockey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal F.C.</a> defeat <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool F.C.</a> by 2 goals to nil at <a href="/wiki/Anfield" title="Anfield">Anfield</a>, in the final game of the season, to win the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_First_Division" title="Football League First Division">Football League First Division</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> <ul><li>Amid <a href="/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina" title="1989 riots in Argentina">food riots and looting</a> set off by inflation, the Government of Argentina declares a nationwide state of siege.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>: The 10 metres (33 ft) high <a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a> statue is unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a> by student demonstrators.</li> <li>NATO agrees to talks with the Soviet Union on reducing the number of short-range nuclear weapons in Europe.</li> <li>An attempted assassination of Miguel Maza Marquez, director of the <a href="/wiki/Departamento_Administrativo_de_Seguridad" class="mw-redirect" title="Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad">Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad</a> (DAS) in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> is committed by members of the <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín Cartel</a>, who kill four and injure 37.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</a> – Six members of the guerrilla group <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Revolucionario_T%C3%BApac_Amaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru">Revolutionary Movement Tupac Amaru</a> (MRTA) of Peru, shoot dead eight gay and transgender people in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tarapoto" title="Tarapoto">Tarapoto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June">June</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: June" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/June_1989" title="June 1989">June 1989</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a>–<a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">10</a> – Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> visits <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dsuke_Uno" title="Sōsuke Uno">Sōsuke Uno</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Noboru_Takeshita" title="Noboru Takeshita">Noboru Takeshita</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – The world's first <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (test) broadcasts commence in Japan, in <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analogue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>: A violent military crackdown takes place on pro-democracy protesters in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nevett-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Polish legislative election">1989 Polish legislative election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>'s victory in the first round<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> is the first of many anti-<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_election" title="1989 Iranian Supreme Leader election">1989 Iranian Supreme Leader election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> is elected <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> after announcing the death of <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> the day before.<a href="#cite_note-Amir_Arjomand-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufa_train_disaster" title="Ufa train disaster">Ufa train disaster</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> explosion near <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, Russia kills 575 as two trains passing each other throw sparks near a leaky pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-Nevett-24">[24]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>: An unknown Chinese protester, "<a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a>", stands in front of a column of military tanks on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_Avenue" title="Chang'an Avenue">Chang'an Avenue</a> in Beijing, temporarily halting them, an incident which achieves iconic status internationally through images taken by Western photographers.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Death and state funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini">State funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini</a>: Eight people are killed and hundreds injured in a <a href="/wiki/Human_crush" class="mw-redirect" title="Human crush">human crush</a> during the viewing of the body of Iranian leader <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a> in Tehran, two days after his death at the age of 89 in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newstatesman-29">[29]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – State funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini: The Ayatollah Khomeini's first funeral in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> is aborted by officials after a large crowd storms the funeral procession, nearly destroying Khomeini's wooden casket in order to get a last glimpse of his body. At one point, his body almost falls to the ground, as the crowd attempt to grab pieces of the death shroud. The Ayatollah's body has to be returned for the burial preparations to be repeated, before being brought back to the cemetery a few hours later.<a href="#cite_note-newstatesman-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Surinam_Airways_Flight_764" title="Surinam Airways Flight 764">Surinam Airways Flight 764</a> crashes in <a href="/wiki/Paramaribo" title="Paramaribo">Paramaribo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, killing 176.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a> – The wreck of <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">German battleship Bismarck</a>, which was sunk in <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>, is located about 600 miles (970 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest, France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – At the <a href="/wiki/1989_Irish_general_election" title="1989 Irish general election">1989 Irish general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Charles Haughey</a>, fails to win a majority.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – A crowd of 250,000 gathers at <a href="/wiki/Heroes%27_Square_(Budapest)" title="Heroes' Square (Budapest)">Heroes Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> for the historic reburial of <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a>, the former Hungarian Prime Minister who had been executed in <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/June_1989_Greek_legislative_election" title="June 1989 Greek legislative election">first Greek legislative election of the year</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenic Socialist Movement">Panhellenic Socialist Movement</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister of Greece</a> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a>, loses control of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> <ul><li>British police arrest 260 people celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">summer solstice</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Limerick" title="University of Limerick">University of Limerick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_University" title="Dublin City University">Dublin City University</a> are raised to the status of universities, the first established in Ireland since independence in <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">1989 Sudanese coup d'état</a>: A military coup led by <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> ousts the civilian government of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Sudan">Prime Minister of Sudan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi" title="Sadiq al-Mahdi">Sadiq al-Mahdi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July">July</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: July" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister of Greece</a>, resigns; a new government is formed under <a href="/wiki/Tzannis_Tzannetakis" title="Tzannis Tzannetakis">Tzannis Tzannetakis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President of South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a> meets the imprisoned 70-year-old <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> face-to-face for the first time.</li> <li>The television sitcom <a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a> premieres in the United States.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv%E2%80%93Jerusalem_bus_405_suicide_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack">Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attack</a> on <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, takes place.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">July 8</a> – 110 Furs representatives, 110 Arabs, and 21 mediators signed a Reconciliation Agreement in <a href="/wiki/Al-Fashir" title="Al-Fashir">al-Fashir</a>. End of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Tribes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War of the Tribes (page does not exist)">War of the Tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a>–<a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">12</a> – U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> travels to <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>, pushing for U.S. economic aid and investment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – Approximately 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> coal miners go on strike, demanding better living conditions and less bureaucracy; it is the largest Soviet labour strike since the 1920s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Charles Haughey</a> returns to power after Fianna Fáil forms a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democrats" title="Progressive Democrats">Progressive Democrats</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotte_World" title="Lotte World">Lotte World</a>, a major recreation complex in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, is opened to the public, containing the world's largest indoor amusement park.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – France celebrated the 200th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, notably with a monumental show on the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> in Paris, directed by French designer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Goude" title="Jean-Paul Goude">Jean-Paul Goude</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> acted as host for invited world leaders.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a>–<a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">16</a> – At the <a href="/wiki/15th_G7_summit" title="15th G7 summit">15th G7 summit</a>, leaders call for restrictions on gas emissions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit</a> <a href="/wiki/Stealth_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Stealth bomber">stealth bomber</a> makes its first flight, in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Holy See–Poland relations">Holy See–Poland relations</a>: Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> re-establish diplomatic relations after approximately fifty years.