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id="toc-1945_prosecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945_prosecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 1945 prosecution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945_prosecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_sentencing_and_rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_sentencing_and_rehabilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Communist sentencing and rehabilitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_sentencing_and_rehabilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13 Final years and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gherman Pântea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جيرمان پينتيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرمان پينتيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherman_P%C3%AEntea" title="Gherman Pîntea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gherman Pîntea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea" title="Gherman Pântea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Gherman Pântea</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea_(1894-1968).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea_%281894-1968%29.jpg/220px-Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea_%281894-1968%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea_%281894-1968%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="467" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Pântea in 1918</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Odesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Odesa">Mayor of Odesa</a> (Romanian-installed)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1941–1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Y. K. Chernytsa (Soviet)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">V. P. Davydenko (Soviet)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">19th <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Mayor of Chișinău">Mayor of Chișinău</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1932–1932</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ionescu_(politician)" title="Constantin Ionescu (politician)">Constatin Ionescu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Bogos" title="Dimitrie Bogos">Dimitrie Bogos</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1927–1928</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Teodorescu" title="Sebastian Teodorescu">Sebastian Teodorescu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Negrescu" title="Ion Negrescu">Ion Negrescu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1923–1923</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasile_B%C3%A2rc%C4%83" title="Vasile Bârcă">Vasile Bârcă</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Bivol" title="Nicolae Bivol">Nicolae Bivol</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1894-05-13)May 13, 1894 <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%83icani" title="Zăicani">Zăicani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now Moldova)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1, 1968(1968-02-01) (aged 73) <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Bellu_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellu cemetery">Bellu cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George" title="Order of St. George">Order of St. George</a> Moldavian Order of St. Vladimir</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea_signature.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gherman Pântea's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea_signature.JPG/128px-Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea_signature.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea_signature.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="69" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a></li> <li>Bessarabian Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Land_Forces" title="Romanian Land Forces">Romanian Land Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1915–1917</li> <li>1917–1919</li> <li>1941</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Podporuchik" title="Podporuchik">Podporuchik</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odessa (1941)">Siege of Odessa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Gherman Vasile Pântea (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Romanian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[ˈɡerman ˈpɨnte̯a]</a>; surname also spelled Pîntea; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Герман Васильевич Пынтя, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: German Vasilyevich Pyntya; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Герман Васильович Пинтя, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Herman Vasylyovich Pyntia; May 13, 1894 – February 1, 1968) was a <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabian</a>-born soldier, civil servant and political figure, active in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. As an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> during most of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he helped organize the committees of Bessarabian soldiers, oscillating between loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> and the cause of Bessarabian emancipation. Pântea was subsequently Military Director of the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a>, answering to <a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion_Incule%C8%9B" title="Ion Inculeț">Ion Inculeț</a>. He personally created a <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Moldova">Bessarabian defense force</a>, tasked with combating <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> subversion and Russian intimidation, but also braced for defeat after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. With some hesitance, Gherman Pântea endorsed the Republic's <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">union with Romania</a>, affiliating with the local <a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Peasants%27_Party" title="Bessarabian Peasants' Party">Bessarabian Peasants' Party</a>, then with Romania's <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberals</a>. Having parallel careers as teacher, lawyer and journalist, Pântea remained a presence in Romanian political life, as member of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a>, negotiator of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and three times <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Mayor of Chișinău">Mayor of Chișinău</a>. He was however mistrusted for his defense of arrested Bolsheviks, his critique of <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralized government</a>, and his alleged corruption. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Pântea was <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Odesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Odesa">Mayor of Odesa</a> under a Romanian occupation. He intervened to save Jews from the <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">1941 Odessa massacre</a> and the subsequent deportations to camps in <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria</a>. He had a tumultuous relationship with <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>, the Romanian dictator, and was kept in check by the occupation authority. His administration managed to set in motion a plan for <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, and helped the city overcome devastation through the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, but also created various controversies. Pântea was long suspected of war crimes, and spent much of his post-war life as a fugitive. He was eventually apprehended, and became a <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Romanian communist regime</a>. In 1956, he managed to have the war crimes verdict overturned but, albeit <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">rehabilitated</a> in part, continued to be harassed by the communist apparatus until the 1960s. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_and_World_War_I_service">Early years and World War I service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years and World War I service">edit</a>]</div> Much of Gherman Pântea's life remain mysterious, inaccessible to researchers, and, according to historian Ion Constantin, "a permanent crossover of myth and reality."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Of <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">ethnic Romanian</a> and lower-middle-class origins, Gherman Pântea was born on May 13, 1894, in the northern Bessarabian village of <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%83icani" title="Zăicani">Zăicani</a>; he was one of several children born to lawyer Vasile Pântea and his wife Ioana.<a href="#cite_note-ic35,_98-2">[2]</a> They were of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> religion, and Gherman was a practicing <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a> until late in life.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The boy had trouble adapting himself to the requirements of living in what was then Russia's <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia Governorate</a>: although he was studious and completed primary school with honors, he had difficulty learning the official <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ic35-4">[4]</a> He finished secondary school in <a href="/wiki/Glodeni" title="Glodeni">Glodeni</a>, before leaving for <a href="/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi" title="Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi">Akkerman</a>, where he attended Russian <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal school</a> and witnessed the start of World War I.<a href="#cite_note-ic35,_98-2">[2]</a> He frequently sailed to Odesa, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> port which was to fascinate him for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In June 1915, shortly after completing his studies, Pântea was drafted into the Imperial Russian Army, and relocated to <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, where he attended a <a href="/wiki/Junker_(Russia)" title="Junker (Russia)">Junker School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ic35-4">[4]</a> He was again in Odesa, where Bessarabian-born officer <a href="/wiki/Emanoil_Catelli" title="Emanoil Catelli">Emanoil Catelli</a> was giving standard <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a> classes to Russian officers, and became close friends with his new teacher.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> (Some sources represent Pântea as a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Odesa_University" title="Odesa University">Odesa University</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Upon graduation from the Junker School, the young <a href="/wiki/Podporuchik" title="Podporuchik">Podporuchik</a> was dispatched to the <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romanian front</a>, to function as a translator between the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Army_(Russian_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Army (Russian Empire)">Russian Ninth Army</a> and their colleagues in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Land_Forces" title="Romanian Land Forces">Romanian Land Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ic35-4">[4]</a> He also fought with valor during battles against the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a>, and twice received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George" title="Order of St. George">Order of St. George</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Russia's <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> caught Pântea entrenched with his men somewhere near the town of <a href="/wiki/Roman,_Romania" title="Roman, Romania">Roman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The news, he later wrote, was a wake-up call for the Bessarabian Romanians in foreign lands, since it offered the prospect of self-determination at home.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> As the Provisional Government took hold of military matters, Pântea became President of the Ninth Army's <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviet</a>, and also helped organize the Bessarabian soldiers into a single political body.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Similar actions were being taken by other nationally minded Bessarabian officers. Some—Catelli, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Crihan" title="Anton Crihan">Anton Crihan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Osoianu" title="Constantin Osoianu">Constantin Osoianu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_P%C4%83sc%C4%83lu%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ion Păscăluță">Ion Păscăluță</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Scobioal%C4%83" title="Andrei Scobioală">Andrei Scobioală</a>—were active on Bessarabia's borders, while others addressed Bessarabian units in places such as <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elefterie_Sinicliu" title="Elefterie Sinicliu">Elefterie Sinicliu</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grigore_Turcuman" title="Grigore Turcuman">Grigore Turcuman</a>).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Here was the nucleus for a single military and political unit of the Bessarabian, or "Moldavian", national movement, which sought to gain control of <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> (the informal Bessarabian capital). At the time, tensions were sparked between Podporuchik Pântea's Roman organization and the inner-Bessarabian faction which demanded a <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>, namely the Chișinău Soviet of Workers and Soldiers; he also had to struggle with Bessarabian apathy, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> gains, and territorial claims stated by the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Through Pântea and Scobioală, the Roman group communicated directly with a civilian network formed by the Bessarabian expatriates of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, who endorsed the effort to consolidate political unity.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> On behalf of the Roman leadership, Pântea made a journey to Odesa, where he contacted the eastern committee formed by Catelli and the others (May 1917).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> At the time, Odesa Bessarabians were forming their "Moldavian <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">Cohorts</a>", armed units which were supposed to challenge the Chișinău Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldavian_Central_Committee">Moldavian Central Committee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Moldavian Central Committee">edit</a>]</div> Eventually, in June 1917, Gherman Pântea and two other Ninth Army soldiers—Petre Vărzaru, Ion Mitrean—were mandated by their colleagues to leave for Chișinău and organize the national movement locally. The youngest of all activists involved in the project, Pântea was elected head of the resulting Moldavian Central Committee of the Soldiers and Officers' Union.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Pântea, Vărzaru and Mitrean benefited from some Russian support, after Commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shcherbachov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Shcherbachov (page does not exist)">Alexander Shcherbachov</a> gave them a free pass and an indefinite leave from the Romanian front.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> However, their Central Committee met a new rival in the parallel <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a>, formed by revolutionary Russians loyal to the Chișinău Soviet. This authority gave formal backing to its Moldavian equivalent, supporting its struggle for self-determination and even discussing a merger, but discreetly tried to combat Bessarabian Romanian influence in all other fields.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A truce was agreed upon between Pântea and the Russian Committee representative Levenzon, which even allowed both organisms to share office space in the same building.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> During September, after clashes with some of the radicalized peasants hampered propaganda efforts in the countryside, and Ukrainian or Russian pressures increased, the Moldavian Committee began issuing its own political newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Known as Soldatul Moldovan ("The Moldavian Soldier"), it had poet <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Tudor" title="Gheorghe Tudor">Gheorghe (Iorgu) Tudor</a> as manager and Pântea as one of three editors.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Pântea carried from Iași a large bag of propaganda literature, in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic letters</a>—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Harea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Harea (page does not exist)">Vasile Harea</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A2nt_Moldovenesc_(magazine)" title="Cuvânt Moldovenesc (magazine)">Cuvânt Moldovenesc</a> paper, who witnessed the event, described Pântea as "a rather affected young man, with a nervous gaze, ambitious and conceiving of all sorts of schemes".<a href="#cite_note-ic56-23">[23]</a> At around the same time, the Moldavian Central Committee took steps to create a Bessarabian national force within Russia's Army, with <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Cijevschi" title="Vasile Cijevschi">Vasile Cijevschi</a> as Commander. The request was presented to the <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> (supreme command of the Russian forces) in <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a>. It provided an ambiguous response, and Pântea led a delegation to request further clarification.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> On their way through Kyiv, the Bessarabian envoys chanced upon Romania's own delegates to Russia: <a href="/wiki/Dinu_Br%C4%83tianu" title="Dinu Brătianu">Dinu Brătianu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Iancovescu" title="Constantin Iancovescu">Constantin Iancovescu</a>. The two missions shared a train carriage, and the time they shared prompted Stavka staff to suspect a conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Bessarabians tried to mend the situation, and Pântea had interviews with Commander <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Dukhonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Dukhonin">Nikolay Dukhonin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russian Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>. Pântea later wrote that Kerensky was the most welcoming, allowing the gradual creation of a single Bessarabian army (and even promising to transfer the Odessa 40th Regiment its jurisdiction), but forbidding any unilateral Bessarabian decision on this matter.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Before and after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> overturned the Provisional Government and brought the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> (communist) movement to power in Russia, Gherman Pântea played a game of intricate diplomacy. According to Ion Constantin, he was good at seizing political opportunities "in those murky, troubled times, subject to fast and radical changes to the map of <a href="/wiki/East-Central_Europe" title="East-Central Europe">East-Central Europe</a>".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> By early October 1917, Pântea was realizing that Kerensky and the Provisional Government could lose the battle. In a bid to discover the other side's intentions regarding Bessarabia, he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> and met Bolshevik ideologue <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>. As Pântea later stated, Lenin declared himself for revolutionary self-determination in the national issue—some researchers regard this claim as an urban legend, with which Bessarabian intellectuals tried to convince communists that Lenin himself validated their national aspirations.