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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">== Biology == [[File:Porphyrophora hamelii, cysts.jpg|thumb|''Porphyrophora hamelii'' cysts around the root of ''Aeluropus littoralis'']] ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' is a [[Sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]] species.<ref name="Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007">{{cite journal |last1= Vahedi |first1= Hassan-Ali |last2= Hodgson |first2= C.J. |date= 2007 |title=Some species of the hypogeal scale insect Porphyrophora Brandt (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) from Europe, the Middle East and Africa |journal= Systematics and Biodiversity |publisher= Taylor & Francis |volume= 5 |issue= 1 |pages= 23–122 |doi=10.1017/s1477200006002039|s2cid= 85698171 }}</ref><ref name="Foldi_2005">{{cite journal |last= Foldi |first= Imre |date= 2005 |title=Ground pearls: a generic revision of the Margarodidae ''sensu stricto'' (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) |url= http://zoologie.umh.ac.be/asef/pdf/2005_41_01/compact/Foldi_ASEF_2005_41_1_81_125_compact.pdf |journal= Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |series=New Series |publisher= Taylor & Francis |volume=41 |issue= 1 |pages= 81–125 |access-date=9 October 2014 |doi=10.1080/00379271.2005.10697442|s2cid= 86389986 }}</ref><ref name= "Jakubski_1965">{{cite book |last=Jakubski |first=Antoni Władysław |date= 1965 |title=A Critical Revision of the Families Margarodidae and Termitococcidae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher=Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History)}}</ref> The adult female, from which [[carmine]] is extracted, is oval-shaped, soft-bodied, crimson in color, and has large forelegs for [[Fossorial|digging]]. The females can be quite large for a ''Porphyrophora'' species: up to {{convert|10|–|12|mm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|7|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007" /><ref name= "Jakubski_1965" /> It has been noted that one [[Troy weight|troy pound]] (360 grams) of cochineal insects requires 18,000–23,000 specimens of ''Porphyrophora hamelii'', but 100,000–130,000 specimens of the sister species [[Polish cochineal|''Porphyrophora polonica'']] (or 20,000–25,000 specimens of [[Cochineal|''Dactylopius coccus'']]).<ref name="Virey_1840">{{Citation |last= Virey |first= M.J.J. |date= 1840 |contribution= Remarks on the former uses of purple or scarlet colouring insects. New cochineal of Persia and Armenia. |editor-last=Watt |contribution-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LKQwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA209 |editor-first= Charles |editor2-last= Watt |editor2-first= John Jr.|title= The Chemist: Or, Reporter of Chemical Discoveries and Improvements, and Protector of the Rights of the Chemist and Chemical Manufacturer |location= London, United Kingdom |publisher= R. Hastings |volume= I |pages= 209–210}}</ref><ref name="Fennel_1842">{{Citation |last= Fennel |first= James H. |date= 1842 |contribution= On useful insects and their products |contribution-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wTo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA295 |editor-last= Watt | editor-first= Charles |editor2-last= Watt |editor2-first= John Jr.|title= The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher= J. Limbird |volume= I |issue= 19 |pages= 295–296}}</ref> The adult male ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' is a winged insect. The life cycle of ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' is mostly [[Hypogeal|subterranean]].<ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham" /><ref name="Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007" /><ref name="Foldi_2005" /> Newly hatched [[Nymph (biology)|nymphs]] emerge from the ground in the springtime and crawl until they find the [[root]]s of certain [[Poaceae|grassy plants]] that [[Halophyte|grow in saline soil]], such as [[Aeluropus|''Aeluropus littoralis'']] ({{langx|hy|որդանխոտ}} (genus ''Aeluropus''),<ref name="Babenko_1988" /><ref name="Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev">{{cite journal |date=1988 |title=Vordan Karmir: The Red Worm (From the ''Soviet Armenia Encyclopedia'', Vol. 8, 1982, pp. 642–43) |url=http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-42.htm |journal=Oriental Rug Review |publisher=Oriental Rug Auction Review |volume=VIII |issue=5 |pages=42–43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701164358/http://www.rugreview.com/orr/8-5-42.htm |archive-date=2013-07-01 |access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> literally "worm's grass") and the common reed [[Phragmites|''Phragmites australis'']].<ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham" /><ref name="Vahedi_and_Hodgson_2007" /> The nymphs continue to feed on these roots throughout the spring and summer, forming protective [[pearl]]-like cysts in the process. From mid-September to mid-October adults emerge from the ground between 5&nbsp;a.m. and 10&nbsp;a.m. to mate.<ref name="Cardon_2007" /><ref name="MNP_RA_P_ham" /><ref name="Sov_Arm_Encyc_Orient_Rug_Rev" /><ref name="Cardon_2007_note4">Cardon (2007) cites her own field mission in Armenia in 1989 as well as the papers by Jakubski (1965) and Mktrtchian and Sarkisov (1985) for her description of ''Porphyrophora hamelii'' biology, which states that the mating time is from 5&nbsp;a.m. to 10&nbsp;a.m. The ''Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia'' (1982) and the online ''Red Book of Armenia'' (which cites Mktchyan and Sarkisov (1985) and others) state that the mating time is from 6&nbsp;a.m. to 11&nbsp;a.m. Note that in 1982 and 1985 the emergence of the insects in early September would have been in Armenian Summer Time (UTC+5), whereas the Republic of Armenia has been on UTC+4 time year-round since 2012.</ref> The adult insects, lacking mouthparts, do not feed.<ref name="Foldi_2005" /> Adult males live for only a few days, but adult females can live longer, burrowing into the ground to lay their eggs.<ref name="Foldi_2005" /> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Armenian_cochineal" title="Armenian cochineal">Armenian cochineal</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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