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – Actress <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Schaeffer" title="Rebecca Schaeffer">Rebecca Schaeffer</a> is murdered by an obsessed fan, leading to stricter stalking laws in California.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">July 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_presidential_election" title="1989 Polish presidential election">1989 Polish presidential election</a>: The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Poland">National Assembly of the Republic of Poland</a> elects General <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> to the restored and powerful post of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_232" title="United Airlines Flight 232">United Airlines Flight 232</a> (<a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas DC-10">Douglas DC-10</a>) crashes in <a href="/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa" title="Sioux City, Iowa">Sioux City, Iowa</a>, killing 112; 184 on board survive.</li> <li>The first national park in the Netherlands is established on <a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_National_Park" title="Schiermonnikoog National Park">Schiermonnikoog</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burmese</a> opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> is placed under house arrest. She is released in <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Japanese_House_of_Councillors_election" title="1989 Japanese House of Councillors election">1989 Japanese House of Councillors election</a>: Japan's ruling <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> loses control of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a>, the LDP's worst electoral showing in 34 years, leading to Prime Minister Uno announcing he will resign to take responsibility for the result.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a> takes office as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – A federal <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> indicts <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> student <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris">Robert Tappan Morris</a> for releasing a <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer virus</a>, making him the first person to be prosecuted under the United States' <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – In the largest prison sentence to date, Thai financial scammer Mae <a href="/wiki/Chamoy_Thipyaso" title="Chamoy Thipyaso">Chamoy Thipyaso</a> and her accomplices are each sentenced to 141,078 years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – At the <a href="/wiki/1989_Iranian_presidential_election" title="1989 Iranian presidential election">Iranian presidential election</a>, electors overwhelmingly elect <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President of Iran</a> and endorse changes to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, increasing the powers of the president.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_31" title="July 31">July 31</a> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> announces that it has hanged <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine">U.S. Marine</a> Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/William_R._Higgins" title="William R. Higgins">William R. Higgins</a> in retaliation for Israel's July 28 kidnapping of Hezbollah leader <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Karim_Obeid" title="Abdel Karim Obeid">Abdel Karim Obeid</a>. The same day, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> passes <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_638" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 638">United Nations Security Council Resolution 638</a>, condemning the taking of hostages by both sides in the conflict.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> releases the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a> portable video game system in North America.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August">August</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: August" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/250px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/250px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" data-width="250" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/375px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/500px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>August – <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> production and sales organization in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, becomes <a href="/wiki/State-run_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="State-run enterprise">state-run enterprise</a>, changing from the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Gas_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Gas Industry">Ministry of Gas Industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> is readmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> after leaving it in <a href="/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Paz_Zamora" title="Jaime Paz Zamora">Jaime Paz Zamora</a> is elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a>, taking office the next day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a> <ul><li>U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Leland" title="Mickey Leland">Mickey Leland</a> (D-TX) and fifteen others die in a plane crash in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.</li> <li>The presidents of five Central American countries agree that the U.S.-backed <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">contras</a> fighting the government of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> should be disbanded and evicted from their bases in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> by December 5.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a> resigns for health reasons and is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-28" title="STS-28">STS-28</a>: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle Columbia</a> takes off on a secret five-day military mission.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9">August 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toshiki_Kaifu" title="Toshiki Kaifu">Toshiki Kaifu</a> becomes Prime Minister of Japan.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/4769_Castalia" title="4769 Castalia">4769 Castalia</a> is the first directly imaged by <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Reform,_Recovery,_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1989" title="Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989">Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989</a>, a measure to rescue the United States <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Savings and loan">savings and loan</a> industry is signed into law by President Bush, launching the largest federal rescue to date.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – United States Army General <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> became the first Black Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> after being nominated by President Bush.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/1989_Alice_Springs_hot_air_balloon_crash" title="1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash">1989 Alice Springs hot air balloon crash</a>: An accident near <a href="/wiki/Alice_Springs" title="Alice Springs">Alice Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> kills thirteen people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – P. W. Botha resigns as <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President of South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> becomes the seventh and final holder of this office under this style.<a href="#cite_note-RSA-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – Leading <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> presidential hopeful <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carlos_Gal%C3%A1n" title="Luis Carlos Galán">Luis Carlos Galán</a> is assassinated near <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> <ul><li>Polish president <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> nominates Solidarity activist <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a>, the first non-Communist in power in 42 years.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a>, a peace demonstration, is held at the Austro-Hungarian border.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a>–<a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">21</a> – In response to the murder of a judge, a provincial police chief, and presidential candidate Galán, the authorities of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> arrest 11,000 suspected <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombian drug traffickers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyle_and_Erik_Menendez" title="Lyle and Erik Menendez">Lyle and Erik Menendez</a> shoot their wealthy parents to death in the family's den.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchioness_disaster" title="Marchioness disaster">Marchioness disaster</a>: Fifty-one people die when a pleasure boat collides with a <a href="/wiki/Dredger" class="mw-redirect" title="Dredger">dredger</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Southwark_Bridge" title="Southwark Bridge">Southwark Bridge</a> in London.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> – The 21st anniversary of the crushing of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> is commemorated by a demonstration in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Revolutionary_Year-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balti_kett_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Balti_kett_12.jpg/220px-Balti_kett_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1007"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Balti_kett_12.jpg/220px-Balti_kett_12.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Balti_kett_12.jpg/330px-Balti_kett_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Balti_kett_12.jpg/440px-Balti_kett_12.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a> in Estonia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_23" title="August 23">August 23</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a>: Two million indigenous people of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> join hands to demand freedom and independence from <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a>, forming an uninterrupted 600 km human chain called the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a>.</li> <li>Hungary removes border restrictions with Austria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Australian_pilots%27_dispute" title="1989 Australian pilots' dispute">1989 Australian pilots' dispute</a>: All of Australia's 1,645 domestic airline pilots resign over an airline's move to dismiss and sue them over a wage dispute.