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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Kirish</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Chiqishni amalga oshirgan tahrirchilar uchun sahifalar <a href="/wiki/Yordam:Mundarija" aria-label="Tahrirlash haqida batafsil maʼlumot"><span>batafsil maʼlumot</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyContributions" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar roʻyxati [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Qoʻshilgan hissa</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyTalk" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar munozarasi [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chernogoriya sahifasining manbasini koʻrish</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. 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</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Chernogoriya" title="Chernogoriya">Chernogoriya</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="error mw-undo-failure"><p>Keyingi tahrirlar bilan chalkashib ketgani sababli, ushbu tahrirni alohida oʻzini bekor qilishni iloji yoʻq. </p></div><p>Sizda quyidagi sababga koʻra <b>ushbu sahifani tahrirlash</b>ga ruxsat mavjud emas: </p> <div class="permissions-errors"><div class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>Your IP address is in a range that has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis</a>.</b> <p>The block was made by <a href="/wiki/Foydalanuvchi:Jon_Kolbert" title="Foydalanuvchi:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a>. 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Aholining 69% xristian (pravoslav), 19% islom diniga eʼtiqod qiladi. Chernogoriyaning oʻz konstitutsiyasi, parlamenti (skupshchina) va hukumati bor. == Tabiati == Chernogoriya mamlakat janubi-gʻarbida, [[Adriatika dengizi|Adriatika]] dengizi sohilida joylashgan. Hududining katta qismini [[Dinara togʻligi|Dinara]] togʻligi egallagan (eng baland joyi 2511 m, Durmitor togʻi); janubi-gʻarbida Qoratogʻ karstli platosi bor. Iklimi moʼtadil, kontinental. Adriatika dengizi sohillarida oʻrta dengiz iqlimi. Yillik yogʻin oʻrtacha 1600–1800mm, sohillarda 3000mm gacha. Togʻ yon bagʻirlari igna bargli va aralash oʻrmonlar. Chernogoriyada [[Qoʻrgʻoshin-rux rudalari|qoʻrgʻoshinrux rudalari]], [[Boksitlar|boksit]], [[qoʻngʻir ko'mir]] konlari bor. Asosiy daryolari Moracha va uning irmogʻi Zeta. == Tarixi == Chernogoriya xududiga qadimda illiriylar kelib joylashgan. Miloddan avvalgi 1asrda [[Rim imperiyasi|Rim]] tomonidan bosib olingan. Milodiy 1asrda Chernogoriya hududi (11-asrgacha Duklya, keyinchalik Zeta, 15-asrdan Chernogoriya deb atalgan) Rimning Dalmatsiya, 297 yildan Prevalitana provinsiyasiga qoʻshib olingan. 7-asrda slavyanlar kelgan. 1479-yildan mamlakat tekislik kismi turklar tasarrufida boʻldi. 1499-yilda Chernogoriya hududi Usmonli turk imperiyasi tarkibiga qoʻshib olindi. Turklarga qarshi kurashgan mitropolit Danilo Petrovich Negosh (1697—1735-yillarda hukmronlik qilgan) Negoshlar sulolasi (1697— 1918)ga asos solgan. 1796-yil Chernogoriya amalda mustaqillikka erishdi. Napoleon urushlari va serblarning mustaqillik uchun olib borgan kurashlarida (1804— 15) Chernogoriya Rossiya va Serbiya tomonida boʻldi. 1852-yil Chernogoriya merosiy knyazlik deb eʼlon qilindi. 1878-yil Berlin kongressi qaroriga binoan, Chernogoriya toʻliq mustaqil davlat deb tan olindi. 