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Returning to Bessarabia, Pântea attended meetings of the Bolshevik club, alongside <a href="/wiki/Ion_Buzdugan" title="Ion Buzdugan">Ion Buzdugan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sfatul_Țării_and_Moldavian_Directorate">Sfatul Țării and Moldavian Directorate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sfatul Țării and Moldavian Directorate">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/240px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/360px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg/480px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Founding act of the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii" title="Sfatul Țării">Sfatul Țării</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii_(newspaper,_1917-1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfatul Țării (newspaper, 1917-1920)">eponymous newspaper</a></figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, Pântea's Committee organized a Moldavian Soldiers' Congress, which was to form the basis for a Bessarabian legislature, called <a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii" title="Sfatul Țării">Sfatul Țării</a>. A dispute endures surrounding the initiative behind this Congress, since both Pântea and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_Holban_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Holban (politician) (page does not exist)">Ștefan Holban</a> claimed to have had the idea first.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In order to ensure attendance, Pântea (or Holban) appealed to a ruse, circulating a telegram which misleadingly suggested that the Russian Provisional Government was backing the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Within days, Pântea was designated Vice President of the Bessarabian soldiers' assembly; Cijevschi was its President.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Their act of insubordination enraged Kerensky: just before Lenin ousted him from power, the Russian Prime Minister issued a warrant for Pântea's arrest; by then, however, the Bessarabian Congress had been recognized by third parties, from the <a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Mensheviks</a> to the <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Lithuania,_Poland_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia">Bundistn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In the confusion that followed Lenin's seizure of power, Pântea still recognized the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a>, and presented his candidature in the <a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">Russian parliamentary election</a>. He was included on a <a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Peasants%27_Party" title="Bessarabian Peasants' Party">Bessarabian Peasants' Party</a> (PȚB) list headed by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Incule%C8%9B" title="Ion Inculeț">Ion Inculeț</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pantelimon_Erhan" title="Pantelimon Erhan">Pantelimon Erhan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cucxvii-34">[34]</a> The election itself was a chaotic affair, and votes were never officially counted anywhere in Bessarabia.<a href="#cite_note-cucxvii-34">[34]</a> Once Sfatul Țării came into existence, Pântea was involved in more political maneuvering, helping his colleagues to topple <a href="/wiki/Ion_Pelivan" title="Ion Pelivan">Ion Pelivan</a>, the designated first President of the Assembly. In doing so, Pântea gave approval to the demands of non-Romanian or pro-Russian delegates, who were scandalized by Pelivan's vocal Romanian nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-inpelivan-35">[35]</a> Like Crihan and Buzdugan, and eventually Pelivan himself, he transferred his support to Inculeț, who was widely perceived as a moderate, a loyalist, and a product of the February Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-inpelivan-35">[35]</a> Pântea too was designated a Sfatul Țării member, representing both the Soldiers' Congress and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi_Country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bălți Country (page does not exist)">Bălți Country</a> constituency.<a href="#cite_note-ic56-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-cucxvii-34">[34]</a> His first address, in Russian, spoke about the opportunity for reform, and promised that, under Sfatul Țării, Bessarabia would bloom into "a rose".<a href="#cite_note-ic56-23">[23]</a> Pântea was then an active as legislator, serving on the Sfatul Țării Commission for Schooling and the Commission for <a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">Liquidation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Additionally, he was a delegate to the Congress of Schoolteachers, wherein he recommended teaching Romanian to all Bessarabian schoolchildren.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> From 1918 to 1925, he edited the Russian-language regional daily Golos.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> When Bessarabian deputies created the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a>, Pântea was integrated on the governing Moldavian Directorate: he had in his care the General Directorate for War and Navy, initially as <a href="/wiki/Locum" title="Locum">Locum</a> for <a href="/wiki/Teodor_Cojocaru" title="Teodor Cojocaru">Teodor Cojocaru</a>, and then as de facto Director.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> His main task was the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Moldova">"Moldavian" armed force</a>, which integrated the previous Cohorts, guarded over the unruly withdrawal of Russian forces, and established friendly contacts with the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The Director witnessed with growing alarm as some components of his new army were coming under Bolshevik influence. Such was the case of Chișinău Garrison, which was being maneuvered by <a href="/wiki/Ilie_C%C4%83t%C4%83r%C4%83u" title="Ilie Cătărău">Ilie Cătărău</a>, a mysterious adventurer and political radical. After Cătărău openly questioned Sfatul Țării authority over his troops, Pântea took a singular measure: together with a rogue unit of <a href="/wiki/Amur_Cossacks" title="Amur Cossacks">Amur Cossacks</a>, he surprised Cătărău on New Year's Eve, arresting and deporting him to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-rpenigma2-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Between the two distinct phases of this incident, the Republic's army was sworn in during a ceremony attended by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">Moldavian President</a> Inculeț.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_with_Romania">Union with Romania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Union with Romania">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_Colors_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Military_Colors_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg/240px-Military_Colors_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Military_Colors_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg/360px-Military_Colors_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Military_Colors_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg/480px-Military_Colors_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">War flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic">Moldavian Democratic Republic</a>, with the initials R.M.</figcaption></figure> Bolshevik agitation, endorsed from a distance by Lenin's <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a>, peaked over the early days of 1918. The withdrawing Russians were sacking the region, and Bolshevik factions such as Front-Ordel stood to gain the upper hand in Chișinău, <a href="/wiki/Cotiujeni" title="Cotiujeni">Cotiujeni</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Pântea instituted a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>, and attempted to introduce more severe sanctions for insubordination.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The Bolshevik groups resorted to intimidating acts in the capital, kidnapping some of the Sfatul Țării deputies and attacking the Romanian-organized <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Volunteer_Corps_in_Russia" title="Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia">Volunteer Corps in Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In his addresses to Sfatul, Pântea began identifying the Republic's enemy as exclusively "non-Moldavian", but noted that the Bessarabian army behaved "like a flock of rams", with no leadership and morale.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On January 9, 1918, the Director was himself a victim of a Bolshevik maneuver, being apprehended by Front-Ordel men and only released, together with soldiers of the Volunteer Corps, when the Bessarabian army intervened in force.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Facing the threats of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> expansion into the Republic and <a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">communization</a> in his own ranks,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Pântea became a major contributor to the accelerated political process of <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">union with Romania</a>. In January 1918, he welcomed the Romanian Land Forces and General <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bro%C8%99teanu" title="Ernest Broșteanu">Ernest Broșteanu</a>, who had a mandate to reinstate order, and who arrived in Chișinău alongside the French military envoy <a href="/wiki/Henri_Mathias_Berthelot" title="Henri Mathias Berthelot">Henri Mathias Berthelot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> There followed a common offensive against the Bolshevik insurgents, part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Western intervention in the Civil War</a>. In the end, the Bolsheviks retreated to <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Tighina</a>, and the Russian Soviet government broke <a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Romania–Russia relations">diplomatic contacts with Romania</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Soviet Republic">Odesa Soviet Republic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Later that month, the Moldavian Republic proclaimed itself an independent state, with <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ciugureanu" title="Daniel Ciugureanu">Daniel Ciugureanu</a> as the new head of government. The administration was reorganized, and Pântea lost his position to Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Br%C4%83escu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Brăescu (page does not exist)">Constantin Brăescu</a>, the Minister of War.<a href="#cite_note-ic69-52">[52]</a> President Inculeț compensated for the loss of prestige, raising Gherman Pântea to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> and making him Knight of the Moldavian Order of St. Vladimir.<a href="#cite_note-ic72-53">[53]</a> By then, Romanian intervention posed a fundamental dilemma, since the political class became undecided about whether to cement Bessarabian statehood or look forward to a union.<a href="#cite_note-ic69-52">[52]</a> Inconclusiveness touched the Bessarabian army. Its new uniforms, on the Romanian model, led Bessarabians to assume that it was a branch of the Romanian Land Forces; the <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monogram</a> R.M., for Republica Moldovenească ("Moldavian Republic"), was commonly misread as standing for "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>" (România Mare).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Pântea himself appeared undecided about the situation, and, in a letter to pro-Russian officer <a href="/wiki/Anatol_Popa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatol Popa">Anatol Popa</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Romania" title="Capital punishment in Romania">sentenced to death</a> by the Romanian military), argued: "I promise you that I'll be defending republican Bessarabia next to Russia, even if it costs me my life [...]. I gave the order for all the Moldavian army to take action; when it turned out that the Romanians were arriving with too great a force, I changed that order. The Romanians hold on tight [...]. I fear greatly that the Romanians are here to steal away our Bessarabia."<a href="#cite_note-ic70-71-55">[55]</a> This correspondence remains a problematic aspect of Pântea' career. While some take it to imply double dealing or at least an ideological ambiguity, Ion Constantin suggests that it may have been in fact a ruse.<a href="#cite_note-ic71-56">[56]</a> At the time, Romanian authorities were less convinced of Pântea's loyalty. They suspected him of playing the Romanians and the Russians against each other, and subjected him to a formal inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-rpenigma2-41">[41]</a> Years later, Pântea referred to Broșteanu's intervention as misguided and sanguinary, because it carried out <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> of suspected rebels, encouraged denunciations, and stained the unionists' international reputation.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The union was effected on March 27, 1918, when a Sfatul Țării majority voted in favor. The 86 yea votes, which carried the day, included Pântea's.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> He also voted in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Romania" title="Land reform in Romania">Romanian-wide land reform</a>, an additional condition to the union.<a href="#cite_note-ic72-53">[53]</a> Contrary to later Bolshevik allegations, he and the other pro-union voters did not receive land property in exchange for their loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-icelita-59">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea#Dubious" title="Talk:Gherman Pântea">discuss</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawyer,_journalist_and_PNL_politician">Lawyer, journalist and PNL politician</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lawyer, journalist and PNL politician">edit</a>]</div> Over the following period, Pântea campaigned internally for further recognition of the assembly's decision, approaching the reluctant communities of <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea Germans</a>. In March 1919, he was at <a href="/wiki/Tarutyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarutyne">Tarutino</a>, where a mass of Germans was persuaded into voting for the Sfatul Țării union resolution.<a href="#cite_note-vc63-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> He subsequently accompanied a deputation of Black Sea Germans to <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, capital of Greater Romania, and, with them, was received by <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ic72-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-vc63-60">[60]</a> His rank in the Bessarabian army was recognized by the Romanian <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">military reserve force</a>, which integrated him as Major.<a href="#cite_note-ot421-62">[62]</a> In April, Pântea was promoted a member of the Central Committee of the PȚB, and Chairman of its Club.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> He was in Romania for a while, taking his license degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ia%C8%99i" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Iași">University of Iași</a> Faculty of Law (September 1919). Later investigation into his career resulted in allegations that Pântea never did attend class, and that his diploma was abusively released by Rector <a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">A. C. Cuza</a> (answering the special request of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Romanian Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Whether or not this is true, Pântea is known to have been enlisted with the Bessarabian <a href="/wiki/Bar_association" title="Bar association">bar association</a> as of 1919.<a href="#cite_note-ic76-65">[65]</a> Late in the year, he began publishing another Russian-language daily, Bessarabia, which went under in short while and was revived by <a href="/wiki/Vasile_B%C3%A2rc%C4%83" title="Vasile Bârcă">Vasile Bârcă</a> in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> This venture drew suspicions from the Romanian authorities, who organized a search of the premises and, reputedly, uncovered samples of communist propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-ic77-67">[67]</a> Inside the PȚB, Pântea was loyal to Inculeț, and fought against the factions headed by <a href="/wiki/Pan_Halippa" title="Pan Halippa">Pan Halippa</a> and Pelivan. He edited the party's Basarabia newspaper, where he launched tirades against Halippa, and again rose to a leadership position after Halippa's expulsion.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Pântea followed Inculeț into Romania's <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party</a> (PNL), and became deputy leader of the group's Bessarabian section.<a href="#cite_note-rpenigma2-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This affiliation got him elected into the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Romania">Romanian Assembly of Deputies</a> (lower chamber of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a>), the first of ten consecutive terms.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Pântea was nevertheless considered suspect by the Romanian establishment, who believed him a man of left-wing sympathies and a promoter of communist literature.<a href="#cite_note-ic77-67">[67]</a> He was attorney for the group of Bessarabian communists, led by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tcacenco" title="Pavel Tcacenco">Pavel Tcacenco</a>, who had agitated against the Romanian state. The <a href="/wiki/Pro_bono" title="Pro bono">pro bono</a> activity was largely successful: Tcancenco and other three men were found guilt of sedition, and sentenced to death <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a>; 65 detainees were acquitted; 39 others were set free after <a href="/wiki/Trial_de_novo" title="Trial de novo">trial de novo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ic76-65">[65]</a> This implied placing himself against the PNL government, particularly since Pântea reported to the world on the alleged the abuse of power by Romanian administrators in Bessarabia.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> His intervention in Parliament prompted the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Administration_and_Interior_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Administration and Interior (Romania)">Interior Ministry</a> (headed by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_L._Lupu" title="Nicolae L. Lupu">Nicolae L. Lupu</a>) to sack the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Siguran%C8%9Ba_Statului" class="mw-redirect" title="Siguranța Statului">Siguranța police</a> in Chișinău.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 1922, from Tighina, Gherman Pântea began issuing another Russian daily. Titled Yuzhnaya Bessarabia or Iujnaia Besarabia ("Southern Bessarabia"), it survived until April 1923.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> He first had a stint as <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Mayor of Chișinău">Mayor of Chișinău</a>, beginning and ending in 1923, when he outlined plans to improve education and the urban landscape of peripheral quarters.<a href="#cite_note-ic27,_87-74">[74]</a> In October 1923, he was elected one of four Vice Presidents of the Assembly of Deputies,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> the first of two such assignments he would receive in his career.