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Yusef_Hawkins" title="Murder of Yusef Hawkins">Murder of Yusef Hawkins</a> in a shooting in the <a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bensonhurst">Bensonhurst</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York, sparking racial tensions between <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian Americans</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> <ul><li>Colombia's cocaine traffickers declare "total and absolute war" against the government and begin a series of bombings and arson attacks.</li> <li>Indonesia's first commercial television network, <a href="/wiki/RCTI" title="RCTI">RCTI</a> (stands for Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia), is established, and went on air for the first time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a> of Solidarity is elected Prime Minister of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Revolutionary_Year-15">[15]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> makes its closest approach to <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and its largest moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian–Libyan conflict">Chadian–Libyan conflict</a> of 1978–87, representatives of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> agree to let the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> determine ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Aouzou_Strip" title="Aouzou Strip">Aouzou Strip</a>, which has been occupied by Libya since 1973.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September">September</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: September" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_South_African_general_election" title="1989 South African general election">1989 South African general election</a>, the last held under the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">apartheid system</a>, returns the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> to power with a much-reduced majority.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/1989_Dutch_general_election" title="1989 Dutch general election">1989 Dutch general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a> wins 54 seats, and is ultimately able to form a government on November 7 after entering into coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Labour Party</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – Representatives of the government of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatists</a> meet in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, with former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> attempting to broker a peace settlement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Partnair_Flight_394" title="Partnair Flight 394">Partnair Flight 394</a> flies past an <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a> on its way home, then the <a href="/wiki/Convair_580" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair 580">Convair 580</a> rolls upside down and falls in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – The Hungarian government opens the country's western border (with Austria) to refugees from <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">East Germany</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a>–<a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">11</a> – Norway's ruling <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> loses eight seats in the parliamentary elections, its worst showing since 1945.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> <ul><li>An agreement of co-operation between <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a> (Russia) and <a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a> County (Norway) is signed in Leningrad, by Chairmen Lev Kojkolainen and <a href="/wiki/Sigbj%C3%B8rn_Eriksen" title="Sigbjørn Eriksen">Sigbjørn Eriksen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Gravure_shooting" title="Standard Gravure shooting">Standard Gravure shooting</a>: Joseph T. Wesbecker, a pressman on disability for mental illness, enters his former workplace in <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>, kills eight people and injures twelve before committing suicide after a history of suicidal ideation.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a>–<a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo" title="Hurricane Hugo">Hurricane Hugo</a> devastates the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">southeastern United States</a>, causing at least 71 deaths and $8,000,000,000 in damages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/1989_Burkinab%C3%A9_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Burkinabé coup d'état attempt">Alleged coup attempt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> by military officials foiled.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> calls for removal of the <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelite</a> <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> located near the former <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, whose presence has offended some Jewish leaders.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a> explodes over <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, killing all 171 people on board (the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Organization" title="Islamic Jihad Organization">Islamic Jihad Organization</a> claims responsibility).</li> <li>Burkinabé ministers <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boukary_Lingani" title="Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani">Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Zongo" title="Henri Zongo">Henri Zongo</a> executed following their arrest the previous day.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> is sworn in as the seventh and last <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President of South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RSA-45">[45]</a> Soon afterwards he determines to suspend the <a href="/wiki/South_African_nuclear_weapons_program" class="mw-redirect" title="South African nuclear weapons program">South African nuclear weapons program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Deal_barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Deal barracks bombing">1989 Deal barracks bombing</a>: An IRA bomb explodes at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Marine">Royal Marine</a> School of Music in <a href="/wiki/Deal,_Kent" title="Deal, Kent">Deal, Kent</a>, United Kingdom, leaving 11 people dead and 22 injured.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._University_of_Michigan" title="Doe v. University of Michigan">Doe v. University of Michigan</a>: A Michigan court rules against the <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> law at the University of Michigan, claiming it unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> <ul><li>A cease-fire in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> stops the violence that had killed 900 people since March.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> Company Ltd. celebrates its 100th anniversary.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> announces that it has withdrawn the last of its troops from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">State of Cambodia</a>, ending an eleven-year occupation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> <ul><li>The constitutional amendments were approved by Assembly of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic of Slovenia</a> which changed the anthem from <a href="/wiki/Naprej_zastava_slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Naprej zastava slave">Naprej zastava slave</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zdravljica" title="Zdravljica">Zdravljica</a> and <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Slovenia" title="League of Communists of Slovenia">League of Communists of Slovenia</a> ended the monopoly power and reintroduced <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">Parliamentary democracy</a> to the republic.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> <ul><li>Nearly 7,000 East Germans who had come to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> on special refugee trains are allowed to leave for the West.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia Confederation</a> is dissolved over border disagreements.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October">October</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: October" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apdx_F2_-_Aerial_photo_after_explosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Apdx_F2_-_Aerial_photo_after_explosion.jpg/250px-Apdx_F2_-_Aerial_photo_after_explosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="548"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Apdx_F2_-_Aerial_photo_after_explosion.jpg/250px-Apdx_F2_-_Aerial_photo_after_explosion.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Apdx_F2_-_Aerial_photo_after_explosion.jpg/375px-Apdx_F2_-_Aerial_photo_after_explosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Apdx_F2_-_Aerial_photo_after_explosion.jpg/500px-Apdx_F2_-_Aerial_photo_after_explosion.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Phillips_disaster_of_1989" title="Phillips disaster of 1989">Phillips disaster</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>October – <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nathan%27s_Famous" title="Nathan's Famous">Nathan's Famous</a> opens a hot dog stand in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-philly1989-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a> between partners in a <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">same-sex relationship</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Denmark" title="Same-sex marriage in Denmark">legal in Denmark</a> under a law enacted on <a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a>, the world's first such legislation.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/1989_Panamanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt">coup attempt</a> is foiled by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">military leader of Panama</a>.</li> <li>The government of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> closes the country's border with <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> to prevent further emigration to the West.<a href="#cite_note-Revolutionary_Year-15">[15]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a> votes to reorganise itself as a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> party, to be named the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Party">Hungarian Socialist Party</a>.</li> <li>The first mass demonstration against the Communist regime in the GDR begins in <a href="/wiki/Plauen" title="Plauen">Plauen</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, the beginning of a series of mass demonstrations in the whole GDR which ultimately leads to the reunification of Germany in 1990.