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fighters and bystanders watch bulldozers clean the debris outside Dar al-Shifa hospital in Aleppo, northern Syria, on November 22, 2012. The Syrian government claimed that the hospital was a &quot;terrorist hideout,&quot; but provided no warning before the attack. The government struck the hospital and immediate vicinity at least eight times.</p></p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513204109im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/2012_Syria_airstrikes.jpg"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130513204109/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/2012_Syria_airstrikes.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p><p> </p> <p>Syrian opposition fighters and bystanders watch bulldozers clean the debris outside Dar al-Shifa hospital in Aleppo, northern Syria, on November 22, 2012. The Syrian government claimed that the hospital was a "terrorist hideout," but provided no warning before the attack. The government struck the hospital and immediate vicinity at least eight times.</p> </p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2012 Getty Images</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-news-additional"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-news-related-report"> <div class="field-label">Our Report: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-press-release-report view-id-press_release_report view-display-id-reference_field_1 view-block-about-this-report view-dom-id-2"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-reportsynopsis-cover-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130513204109/http://www.hrw.org/ja/node/114622" class="imagecache imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h imagecache-linked imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h_linked"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513204109im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-crop-75w-100h/media/images/report-covers/syria0413_reportcover400.jpg" class="imagecache imagecache-scale-crop-75w-100h"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130513204109/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/04/10/death-skies">Death from the Skies</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-reportsynopsis-subtitle-value"> <span class="field-content">Deliberate and Indiscriminate Air Strikes on Civilians</span> </div> <div class="views-field-created"> <span class="field-content">2013年04月10日</span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-report-synopsis-pdf-fid"> <label class="views-label-field-report-synopsis-pdf-fid"> Get the report: </label> <div class="field-content"><div class="filefield-file"><img class="filefield-icon field-icon-application-pdf" alt="application/pdf icon" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513204109im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/filefield/icons/application-pdf.png"/><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513204109/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria0413webwcover_1.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=676931" title="syria0413webwcover.pdf">Download the full report</a></div></div> </div> <div class="views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20130513204109/http://www.hrw.org/ja/node/114622">Go to report home »</a></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> 訪れた村から村で、自国の空軍により恐怖のどん底に突き落とされた一般市民に出会った。これら違法の空爆が多くの一般市民を殺傷し、破壊と恐怖、そして国内避難民を生み出す道筋を広げている。 </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> ウレ・ソルバン、緊急対応部門調査員 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p align="left">（アレッポ）－シリア空軍が一般市民に対する無差別空爆を行っており、故意のケースも一部含まれている、とヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは本日発表の報告書内で述出した。これら空爆は国際人道法（戦争法）の重大な違反であり、こうした犯意を伴う違反行為者は戦争犯罪に問われる。</p> <p align="left">報告書「<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513204109/http://www.hrw.org/node/114622">空から降ってくる死：一般市民に対する故意の無差別空爆</a>」（全80ページ）は、アレッポ、イドリブ、ラタキア各県の反体制派支配地域における、政府軍の空爆現場50カ所への調査訪問と、140件を超える目撃者や被害者との聞き取り調査を基にしている。ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチが調査して取りまとめた空爆により、少なくとも152人の一般市民が殺害された。地元シリア人の活動家ネットワークによると、2012年7月以降の空爆で4,300人以上の一般市民が死亡しているという。</p> <p align="left">「訪れた村から村で、自国の空軍により恐怖のどん底に突き落とされた一般市民に出会った」と、爆撃現場を訪れて多くの被害者と目撃者に聞き取り調査をした、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチ緊急対応部門調査員ウレ・ソルバンは述べる。「これら違法の空爆が多くの一般市民を殺傷し、破壊と恐怖、そして国内避難民を生み出す道筋を広げている。」 </p> <p><iframe allowfullscreen="1" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513204109if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/Cn9Rh5aowGc?autohide=1;wmode=transparent&" width="638"></iframe></p> <p align="left">メディア報道、YouTubeのビデオ映像、反体制派活動家たちからの情報により、シリア政府が2012年7月以降、国内全域で日常的に空爆を行っていることが明らかになった。</p> <p align="left">政府軍が、一般市民が列をなしていた4軒のパン屋を8回にわたり意図的に標的にし、ほかのパン屋も砲撃したことを示唆する情報を、現地調査と聞き取り調査を通じてヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは収集。同様に、訪れた地元の2つの病院が繰り返し空爆を受けていた事実も、政府がこうした施設を意図的に狙っていたことを強く示している。ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチが訪れた時点で、これら病院は計7回空爆されていた。</p> <p align="left">パン屋と病院施設への攻撃に加えて、ほかに44の空爆が戦争法に觝触していたとヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは断定。高度上空を飛行するヘリコプターから誘導装置を備えていない爆弾を投下するといった、一般市民と戦闘員の区別が不可能な環境条件ゆえ、結果として無差別攻撃となる戦闘の手段と方法をシリア軍は採用した。 </p> <p><span class="field-content"><a class="imagefield-lightbox2" href="/web/20130513204109/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/syria0413_airstrikes_map.jpg" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p></p>]"><img border="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513204109im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/image001_164.jpg" width="638"/></a> </span></p> <p><span class="field-content">ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチが調査した空爆では、一般市民に多くの犠牲者が出ている一方で、反体制派本部ほか軍事施設だった可能性のある構造物の損傷は軽微だった。ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチが立証する限りにおいては、反体制派戦闘員犠牲者は皆無だ。</span></p> <p align="left"><span class="field-content">2012年11月7日午後1時ごろ、アレッポ北部アクタリン(Akhtarin)町にジェット機が2発の爆弾を投下して民家3軒を破壊、子ども5人を含む一般市民7人を殺害したのはその一例だ。この空爆ではほかに、全員が5歳以下の子ども5人が負傷した。周辺の軍事目標になりうるものとして、現場から50メートルほどの所に当時反体制派戦闘員が使用していた建物が1軒あったことをヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは突き止めたが、その後の攻撃で軽い損害を受けるにとどまった。</span></p> <p align="left"><span class="field-content">空爆後に現場に駆けつけたある住民は、当該地域を訪れたヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチ調査員に対し、次のように証言した：</span></p> <p align="left"><span class="field-content">「ひどい有様で、建物はがれきの山と化してしまっていた。素手とシャベルだけで救出作業を始めたよ。食器棚と壁が子どもたちの上に崩れ落ちていた。発見した時は生きていたけれど、子どもたちのおじさんの家に運ぶ前に死んでしまった。ここには診療所も病院もないんだ。」</span></p> <p align="left"><span class="field-content">パン屋と病院施設への空爆に加えて、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチが調査して取りまとめた空爆のいくつか、とりわけ周辺に合法的な軍事目標が存在した証拠が全くない地域への空爆は、意図的に一般市民を標的にした可能性がある。しかし、こうした結論付けには、更に多くの情報が必要だ。</span></p> <p align="left"><span class="field-content">また、政府による違法な攻撃手段には、その無差別性を理由に大半の国で禁じられているクラスター弾も含まれていた。2012年10月以降、政府軍が119カ所で150発超のクラスター弾を使用した事実を、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは調査して<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513204109/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/16/syria-mounting-casualties-cluster-munitions">取りまとめている</a>。少なくとも人口密集地では禁じられるべき焼夷弾を、政府が使用した事実も<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513204109/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/12/syria-incendiary-weapons-used-populated-areas">明らかにした</a>。</span></p> <p align="left"><span class="field-content">一般市民に対する危害を最小限にとどめる義務は、武力紛争の全当事者に適用される。「自由シリア軍（FSA）」ほか反体制派武装勢力は、人口密集地帯やその近辺に部隊を展開したり、司令部といった施設を設置するのを避ける等、実行可能なあらゆる措置をとることはなかった。しかしながら、守備陣営が居住地域や周辺に軍事目標を設置したからといって、攻撃による一般市民への危険に配慮する義務から、攻撃陣営が解放されるわけではない。</span></p> <p align="left"><span class="field-content">シリア全土へのヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチの立ち入りを政府が拒否していることから、訪問が可能だったのは同国北部の反体制派支配地域の空爆現場のみだった。更なる調査が求められる一方で、他地域における空爆の目撃者と被害者に対する聞き取り調査から、それら地域でも同様に違法空爆が行われていることが明らかになった。</span></p> <p align="left"><span class="field-content">クラスター弾、弾道ミサイル、焼夷弾、居住地域での広範囲に危害を及ぼす爆発系兵器のあらゆる使用を含む、一般市民に対する意図的で無差別かつ過度の空爆ほか攻撃を中止させる国際的な取り組みを、本報告書が活発化させることになろうとヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは考えている。そして集められた情報は、こうした犯罪の加害者を裁かんとする人びとの一助となるはずだ。</span></p> <p align="left"><span class="field-content">加えてヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは、シリア政府が人道に対する罪を行っていることを示す有力な証拠が存在することを考慮して、シリアがこうした犯罪を停止するまで、シリアへの武器・弾薬・物資の販売や供給を即時停止する旨を、各国政府と企業に強く求めた。国際社会は特にイラクに対し、ロシアやイランからの武器がイラク領土を通過していないことを確かめるよう、そしてそのために独立した第三者監視員が、同国土・領空を通過するシリア行きの物資輸送車両や航空機を検査するのを認めるよう、働き掛けるべきだ。</span></p> <p align="left"><span class="field-content">前出のソルバン調査員は、「安全保障理事会は、主にロシアと中国の拒否権行使によって、シリアにおける一般市民保護の一助となる有効な手段を何一つ取れないでいる」と述べる。「しかしこれを理由に、関係各国が違反行為を停止するようシリア政府に圧力をかける努力を重ねないでいい、ということにはならない。」 </span></p> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_ar first"><a href="/web/20130513204109/http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2013/04/10-1" title="سوريا – الغارات الجوية تضرب المدنيين" 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