1910-yildan Chernogoriya qirolligi deb ataddi. Chernogoriya Bolqon urushlari (1912—13)da qatnashdi. Birinchi jahon urushi (1914—18)da Antanta tomonida turib urushdi. 1918-yil 1-dekabrda Serblar, xorvatlar va slovenlar qirolligi (1929-yildan Yugoslaviya) tarkibiga kirdi. 1941-yil aprelda fashistlar Germaniyasining Yugoslaviyaga hujumidan soʻng, Chernogoriya Italiya qoʻshinlari tomonidan bosib olindi. 1944-yil dekabrda Yugoslaviya xalq ozodlik armiyasi tomonidan ozod etiddi. 1945-yil noyabr dan Chernogoriya Yugoslaviya tarkibidagi olti respublikadan biri boʻldi. 1991-yil Yugoslaviya Sotsialistik Federativ Respublikasi parchalanib, undan Sloveniya, Xorvatiya, Bosniya va Gersegovina, Makedoniya chiqib ketgach, Serbiya bilan Chernogoriya Yugoslaviya Ittifoq Respublikasini tuzdilar. 2003-yil 4-fevraldan bu davlat Serbiya va Qoratogʻ deb atala boshladi. == Xoʻjaligi == Sanoati mineral xom ashyolarni qazib olish va unga ishlov berish, qishloq xoʻjaligi mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash bilan bogʻliq. Boksit, qoʻrgʻoshinrux rudalari, qoʻngʻir kumir, tuz kazib olinadi. Zeta daryosida GESlar qurilgan, yirik issiklik elektr styasi mavjud. Sanoatning asosiy tarmoqlari metallsozlik, kimyo, koʻnteri va poyabzal sanoati. Elektrotexnika (Setine), kema taʼmirlash (Kotor), yogʻochsozlik, toʻkimachilik hamda oziqovqat (jumladan, tamaki) mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish korxonalari, goʻsht kombinatlari, baliqni qayta ishlash, sut zavodlari bor. Qoratogʻdagi yetykchi tarmoq – togʻyaylov chorvachiligi (asosan, qoʻychilik). Togʻ yaylovlari va dare vodiylarida makkajoʻxori, bugʻdoy, tamaki, sabzavot yetishtiriladi. Bogdorchilik va tokchilik rivojlangan. Adriatika dengizi sohili Chernogoriyaning subtropik oʻsimliklar (sitrus mevalar, zaytun va boshqalar) oʻstiriladigan muhim rayoni xisoblanadi. Sayyohlikdan katta daromad olinadi, dengiz sohilida kurort koʻp. Asosiy dengiz portlari – Bar va Kotor. Bar – Belgrad yoʻnalishida elektrlashtirilgan temir yoʻl magistrali mavjud. Asosiy aeroporti Podgoritsada. == Maorifi, ilmiy va madaniymaʼrifiy muassasalari == Taʼlimning asosiy turi – 8 yillik maktab. 2 yillik umumiy oʻrta maktablar, maqsadli oʻrta taʼlim maktablari, 8 yillik maktab negizida ishchi malakasini beruvchi qoʻshimcha maktablar mavjud. Podgoritsada universitet (1973), Nikshichda pedagogika akademiyasi, Kotorda oliy dengiz maktabi bor. Chernogoriya fan va sanʼat akademiyasi (1976-yil tashkil etilgan), tarix, geol. va kimyoviy tadqiqotlar, gidrometeorologiya, dengiz biologiyasi institutlari, seysmologiya styasi bor. Bir qancha kutubxona, jumladan, Setine shahrida Markaziy xalk, kutubxonasi ishlaydi. Yirik muzeylari: Qad. sanʼat, etn., tarix muzeyi, Negosh Petrovich muzeyi, Dengiz muzeyi. Kundalik „Pobeda“ („Gʻalaba“) gaz. serb tilida 1943-yildan chiqadi. Podgoritsada radiostya va telemarkaz ishlaydi. [[Tasvir:Montenegro municipalities.png|thumb|250px|right]] == Adabiyoti == Qoratogʻ adabiyoti qoʻshni xalklar adabiyoti, ayniqsa, serb adabiyoti bilan uzviy aloqada rivojlangan. Birinchi yirik bosma adabiy asar Chernogoriyada hukmronlik qilgan Vasiliy Petrovich (1709— 66)ning „Qoratogʻ toʻgʻrisida tarix“ asari boʻlib, u 1754-yil Moskvada nashr etilgan. Yangi qoratogʻ adabiyotining boshlanishi 18-asr oxiri – 19-asr 1yarmiga toʻgʻri keladi. Uning asoschisi shoir va davlat arbobi Pyotr II Petrovich Negoshdir (1813 – 51). Uning ijodi qoratogʻ sheʼriyatida1918-yilgacha eng yuksak choʻqqi hisoblanadi. „Qoratogʻning qisqacha tarixi“ asari (1835-yil nashr etilgan) muallifi hukmron Pyotr (Petar) I Negosh sheʼriy asarlar ham yozgan. 