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> <ul><li>An official news agency in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> reports the <a href="/wiki/Voronezh_UFO_incident" title="Voronezh UFO incident">landing of a UFO</a> in <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, more than 50,000 protesters demand the legalisation of opposition groups and democratic reforms, the largest demonstration in the country since the uprising of 1953.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th_mini-crash" title="Friday the 13th mini-crash">Friday the 13th mini-crash</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> plunges 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent, to close at 2,569.26, most likely after the <a href="/wiki/High-yield_debt" title="High-yield debt">junk bond</a> market collapses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a>, resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a>. She is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Jan_P._Syse" title="Jan P. Syse">Jan P. Syse</a>, Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a>, on October 16.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> is released from prison in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Revolutionary_Year-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – The 6.9 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000058-QINU`"'</style>Mw</a> <a href="/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake" title="1989 Loma Prieta earthquake">Loma Prieta earthquake</a> shakes the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(California)" title="Central Coast (California)">Central Coast</a> with a maximum <a href="/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity</a> of IX (Violent). Sixty-three people are killed and the <a href="/wiki/1989_World_Series" title="1989 World Series">1989 World Series</a> in baseball is postponed for ten days as a result of the earthquake.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> leader of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>, is forced to step down as leader of the country after a series of health problems, and is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Hungary">National Assembly of Hungary</a> votes to restore multi-party democracy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> launches the uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> orbiter on a mission to study the planet <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a> mission <a href="/wiki/STS-34" title="STS-34">STS-34</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Guildford_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Guildford Four">Guildford Four</a> are freed after fourteen years' imprisonment in Britain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government">Commonwealth Heads of Government</a> issue the <a href="/wiki/Langkawi_Declaration" title="Langkawi Declaration">Langkawi Declaration</a> on the Environment, making <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> one of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>'s main priorities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian Republic</a> is officially declared by President <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_Sz%C5%B1r%C3%B6s" title="Mátyás Szűrös">Mátyás Szűrös</a> (replacing the Hungarian People's Republic), exactly 33 years after the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Phillips_disaster_of_1989" title="Phillips disaster of 1989">Phillips disaster</a>, a chemical plant explosion, in <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena, Texas</a>, kills 23 and injures 314 others.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1989_Bhagalpur_violence" title="1989 Bhagalpur violence">1989 Bhagalpur violence</a>, a major incident of religious violence, breaks out in <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, India; it will kill nearly 1,000 people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – The United States <a href="/wiki/Flag_Protection_Act" title="Flag Protection Act">Flag Protection Act</a> takes effect. There are mass protests in Seattle and New York City.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Eichman" title="United States v. Eichman">Shawn Eichman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Blalock" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Blalock">Dave Blalock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dread_Scott" title="Dread Scott">Dread Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Lee_Johnson" title="Gregory Lee Johnson">Joey Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag burning">burn American flags</a> on the steps of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol Building">U.S. Capitol Building</a> to protest against the Flag Protection Act.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> elects Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> as the eighth <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a>.</li> <li>Half a million people demonstrate in the East German city of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Revolutionary_Year-15">[15]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November">November</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: November" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/200px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="498"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/200px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/300px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/400px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> standing on top of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havla_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Havla_1989.jpg/200px-Havla_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1176"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Havla_1989.jpg/200px-Havla_1989.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Havla_1989.jpg/300px-Havla_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Havla_1989.jpg/400px-Havla_1989.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A peaceful demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"November 1989" redirects here. For the Benny Andersson album, see <a href="/wiki/November_1989_(album)" title="November 1989 (album)">November 1989 (album)</a>.</div> <ul><li>November – The first commercial dial-up Internet connection in North America is made, by The World STD.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">President of Nicaragua</a> ends a ceasefire with U.S.-backed <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">contras</a> that has been in effect since April 1988.</li> <li>The border between <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> is reopened.<a href="#cite_note-Revolutionary_Year-15">[15]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> refugees arrive at the West German town of <a href="/wiki/Hof,_Bavaria" title="Hof, Bavaria">Hof</a> after being allowed through Czechoslovakia.<a href="#cite_note-Revolutionary_Year-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz_demonstration" title="Alexanderplatz demonstration">Alexanderplatz demonstration</a> in East Berlin. Half a million people protest against communist rule in East Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Gay_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon Gay (1989)">Typhoon Gay</a> devastates <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chumphon_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chumphon Province">Chumphon Province</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nasrallah_Boutros_Sfeir" title="Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir">Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir</a> was attacked by some Maronite demonstrators loyal to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a> and who rejected the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Rene_Moawad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Moawad">Rene Moawad</a> as president of the country. One of the demonstrators asked the Patriarch to kiss the picture of General Aoun raised above his head, and many followed him saying: "Kiss the picture, kiss the picture". The Patriarch refused. The scene was hysterical and tragic to the point that Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Bechara Boutros al-Rahi</a> left the Patriarch's side and headed to the church of the Patriarchate because he could no longer bear the sight.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> (APEC) is established.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> government of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> resigns, although <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a> remains as head of state.</li> <li>Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> gubernatorial race, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> elected Governor in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">David Dinkins</a> becomes the first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> mayor of New York City.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Schabowski" title="Günter Schabowski">Günter Schabowski</a> accidentally states in a live broadcast press conference that new rules for traveling from East Germany to West Germany will be put in effect "immediately". Late this evening, East Germany opens checkpoints in the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, allowing its citizens to travel freely to West Germany for the first time in decades. In the first week, travel visas will be issued to around 25% of the East German population.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a> of <a href="/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Motherland Party (Turkey)">Motherland Party (Turkey)</a> (ANAP) forms the new government of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (47th government).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> <ul><li>After 45 years of Communist rule in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a> is replaced by Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Petar_Mladenov" title="Petar Mladenov">Petar Mladenov</a>, who changes the party's name to the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Socialist_Party" title="Bulgarian Socialist Party">Bulgarian Socialist Party</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaby_Kennard" title="Gaby Kennard">Gaby Kennard</a> becomes the first Australian woman to fly solo around the world.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> holds its first free presidential election since <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans-Adam_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Hans-Adam II</a> becomes Prince of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> on the death of his father, Prince <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Franz Joseph II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/1989_Namibian_parliamentary_election" title="1989 Namibian parliamentary election">Elections</a> are held in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, leading to a victory for the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_People%27s_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Africa People's Organisation">South West Africa People's Organisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Revolutionary_Year-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, leader of Poland's <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity movement</a>, addresses a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session of the United States Congress</a>.