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_missions_and_Georgist_dissidence">Diplomatic missions and Georgist dissidence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diplomatic missions and Georgist dissidence">edit</a>]</div> In summer 1923, mandated by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Romania)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)">Foreign Affairs Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion_G._Duca" title="Ion G. Duca">Ion G. Duca</a> of the PNL,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> he played a part in negotiations to restore contacts with the Russian government. He was in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, meeting with the Romanian communist <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_of_Russia_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ambassadors of Russia to France">Soviet Ambassador to France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> They discussed the litigious issue of Bessarabia, which the Bolsheviks still refused to recognize as part of Romania: Pântea was supposed to convince them that the union had been a legitimate affair, and, according to Pântea, Rakovsky showed himself unusually receptive.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> With a delegation which included <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Langa-R%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Constantin Langa-Rășcanu">Constantin Langa-Rășcanu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Djuvara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mircea Djuvara (page does not exist)">Mircea Djuvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petru_Cazacu" title="Petru Cazacu">Petru Cazacu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Crihan" title="Anton Crihan">Anton Crihan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Pântea represented Romania in bilateral talks with a delegation from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, headed by diplomat <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krestinsky" title="Nikolay Krestinsky">Nikolay Krestinsky</a>. These negotiations took place in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> during late March 1924. In conversation with Krestinsky, Pântea even transmitted the government's offer to renounce claims to the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Treasure" title="Romanian Treasure">Romanian Treasure</a> in Russia, in exchange for the Soviet recognition of the 1918 union.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Contacts broke down when the Soviets presented their proposal: a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> in the disputed region or, alternatively, Romania's cession of the <a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Pântea believed that their uncompromising stance showed the swift radicalization of Soviet foreign policy under new Bolshevik leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, who was Rakovsky's enemy.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The same year, Tcacenco returned to Romania, instigating the "<a href="/wiki/Tatarbunary_Uprising" title="Tatarbunary Uprising">Tatarbunary Uprising</a>". This rebellion was quashed by the Romanian authorities, and Pântea was again defense attorney for the Bessarabian communist cell.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Pântea also received his second term as Vice President of the Assembly after the <a href="/wiki/1927_Romanian_general_election" title="1927 Romanian general election">1927 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> He still held the office in 1925, when he took part in debates to extend the scope of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a>. To the alarm of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a>, he assessed that all <a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessarabian Jews">Bessarabian Jews</a> had the right of <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> By then, the former Military Director was also a managerial director for Chișinău's <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">chamber of commerce</a>, and tried to obtain tax reductions for the Bessarabian artisans.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Gherman Pântea returned as Mayor of Chișinău, in office from 1927 to 1928.<a href="#cite_note-ic27,_87-74">[74]</a> In 1930, dissatisfied with the PNL and in dispute with Inculeț, he became a member of the dissident <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party-Br%C4%83tianu" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberal Party-Brătianu">National Liberal Party-Brătianu</a> (the "Georgists").<a href="#cite_note-ic27,_86-88">[88]</a> He was notoriously critical of the PNL's party line, alleging that Inculeț had exploited Bessarabia for the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Old_Kingdom" title="Romanian Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a>'s benefit.<a href="#cite_note-ic27,_86-88">[88]</a> Around the same time as Bessarabia marked its first full decade of Romanian rule, Pântea, Buzdugan, Crihan and Catelli were members of the Chișinău Union of Reserve Officers. A rough equivalent of the pre-union <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Nobility" title="Assembly of the Nobility">Assembly of the Nobility</a>, this association stood out for demanding equal access to Romanian pensions for veterans of the Bessarabian army.<a href="#cite_note-icelita-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_1930s">Early 1930s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early 1930s">edit</a>]</div> The Georgist party failed to register much success, and Pântea left it before the <a href="/wiki/1931_Romanian_general_election" title="1931 Romanian general election">1931 election</a>; he joined the "National Union" list of incumbent Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a>, and was returned to the lower chamber.<a href="#cite_note-ic27,_86-88">[88]</a> His third and final mandate as Mayor of Chișinău was in 1932, when he began taking steps to erect a local statue of Ferdinand I.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> As the region suffered the consequences of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, he helped Chișinău's poor, using public funds to buy back their <a href="/wiki/Pawnbroker" title="Pawnbroker">pawned</a> property items.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> As claimed by his political rivals (including historian <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Ciobanu_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ștefan Ciobanu (politician)">Ștefan Ciobanu</a>), Pântea was corrupt and irresponsible in office, pocketing large sums of public money, and partying at Chișinău's expense on a visit to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italy</a> (where he was supposed to reward <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a>'s support of the Bessarabian union).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> An anonymous brochure called the mayor a "<a href="/wiki/Rasputin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasputin">Rasputin</a>", alleging that he stole public furniture, while an antisemitic city councilor depicted him as "in cahoots" with the Bessarabian Jews.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> During those years, Pântea also became an active member of the Bucharest Bessarabian Circle of <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Bosie-Codreanu" title="Nicolae Bosie-Codreanu">Nicolae Bosie-Codreanu</a>, which monitored the evolution of Soviet attitudes on Romania.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> By then, there was a visible <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> between the Romania and the Soviet Union, effected by Romania's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Titulescu" title="Nicolae Titulescu">Nicolae Titulescu</a> and his PNL faction. The two governments had signed the <a href="/wiki/London_Convention_for_the_Definition_of_Aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="London Convention for the Definition of Aggression">London Convention for the Definition of Aggression</a> and resumed diplomatic contacts.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Renewing his attempts to obtain a definitive Romanian–Soviet agreement on Bessarabia, Pântea had informal talks with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Ostrovsky_(commissar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Ostrovsky (commissar) (page does not exist)">Mikhail Ostrovsky</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Ambassador_to_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Ambassador to Romania (page does not exist)">Soviet Envoy to Bucharest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Pântea preserved the image of a philo-Romanian Ostrovsky, who believed that Stalin would in time accept the union; the initiative, however, came to nothing, as both Ostrovsky and Titulescu were sidelined by their respective governments.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Pântea was also focusing on writing his memoirs of World War I and the union. Some of these texts were originally published by <a href="/wiki/Dreptatea" title="Dreptatea">Dreptatea</a> daily in 1931, and were later collected into the book Unirea Basarabiei. Rolul organizațiilor militare moldovenești în actul unirii ("Bessarabia's Union. The Role of Moldavian Military Units in the Act of Union").<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A second edition, published in 1932, had a eulogistic foreword by Nicolae Iorga, the historian and political ally; the book also received endorsements from Pântea's former colleagues (Catilli, Cijevschi etc.).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Around 1935, Pântea's account was rejected by historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emanoil_Hagi-Moscu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emanoil Hagi-Moscu (page does not exist)">Emanoil Hagi-Moscu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoca_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoca (Romania) (page does not exist)">Epoca</a> newspaper, who discussed Pântea's statements of loyalty toward the Russian Republic, and even alleged that the Director had been responsible for the January 1918 attack on the Transylvanian volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-ic70-71-55">[55]</a> With his own version of events supported by Iorga, Pântea sued Hagi-Moscu for <a href="/wiki/Slander" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander">slander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ic71-56">[56]</a> Between 1934 and 1937, when he resumed his activity a lawyer, Pântea sat on Chișinău City Hall's Board of Revision.<a href="#cite_note-ic88-99">[99]</a> He reconciled with the PNL, but the party resented his earlier disloyalty: also in 1937, he left the PNL, never to return.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In October 1937, he was an honored guest at the festive anniversary of the Moldavian Soldiers' Congress, in Chișinău.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> That year, he alo published the second volume of his memoirs: Unirea Basarabiei. Două decenii de la autonomia Basarabiei ("Bessarabia's Union. Two Decades since the Bessarabian Autonomy").<a href="#cite_note-ic191-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carol_II's_regime_and_the_loss_of_Bessarabia">Carol II's regime and the loss of Bessarabia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Carol II's regime and the loss of Bessarabia">edit</a>]</div> Pântea witnessed the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> in Romania, confirmed when the PNL lost the <a href="/wiki/1937_Romanian_general_election" title="1937 Romanian general election">December 1937 election</a>; in those circumstances, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a> appointed the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a> as Premier. The move alarmed the Soviets, and clashed with their <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> policy: according to Pântea, Ambassador Ostrovsky called on him to inform Romanians that Stalin and France's <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a> insisted that Goga should be deposed and Romania taken out of "the fascist camp".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Pântea maintained that, on its own, Ostrovsky's warning to Carol II resulted in the formation of a new Romanian cabinet, headed by <a href="/wiki/Miron_Cristea" class="mw-redirect" title="Miron Cristea">Miron Cristea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The new regime was an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> one, centered on Carol II, and confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/1938_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1938 Constitution of Romania">1938 Constitution of Romania</a>. Parliament was practically dissolved, but, as a long-time member of the former Assembly, Gherman Pântea was assigned a permanent seat in the reorganized <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Romanian Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ic88-99">[99]</a> Following Carol's administrative restructuring, he was also named counsel at the superior court of <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Ainutul_Nistru" title="Ținutul Nistru">Ținutul Nistru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> He was at odds with <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Cazacliu" title="Grigore Cazacliu">Grigore Cazacliu</a>, the King's Resident (Governor), accusing him of dishonest business practices.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> During the first years of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Romania was caught between the hostile governments of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the Soviet Union (see <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a>). In that context, the Soviets communicated an ultimatum to Romania, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">occupied Bessarabia</a> (June 1940). Pântea and his family escaped to Bucharest, where the refugee politician continued his work with the Bessarabian Circle.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Later that year, German pressures resulted in the loss of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a>, which confirmed the break-up of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>. By then, the Bessarabian Circle represented a 120,000-strong refugee community, having Inculeț and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ciugureanu" title="Daniel Ciugureanu">Daniel Ciugureanu</a> as Presidents, Bosie-Codreanu and Pântea as Vice Presidents.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The major territorial losses resulted in Carol's fall from power, and inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> as <a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a>. Initially, this regime followed Nazi policy, and prevented the more obvious displays of Bessarabian unionism, leading Pântea to exclaim: "General Antonescu [...] cannot speak his mind on all subjects, so hopefully he would allow us to discuss and to shout out the issue of our justice".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In May, shortly after the Antonescu regime had restructured itself (see <a href="/wiki/Legionary_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionary Rebellion">Legionary Rebellion</a>), Pântea entered a dispute with other members of the Bessarabian Circle, and resigned from the post of Vice President.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odesa_massacre">Odesa massacre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Odesa massacre">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg/320px-Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg/480px-Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg/640px-Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">1941 Odessa massacre</a>: Jewish deportees killed outside <a href="/wiki/Kotovsk,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotovsk, Ukraine">Brizula</a></figcaption></figure> On June 22, 1941, a little more than a year into the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, Romania partook in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">surprise attack on Soviet territory</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis country</a>. Gherman Pântea was mobilized and dispatched to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Romania)" title="Fourth Army (Romania)">Fourth Army</a>, where he was legal adviser to General <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciuperc%C4%83" title="Nicolae Ciupercă">Nicolae Ciupercă</a>. The latter asked him to review a list of 100 Bessarabian "undesirables", singled out for their left-wing opinions and facing summary execution—Ciupercă wanted his secretary to ensure that no "good Romanians" had been included, but Pântea was able to obtain that the order itself be postponed.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Among those rescued as a result of his objection were the communist activists <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Stere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Stere (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Stere</a> (son of Bessarabian unionist <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stere" title="Constantin Stere">Constantin Stere</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_M%C3%AE%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Mîță (page does not exist)">Alexandru Mîță</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The extension of Romanian rule into a new eastern province, carved out under the name of "<a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria</a>", brought Pântea to high office. As Pântea later noted, Antonescu considered him a suitable Transnistria Governor, but revised his stance when he discovered that Pântea still did not support his policies.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Consequently, Pântea was assigned <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Odesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Odesa">Mayorship of Odesa</a>, taking hold of his seat only after the city's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Odesa_(1941)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Odesa (1941) (page does not exist)">violent siege</a> had been completed. In order to appease the Germans, Odesa was formally kept out of Transnistria, and the Odesa Mayor's office remained separated from those of other Romanian administrators.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Among the latter, Transnistrian Governor <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Alexianu" title="Gheorghe Alexianu">Gheorghe Alexianu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_(Romania)" title="Gendarmerie (Romania)">Gendarmerie</a> commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Vasiliu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Vasiliu (page does not exist)">Constantin Vasiliu</a> and Army General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Ghineraru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Ghineraru (page does not exist)">Nicolae Ghineraru</a> regarded Pântea with particular disdain or mistrust.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Instead of condoning the Romanian- and German-led mass murder of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> and Bessarabian Jews (see <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Romania">Holocaust in Romania</a>), Pântea is credited with having saved many of the potential victims—probably numbering in the thousands.<a href="#cite_note-ibfioneworld-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> On October 22, 1941, Pântea issued a proclamation in Odesskaya Gazeta, promising a return to normal, and announced freedom and equality between all Odesans.