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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-The_Venera_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Venera_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>The Venera probes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Venera_probes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Venera probes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Venera_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venera_1_and_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venera_1_and_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Venera 1 and 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venera_1_and_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venera_3_to_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venera_3_to_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Venera 3 to 6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venera_3_to_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venera_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venera_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Venera 7</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venera_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venera_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venera_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Venera 8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venera_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venera_9_to_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venera_9_to_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Venera 9 to 12</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venera_9_to_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venera_13_and_14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venera_13_and_14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Venera 13 and 14</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venera_13_and_14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venera_15_and_16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venera_15_and_16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Venera 15 and 16</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venera_15_and_16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VeGa_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VeGa_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>VeGa probes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VeGa_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Future subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venera-D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venera-D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Venera-D</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venera-D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scientific findings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_Venera_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_Venera_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of Venera probes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Venera_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_data_for_all_Venera_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_data_for_all_Venera_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flight data for all Venera missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_data_for_all_Venera_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Venera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenera-ruimteprogram" title="Wenera-ruimteprogram – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wenera-ruimteprogram" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="برنامج فينيرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج فينيرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF" title="ভেনেরা কর্মসূচি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভেনেরা কর্মসূচি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Венера (касмічная праграма) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венера (касмічная праграма)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Венера (програма) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Венера (програма)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Venera" title="Programa Venera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa Venera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Ven%C4%9Bra" title="Program Veněra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Program Veněra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera-programmet" title="Venera-programmet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venera-programmet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera-Programm" title="Venera-Programm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Venera-Programm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Πρόγραμμα Βενέρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόγραμμα Βενέρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Venera" title="Programa Venera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programa Venera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_Programa" title="Venera Programa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Venera Programa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="برنامه ونرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه ونرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_Venera" title="Programme Venera – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programme Venera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Venera" title="Programa Venera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Programa Venera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EB%9D%BC_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="베네라 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베네라 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1_%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Վեներա ծրագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեներա ծրագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programo_Venera" title="Programo Venera – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Programo Venera" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Venera" title="Programma Venera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma Venera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%94" title="תוכנית ונרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית ונרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="პროგრამა ვენერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროგრამა ვენერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Венера (ғарыштық бағдарлама) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Венера (ғарыштық бағдарлама)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera-Missioun" title="Venera-Missioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Venera-Missioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venyera-program" title="Venyera-program – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Venyera-program" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%E2%80%9C" title="Вселенска програма „Венера“ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вселенска програма „Венера“" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneraprogramma" title="Veneraprogramma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veneraprogramma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="ベネラ計画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベネラ計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera-programmet" title="Venera-programmet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venera-programmet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Venera" title="Programa Venera – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Programa Venera" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(apparat)" title="Venera (apparat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Venera (apparat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Wenera" title="Program Wenera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Wenera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Venera" title="Programa Venera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Programa Venera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Венера (космическая программа) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венера (космическая программа)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Venera" title="Program Venera – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Program Venera" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Програм Венера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Програм Венера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneraprogrammet" title="Veneraprogrammet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Veneraprogrammet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="வெனேரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெனேரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Венера (космічна програма) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Венера (космічна програма)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Venera" title="Programa Venera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Programa Venera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Venera" title="Chương trình Venera – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chương trình Venera" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="金星計劃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金星計劃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192144#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet program that explored Venus with multiple probes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Venera_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Venera (disambiguation)">Venera (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Venera" title="Special:EditPage/Venera">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Venera%22">"Venera"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Venera%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Venera%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Venera%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Venera%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Venera%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VenusLanderTopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/220px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/330px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/440px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>Position of Venera landing sites. Red points denote sites returning images from the surface, black central dots sites of surface sample analysis. Map based on mapping from <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Venera</b> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Вене́ра</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[vʲɪˈnʲɛrə]</a></span> 'Venus') program was a series of <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> between 1961 and 1984 to gather information about the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. </p><p>Thirteen probes successfully entered the <a href="/wiki/Venusian_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Venusian atmosphere">Venusian atmosphere</a>, including the two <a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Venera-Halley probes</a>. Ten of those successfully landed on the surface of the planet. Due to the extreme conditions, the probes could only survive for a short period on the surface, from 23 minutes to two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-expl-venus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-expl-venus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Venera</i> program established a number of precedents in space exploration, among them being the first human-made devices to enter the atmosphere of another planet (<a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a> on 1 March 1966), the first to make a <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing_(rocketry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (rocketry)">soft landing</a> on another planet (<a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a> on 15 December 1970), the first to return images from another planet's surface (<a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> on 8 June 1975), the first to record sounds on another planet (<a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a> on 30 October 1981), and the first to perform high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Radar_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar mapping">radar mapping</a> scans (<a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a> on 2 June 1983). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Venera_probes">The Venera probes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Venera probes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venera_1_and_2">Venera 1 and 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Venera 1 and 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venera_1_(a)_(Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG/170px-Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG/255px-Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG/340px-Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Full-scale model of the <a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first Soviet attempt at a flyby probe to Venus was launched on 4 February 1961, but failed to leave Earth orbit. In keeping with the Soviet policy at that time of not announcing details of failed missions, the launch was announced under the name <a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Tyazhely Sputnik</a> ("Heavy Satellite"). It is also known as Venera 1VA.<sup id="cite_ref-EA-1VA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-1VA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with some of the Soviet Union's other planetary probes, the later versions were launched in pairs, with a second vehicle launched soon after the first. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a> were intended to fly past Venus without entering orbit. Venera 1 was launched on 12 February 1961. Telemetry on the probe failed seven days after launch. It is believed to have passed within 100,000 km (62,000 mi) of Venus and remains in heliocentric orbit. Venera 2 launched on 12 November 1965, but also suffered a telemetry failure after leaving Earth orbit. </p><p>Several other failed attempts at Venus flyby probes were launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-Chronology_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but were not announced as planetary missions at the time, and hence did not officially receive the "Venera" designation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venera_3_to_6">Venera 3 to 6</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Venera 3 to 6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a></div> <p>The Venera 3 to 6 probes were similar. Weighing approximately one ton, and launched by the <a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a>-type booster rocket, they included a cruise "bus" and a spherical atmospheric entry probe. The probes were optimised for atmospheric measurements, but not equipped with any special landing apparatus. Although it was hoped they would reach the surface still functioning, the first probes failed almost immediately, thereby disabling data transmission to Earth. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a> became the first human-made object to impact another planet's surface as it crash-landed on 1 March 1966. However, as the spacecraft's data probes had failed upon atmospheric penetration, no data from within the Venusian atmosphere were retrieved from the mission. </p><p>On 18 October 1967, <a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a> became the first spacecraft to measure the atmosphere of another planet. This spacecraft first showed the major gas of Venus's atmosphere to be CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-fegley_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fegley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> initially claimed the craft reached the surface intact, re-analysis, including atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a> data from the American <a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a> spacecraft that flew by Venus the day after its arrival, demonstrated that Venus's surface pressure was 75–100 atmospheres, much higher than Venera 4's 25 atm hull strength, and the claim was retracted. </p><p>Realizing the ships would be crushed before reaching the surface, the Soviets launched <a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a> as atmospheric probes. Designed to jettison nearly half their payload prior to entering the planet's atmosphere, these craft recorded 53 and 51 minutes of data, respectively, while slowly descending by parachute before their batteries failed. </p><p>Around that time it became increasingly known that Venus was unlikely to have liquid bodies of water, however the designs for the Soviet <i>Venera</i> probes still considered the possibility of a water landing as late as 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiii">: xiii </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venera_7">Venera 7</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Venera 7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venera-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Venera-7.jpg/220px-Venera-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Venera-7.jpg/330px-Venera-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Venera-7.jpg/440px-Venera-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Model of Venera 7 lander in the Cosmos Pavilion, <a href="/wiki/VDNKh_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="VDNKh (Russia)">VDNKh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a> probe, launched in August 1970, was the first one designed to survive Venus's surface conditions and to make a <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing_(rocketry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (rocketry)">soft landing</a>. Massively overbuilt to ensure survival, it had few experiments on board, and scientific output from the mission was further limited due to an internal switchboard failure that stuck in the "transmit temperature" position. Still, the control scientists succeeded in extrapolating the pressure (90 atm) from the temperature data with 465 °C (869 °F), which resulted from the first direct surface measurements. The Doppler measurements of the Venera 4 to 7 probes were the first evidence of the existence of zonal winds with high speeds of up to 100 metres per second (330 ft/s, 362 km/h, 225 mph) in the Venusian atmosphere (<a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus#Circulation" title="Atmosphere of Venus">super rotation</a>). Along with the pressure and temperature data acquired Venera 7 also measured atmospheric composition.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fegley_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fegley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venera 7's parachute failed shortly before landing very close to the surface. It impacted at 17 metres per second (56 ft/s) and toppled over, but survived. This caused antenna misalignment making the radio signal very weak, but it was detected (with temperature telemetry) for 23 more minutes before its batteries expired. Thus, it became, on 15 December 1970, the first human-made probe to transmit data from the surface of Venus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venera_8">Venera 8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Venera 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a>, launched in 1972, was equipped with an extended set of scientific instruments for studying the surface (gamma-spectrometer etc.). The cruise bus of Venera 7 and 8 was similar to that of earlier ones, with the design ascending to the <a href="/wiki/Zond_3" title="Zond 3">Zond 3</a> mission. The lander transmitted data during the descent and landed in sunlight. It measured the light level but had no camera. It transmitted data for almost an hour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venera_9_to_12">Venera 9 to 12</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Venera 9 to 12"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars-Venera_station_liquid-based_engine_(2004).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars-Venera_station_liquid-based_engine_%282004%29.jpg/220px-Mars-Venera_station_liquid-based_engine_%282004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars-Venera_station_liquid-based_engine_%282004%29.jpg/330px-Mars-Venera_station_liquid-based_engine_%282004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars-Venera_station_liquid-based_engine_%282004%29.jpg/440px-Mars-Venera_station_liquid-based_engine_%282004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/KTDU-425" title="KTDU-425">KTDU-425</a>A liquid-propellant engine used on Venera spacecraft from 9 to 16</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_probe_Venera_on_the_venus_surface_(artist_recreation).