</li> <li>Brazil holds the first round of its first free election in 29 years; <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Fernando Collor de Mello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> advance to the second round, to be held the following month.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_murders_of_Jesuits_in_El_Salvador" title="1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador">Six Jesuit priests are murdered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Institute_for_Security_Cooperation" title="Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation">U.S. trained</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of El Salvador">Salvadoran soldiers</a>.</li> <li>The first American <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a> shop in the Soviet Union, an <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Estée Lauder Companies">Estée Lauder</a> outlet, opens in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-philly1989-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> adopts the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Statement_on_Violence" title="Seville Statement on Violence">Seville Statement on Violence</a> at the 25th session of its General Conference.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> – A peaceful student demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, is severely beaten back by riot police. This sparks a revolution aimed at overthrowing the Communist government (it succeeds on <a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> – The number of peaceful protesters assembled in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Constituent_Assembly_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia">Members of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia</a> begin to draft the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Namibia" title="Constitution of Namibia">Constitution of Namibia</a>, which will be the constitution of the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</a> – In West <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, a bomb explodes near the motorcade of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> President <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Moawad" title="René Moawad">René Moawad</a>, killing him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – Following a week of demonstrations demanding free elections and other reforms, General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a> and other leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> resign. Jakeš is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Karel_Urb%C3%A1nek" title="Karel Urbánek">Karel Urbánek</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/1989_Uruguayan_general_election" title="1989 Uruguayan general election">1989 Uruguayan general election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Lacalle" title="Luis Alberto Lacalle">Luis Alberto Lacalle</a> is elected President of Uruguay.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> domestic passenger flight <a href="/wiki/Avianca_Flight_203" title="Avianca Flight 203">Avianca Flight 203</a> is bombed by the <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín drug cartel</a> in an (unsuccessful) attempt to kill presidential candidate for the <a href="/wiki/1990_Colombian_presidential_election" title="1990 Colombian presidential election">1990 elections</a> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gaviria_Trujillo" class="mw-redirect" title="César Gaviria Trujillo">César Gaviria Trujillo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> announces they will give up their <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on political power (elections held in December bring the first non-Communist government to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in more than forty years).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> after his party, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, loses about half of its seats at the <a href="/wiki/1989_Indian_general_election" title="1989 Indian general election">1989 Indian general election</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> board member <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Herrhausen" title="Alfred Herrhausen">Alfred Herrhausen</a> is killed by a bomb in Bad Homburg (the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a> claims responsibility for the murder).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December">December</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: December" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG/200px-Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG/200px-Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG" data-width="200" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG/300px-Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG/400px-Panama_clashes_1989.JPEG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Flames engulf a building following the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> <ul><li>In a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> pledges greater <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> for citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>: <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>'s parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the Communist-dominated <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED) its monopoly on power. <a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a>, the Politburo and the Central Committee resign two days later.</li> <li>A military <a href="/wiki/1989_Philippine_coup_attempt" title="1989 Philippine coup attempt">coup attempt</a> begins in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> against the government of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine President">Philippine President</a> <a href="/wiki/Corazon_C._Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Corazon C. Aquino">Corazon C. Aquino</a>. It is crushed by United States intervention ending by <a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2" title="December 2">December 2</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">Solar Maximum Mission</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_research_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific research satellite">scientific research satellite</a>, launched in 1980, crashes back to earth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a> takes office as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/1989_Republic_of_China_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Republic of China legislative election">Republic of China legislative election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> suffers its worst election setback in forty years, winning only 53% of the popular vote.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Malayan_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Malayan Emergency">Second Malayan Emergency</a> concludes with a peace agreement. The <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a> disbands and <a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a> remains in exile in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> until his death in <a href="/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> <ul><li>The entire leadership of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party</a> in East Germany, including <a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a>, resigns. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Modrow" title="Hans Modrow">Hans Modrow</a> becomes de facto the country's last leader.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a> – Concluding a 2-day meeting off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> release statements indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between their nations may be coming to an end. Gorbachev implies criticism of the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan" title="Prime Minister of Jordan">Prime Minister of Jordan</a> <a href="/wiki/Zaid_ibn_Shaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaid ibn Shaker">Zaid ibn Shaker</a> resigns and is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Mudar_Badran" title="Mudar Badran">Mudar Badran</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/DAS_Building_bombing" title="DAS Building bombing">DAS Building bombing</a> occurs in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, killing 52 people and injuring about 1,000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic">Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic</a>, and is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Gerlach" title="Manfred Gerlach">Manfred Gerlach</a>, the first non-Communist to hold that post.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_massacre" title="École Polytechnique massacre">École Polytechnique massacre</a> (or Montreal Massacre): <a href="/wiki/Marc_L%C3%A9pine" title="Marc Lépine">Marc Lépine</a>, an anti-feminist gunman, murders fourteen young women at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique de Montréal">École Polytechnique de Montréal</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Adamec" title="Ladislav Adamec">Ladislav Adamec</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia">Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia</a>. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n_%C4%8Calfa" title="Marián Čalfa">Marián Čalfa</a> on December 10.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> becomes the first of the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">republics of the Soviet Union</a> to abolish the Communist Party's monopoly on power.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> elects the reformist <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Gysi" title="Gregor Gysi">Gregor Gysi</a> as party leader.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Czechoslovakia">President of Czechoslovakia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a> swears in a new cabinet with a non-Communist and then immediately resigns as president.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhiagiin_Elbegdorj" title="Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj">Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj</a> announces the establishment of Mongolia's democratic movement, that peacefully changes the second-oldest Communist country into a democracy.