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> However, this statement was rendered ineffectual by events which occurred on the same day: an explosion on Marazlie Street took the life of General <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Glogojeanu" title="Ioan Glogojeanu">Ioan Glogojeanu</a> and other Romanian officials. The Antonescu regime supposed a terrorist attack, ignoring all accounts according to which the retreating <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> had mined the location. Reportedly, Pântea and his Transnistrian colleague <a href="/wiki/Nichita_Smochin%C4%83" title="Nichita Smochină">Nichita Smochină</a> were informed of the mining, and tried to warn their superiors not to enter the Marazile building.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Antonescu's reaction was sanguinary, and a collective blame was placed on the Odesa Jews. The community was decimated during what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">1941 Odessa massacre</a>". As a witness to this slaughter, Pântea noted that 450 Jewish people were hanged on the first day, others were randomly shot, and still others were rounded up, their fate to be determined by General <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Macici" title="Nicolae Macici">Nicolae Macici</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Pântea thereafter worked to persuade Macici that the killing quota imposed by Antonescu was excessive.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> On October 23, he and Macici asked Governor Alexianu to turn back the column of Jews sent on a death march.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> They registered only partial success, as some of the deportees returned: according to Pântea, all but 2,000 survived the experience.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> However, researchers of the events record a much higher death toll. According to them, Romanian troops randomly murdered some 20,000<a href="#cite_note-ibfioneworld-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> or 30,000<a href="#cite_note-lr95-126">[126]</a> of those sent on convoys. The following week, the Mayor contacted socialite <a href="/wiki/Alexandrina_Cantacuzino" title="Alexandrina Cantacuzino">Alexandrina Cantacuzino</a> and presented her with a report on the Massacre, which she was to hand over to Antonescu. In assigning blame for the killings, Pântea noted that he himself was not a defender of the Jews, but a man concerned with justice.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> His document highlighted the acts of "barbarity" and the "un-Romanian" behavior of various officials; Antonescu threatened to have the author shot on the spot, but later ordered an investigation into some cases of abuse.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_for_Odesa">Plan for Odesa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plan for Odesa">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg/250px-Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg/375px-Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg/500px-Odessa_opera_house_advertisement_transnistria_times.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Lamppost with advertisements for coming attractions of <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater">Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater</a> and Romanian guard (ca. 1942)</figcaption></figure> Pântea maintained Odesa a functional metropolis, with adequate food and electricity supplies, and as such, when compared to the rest of Transnistria, city life flourished under most of his mandate.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-bfbvsvronsky1-130">[130]</a> He assigned engineer Lisenko, who had flooded the Odesa <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power station</a> during the Soviet retreat, to build a new electrical substation; once this began operating, he reopened the <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater">Odesa Opera and Ballet Theater</a>, refurbished <a href="/wiki/Odesa_University" title="Odesa University">Odesa University</a> (while building a close relationship with the students), and cleared for use the city's tramway lines.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Businesses also reopened, benefiting from <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_taxation" title="Voluntary taxation">voluntary taxation</a>—the city treasury, Pântea claimed, collected some 170 million <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmark</a> in revenue.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a>, the experiment was largely carried by corrupt practices, but also gave the Soviet-born Odesans a unique experience of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Liberal enterprise coexisted with the minute regulation of social life: in Russia, Pântea's resolutions on this subject are remembered as farcical and unwittingly humorous.<a href="#cite_note-avdokument-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-ic151-135">[135]</a> One of them limited children's use of bicycles and <a href="/wiki/Roller_skates" title="Roller skates">roller skates</a>, under the pain of <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> for their parents.<a href="#cite_note-avdokument-134">[134]</a> The cultural projects he promoted doubled as a propaganda effort: the new authorities staged shows which suggested that Odesa was, and would remain, part of a new Greater Romania.<a href="#cite_note-bfbvsvronsky1-130">[130]</a> During 1943, he renamed Avchinnikov Street after <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a>, and turned a lodging once visited by Goga into a hotel for Romanian writers on vacation to "Romanian Odesa".<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Some of the Russian locals played along, in a bit to ensure cultural survival.<a href="#cite_note-bfbvsvronsky1-130">[130]</a> Among the latter was actor Vasily Vronsky (Vasile Vronschi), who knew Pântea from Chișinău, and who received permission to establish the Russian-language Vronsky Theater; granted Romanian citizenship, he gave speeches denouncing Soviet <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitprop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bfbvsvronsky1-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-bfbvsvronsky2-137">[137]</a> During January 1942, there was another planned exodus of Jews from Odesa. Pântea, whose official reports described the claim of "Jewish instigation" as a canard,<a href="#cite_note-ic121-122-138">[138]</a> was reportedly alarmed by the decision. Mostly in vain, he tried persuading Alexianu to reduce the number of Odesa Jews delivered to <a href="/wiki/Berezivka" title="Berezivka">Berezivka</a> concentration camp—the Mayor hoped to at least obtain the return of Jews who were artisans, teachers or <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> His own membership of the Eviction Bureau remains a contended issue: Pântea categorically denied it (a negation that is backed by Ion Constantin, and reflected in various primary sources);<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> nevertheless, one archive document refers to him as one of ten supervisors of the 1942 deportation.<a href="#cite_note-ot421-62">[62]</a> He also took measures against <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a> in formerly Jewish houses, but, historian and former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisan</a> <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Yitzhak Arad</a> argues, meant to "keep those apartments for the Romanian administration [...] and to sell a certain number of the apartments to turn a profit."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In time, Mayor Pântea found a middle ground between the various political factors, and selected his own administrative team from a mixture of Bessarabian and Soviet clerks. In addition to Vice Mayor Vidrașcu, it included old unionist combatants (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chiorescu" title="Vladimir Chiorescu">Vladimir Chiorescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elefterie_Sinicliu" title="Elefterie Sinicliu">Elefterie Sinicliu</a>) and Odesan notabilities (Dr. M. Zaevloshin, architect Vladimir Cundert).<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Reportedly, City Hall did not exercise political repression against known communists, who were merely required to register on a special list.<a href="#cite_note-bfbvsvronsky2-137">[137]</a> The Romanian Mayor was also careful to preserve contacts with the two most powerful forces battling each other for control, namely the Germans and the Soviet partisans.<a href="#cite_note-ic28-143">[143]</a> His intervention saved the life of Yelena Rudenko, sister of Soviet General <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tolbukhin" title="Fyodor Tolbukhin">Fyodor Tolbukhin</a>, who had fallen severely ill at the family home in Odesa.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Alexianu was especially weary of the Mayor's web of connections. In December 1941, he inquired Pântea about his alleged employment of political suspects, which Pântea categorically denied.<a href="#cite_note-ic121-122-138">[138]</a> In 1942, government embarked on a complex, but erratic, investigation into the presence of former <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomolists</a> among Odesa's public sector employees.<a href="#cite_note-bfbvsvronsky1-130">[130]</a> Allegations regarding Pântea's complicity in some acts of corruption prompted additional surveillance from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serviciul_Special_de_Informa%C8%9Bii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviciul Special de Informații (page does not exist)">Romanian Special Intelligence</a>. Its subsequent reports accused the Mayor and some in his staff of keeping company with covert communists, and of trading on the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> of Chișinău.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Later, sources adverse to Pântea claimed that he was the main beneficiary of trade in <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldovan wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Used_good" title="Used good">used goods</a>, and that he had vested interest in aiding the Transnistrian Jews, who were his business partners.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> By late 1942, Pântea again irritated the Romanian commandants, when he complained that General Vasiliu had requisitioned Odesa's <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a> and moved them to <a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a>, in southern Romania.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Pântea still tried to enforce his own plans for Odesa's development. In October 1943, on the 2-year anniversary of the occupation, he issued, by means of Molva gazette, a new address to the city's residents, in which he proudly listed his contributions.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> A few weeks later, he began employing laborers from the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a> for a new set of public works in Odesa.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945_prosecution">1945 prosecution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1945 prosecution">edit</a>]</div> During January 1944, as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> moved closer to Romania, Alexianu's bureaucracy was replaced with a defensive military structure, headed by General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Potopeanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Potopeanu (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Potopeanu</a>. Pântea considered his own position redundant, and asked to be recalled, but Antonescu ordered him to continue with his mandate.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> He was still at his post when Potopeanu relinquished his command to the Germans, and protested as Potopeanu handed over to the Nazis all property that Romania had confiscated from Soviet citizens.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Enmity between the two Romanian administrators was on the rise. According to one account, Potopeanu still remembered that Pântea had tried to sell him a grossly overpriced used car.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> During March, Pântea was himself forced to relinquish City Hall property, assigning it to the Germans. After farewell ceremonies at the University and in the factories, he and his wife Lucia left to join the retreating Romanian troops.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The Pânteas were in Bucharest during <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">King Michael's Coup</a> (August 23, 1944), with which Romania effectively changed sides in the war by toppling Antonescu. Their house on Argentina Street was damaged in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Nazi air raid</a>, and the family moved with politician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petre_Ghia%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petre Ghiață (page does not exist)">Petre Ghiață</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Colentina,_Bucharest" title="Colentina, Bucharest">Colentina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> On August 24, Gheorghe Potopeanu, who had emerged as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Finance_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Finance (Romania)">Finance Minister</a>, demanded Pântea's arrest as a potential turncoat; and since the political transition found Pântea included on the transitional regime's list of enemies, it was also assumed that he was one of Antonescu's war criminals.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The post-Antonescu government of <a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Constantin Sănătescu</a> proceeded to include him Pântea a revised list of war criminals, even though its Soviet partners still did not describe him as such.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> When the Red Army entered Bucharest in September, it arrested Potopeanu at his Ministry desk.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Meanwhile, Pântea decided to obey the new legislation, and handed down to the state all items of property he had taken on as Mayor.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> By January 1945, when the Sănătescu list was published, Pântea turned fugitive: for a while, he lived in Craiova, where his brother Constantin resided; later, he was in <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>, living under the assumed name of Lozont (or Lozony) Cernescu.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Like Antonescu and Potopeanu, Pântea faced trial in front of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Tribunals" title="Romanian People's Tribunals">People's Tribunal</a>. In the end, he was acquitted, since Yelena Rudenko and Tolbukhin informed the Romanian state about Pântea's honorable conduct, and since the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Commission" title="Allied Commission">Allied Commission</a> recommended his release.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Pântea was arrested on several other occasions, but, singularly among Romanians prosecuted for war crimes, he was acquitted each time.<a href="#cite_note-ic28-143">[143]</a> Although his rivals in the Transnistrian administration were by then destroying evidence of his more positive role in the affairs of state, Pântea preserved <a href="/wiki/Certified_copy" title="Certified copy">certified copies</a> as a precautionary measure.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_sentencing_and_rehabilitation">Communist sentencing and rehabilitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Communist sentencing and rehabilitation">edit</a>]</div> In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Ilie_C%C4%83t%C4%83r%C4%83u" title="Ilie Cătărău">Ilie Cătărău</a> vindicated his 1918 deportation on Pântea's orders, and began circulating serious allegations against his rival. Published in the Romanian press, these resulted in a national manhunt for Pântea.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Fearing a political retribution, the latter made himself lost in Sibiu, where he lived with false papers until December 1949.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> He was making short visits to Bucharest with forged identity papers and the alias George Mincu, and kept contacts with <a href="/wiki/Anton_Crihan" title="Anton Crihan">Anton Crihan</a>, who was preparing for a defection to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation</a> gave way to a satellite <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romanian communist regime</a>. Pântea was tracked down by famed Commissar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Alim%C4%83nescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Alimănescu (page does not exist)">Eugen Alimănescu</a> and handed down to the <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a> (that is, the communist secret police).<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> He was interrogated by Securitate commandant <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Nicolschi" title="Alexandru Nicolschi">Alexandru Nicolschi</a>, and confronted with allegations made against him by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Stere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Stere (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Stere</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_M%C3%AE%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Mîță (page does not exist)">Alexandru Mîță</a>, whose lives Pântea had helped save.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Pântea was sent to <a href="/wiki/Jilava_Prison" title="Jilava Prison">Jilava Prison</a>, and kept without trial for three years; in late 1952, a Military Tribunal sentenced him to a further 10-years <a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">hard labor</a>, as a "war criminal" and "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">enemy of the working class</a>".<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> His first year after the verdict was spent under heavy regime, at <a href="/wiki/Aiud_Prison" title="Aiud Prison">Aiud Prison</a>, but Pântea was later moved into other infamously tough detention facilities: <a href="/wiki/Gherla_Prison" title="Gherla Prison">Gherla Prison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocnele_Mari_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocnele Mari prison">Ocnele Mari Prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In November 1954, he was dispatched to a milder prison, at Craiova, and then sent to <a href="/wiki/Poarta_Alb%C4%83" title="Poarta Albă">Poarta Albă</a>, a labor camp on the <a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Black_Sea_Canal" title="Danube–Black Sea Canal">Danube–Black Sea Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In October 1955, Gherman Pântea was included in an amnesty decreed by the Romanian communist authorities, as the early sign of a reluctant <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In January of the next year, he was even partially <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">rehabilitated</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Trial_de_novo" title="Trial de novo">trial de novo</a> for some 800 sentenced war criminals. After gathering evidence and testimonials from Soviet nationals, he took his case to the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice" title="High Court of Cassation and Justice">Supreme Tribunal</a>, which concluded that his sentencing as a "war criminal" was illegal (while finding little evidence that his were crimes "against the working class").<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> However, the Securitate still kept a file on Pântea, keeping him and his family under constant surveillance. At a time when repression was organized against the Bessarabian refugees, its staff gathered data according to which Pântea was capable of organizing Bessarabian resistance in Romania-proper.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> With noted help from the Soviet <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> and a female Soviet envoy (codenamed Valeria), the secret police began re-investigating Pântea's various activities in politics.