1827— 31 yillar Chernogoriyada yashagan serb yozuvchisi va tarixchisi S. MilutanovichSarayliya „Qoratogʻ tarixi“ asari (1835)ni va 2 drama yozgan. 19-asr – 20-asr boshlaridagi nazmda S. M. Lyubishi va serb yozuvchisi S.Matovul xikoyalari ajralib turadi. S.Matovul bir necha yil Chernogoriyada yashab qoratogʻ xalqi turmushini aks ettiruvchi bir qancha hikoya va roman yozgan. Bu davrda yozuvchilardan L. Yovovich, S.Vuletich, M.Tomich, S.Shobaich samarali ijod kildilar. 30-yillarning boshlarida boshqa xalklar adabiyotidagi kabi Chernogoriya adabiyotida ham „ijtimoiy realizm“ okimi vujudga keddi va shu oqim yoʻnalishida sheʼriy asarlar yaratildi. Bular R.Zogovichning „Musht“ (1936), „Olovli kaptarlar“ (1937) toʻplamlari, „Kelgindilar“ dostoni (1937); M.Banevichning „Oʻrmon“ (1938), „Olovli tong“ (1941) toʻplamlari; Ya. Jonovichning „Ikki dare“ (1938) va M.Vukovichning „Yer“ (1934) toʻplamlari. Shu yillarda D.Jurovich „Togʻliklar orasida“ hikoyalar toʻplami (1936), „Duklya mamlakati“ romani (1939), N.Lopichich „Dehqonlar“ hikoyalar toʻplami (1939)ni yaratdilar va ularda qoratogʻ xalkining real hayotini aks ettirdilar. 1950—70 yillar adabiyotida M. Lalich alohida oʻrin tutadi. Uning „Toʻy“ (1950), „Yomgʻirli bahor“ (1953), „Uzilish“ (1955), „Leley tom“ (1962) romanlarida xalq ozodlik kurashi mavzui yorkin aks etgan. A.Asanovich, Chernogoriya Vukovich kabi yozuvchilar ham shu mavzuda hikoya va romanlar yaratdilar. Bu davr sheʼriyati yutuklari R.Zogovich, D.Jonovich, M.Banevich, D.Kostich, R.Veshovich, M.Kral, S.Petrovich, Ye. Brkovich kabi shoirlar ijodi bilan bogʻliq. Dramaturgiya sohasida Ye. Brkovich,. V.Ivanovich, J. Komanin va boshqalarning pyesalari alohida oʻrin tutadi. == Meʼmorligi va tasviriy sanʼati == Chernogoriya hududidan neolit davriga oid sopol idishlar topilgan. Illiriylarning mustahkamlangan qoʻrgʻon va nekropollari jez davri oxiri va temir davri boshlarida barpo etilgan. Oʻrta asrlarda Chernogoriya meʼmorligi Italiya va Dalmatsiya, Serbiya va Vizantiya madaniyatlari taʼsirida rivojlandi. 11 a.da roman uslubidya cherkovlar qurildi. 12— 13-asrlarda Avliyo Tripuna sobori (1166), avliyo Pavel cherkovi (1263— 66; ikkalasi Kotor shahrida), Morach monastiri cherkovi kabi inshootlar qurildi. 14—15-asrlardadengizbuyirnlaridagi binolarda roman uslubidagi shakllar bilan uygʻunlashgan gotika uslubi belgilari paydo boʻldi (Savch, Bar, Kotordagi cherkov va uylar). 17— 18-asrlar cherkov qurilishida barokko uslubi keng qoʻllandi (Prchandagi cherkov). 19-asr oxirida shaharlarda soʻnggi klassitsizm ruhida hashamatli binolar (Setinedagi Danilov saroyi, 1894—95) va eklektik inshootlar (Kotordagi avliyo Nikola cherkovi, 1910) paydo boʻldi. 1960—70 yillar meʼmorligi uchun milliy oʻziga xoslik, manzara bilan uygʻunlashtirib tasvirlash xarakterli („Podgoritsa“ mehmonxonasi, 60-yillar, meʼmor S.Radevich; „Beko“ univermagi, 1961, meʼmor B.Minch, ikkalasi ham Podgoritsada; Xersegnovidagi mehmonxonalar majmuasi, 1963, meʼmor D. Katarina, P. Milorad; Budva, Trstenodagi kurort majmualari va boshqalar). Neolit davrida geometrik shakl va nakshlar bilan bezatilgan keramika rivojlangan. 