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – The International Trans-Antarctica Expedition, a group of six explorers from six nations, reaches the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> begins the forcible repatriation of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people" title="Vietnamese boat people">Vietnamese boat people</a>, starting with a group of 59 who were flown to <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> holds its <a href="/wiki/1989_Chilean_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Chilean presidential election">first free election</a> in sixteen years, electing <a href="/wiki/Patricio_Aylwin" title="Patricio Aylwin">Patricio Aylwin</a> as president. This marks the first time that all <a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero-American</a> nations, except <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – Drug baron <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonzalo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Gacha" title="José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha">José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha</a> is killed by <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> police.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a> begins in <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>, initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania" title="Hungarians in Romania">Hungarian minority</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> <ul><li>The Romanian Revolution continues in Timișoara when rioters break into the building housing the District Committee of the Romanian Communist Party and cause extensive damage. The military is called in but fails fully to control the situation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> holds the second round of its <a href="/wiki/1989_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1989 Brazilian presidential election">first free election</a> in 29 years; <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Fernando Collor de Mello</a> is elected to serve as president from 1990.</li> <li>The television series <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> premieres on <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">FOX</a> as a full animated series with the episode "<a href="/wiki/Simpsons_Roasting_on_an_Open_Fire" title="Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire">Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire</a>".</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_19" title="December 19">December 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a>: Workers in the cities go on strike in protest against the Communist regime. On December 20 about 100,000 occupy Timișoara.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a> – The <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a> ("Operation Just Cause") is launched in an attempt to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panamanian</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> addresses an assembly of some 110,000 people outside the Romanian Communist Party headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. Unprecedentedly, most of the crowd turns against him.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> <ul><li>After a week of bloody demonstrations, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a> takes over as President of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>, who flees his palace in a helicopter after the palace is invaded by rioters. Most of the army has joined with the rioters in Bucharest.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> in Berlin is reopened.</li> <li>Two tourist coaches collide on the Pacific highway north of <a href="/wiki/Kempsey,_New_South_Wales" title="Kempsey, New South Wales">Kempsey, New South Wales</a>, Australia, killing 35 people.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">December 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">Elena Ceaușescu</a> are captured in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Liberian_politician)" title="Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)">Charles Taylor</a>'s troops cross into Liberia from the Ivorian border, launching their first attack, sparking the <a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">First Liberian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_and_execution_of_Nicolae_and_Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu">Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu</a>: Deposed Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife are summarily tried and executed outside Bucharest.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a> governors announce a major interest rate hike, eventually leading to the peak and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">economic bubble</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#ML" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ML</a>5.6 <a href="/wiki/1989_Newcastle_earthquake" title="1989 Newcastle earthquake">Newcastle earthquake</a> affected New South Wales, Australia with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 13 people dead and 160 injured.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a> is elected Chairman of Czechoslovakia's Federal Assembly (Parliament).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> <ul><li>Czech playwright, philosopher and dissident <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> is elected the first post-Communist President of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.</li> <li>Riots break out after Hong Kong decides to forcibly repatriate <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> refugees.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a> hits its all-time intra-day high of 38,957.44 and closing high at 38,915.87.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – Poland's president signs the <a href="/wiki/Balcerowicz_Plan" title="Balcerowicz Plan">Balcerowicz Plan</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> system in Poland in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> system, leading to abandonment of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Oblast" title="Kamchatka Oblast">Kamchatka</a> opens to Russian civilian visitors.</li> <li>Richard C. Duncan introduces the Olduvai theory, about the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_civilization" title="Industrial civilization">industrial civilization</a>.</li> <li>The global concentration of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a> reaches 350 parts per million by volume.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a> posts revenues and profits triple its 1986 figures and rivals <a href="/wiki/Kmart_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kmart (United States)">Kmart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a> in importance in the American market.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Breguet_Aliz%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Breguet Alizé">Breguet Alizé</a> propeller-driven anti-submarine planes are retired from active carrier service in the French Navy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a> are the first <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a> group to sell 1,000,000 copies of an album with their controversial 1988 debut album <a href="/wiki/Straight_Outta_Compton" title="Straight Outta Compton">Straight Outta Compton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="World_population">World population</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: World population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1989" title="List of countries by population in 1989">List of countries by population in 1989</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Births_and_deaths">Births and deaths</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Births and deaths" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Category:1989_births" title="Category:1989 births">Category:1989 births</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deaths_in_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaths in 1989">Deaths in 1989</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Nobel_Prizes">Nobel Prizes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nobel Prizes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/120px-Nobel_medal.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1013"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/120px-Nobel_medal.png" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/180px-Nobel_medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/240px-Nobel_medal.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a> – <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Hans Georg Dehmelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a> – <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> – <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> – Tenzin Gyatso, <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel</a> – <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810222922/http://www.sublimeip.com/company/about/history/">"Company History"</a>. 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January 4, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421105300/http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/7.08/dl_timeline.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Wired+7.08%3A+Harmonic+Convergence&rft.date=2009-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F7.08%2Fdl_timeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-31-mn-1192-story.html">"Genetic Defect Screened Out; Healthy Twins Born"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530094206/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/01/world/germans-accused-of-helping-libya-build-nerve-gas-plant.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwa-przelomu/zasob-archiwum-prezydenta-rp/kancelaria-rady-panstwa-krp/panstwowa-komisja-wyborcza-pkw----wybory-do-sejmu-prl-i-senatu-prl-z-8-i-19-czerwca/obwieszczenie-pkw-o-wynikach-glosowania-i-wynikach-wyborow-do-sejmu-prl-przeprowadzonych-dnia-4-czerwca-1989-103330-t1/">the original</a> on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prezydent.pl&rft.atitle=Obwieszczenie+Pa%C5%84stwowej+Komisji+Wyborczej+o+wynikach+g%C5%82osowania+i+wynikach+wybor%C3%B3w+do+Sejmu+PRL+przeprowadzonych+dnia+4+czerwca+1989+r.+%E2%80%93+1033%2F30+t.1+k.+1%2C+3-169&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prezydent.pl%2Fkancelaria%2Farchiwa-przelomu%2Fzasob-archiwum-prezydenta-rp%2Fkancelaria-rady-panstwa-krp%2Fpanstwowa-komisja-wyborcza-pkw----wybory-do-sejmu-prl-i-senatu-prl-z-8-i-19-czerwca%2Fobwieszczenie-pkw-o-wynikach-glosowania-i-wynikach-wyborow-do-sejmu-prl-przeprowadzonych-dnia-4-czerwca-1989-103330-t1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2255_89.htm">"POLAND: parliamentary elections Sejm, 1989"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a>. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121184406/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2255_89.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POLAND%3A+parliamentary+elections+Sejm%2C+1989&rft.pub=Inter-Parliamentary+Union&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2Farc%2F2255_89.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amir_Arjomand-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Amir_Arjomand_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir_Arjomand2009" class="citation book cs1">Amir Arjomand, Saïd (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterkhomeiniira00arjo">After Khomeini: Iran Under His Successors</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterkhomeiniira00arjo/page/n48">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199745760" title="Special:BookSources/9780199745760"><bdi>9780199745760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Khomeini%3A+Iran+Under+His+Successors&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199745760&rft.aulast=Amir+Arjomand&rft.aufirst=Sa%C3%AFd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafterkhomeiniira00arjo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakinen2014" class="citation news cs1">Makinen, Julie (June 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-tiananmen-square-tank-man-20140603-story.html">"Tiananmen Square mystery: Who was 'Tank Man'?"