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The Securitate archives also show that Securitate men approached the former Bessarabian Director with an offer to become their informant, but register Pântea's blunt refusal, even after intimidation.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Final years and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Securitate_report,_P%C3%A2ntea_and_Bentoiu,_1956.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Securitate_report%2C_P%C3%A2ntea_and_Bentoiu%2C_1956.PNG/270px-Securitate_report%2C_P%C3%A2ntea_and_Bentoiu%2C_1956.PNG" decoding="async" width="270" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Securitate_report%2C_P%C3%A2ntea_and_Bentoiu%2C_1956.PNG/405px-Securitate_report%2C_P%C3%A2ntea_and_Bentoiu%2C_1956.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Securitate_report%2C_P%C3%A2ntea_and_Bentoiu%2C_1956.PNG 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Report by a <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a> informant, concerning a meeting between Pântea and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurelian_Bentoiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurelian Bentoiu (page does not exist)">Aurelian Bentoiu</a> (1956)</figcaption></figure> Communist harassment continued over the following years. After the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>, the Securitate kept close watch on Pântea's reaction, reporting about his <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, his contacts with the exiled Crihan or underground PNL-ists such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurelian_Bentoiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurelian Bentoiu (page does not exist)">Aurelian Bentoiu</a>, and his hopes for an <a href="/wiki/Vin_americanii!" title="Vin americanii!">American intervention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Consequently, through a decision signed by Nicolschi in 1960, he and his wife were stripped of their pensions.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Officially, the Pânteas stood accused of illegally trading in gold coins; a brutal police inquiry followed, and Lucia Pântea's arm was fractured in the process, but the prosecution was stopped in its tracks by the <a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_(Socialist_Republic_of_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great National Assembly (Socialist Republic of Romania)">Great National Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Gherman and brother Constantin were again picked up in April 1961, and detained in the prison of Craiova together with other 5 "<a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> elements" from Bessarabia—in 1962, all were sentenced to 1 year in jail.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Around 1964, as Romania embraced (nominally anti-Soviet) <a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">national communism</a>, Pântea began hoping that <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romania" title="Censorship in Communist Romania">communist censorship</a> would revisit the Bessarabian dispute from a traditional viewpoint.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In this context, he corresponded with official historian <a href="/wiki/Andrei_O%C8%9Betea" title="Andrei Oțetea">Andrei Oțetea</a>, praising his "courage and clarity" in exposing the hidden side of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist historiography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ic191-102">[102]</a> He himself began writing new memoirs for the <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga_Institute_of_History" title="Nicolae Iorga Institute of History">Bucharest Institute of History</a>, and, on <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a> 1965, began receiving a state pension honoring his "outstanding contributions in service to the working class during the years 1919–1926".<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> By 1967, Pântea made a final return to the public sphere, openly restating his version of historical events. He spoke on the subject at the funeral of fellow Bessarabian refugee <a href="/wiki/Ion_Buzdugan" title="Ion Buzdugan">Ion Buzdugan</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Parastas" class="mw-redirect" title="Parastas">parastas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gurie_Grosu" title="Gurie Grosu">Gurie Grosu</a>, and again at a commemoration for <a href="/wiki/Alexe_Mateevici" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexe Mateevici">Alexe Mateevici</a>, reportedly causing panic among his public (most of whom were by then the survivors of communist jails).<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The Pântea family moved back to Bucharest, at the old home on Argentina Street.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Gherman Pântea died on February 1, 1968, in unusual circumstances: he had been absent from home for almost two days, and the family was informed that he had collapsed in the street, minutes after being spotted at a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pia%C8%9Ba_Amzei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piața Amzei (page does not exist)">Piața Amzei</a> diner; medical investigation showed that he was not suffering from any life-threatening condition.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The funeral was at Bucharest's <a href="/wiki/Bellu_Cemetery" title="Bellu Cemetery">Bellu Cemetery</a>, on February 4. The ceremony, which included an Orthodox service by priest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_%C8%9Aepordei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Țepordei (page does not exist)">Vasile Țepordei</a>, doubled as a low-key political rally: it brought together the community of Bessarabian refugees, who regarded Pântea as their hero, and was closely monitored by the Securitate.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> The funeral orations were delivered by, among others, Father Țepordei, Sinicliu, and his 1921 rival, Halippa.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Gherman Pântea is briefly mentioned in For Soviet Power, a 1953 war novel by Soviet author <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Kataev" title="Valentin Kataev">Valentin Kataev</a>. Here, in keeping up with <a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet historiography</a> of the late Stalin period, he is mainly depicted as a criminal figure who takes absurd decisions.<a href="#cite_note-ic151-135">[135]</a> In contrast, the Bessarabian folklorist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatiana_G%C4%83lu%C8%99c%C4%83-Cr%C3%A2%C8%99maru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatiana Gălușcă-Crâșmaru (page does not exist)">Tatiana Gălușcă-Crâșmaru</a> composed the 1968 poem Lui Gh. Pântea, vechi luptător ("To Gh. Pântea, and Old Combatant"), which depicts the Moldavian Republic's Director as a hero of the entire Romanian people.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Between these images is one proposed by the Bessarabian expatriate and Romanian historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_I._Gon%C8%9Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru I. Gonța (page does not exist)">Alexandru I. Gonța</a>, according to whom Pântea is a relevant but second-rate figure in the history of Bessarabian unionism (this view, first made public in 1973, is hotly contested by other authors and activists).<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution of 1989">Romanian Revolution of 1989</a>, as Romania's participation in the Holocaust was being acknowledged, various commentators contrasted Gherman Pântea's behavior with that of other Transnistria administrators. According to Romanian-born <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ancel" title="Jean Ancel">Jean Ancel</a>, Pântea's protest against Antonescu's orders is compatible with the work of his <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Cernăuți</a> colleague <a href="/wiki/Traian_Popovici" title="Traian Popovici">Traian Popovici</a>, known for defending <a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukovina Jews">Bukovina Jews</a> from planned extermination.<a href="#cite_note-lr95-126">[126]</a> In 2008, a similar point was made by writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Marian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Marian (page does not exist)">Boris Marian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Jewish community</a> magazine <a href="/wiki/Realitatea_Evreiasc%C4%83" title="Realitatea Evreiască">Realitatea Evreiască</a>: "The Romanian Mayor of Odesa was shocked by the cruelty with which the orders coming in from Bucharest were being executed. His name was Gherman Pântea and he was a normal man. Like Mayor Traian Popovici of Cernăuți, Gh. Pântea wished above all to fulfill his duty as a human being."<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> On the 2011 commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa massacre</a>, Romanian filmmaker Florin Iepan produced the documentary Odessa, which gives evidence about the scale of murder. In an earlier interview, Iepan mentioned that Pântea was "an interesting character" and "a rather luminous figure in that context of bitterness and violence."<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> During debates with the public, held after the film's release, Iepan also quoted Pântea's report to Antonescu as proof that some Romanian officials knew about (and, in this case, deplored) the killings in the city.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> However, Pântea's own testimonies on the Holocaust subject have various ambiguities and omissions. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a> notes that, in writing his reports, Pântea never realized the level of Antonescu's involvement in the 1941 Massacre.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Wiesel_Commission" title="Wiesel Commission">official recognition of Holocaust crimes</a>, the Odesa mayor's accounts were being cited against themselves by those who tried to minimize Romanian involvement. In reaction, Jewish community historian Teodor Wexler argued that the attempt was missing its target: "Gherman Pântea's letter [is] of an unrestrained tragicalness", confirming "once and for all the historical responsibility of those who dictated the undertaking of the Holocaust in Romania."<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, most of Bessarabia returned to independence, as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a>. As of that moment, Pântea's name continues to be a subject of contention in the <a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_linguistic_and_ethnic_identity_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova">debates over Moldovan nationhood</a>: a hero to the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">pro-unionists</a>, he is largely ignored by the <a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovenists</a>. This was noted in 2010 by unionist politician <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Druc" title="Mircea Druc">Mircea Druc</a>, who assessed that, other than a commemorative plaque in Chișinău, there was little left to attest Pântea's significance to the Moldovan Republic.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Costin" title="Nicolae Costin">Nicolae Costin</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Mayor of Chișinău">Mayor of Chișinău</a> between 1990 and 1994, reportedly sought to revive Pântea's urban projects (continued, after another long hiatus, by <a href="/wiki/Dorin_Chirtoac%C4%83" title="Dorin Chirtoacă">Dorin Chirtoacă</a>).<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Constantin, p.23 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic35,_98-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic35,_98_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic35,_98_2-1">b</a> Constantin, p.35, 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Constantin, p.52, 120, 173-174, 178, 194-195 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic35-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic35_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic35_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic35_4-2">c</a> Constantin, p.35 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Constantin, p.98-99 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Constantin, p.38 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Mazower, p.310 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Constantin, p.35-36 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Constantin, p.23, 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Constantin, p.36 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Constantin, p.23-24, 36sqq </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Constantin, p.36, 38, 72-73 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Constantin, p.24, 37-44 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Constantin, p.37-39, 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Constantin, p.38-39 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Constantin, p.38-39, 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Constantin, p.23, 40-41 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Constantin, p.39-40 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Constantin, p.41-42 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Constantin, p.42 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Constantin, p.43-44 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Kulikovski & Șcelcikova, p.194 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic56-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic56_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic56_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic56_23-2">c</a> Constantin, p.56 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Constantin, p.44-45 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Constantin, p.45-47 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Constantin, p.46-47, 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Constantin, p.25 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Constantin, p.48-50, 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Svetlana Suveică, Basarabia în primul deceniu interbelic (1918–1928): modernizare prin reforme. Monografii ANTIM VII, Editura Pontos, Chișinău, 2010, p.68. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9975-51-070-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9975-51-070-7">978-9975-51-070-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Constantin, p.51-52 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Constantin, p.24, 50-53 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Constantin, p.25, 53-55 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Constantin, p.53-55 </li> <li id="cite_note-cucxvii-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cucxvii_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cucxvii_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cucxvii_34-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Upson_Clark" title="Charles Upson Clark">Charles Upson Clark</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/bc_17.shtml">Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea: Chapter XVII, "Organization of the Diet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629043229/http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/bc_17.shtml">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/byng/toc_pag.shtml">DXARTS/CARTAH Electronic Text Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331070924/http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/bc_19.shtml">Archived</a> 2019-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; retrieved October 30, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-inpelivan-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inpelivan_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inpelivan_35-1">b</a> (in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Ion_Negrei" title="Ion Negrei">Ion Negrei</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literaturasiarta.md/public/2653ro_Nr_13.pdf">"Ion Pelivan – candidat la funcția de președinte al Sfatului Țării"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425124247/http://www.literaturasiarta.md/public/2653ro_Nr_13.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Literatura_%C8%99i_Arta" title="Literatura și Arta">Literatura și Arta</a>, Nr. 13/2011, p.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Constantin, p.25, 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Constantin, p.39 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Kulikovski & Șcelcikova, p.112 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Ciobanu, p.94-95, 97; Constantin, p.25, 57-58, 70-71, 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Ciobanu, p.96-97; Constantin, p.57-58 </li> <li id="cite_note-rpenigma2-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rpenigma2_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpenigma2_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpenigma2_41-2">c</a> (in Romanian) Radu Petrescu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contrafort.md/numere/enigma-ilie-c-t-r-u-ii">"Enigma Ilie Cătărău (II)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009200046/http://www.contrafort.md/numere/enigma-ilie-c-t-r-u-ii">Archived</a> October 9, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Contrafort" title="Contrafort">Contrafort</a>, Nr. 7-8/2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Constantin, p.25, 58-64. See also Ciobanu, p.94, 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Ciobanu, p.95-96; Constantin, p.60-61 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Constantin, p.64-66, 68. See also Ciobanu, p.96-98 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Ciobanu, p.96-97 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Constantin, p.65-66, 70-71 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Constantin, p.66 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Constantin, p.65-66 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Constantin, p.66-68 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Constantin, p.25, 67-68 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Constantin, p.68-69 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic69-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic69_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic69_52-1">b</a> Constantin, p.69 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic72-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic72_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic72_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic72_53-2">c</a> Constantin, p.72 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Ciobanu, p.100; Constantin, p.69-70 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic70-71-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic70-71_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic70-71_55-1">b</a> Constantin, p.70-71 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic71-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic71_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic71_56-1">b</a> Constantin, p.71 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Constantin, p.94 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Constantin, p.70-71, 72, 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-icelita-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icelita_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-icelita_59-1">b</a> (in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ca%C8%99u" title="Igor Cașu">Igor Cașu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adevarul.ro/moldova/actualitate/Uniunea_ofiterilor_basarabeni_in_rezerva-in_vizorul_NKVD-ului_0_411559049.html">"Arhivele comunismului. Cum era urmărită elita militară a Basarabiei de poliția politică sovietică"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917082327/http://www.adevarul.ro/moldova/actualitate/Uniunea_ofiterilor_basarabeni_in_rezerva-in_vizorul_NKVD-ului_0_411559049.html">Archived</a> 2011-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul_Moldova" title="Adevărul Moldova">Adevărul Moldova</a>, January 19, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-vc63-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vc63_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vc63_60-1">b</a> (in Romanian) Vasile Ciobanu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socio-umane.ulbsibiu.ro/dep.istorie/cercetare/Texte/Partide%20politice%203.pdf">"Elita politică a germanilor din România în anii 1918-1919"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224082844/http://socio-umane.ulbsibiu.ro/dep.istorie/cercetare/Texte/Partide%20politice%203.