11 —11-asrdan mahobatli rangtasvir namunalari saqlangan (Ston yaqinidagi avliyo Mixail cherkovi freskalari). 13—14-asr tasviriy sanʼatida roman va gotika uslubi unsurlari qoʻshilib ketdi (Morachdagi monastir cherkovlari freskasi, 1252). 15— 16-asr rassomlar ijodida uygonish davri belgilari mavjud (Lavro Marinov va Vitsko Dobrochevichi). 17—18-asrlarda mahalliy rassomlardan J. Mitrofanovich, A. Vuichich, T. Kokolya ajralib turadi. Vizantiya sanʼati anʼanalari miniatyurada saqlanib qoldi. 19-asr 2yarmi – 20-asr boshlaridan Chernogoriyaning oʻz tasviriy sanʼati shakllandi. Rassomlar milliy tarix mavzuidagi portret, kompozitsiyalar yaratdilar (P. Pochek, M. Gregovich, I. Shobaich). 20-asrning 20—30-yillarida rassomlar M. Milunovich, P. Lubarda, haykaltarosh R. Stiyovich samarali ijod qildilar. Chernogoriyada monumental sanʼat hamda tematik, portret va peyzaj rangtasvir rivojlangan. == Musiqasi == Chernogoriyada 19-asr oxirigacha faqat xalq musiqa madaniyati rivojlangan. Xalq epik, qaxramonlik, lirik, marosim qoʻshiklarini ijro etishning qad. anʼanalari saqlangan. Xalq musiqasining asosiy cholgʻusi qoʻbizsimon gusle. Oro raqsi keng tarqalgan. 19-asr oxirida musiqiy jamoa tashkilotlari va ijrochi jamoalar paydo boʻldi. Kompozitor Y. Ivanishevich, xormeyster A. Ivanovich dastlabki professional musiqachilaridandir. Birinchi musika maktabi 1924-yil Setineda tashkil etilgan. Ikkinchi jahon urushi (193945) dan keyin Setine (1947), Podgoritsa (1950, M. Milyanov nomida), Kotor (1950) va boshqa shaharlarda musiqa maktablari ochildi. Podgoritsada Radioning simfonik orkestri va aralash xori, „Oro“ xalq ashula va rake ansambli bor. Havaskorlik xor jamiyatlari, Chernogoriya kompozitor ijrochimusiqachilar jamiyati ishlaydi. == Teatri == Chernogoriya professional teatri 19-asr – 20-asr 1yarmida rayem boʻlgan teatrlashtirilgan marosimlardan boshlanadi. Teatr madaniyatini rivojlantirishda Pyotr II Petrovich Negosh ijodi katta ahamiyatga ega boʻlgan. Uning „Togʻ toji“ (1847) va „Soxta podsho Stepan Mali“ dramatik asarlari Chernogoriya oʻtmishiga bagʻishlab yozilgan (havaskor teatr toʻgaraklari tomonidan qoʻyilgan). 1953-yil Podgoritsada Chernogoriya milliy teatri (drama va opera truppalari bilan) tashkil etilgan. Rejissorlardan B. Erakovich, aktyorlardan V. Mandich, D. Tomas, B. Vukovich va boshqa mashhur.  {{Yevropa davlatlari}} {{OʻzME}} [[Turkum:Yevropa]] [[Turkum:Qoratogʻ]] [[Turkum:BMT aʼzolari]] [[Turkum:Chernogoriya]] {{chala}} </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Bu sahifada foydalanilgan andozalar: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoza:Ambox" title="Andoza:Ambox">Andoza:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andoza:Ambox&action=edit" title="Andoza:Ambox">tahrirlash</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Andoza:Asbox" title="Andoza:Asbox">Andoza:Asbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andoza:Asbox&action=edit" title="Andoza:Asbox">manbasini koʻrish</a>) (himoyalangan)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Andoza:Bilgiquti" title="Andoza:Bilgiquti">Andoza:Bilgiquti</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andoza:Bilgiquti&action=edit" title="Andoza:Bilgiquti">manbasini koʻrish</a>) (himoyalangan)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Andoza:Bilgiquti/qator" title="Andoza:Bilgiquti/qator">Andoza:Bilgiquti/qator</a> (<a 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