</a>. World & Nation. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117223619/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-tiananmen-square-tank-man-20140603-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Tiananmen+Square+mystery%3A+Who+was+%27Tank+Man%27%3F&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft.aulast=Makinen&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fla-fg-china-tiananmen-square-tank-man-20140603-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newstatesman-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newstatesman_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newstatesman_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchan2009" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchan" title="James Buchan">Buchan, James</a> (March 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/asia/2009/03/khomeini-funeral-body-crowd">"Ayatollah Khomeini's funeral: The funeral of Ayatollah Khomeini, writes James Buchan, was not a tragedy but a gruesome farce:id"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423180240/https://www.newstatesman.com/asia/2009/03/khomeini-funeral-body-crowd">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Ayatollah+Khomeini%27s+funeral%3A+The+funeral+of+Ayatollah+Khomeini%2C+writes+James+Buchan%2C+was+not+a+tragedy+but+a+gruesome+farce%3Aid&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fasia%2F2009%2F03%2Fkhomeini-funeral-body-crowd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tribune-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseleyReaves1989" class="citation news cs1">Moseley, Ray; Reaves, Joseph A. (June 7, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-06-07-8902070407-story.html">"Mourners Rip Shroud, Khomeini's Body Falls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050318/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-06-07-8902070407-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Mourners+Rip+Shroud%2C+Khomeini%27s+Body+Falls&rft.date=1989-06-07&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.au=Reaves%2C+Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1989-06-07-8902070407-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Nick (October 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2017/oct/12/the-forgotten-story-of-the-colourful-xi-tragedy">"The forgotten story of... the Colourful XI tragedy"</a>. The forgotten story of... The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614204155/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2017/oct/12/the-forgotten-story-of-the-colourful-xi-tragedy">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+forgotten+story+of...+the+Colourful+XI+tragedy&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2Fblog%2F2017%2Foct%2F12%2Fthe-forgotten-story-of-the-colourful-xi-tragedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/14/world/nazi-ship-bismarck-is-found-in-good-shape.html">"Nazi Ship Bismarck Is Found in 'Good Shape'"</a>. The New York Times. Reuters. June 14, 1989. p. A5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106063245/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/14/world/nazi-ship-bismarck-is-found-in-good-shape.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nazi+Ship+Bismarck+Is+Found+in+%27Good+Shape%27&rft.pages=A5&rft.date=1989-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F06%2F14%2Fworld%2Fnazi-ship-bismarck-is-found-in-good-shape.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay1989" class="citation news cs1">Mackay, Robert (June 23, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/06/23/The-Bismarck-It-belongs-to-Germany/6812614577600/">"The Bismarck: 'It belongs to Germany'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="United Press International, Inc.">United Press International, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327033425/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/06/23/The-Bismarck-It-belongs-to-Germany/6812614577600/">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Bismarck%3A+%27It+belongs+to+Germany%27&rft.date=1989-06-23&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1989%2F06%2F23%2FThe-Bismarck-It-belongs-to-Germany%2F6812614577600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2153_89.htm">"IRELAND: parliamentary elections Dáil Éireann, 1989"</a>. Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107101114/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2153_89.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRELAND%3A+parliamentary+elections+D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann%2C+1989&rft.pub=Inter-Parliamentary+Union&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2Farc%2F2153_89.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamm1989" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamm" title="Henry Kamm">Kamm, Henry</a> (June 17, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/17/world/hungarian-who-led-56-revolt-is-buried-as-a-hero.html">"Hungarian Who Led '56 Revolt Is Buried as a Hero"</a>. The New York Times. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105190903/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/17/world/hungarian-who-led-56-revolt-is-buried-as-a-hero.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hungarian+Who+Led+%2756+Revolt+Is+Buried+as+a+Hero&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1989-06-17&rft.aulast=Kamm&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F06%2F17%2Fworld%2Fhungarian-who-led-56-revolt-is-buried-as-a-hero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2125b_89.htm">"GREECE: parliamentary elections Vouli Ton Ellinon, 1989"</a>. Inter-Parliamentary Union. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107101517/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2125b_89.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GREECE%3A+parliamentary+elections+Vouli+Ton+Ellinon%2C+1989&rft.pub=Inter-Parliamentary+Union&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2Farc%2F2125b_89.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallett2014" class="citation news cs1">Hallett, Emma (June 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-27405147">"Summer solstice: How the Stonehenge battles faded"</a>. England. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721151620/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-27405147">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Summer+solstice%3A+How+the+Stonehenge+battles+faded&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft.aulast=Hallett&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-27405147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisskopf1989" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Weisskopf" title="Michael Weisskopf">Weisskopf, Michael</a> (June 25, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/06/25/new-chinese-party-chief-rose-by-following-prevailing-political-winds/b8118752-2001-41ca-8263-56615d6545e6/">"New Chinese Party Chief Rose by Following Prevailing Political Winds"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128122609/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/06/25/new-chinese-party-chief-rose-by-following-prevailing-political-winds/b8118752-2001-41ca-8263-56615d6545e6/">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=New+Chinese+Party+Chief+Rose+by+Following+Prevailing+Political+Winds&rft.date=1989-06-25&rft.aulast=Weisskopf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1989%2F06%2F25%2Fnew-chinese-party-chief-rose-by-following-prevailing-political-winds%2Fb8118752-2001-41ca-8263-56615d6545e6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100020661">"Jiang Zemin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Reference">Oxford Reference</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530031212/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100020661">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2022. 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The New York Times. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030164833/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/01/world/military-coup-in-sudan-ousts-civilian-regime.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Military+Coup+in+Sudan+Ousts+Civilian+Regime&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1989-07-01&rft.aulast=Cowell&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F07%2F01%2Fworld%2Fmilitary-coup-in-sudan-ousts-civilian-regime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adventure.lotteworld.com/eng/main/index.do">"adventure.lotteworld.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220831102759/https://adventure.lotteworld.com/eng/main/index.do">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=adventure.lotteworld.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadventure.lotteworld.com%2Feng%2Fmain%2Findex.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongworth1989" class="citation news cs1">Longworth, R.C. 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The Christian Science Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101140208/http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/new-economy/2009/0629/madoffs-sentence-big-but-not-141078-years">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Madoff%27s+sentence%3A+big%2C+but+not+141%2C078+years&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft.aulast=Belsie&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FBusiness%2Fnew-economy%2F2009%2F0629%2Fmadoffs-sentence-big-but-not-141078-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVavilovNicholls2016" class="citation book cs1">Vavilov, A.; Nicholls, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yb8YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">Gazprom: An Energy Giant and Its Challenges in Europe</a>. Springer. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137461100" title="Special:BookSources/9781137461100"><bdi>9781137461100</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207100705/https://books.google.com/books?id=yb8YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. 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Retrieved June 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rights+for+Gay+Couples+in+Denmark&rft.date=1989-10-02&rft.aulast=Rule&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F10%2F02%2Fworld%2Frights-for-gay-couples-in-denmark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esquilax.com/flag/chronlog.shtml">"The Flag Burning Page"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716162356/http://www.esquilax.com/flag/chronlog.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2017. 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Retrieved August 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grim+legacy+of+Liberia%27s+most+isolated+town&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2009-12-24&rft.aulast=Paye-Layleh&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8429962.