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-12-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu (eds.), Partide politice și minorități naționale din România în secolul XX, Vol. III, TechnoMedia, Sibiu, 2008, p.63. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-739-261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-739-261-9">978-973-739-261-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Constantin, p.25, 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-ot421-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ot421_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ot421_62-1">b</a> (in Romanian) Ottmar Trașcă, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-cluj.ro/Istorie/anuare/AnuarBaritHistorica2008/20%20OttmarTrasca.pdf">"Ocuparea orașului Odessa de căre armata română și măsurile adoptate față de populația evreiască"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915104401/http://www.history-cluj.ro/Istorie/anuare/AnuarBaritHistorica2008/20">Archived</a> 2018-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a>'s George Bariț Institute of History Historica Yearbook 2008, p.421 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Cemârtan, p.128 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Constantin, p.75, 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic76-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic76_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic76_65-1">b</a> Constantin, p.76 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Kulikovski & Șcelcikova, p.43-44 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic77-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic77_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic77_67-1">b</a> Constantin, p.77 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Cemârtan, p.138, 139, 143-144 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Constantin, p.26, 84, 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Constantin, p.26, 86, 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Constantin, p.26, 76-77, 181-182; (in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Radu_Filipescu" title="Radu Filipescu">Radu Filipescu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://istorie.uab.ro/publicatii/colectia_auash/annales_10/studii/5%20radu_filipescu.pdf">"Partidele parlamentare și problema comunismului (1919–1924)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818172913/http://istorie.uab.ro/publicatii/colectia_auash/annales_10/studii/5%20radu_filipescu.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica, 10/I, 2006, p.76 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Constantin, p.76-77 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Kulikovski & Șcelcikova, p.218 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic27,_87-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic27,_87_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic27,_87_74-1">b</a> Constantin, p.27, 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> (in Romanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/vestulromaniei/1923/BCUCLUJ_FP_P2549_1923_001_0038.pdf">"Parlamentul"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407061302/http://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/vestulromaniei/1923/BCUCLUJ_FP_P2549_1923_001_0038.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Vestul României, Nr. 38/1923, p.3 (digitized by the <a href="/wiki/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University" title="Babeș-Bolyai University">Babeș-Bolyai University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documente.bcucluj.ro/">Transsylvanica Online Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814204641/http://documente.bcucluj.ro/">Archived</a> 2011-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Constantin, p.26, 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Constantin, p.77-78, 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Constantin, p.26, 77-81; Otelița, p.214 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Constantin, p.26, 77-81 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Constantin, p.80; Otelița, p.214 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Constantin, p.26, 81-82; Otelița, p.215 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Constantin, p.26, 81-83; Otelița, p.214-215 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Constantin, p.80-81 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Constantin, p.26, 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> (in Romanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/romanul/1926-1927/BCUCLUJ_FP_P2581_1927_012_0033.pdf">"Sfârșitul validărilor la Cameră"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407061544/http://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/romanul/1926-1927/BCUCLUJ_FP_P2581_1927_012_0033.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Românul (Arad), Nr. 33/1927, p.2 (digitized by the <a href="/wiki/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University" title="Babeș-Bolyai University">Babeș-Bolyai University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documente.bcucluj.ro/">Transsylvanica Online Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814204641/http://documente.bcucluj.ro/">Archived</a> 2011-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> (in Romanian) Dumitru Lascu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/actiunearomaneasca/1925-1926/infratirearomaneasca/BCUCLUJ_FP_279052_1925_002_004.pdf">"Năvala streinilor nedoriți"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407061121/http://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/actiunearomaneasca/1925-1926/infratirearomaneasca/BCUCLUJ_FP_279052_1925_002_004.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Înfrățirea Românească, Nr. 148/1926, p.9 (digitized by the <a href="/wiki/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University" title="Babeș-Bolyai University">Babeș-Bolyai University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documente.bcucluj.ro/">Transsylvanica Online Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814204641/http://documente.bcucluj.ro/">Archived</a> 2011-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> (in Romanian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/culturapoporului/1926/BCUCLUJ_FP_P1547_1926_006_0148.pdf">"Viața din Basarabia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407061145/http://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/culturapoporului/1926/BCUCLUJ_FP_P1547_1926_006_0148.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Cultura Poporului, Nr. 148/1926, p.4 (digitized by the <a href="/wiki/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University" title="Babeș-Bolyai University">Babeș-Bolyai University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documente.bcucluj.ro/">Transsylvanica Online Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814204641/http://documente.bcucluj.ro/">Archived</a> 2011-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). See also Constantin, p.88, 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic27,_86-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic27,_86_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic27,_86_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic27,_86_88-2">c</a> Constantin, p.27, 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Constantin, p.27, 87-88 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Constantin, p.87 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Constantin, p.87, 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Constantin, p.87-88 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Constantin, p.88-89 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Constantin, p.83-84 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Constantin, p.26, 84-86 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Constantin, p.84-85 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Constantin, p.36, 51, 72-73, 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Constantin, p.72-73, 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic88-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic88_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic88_99-1">b</a> Constantin, p.88 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Constantin, p.27, 86, 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Constantin, p.89-91 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic191-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic191_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic191_102-1">b</a> Constantin, p.191 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Constantin, p.85-86 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Constantin, p.86 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Constantin, p.88, 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Constantin, p.152 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Constantin, p.27, 91-92 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Constantin, p.27, 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Constantin, p.91 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Constantin, p.92 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Constantin, p.92-94, 147-148, 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Constantin, p.29, 95, 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Constantin, p.95-96, 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Constantin, p.96 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Constantin, p.96, 115, 116-117, 119-120, 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-ibfioneworld-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibfioneworld_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibfioneworld_116-1">b</a> (in Romanian) Iulia Blaga, Florin Iepan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agenda.liternet.ro/articol/13176/Iulia-Blaga-Florin-Iepan/Intentiile-lui-Florin-Iepan-Odessa-la-Festivalul-One-World-Romania-2011.html">"Intențiile lui Florin Iepan - Odessa la Festivalul One World România, 2011"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402090601/http://agenda.liternet.ro/articol/13176/Iulia-Blaga-Florin-Iepan/Intentiile-lui-Florin-Iepan-Odessa-la-Festivalul-One-World-Romania-2011.html">Archived</a> 2012-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Editura_LiterNet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editura LiterNet (page does not exist)">Editura LiterNet</a> release (originally published by <a href="/wiki/HotNews.ro" class="mw-redirect" title="HotNews.ro">HotNews.ro</a>), March 2011, retrieved November 2, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Constantin, p.28-29, 110-111, 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curentul.net/2012/10/30/gherman-pantea-remarcabilul-primar-al-odesei-1941-1944/">"Gherman Pântea, remarcabilul primar al Odesei (1941- 1944) | Curentul International"</a>. 29 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304090606/https://curentul.net/2012/10/30/gherman-pantea-remarcabilul-primar-al-odesei-1941-1944/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2021-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gherman+P%C3%A2ntea%2C+remarcabilul+primar+al+Odesei+%281941-+1944%29+%26%23124%3B+Curentul+International&rft.date=2012-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcurentul.net%2F2012%2F10%2F30%2Fgherman-pantea-remarcabilul-primar-al-odesei-1941-1944%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGherman+P%C3%A2ntea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Constantin, p.100-102 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Constantin, p.105-109, 116-117. See also (in Romanian) Cristian Bândea, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/holocaustul-romanesc-la-odessa-25000-de-victime-950299.html">"Holocaustul românesc la Odessa: 25.000 de victime"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021195023/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/holocaustul-romanesc-la-odessa-25000-de-victime-950299.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Evenimentul_Zilei" title="Evenimentul Zilei">Evenimentul Zilei</a>, October 19, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Constantin, p.109-111 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Constantin, p.110-111; Rotman, p.94 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Constantin, p.110-111; Deletant, p.172; Rotman, p.94-95. See also Mazower, p.315 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Constantin, p.111 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Deletant, p.172; Mazower, p.315 </li> <li id="cite_note-lr95-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lr95_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lr95_126-1">b</a> Rotman, p.95 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Constantin, p.115; Rotman, p.95 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Constantin, p.114-117, 162-163 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Constantin, p.28, 99-102, 117-127, 129-130, 160-161; Mazower, p.311 </li> <li id="cite_note-bfbvsvronsky1-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bfbvsvronsky1_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfbvsvronsky1_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfbvsvronsky1_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfbvsvronsky1_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfbvsvronsky1_130-4">e</a> (in Russian) Viktor Faytelberg-Blank, V. Savchenko, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://porto-fr.odessa.ua/2001/24/article.php?%%%025">"Василий Вронский – «Луч света в темном царстве»" (I)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425131215/http://porto-fr.odessa.ua/2001/24/article.php?%%%025">Archived</a> 2012-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Porto Franko, Nr. 24 (563), June 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Constantin, p.118-121, 130, 131-132, 159-161 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Constantin, p.127, 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Mazower, p.311 </li> <li id="cite_note-avdokument-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avdokument_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-avdokument_134-1">b</a> (in Russian) A. V., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lgz.ru/archives/html_arch/lg242006/Polosy/13_1.htm">"Память. ...И фантастичен документ"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Literaturnaya_Gazeta" title="Literaturnaya Gazeta">Literaturnaya Gazeta</a>, Nr. 24/2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic151-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic151_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic151_135-1">b</a> Constantin, p.150-151 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> (in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Onisifor_Ghibu" title="Onisifor Ghibu">Onisifor Ghibu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/luceafarul/1943/BCUCLUJ_FP_280091_1943_003_010.pdf">"Amintiri despre Octavian Goga"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407061313/http://documente.bcucluj.ro/web/bibdigit/periodice/luceafarul/1943/BCUCLUJ_FP_280091_1943_003_010.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Luceaf%C4%83rul_(magazine)" title="Luceafărul (magazine)">Luceafărul</a>, Nr. 10/1943, p.381 (digitized by the <a href="/wiki/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University" title="Babeș-Bolyai University">Babeș-Bolyai University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documente.bcucluj.ro/">Transsylvanica Online Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814204641/http://documente.bcucluj.ro/">Archived</a> 2011-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-bfbvsvronsky2-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bfbvsvronsky2_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfbvsvronsky2_137-1">b</a> (in Russian) Viktor Faytelberg-Blank, V. Savchenko, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://porto-fr.odessa.ua/2001/25/article.php?%%%022">"Василий Вронский – «Луч света в темном царстве»" (II)</a>, in Porto Franko, Nr. 25 (564), June 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic121-122-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic121-122_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic121-122_138-1">b</a> Constantin, p.121-122 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Constantin, p.120-125; Deletant, p.177 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Constantin, p.29, 146-147, 148-149, 159, 162-163 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Yitzhak Arad</a>, "Plunder of Jewish Property in the Nazi-occupied Areas of the Soviet Union", in <a href="/wiki/David_Cesarani" title="David Cesarani">David Cesarani</a> (ed.), The Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. Volume III: The Final Solution, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, London & New York City, 2004, p.422. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27512-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27512-1">0-415-27512-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Constantin, p.125-126, 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-ic28-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic28_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic28_143-1">b</a> Constantin, p.28 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Constantin, p.29, 138-139, 159-160, 170, 189, 242 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Constantin, p.127-128 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Constantin, p.132-133, 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Constantin, p.128 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Constantin, p.129 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Constantin, p.130 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Constantin, p.131 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Constantin, p.131-132 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Constantin, p.136 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Constantin, p.131-132, 135, 160-161 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Constantin, p.135 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Constantin, p.20, 136-138 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Constantin, p.20, 137-139 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Constantin, p.137 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Constantin, p.132 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Constantin, p.137-138, 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Constantin, p.28, 133, 137, 138-139, 160, 242 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Constantin, p.146-147 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Constantin, p.28-29, 139-142 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Constantin, p.29, 139-144, 169-170, 209 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Constantin, p.140-141, 143, 169-170 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Constantin, p.29, 143-144, 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Constantin, p.29, 95, 144-146, 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Constantin, p.29, 149, 152, 155, 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Constantin, p.29, 149-150 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Constantin, p.29, 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Constantin, p.29, 150, 152, 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Constantin, p.29-30, 155-163, 168, 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Constantin, p.20, 152-154, 155-158, 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Constantin, p.18, 30, 35, 75-76, 87-88, 132-133, 174, 188-189 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Constantin, p.30, 163-164, 167-176 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Constantin, p.164-165, 167-168, 170, 175, 177-182 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Constantin, p.182 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Constantin, p.30, 183-186 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Constantin, p.13, 30, 187-190 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Constantin, p.30-31, 49-50, 191-192 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Constantin, p.31, 191-192 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Constantin, p.31, 192-194 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Constantin, p.194-199 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Constantin, p.194 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Constantin, p.31, 194-199, 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Constantin, p.194-199, 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Constantin, p.200-201 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Constantin, p.201 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> (in Romanian) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Marian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Marian (page does not exist)">Boris Marian</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanianjewish.org/db/pdf/nr304_305/pagina07.pdf">"Fapte înscrise în memoria posterității"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402220354/http://www.romanianjewish.org/db/pdf/nr304_305/pagina07.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Realitatea_Evreiasc%C4%83" title="Realitatea Evreiască">Realitatea Evreiască</a>, Nr. 304-305 (1104–1105), September–October 2008, p.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> (in Romanian) Iulia Blaga, Florin Iepan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agenda.liternet.ro/articol/7460/Iulia-Blaga-Florin-Iepan/Cred-ca-trebuie-sa-constientizam-ca-Romania-are-si-un-trecut-fascist-Odessa.html">"Cred că trebuie să conștientizăm că România are și un trecut fascist - Odessa"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402090608/http://agenda.liternet.ro/articol/7460/Iulia-Blaga-Florin-Iepan/Cred-ca-trebuie-sa-constientizam-ca-Romania-are-si-un-trecut-fascist-Odessa.html">Archived</a> 2012-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Editura_LiterNet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editura LiterNet (page does not exist)">Editura LiterNet</a> release (originally published by <a href="/wiki/HotNews.ro" class="mw-redirect" title="HotNews.ro">HotNews.ro</a>), August 2008; retrieved November 2, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> (in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Cristian_Ghinea" title="Cristian Ghinea">Cristian Ghinea</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/editoriale-opinii/articol/dezbaterea-odessa-raport">"Dezbaterea despre Odessa - raport"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504143519/http://dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/editoriale-opinii/articol/dezbaterea-odessa-raport">Archived</a> 2012-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dilema_Veche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilema Veche">Dilema Veche</a>, Nr. 372, March–April 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Mazower, p.315 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> (in Romanian) Teodor Wexler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.observatorcultural.ro/Historia-TVR-sinagoga-din-Falticeni*articleID_2565-articles_details.html">"Historia, TVR, sinagoga din Fălticeni"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306003037/http://www.observatorcultural.ro/Historia-TVR-sinagoga-din-Falticeni*articleID_2565-articles_details.html">Archived</a> 2012-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Observator_Cultural" title="Observator Cultural">Observator Cultural</a>, Nr. 118, May 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Constantin, p.11-12 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Constantin, p.27 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Andrei Cemârtan, "Le Parti des Paysans de Bessarabie et la rivalité entre Pantelimon Halippa et Ion Inculeț", in Codrul Cosminului, Nr. 2, 2011, p. 121–145.</li> <li>(in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Vitalie_Ciobanu" title="Vitalie Ciobanu">Vitalie Ciobanu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.md/img/userfiles/publicatii/cohorta/archive/cohorta2007.pdf">"Directoratul general de război și marină al Basarabiei (1917–1918)"</a>, in Cohorta. Revistă de Istorie Militară, Nr.1/2007, p. 93-102</li> <li>(in Romanian) Ion Constantin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmms.ro/Uploads//3_2011/141906.pdf">Gherman Pântea între mit și realitate</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] (with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Druc" title="Mircea Druc">Mircea Druc</a>), Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Bucharest, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-8369-83-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-8369-83-2">978-973-8369-83-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Dennis Deletant</a>, Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940-1944, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, London, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-9341-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-9341-6">1-4039-9341-6</a></li> <li>(in Romanian) Lidia Kulikovski, Margarita Șcelcikova (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304035846/http://www.hasdeu.md/ro/ebibl/poslednij.pdf">Presa basarabeană de la începuturi pînă în anul 1957. Catalog</a>, at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hasdeu.md/ro/">B. P. Hasdeu Municipal Library of Chișinău</a>; retrieved October 31, 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a>, Hitler's Imperium: Europa unter der Herrschaft des Nationalsozialismus, <a href="/wiki/C._H._Beck" title="C. H. Beck">C. H. Beck</a>, Munich, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-59271-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-59271-3">978-3-406-59271-3</a></li> <li>(in Romanian) Doina Otelița, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818173221/http://istorie.uab.ro/publicatii/colectia_bcss/bcss_1/31_otelita.pdf">"Problema Basarabiei în evoluția raporturilor româno-sovietice: 1918-1924"</a>, in Buletinul Cercurilor Științifice Studențești, Arheologie - Istorie, Nr. 1, 1995, p. 213-216</li> <li>(in Romanian) Liviu Rotman (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818231335/http://jewishfed.ro/fcer/public_html/downloads/carti/Demnitate.pdf">Demnitate în vremuri de restriște</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Editura_Hasefer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editura Hasefer (page does not exist)">Editura Hasefer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Jewish_Communities_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania">Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania</a> & <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel_National_Institute_for_Studying_the_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania">Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania</a>, Bucharest, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-630-189-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-630-189-6">978-973-630-189-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gherman_P%C3%A2ntea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External 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Sinadino">Pantelimon I. Sinadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Lovcinski" title="Dimitrie Lovcinski">Dimitrie Lovcinski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_Durdufi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimitrie Durdufi (page does not exist)">Dimitrie Durdufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Mincu" title="Dimitrie Mincu">Dimitrie Mincu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anghel_Nicolau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anghel Nicolau (page does not exist)">Anghel Nicolau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Mincu" title="Dimitrie Mincu">Dimitrie Mincu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Krijanovski" title="Adam Krijanovski">Adam Krijanovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gumalic" title="Pavel Gumalic">Pavel Gumalic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemente_%C8%98umanski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemente Șumanski (page does not exist)">Clemente Șumanski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Schmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Schmidt">Carol Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Si%C8%9Binski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopold Siținski (page does not exist)">Leopold Siținski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelimon_V._Sinadino" title="Pantelimon V. Sinadino">Pantelimon V. Sinadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulian_Levinski" title="Iulian Levinski">Iulian Levinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schmidt_(politician)" title="Alexander Schmidt (politician)">Alexander Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Her%C8%9Ba" title="Vladimir Herța">Vladimir Herța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Cojocaru" title="Teodor Cojocaru">Teodor Cojocaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulian_Levinski" title="Iulian Levinski">Iulian Levinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_B%C3%A2rc%C4%83" title="Vasile Bârcă">Vasile Bârcă</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gherman Pântea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Bivol" title="Nicolae Bivol">Nicolae Bivol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_B%C3%A2rc%C4%83" title="Vasile Bârcă">Vasile Bârcă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Bivol" title="Nicolae Bivol">Nicolae Bivol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Teodorescu" title="Sebastian Teodorescu">Sebastian Teodorescu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gherman Pântea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Negrescu" title="Ion Negrescu">Ion Negrescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Ionescu_(politician)" title="Constantin Ionescu (politician)">Constantin Ionescu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gherman Pântea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Bogos" title="Dimitrie Bogos">Dimitrie Bogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Costin" title="Ion Costin">Ion Costin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Sibirski" title="Alexandru Sibirski">Alexandru Sibirski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Dardan" title="Constantin Dardan">Constantin Dardan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Cristi" title="Vladimir Cristi">Vladimir Cristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anibal_Dobjanski" title="Anibal Dobjanski">Anibal Dobjanski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Costin" title="Nicolae Costin">Nicolae Costin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serafim_Urechean" title="Serafim Urechean">Serafim Urechean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Furtun%C4%83" title="Mihai Furtună">Mihai Furtună</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Ursu" title="Vasile Ursu">Vasile Ursu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veaceslav_Iordan" title="Veaceslav Iordan">Veaceslav Iordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorin_Chirtoac%C4%83" title="Dorin Chirtoacă">Dorin Chirtoacă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nistor_Grozavu" title="Nistor Grozavu">Nistor Grozavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Radu_(politician)" title="Silvia Radu (politician)">Silvia Radu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Codreanu" title="Ruslan Codreanu">Ruslan Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Talmaci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Talmaci (page does not exist)">Adrian Talmaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_N%C4%83stase" title="Andrei Năstase">Andrei Năstase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ceban" title="Ion Ceban">Ion Ceban</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_1991.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_1991.svg/55px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_1991.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_1991.svg/83px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_1991.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_1991.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_1991.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Template:Moldavian Democratic Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Template talk:Moldavian Democratic Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii_Palace" title="Sfatul Țării Palace">Sfatul Țării Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelimon_Erhan_Cabinet" title="Pantelimon Erhan Cabinet">Pantelimon Erhan Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ciugureanu_Cabinet" title="Daniel Ciugureanu Cabinet">Daniel Ciugureanu Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Cazacu_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru Cazacu Cabinet">Petru Cazacu Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumcherod" title="Rumcherod">Rumcherod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia" title="Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia">Romanian military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union of Bessarabia with Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Bosie-Codreanu" title="Nicolae Bosie-Codreanu">Bosie-Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanoil_Catelli" title="Emanoil Catelli">Catelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Cazacu" title="Petru Cazacu">Cazacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Ciobanu" title="Ștefan Ciobanu">Ciobanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ciugureanu" title="Daniel Ciugureanu">Ciugureanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Cojocaru" title="Teodor Cojocaru">Cojocaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Cristi" title="Vladimir Cristi">Cristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelimon_Erhan" title="Pantelimon Erhan">Erhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veniamin_I._Grinfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veniamin I. Grinfeld (page does not exist)">Grinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofil_Ioncu" title="Teofil Ioncu">Ioncu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pântea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Pelivan" title="Ion Pelivan">Pelivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savenco" title="Mihail Savenco">Savenco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii" title="Sfatul Țării">Sfatul Țării</a> members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Alexandri" title="Nicolae Alexandri">Alexandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Alistar" title="Elena Alistar">Alistar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Almendinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Almendinger (page does not exist)">Almendinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Balmez" title="Ștefan Balmez">Balmez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Baltag%C4%83" title="Alexandru Baltagă">Baltagă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_B%C3%A2rc%C4%83" title="Teodor Bârcă">Teodor Bârcă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodosie_B%C3%A2rc%C4%83" title="Teodosie Bârcă">Teodosie Bârcă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_B%C3%A2rc%C4%83" title="Vasile Bârcă">V. Bârcă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Z._Bazhbeuk-Melikov" title="Pyotr Z. Bazhbeuk-Melikov">Bazhbeuk-Melikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Bivol" title="Constantin Bivol">Bivol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaharia_Boc%C8%99an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaharia Bocșan (page does not exist)">Bocșan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bodescu" title="Vladimir Bodescu">Bodescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bogos" title="Vladimir Bogos">Bogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Bosie-Codreanu" title="Nicolae Bosie-Codreanu">Bosie-Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Botnarciuc" title="Ștefan Botnarciuc">Botnarciuc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Brinici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Brinici (page does not exist)">Brinici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavril_Buciu%C8%99can" title="Gavril Buciușcan">Buciușcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatie_Budi%C8%99teanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatie Budișteanu">Budișteanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Budnicenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikita Budnicenko (page does not exist)">Budnicenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilarion_Buiuc" title="Ilarion Buiuc">Buiuc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodosie_Bujni%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodosie Bujniță (page does not exist)">Bujniță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Buruian%C4%83" title="Gheorghe Buruiană">Buruiană</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Buzdugan" title="Ion Buzdugan">Buzdugan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghi_Cara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghi Cara (page does not exist)">Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Caraiman" title="Anton Caraiman">Caraiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_C%C4%83r%C4%83u%C8%99" title="Dimitrie Cărăuș">Cărăuș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigore_Cazacliu" title="Grigore Cazacliu">G. Cazacliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Cazacliu" title="Ion Cazacliu">I. Cazacliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Cazacliu" title="Vladimir Cazacliu">V. Cazacliu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Ceornega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Ceornega (page does not exist)">Ceornega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Cern%C4%83u%C8%9Beanu" title="Nicolae Cernăuțeanu">Cernăuțeanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Cernov" title="Nicolae Cernov">Cernov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Checerul_Cu%C8%99" title="Nicolae Checerul Cuș">Checerul Cuș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasie_Chiriac" title="Afanasie Chiriac">Chiriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chiorescu" title="Vladimir Chiorescu">Chiorescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prokop_Chumachenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prokop Chumachenko (page does not exist)">Chumachenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Cijevschi" title="Vasile Cijevschi">Cijevschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Cior%C4%83scu" title="Vasile Ciorăscu">Ciorăscu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ciornei" title="Nicolae Ciornei">Ciornei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ciugureanu" title="Daniel Ciugureanu">Ciugureanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Coc%C3%A2rl%C4%83" title="Pavel Cocârlă">Cocârlă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Codreanu_(politician)" title="Ion Codreanu (politician)">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Corobceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Corobceanu (page does not exist)">Corobceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Costin" title="Ion Costin">Costin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teofil_Cotoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teofil Cotoros (page does not exist)">Cotoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Covali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Covali (page does not exist)">Covali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Creang%C4%83_(politician)" title="Ion Creangă (politician)">Creangă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Crihan" title="Anton Crihan">Crihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Cristi" title="Vladimir Cristi">Cristi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petre_Culcev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petre Culcev (page does not exist)">Culcev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexei_Culeva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexei Culeva (page does not exist)">Culeva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Curdinovschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Curdinovschi (page does not exist)">Curdinovschi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragomir_Diaconovici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dragomir Diaconovici (page does not exist)">Diaconovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serghei_Donico-Iord%C4%83chescu" title="Serghei Donico-Iordăchescu">Donico-Iordăchescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Dragomir" title="Dimitrie Dragomir">Dragomir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Dron" title="Dumitru Dron">Dron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dudchievicz" title="Felix Dudchievicz">Dudchievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Dumitra%C8%99cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Dumitrașcu (page does not exist)">Dumitrașcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Epure" title="Boris Epure">Epure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelimon_Erhan" title="Pantelimon Erhan">Erhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Gafencu" title="Vasile Gafencu">Gafencu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_G%C4%83in%C4%83" title="Andrei Găină">Găină</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simion_Gale%C8%9Bchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Simion Galețchi">Galețchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Ghenzul" title="Vasile Ghenzul">Ghenzul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isac_Gherman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isac Gherman (page does not exist)">Gherman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandr_Grekulov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandr Grekulov (page does not exist)">Grekulov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadejda_Grinfeld" title="Nadejda Grinfeld">Grinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Groap%C4%83" title="Alexandru Groapă">Groapă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Grosu" title="Nicolae Grosu">Grosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Halippa" title="Pan Halippa">Halippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Harbuz" title="Ion Harbuz">Harbuz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Harea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Harea (page does not exist)">Harea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Her%C8%9Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Herța (page does not exist)">I. Herța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Her%C8%9Ba" title="Teodor Herța">T. Herța</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_Holban_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Holban (politician) (page does not exist)">Holban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ignatiuc" title="Ion Ignatiuc">Ignatiuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Incule%C8%9B" title="Ion Inculeț">Inculeț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofil_Ioncu" title="Teofil Ioncu">Ioncu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Iurcu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Iurcu (page does not exist)">Iurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Kenigschatz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Kenigschatz (page does not exist)">Kenigschatz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Kiriloff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Kiriloff (page does not exist)">Kiriloff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Krivorukov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Krivorukov (page does not exist)">Krivorukov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrey_Krupensky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrey Krupensky (page does not exist)">Krupensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guttman_Landau" title="Guttman Landau">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_La%C8%99cu" title="Vasile Lașcu">Lașcu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Lichtmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Lichtmann (page does not exist)">Lichtmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lineff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Lineff (page does not exist)">Lineff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Loesch" title="Alexander Loesch">Loesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Macule%C8%9Bchi" title="Mihail Maculețchi">Maculețchi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitru_Maldor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimitru Maldor (page does not exist)">Maldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%83" title="Nicolae Mămăligă">Mămăligă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_M%C3%A2ndrescu" title="Vasile Mândrescu">Mândrescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petre_Mani%C8%9Bchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petre Manițchi (page does not exist)">Manițchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitru_Marchitan" title="Dimitru Marchitan">Marchitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mare" title="Gheorghe Mare">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_M%C3%A2rza" title="Dumitru Mârza">Mârza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Minciun%C4%83" title="Mihail Minciună">Minciună</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krste_Misirkov" title="Krste Misirkov">Misirkov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Moldovan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Moldovan (page does not exist)">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Moraru" title="Alexandru Moraru">Al. Moraru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolie_Moraru" title="Anatolie Moraru">An. Moraru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamfir_Munteanu" title="Zamfir Munteanu">Munteanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iacob_Nagorniak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iacob Nagorniak (page does not exist)">Nagorniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_N%C4%83stase" title="Gheorghe Năstase">Năstase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Neaga" title="Teodor Neaga">Neaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Nichitiuc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Nichitiuc (page does not exist)">Nichitiuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Novakov" title="Anton Novakov">Novakov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkadi_Osmolovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkadi Osmolovski (page does not exist)">Osmolovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Osoianu" title="Constantin Osoianu">Osoianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efimie_Palii" title="Efimie Palii">Palii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Pan%C8%9B%C3%A2r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Panțâr (page does not exist)">Panțâr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pântea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Pasc%C4%83lu%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Pascăluță">Pascăluță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Pelivan" title="Ion Pelivan">Pelivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Picior-Mare" title="Petru Picior-Mare">Picior-Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petre_Poliatenciuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petre Poliatenciuk (page does not exist)">Poliatenciuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgi_Ponomarev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgi Ponomarev (page does not exist)">Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Popa_(1910s_politician)" title="Ion Popa (1910s politician)">Popa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentin_Prahni%C8%9Bchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentin Prahnițchi (page does not exist)">Prahnițchi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasile_Rudiev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasile Rudiev (page does not exist)">Rudiev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Rugin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Rugină (page does not exist)">Rugină</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_S%C3%A2rbu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Sârbu (page does not exist)">Sârbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savenco" title="Mihail Savenco">Savenco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calistrat_Savciuc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calistrat Savciuc (page does not exist)">Savciuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiril_Sberea" title="Chiril Sberea">Sberea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Scobioal%C4%83" title="Andrei Scobioală">Scobioală</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Secar%C4%83" title="Nicolae Secară">Secară</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timofei_Silistaru" title="Timofei Silistaru">Silistaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelimon_V._Sinadino" title="Pantelimon V. Sinadino">Sinadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elefterie_Sinicliu" title="Elefterie Sinicliu">Sinicliu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moise_Slutski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moise Slutski (page does not exist)">Slutski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Soltuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Soltuz">Soltuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiril_Spinei" title="Chiril Spinei">Spinei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Stanevici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodor Stanevici (page does not exist)">Stanevici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Starenki" title="Mihail Starenki">Starenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Stavrii" title="Gheorghe Stavrii">Stavrii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendel_Steinberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendel Steinberg (page does not exist)">Steinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stere" title="Constantin Stere">Stere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Stroescu" title="Vasile Stroescu">Stroescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacov_Sucevan" title="Iacov Sucevan">Sucevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Suruceanu" title="Nicolae Suruceanu">N. Suruceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Suruceanu" title="Teodor Suruceanu">T. Suruceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_%C8%9Aan%C8%9Bu" title="Vasile Țanțu">Țanțu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Tcepciu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Tcepciu (page does not exist)">Tcepciu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Topciu" title="Dumitru Topciu">Topciu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tsyganko" title="Vladimir Tsyganko">Tsyganko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Tudor" title="Gheorghe Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Tudose" title="Ion Tudose">Tudose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandru_%C8%9Aurcan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandru Țurcan (page does not exist)">Al. Țurcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonida_%C8%9Aurcan" title="Leonida Țurcan">L. Țurcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigore_Turcuman" title="Grigore Turcuman">Turcuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Uncu" title="Teodor Uncu">Uncu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Valu%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Valuță">Valuță</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eftimie_Vizitiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eftimie Vizitiu (page does not exist)">Vizitiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalie_Zubac" title="Vitalie Zubac">Zubac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_C%C4%83t%C4%83r%C4%83u" title="Ilie Cătărău">Cătărău</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergiu_Victor_Cujb%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergiu Victor Cujbă (page does not exist)">Cujbă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iustin_Fr%C4%83%C8%9Biman" title="Iustin Frățiman">Frățiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolie_Popa" title="Anatolie Popa">Popa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schmidt_(politician)" title="Alexander Schmidt (politician)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Slonim" title="Mark Slonim">Slonim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2033409#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2033409#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2033409#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120695717">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/171713093">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxjkRmRrVDqyTMp8WRrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1015363970">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011098943">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165367465">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165367465">BnF data</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gherman_Pântea&oldid=1260010170">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gherman_Pântea&oldid=1260010170</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1894_births" title="Category:1894 births">1894 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1968_deaths" title="Category:1968 deaths">1968 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_defense_of_Moldova" title="Category:Ministers of defense of Moldova">Ministers of defense of Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moldovan_MPs_1917%E2%80%931918" title="Category:Moldovan MPs 1917–1918">Moldovan MPs 1917–1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_people_of_Moldovan_descent" title="Category:Romanian people of Moldovan descent">Romanian people of Moldovan descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Category:Mayors of Chișinău">Mayors of Chișinău</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_mayors" title="Category:20th-century mayors">20th-century mayors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_Odesa" title="Category:Mayors of Odesa">Mayors of Odesa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_places_in_Romania" title="Category:Mayors of places in Romania">Mayors of places in Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moldovan_lawyers" title="Category:Moldovan lawyers">Moldovan lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moldovan_newspaper_editors" title="Category:Moldovan newspaper editors">Moldovan newspaper editors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_male_journalists" title="Category:Romanian male journalists">Romanian male journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moldovan_newspaper_founders" title="Category:Moldovan newspaper founders">Moldovan newspaper founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moldovan_memoirists" title="Category:Moldovan memoirists">Moldovan memoirists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moldovan_schoolteachers" title="Category:Moldovan schoolteachers">Moldovan schoolteachers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Military personnel of the Russian Empire">Military personnel of the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_military_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="Category:Russian military personnel of World War I">Russian military personnel of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Category:Military personnel of the Moldavian Democratic Republic">Military personnel of the Moldavian Democratic Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Category:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Senate_of_Romania" title="Category:Members of the Senate of Romania">Members of the Senate of Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)_politicians" title="Category:National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians">National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Romanian_civil_servants" title="Category:20th-century Romanian civil servants">20th-century Romanian civil servants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_diplomats" title="Category:Romanian diplomats">Romanian diplomats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Romanian_lawyers" title="Category:20th-century Romanian lawyers">20th-century Romanian lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bessarabian_Bolsheviks" title="Category:Bessarabian Bolsheviks">Bessarabian Bolsheviks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_anti-communists" title="Category:Romanian anti-communists">Romanian anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moldovan_anti-communists" title="Category:Moldovan anti-communists">Moldovan anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_military_personnel_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Romanian military personnel of World War II">Romanian military personnel of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_office-holders_in_Transnistria_Governorate" title="Category:Political office-holders in Transnistria Governorate">Political office-holders in Transnistria Governorate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_people_convicted_of_war_crimes" title="Category:Romanian people convicted of war crimes">Romanian people convicted of war crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inmates_of_Aiud_prison" title="Category:Inmates of Aiud prison">Inmates of Aiud prison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inmates_of_Gherla_prison" title="Category:Inmates of Gherla prison">Inmates of Gherla prison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inmates_of_the_Danube%E2%80%93Black_Sea_Canal" title="Category:Inmates of the Danube–Black Sea Canal">Inmates of the Danube–Black Sea Canal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_Republic_of_Romania_rehabilitations" title="Category:Socialist Republic of Romania rehabilitations">Socialist Republic of Romania rehabilitations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_newspaper_editors" title="Category:Romanian newspaper editors">Romanian newspaper editors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_newspaper_founders" title="Category:Romanian newspaper founders">Romanian newspaper founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Romanian_memoirists" title="Category:20th-century Romanian memoirists">20th-century Romanian memoirists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_R%C3%AE%C8%99cani_District" title="Category:People from Rîșcani District">People from Rîșcani District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Category:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church">Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_St._George" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George">Recipients of the Order of St. George</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University_alumni" title="Category:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University alumni">Alexandru Ioan Cuza University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Bellu_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Bellu Cemetery">Burials at Bellu Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inmates_of_Jilava_Prison" title="Category:Inmates of Jilava Prison">Inmates of Jilava Prison</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:Articles with Romanian-language sources 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