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries1993" class="citation book cs1">Jeffries, Ian (1993). Socialist economies and the transition to the market : a guide. London New York: Routledge. p. 434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134903603" title="Special:BookSources/9781134903603"><bdi>9781134903603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialist+economies+and+the+transition+to+the+market+%3A+a+guide&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pages=434&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781134903603&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/article.php/21501/article">"The Warsaw Voice"</a>. Warsawvoice.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604075036/https://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/article.php/21501/article">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Warsaw+Voice&rft.pub=Warsawvoice.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawvoice.pl%2FWVpage%2Fpages%2Farticle.php%2F21501%2Farticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1990" class="citation news cs1">Hayes, Thomas C. (February 28, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/28/business/company-news-wal-mart-net-jumps-by-31.8.html">"Wal-Mart Net Jumps By 31.8%"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723112604/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/28/business/company-news-wal-mart-net-jumps-by-31.8.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wal-Mart+Net+Jumps+By+31.8%25&rft.date=1990-02-28&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F02%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-wal-mart-net-jumps-by-31.8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareles1989" class="citation news cs1">Pareles, Jon (December 10, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/10/arts/outlaw-rock-more-skirmishes-censorship-front-pop-view-more-skirmishes-censorship.html">"Outlaw Rock: More Skirmishes on the Censorship Front POP VIEW; More Skirmishes on The Censorship Front"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206055838/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/10/arts/outlaw-rock-more-skirmishes-censorship-front-pop-view-more-skirmishes-censorship.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Outlaw+Rock%3A+More+Skirmishes+on+the+Censorship+Front+POP+VIEW%3B+More+Skirmishes+on+The+Censorship+Front&rft.date=1989-12-10&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F12%2F10%2Farts%2Foutlaw-rock-more-skirmishes-censorship-front-pop-view-more-skirmishes-censorship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1989" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li>Ash, Timothy Garton. The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of '89 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin, and Prague (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-Magic-Lantern-Revolution-Witnessed/dp/0679740481/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Kenney, Padraic, ed. 1989: Democratic Revolutions at the Cold War's End: A Brief History with Documents (2009)</li> <li>Sebestyen, Victor. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Revolution-1989-Fall-Soviet-Empire/dp/0307387925/">excerpt</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091016014732/http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/10__Press__Facts/03__Infocus/04__Without__Walls/__Main__S.html">Freedom Without Walls: German Missions in the United States</a> Looking Back at the Fall of the Berlin Wall – official homepage in English</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989&oldid=1254582397">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989&oldid=1254582397</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=1989&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 31 October 2024, at 18:24 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1989 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1989 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="1989 թուական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1989 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="1989 сон – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="1989 сон" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B8%DB%B9_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۹۸۹ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۹۸۹ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AF" title="১৯৮৯ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৯৮৯" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_n%C3%AE" title="1989 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1989 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1989 йыл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1989 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%A1%E0%BC%A9%E0%BC%A8%E0%BC%A9" title="༡༩༨༩ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="༡༩༨༩" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989." title="1989. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1989." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="1989 ие – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1989 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B8%DB%B9" title="۱۹۸۹ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۹۸۹" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D1%88%D1%83" title="1989 шу – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="1989 шу" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E5%B9%B4" title="1989年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1989年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989-ngi%C3%A8n" title="1989-ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1989-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%EB%85%84" title="1989년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1989년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AF" title="१९८९ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१९८९" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989." title="1989. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1989." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AF" title="মারি ১৯৮৯ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৯৮৯" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1989-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1989-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AF%E0%B3%AE%E0%B3%AF" title="೧೯೮೯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೯೮೯" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1989 джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1989 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1989 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1989 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="1989-ӧд во – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1989-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1989 (almanak gregoryen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1989 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D0%B8" title="1989 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1989 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989._gads" title="1989. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1989. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="1989 йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1989 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_m." title="1989 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1989 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989moi" title="1989moi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="1989moi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AF" title="१९८९ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१९८९" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AF" title="इ.स. १९८९ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १९८९" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B8%DB%B9" title="۱۹۸۹ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۹۸۹" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1989 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1989 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="1989 он – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1989 он" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%89%E1%81%88%E1%81%89" title="၁၉၈၉ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၉၈၉" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AF" title="सन् १९८९ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् १९८९" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E5%B9%B4" title="1989年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1989年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1989 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1989 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AF%E0%AD%AE%E0%AD%AF" title="୧୯୮୯ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୯୮୯" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AF" title="१९८९ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१९८९" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_1989" title="Joohr 1989 – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 1989" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1989 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1989 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1989 сыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1989 сыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%D8%B9" title="1989ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1989ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A8%D9%A9" title="١٩٨٩ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٩٨٩" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1989 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1989 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2532" title="พ.ศ. 2532 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2532" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1989" title="Соли 1989 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1989" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1989 ар – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="1989 ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%D8%A1" title="1989ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1989ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_-_%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="1989 - يىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="1989 - يىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_nienz" title="1989 nienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="1989 nienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%85%AB%E4%B9%9D%E5%B9%B4" title="一九八九年 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一九八九年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E5%B9%B4" title="1989年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1989年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E5%B9%B4" title="1989年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1989年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1989" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 October 2024, at 18:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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