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Space_probe_Venera_on_the_venus_surface_%28artist_recreation%29.jpg/220px-Space_probe_Venera_on_the_venus_surface_%28artist_recreation%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Space_probe_Venera_on_the_venus_surface_%28artist_recreation%29.jpg/330px-Space_probe_Venera_on_the_venus_surface_%28artist_recreation%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Space_probe_Venera_on_the_venus_surface_%28artist_recreation%29.jpg/440px-Space_probe_Venera_on_the_venus_surface_%28artist_recreation%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3770" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of Venera 10 lander on Venus's surface</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the failed <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">Kosmos 482</a>, the 1975 Venera 9 and 10 probes and 1978 Venera 11 and 12 probes were of a different design. They weighed approximately five tons and were launched by the powerful <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a> booster. They included a transfer and relay bus that had engines to brake into Venus orbit (<a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a>) and to serve as receiver and relay for the entry probe's transmissions. The entry probe was attached to the top of the bus in a spherical heat shield. The probes were optimized for surface operations with an unusual design that included a spherical compartment to protect the electronics from atmospheric pressure and heat for as long as possible. Beneath this was a shock-absorbing "crush ring" for landing. Above the pressure sphere was a cylindrical antenna structure and a wide, dish-shaped structure that resembled an antenna but was actually an aerobrake. They were designed to operate on the surface for a minimum of 30 minutes. Instruments varied on different missions, but included cameras and atmospheric and soil analysis equipment. All four landers had problems with some or all of their camera lens caps not releasing. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> lander operated for at least 53 minutes and took pictures with one of two cameras; the other lens cap did not release. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a> lander operated for at least 65 minutes and took pictures with one of two cameras; the other lens cap did not release. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a> lander operated for at least 95 minutes but neither camera's lens cap released. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a> lander operated for at least 110 minutes but neither camera's lens cap released. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venera_13_and_14">Venera 13 and 14</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Venera 13 and 14"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cut-away_model_of_a_Soviet_Venera_12_lander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cut-away_model_of_a_Soviet_Venera_12_lander.jpg/200px-Cut-away_model_of_a_Soviet_Venera_12_lander.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cut-away_model_of_a_Soviet_Venera_12_lander.jpg/300px-Cut-away_model_of_a_Soviet_Venera_12_lander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cut-away_model_of_a_Soviet_Venera_12_lander.jpg/400px-Cut-away_model_of_a_Soviet_Venera_12_lander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="2810" /></a><figcaption>Model of a Venera lander</figcaption></figure> <p>Venera 13 and 14 (1981–82) each had a descent craft/lander that contained most of the instrumentation and electronics, and a flyby spacecraft that was used as a communications relay. The design was similar to the earlier Venera 9–12 landers. They carried instruments to take scientific measurements of the ground and atmosphere once landed, including cameras, a microphone, a drill and surface sampler, and a seismometer. They also had instruments to record electric discharges during its descent phase through the Venusian atmosphere. </p><p>The two descent craft landed about 950 km (590 mi) apart, just east of the eastern extension of an elevated region known as <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Regio" title="Phoebe Regio">Phoebe Regio</a>. The Venera 13 lander survived for 127 minutes, and the Venera 14 lander for 57 minutes, where the planned design life was only 32 minutes. The Venera 14 craft had the misfortune of ejecting the camera lens cap directly under the surface compressibility tester arm, and returned information for the compressibility of the lens cap rather than the surface. The descent vehicles transmitted data to the buses, which acted as data relays as they flew by Venus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venera_15_and_16">Venera 15 and 16</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Venera 15 and 16"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VenusTopoVenera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/VenusTopoVenera.jpg/220px-VenusTopoVenera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/VenusTopoVenera.jpg/330px-VenusTopoVenera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/VenusTopoVenera.jpg/440px-VenusTopoVenera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Radar topography obtained by Venera 15/16</figcaption></figure><p>The 1983 <a href="/wiki/Venera_15_and_16" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera 15 and 16">Venera 15 and 16</a> spacecraft were orbiter missions, similar to previous probes, but the entry probes were replaced with surface imaging radar equipment. Radar imaging was necessary to penetrate the dense cloud of Venus and both missions included identical synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and radio altimeter systems. The SAR system was crucial in the mapping efforts of the mission and featured an 8-month operational tour to capture Venus's surface at a resolution of 1 to 2 kilometers (0.6 to 1.2 miles).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the system was switched to radio altimeter mode the antenna operated at an 8-centimeter wavelength band to send and receive signals off of the Venusian surface over a period of 0.67 milliseconds. </p><p>The results were a detailed map of the reflectivity distribution over the surface of the Venusian Northern Hemisphere. The linear distance measurements that were taken ranged from 91 to 182 kilometers. The twin Soviet spacecraft flew in near-polar elliptical orbits and succeeded in mapping the top half of the northern atmosphere (from the north pole to 30 degrees N latitude, about 115 million square kilometers or 71 million square miles) by the end of the main mission. An altimeter provided topographical data with a height resolution of 50 m (164 feet), and an East German instrument mapped surface temperature variations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VeGa_probes">VeGa probes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: VeGa probes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">VeGa</a> (Cyrillic: ВеГа) probes to Venus and <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">comet 1/P Halley</a> launched in 1984 also used this basic Venera design, including landers but also atmospheric balloons which relayed data for about two days. "VeGa" is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the words "Venera" (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> in Russian) and "Gallei" (<a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley</a> in Russian). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venera-D">Venera-D</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Venera-D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a> is a proposed mission to Venus that would include a highly capable orbiter and a lander. From the standpoint of total mass delivered to Venus, the best launch opportunities occur in 2026 and 2031;<sup id="cite_ref-2018_status_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_status-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, as of March 2021, Venera-D is planned for launch no earlier than November 2029.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venera-D could incorporate some NASA components, including balloons, a subsatellite for <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> measurements, or a long-lived (24 hours) surface station on the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-Joint_proposal_2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joint_proposal_2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_Science_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Science-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Report_2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_findings">Scientific findings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scientific findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foto_de_Venera_9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/478px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png" decoding="async" width="478" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/717px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Foto_de_Venera_9.png/956px-Foto_de_Venera_9.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>First view of Venus' surface or any other planet other than Earth. The first clear panoramic image taken by Venera 9 lander. This image was sent back in the lander's 53-minute lifetime 22 October 1975. Although it was intended to be a 360-degree image, the second camera's lens cap did not open resulting in this 180-degree panorama.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were many scientific findings from the data retrieved by the Venera probes making them pivotal in our understanding of Venus. The Venera probes provided direct data regarding Venus' surface and atmosphere while also providing important information on electronics lifetime under Venus' harsh conditions. Venera 4 was the first successful probe, and showed that CO<sub>2</sub> is the main component in Venus' atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fegley_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fegley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venera 7 found the temperature and pressure data as well as the atmospheric composition.<sup id="cite_ref-fegley_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fegley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venera 8 measured the K, U, and Th on the surface through <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma-ray</a> analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-fegley_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fegley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venera 9 provided the first images of the surface of Venus as well as more gamma-ray analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By sending the first images of Venus' surface back to Earth the Venera missions provided scientists with the ability to relay the achievements with the public. Venera 13 provided the first color images and X-ray fluorescence data of the surface of the planet. After analyzing the radar images returned from Venera 15 and 16, it was concluded that the ridges and grooves on the surface of Venus were the result of <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> deformations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was found by radar imaging while in orbit. Even with their short lifetimes, the Venera missions each added significant understanding of our sister planet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Venera_probes">Types of Venera probes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types of Venera probes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="center" rules="all" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border: 1px solid #999; border-right: 2px solid #999; border-bottom:2px solid #999; background: #f3fff3"> <caption><i>Venera program probe types</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background: #ddffdd; line-height:120%"> <th>Model</th> <th>Type</th> <th>First<br />Launch</th> <th>Last<br />Launch</th> <th>Missions<br />(success/<br />total)</th> <th>Launch<br />Vehicle</th> <th>Mass</th> <th>Equipment </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1MV" title="1MV">1VA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">Impact</a></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>4 Feb 1961</td> <td>12 Feb 1961</td> <td align="center">0 / 2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a></td> <td>643.5 kg (1,419 lb)</td> <td>5 scientific instruments </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2MV" title="2MV">2MV</a>-1</td> <td style="max-width:0"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_flyby" title="Planetary flyby">Flyby</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_probe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmospheric probe (page does not exist)">Atmospheric probe</a></td> <td>25 Aug 1962</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>1 Sep 1962</td> <td align="center">0 / 2</td> <td>Molniya</td> <td>1,097 kg (2,418 lb)</td> <td>11 scientific instruments </td></tr> <tr> <td>2MV-2</td> <td rowspan="3">Flyby</td> <td>12 Sep 1962</td> <td>12 Sep 1962</td> <td align="center">0 / 1</td> <td>Molniya</td> <td>890 kg (1,960 lb)</td> <td>10 scientific instruments </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3MV" title="3MV">3MV</a>-1<br />and 1A</td> <td>19 Feb 1964</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2 Apr 1964</td> <td align="center">0 / 3</td> <td>Molniya</td> <td><span class="nowrap">948 kg (2,090 lb) and</span><br /><span class="nowrap">800 kg (1,800 lb) (1A)</span></td> <td>10 scientific instruments </td></tr> <tr> <td>3MV-4</td> <td>12 Nov 1965</td> <td><span class="nowrap">23 Nov 1965</span></td> <td align="center">0 / 2</td> <td><span class="nowrap">Molniya-M</span></td> <td>963 kg (2,123 lb)</td> <td>11 scientific instruments </td></tr> <tr> <td>3MV-3</td> <td rowspan="4">Atmospheric probe<br />and <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></td> <td>16 Nov 1965</td> <td>16 Nov 1965</td> <td align="center">0 / 1</td> <td>Molniya-M</td> <td>958 kg (2,112 lb)</td> <td>10 scientific instruments </td></tr> <tr> <td>1V</td> <td>12 Jun 1967</td> <td>17 Jun 1967</td> <td align="center">1 / 2</td> <td>Molniya-M</td> <td>1,106 kg (2,438 lb)</td> <td>8 scientific instruments </td></tr> <tr> <td>2V</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>5 Jan 1969</td> <td>10 Jan 1969</td> <td align="center">2 / 2</td> <td>Molniya-M</td> <td>1,130 kg (2,490 lb)</td> <td>8 scientific instruments </td></tr> <tr> <td>3V</td> <td>17 Aug 1970</td> <td>31 Mar 1972</td> <td align="center">2 / 4</td> <td>Molniya-M</td> <td>1,180 kg (2,600 lb)</td> <td>5 or 9 scientific instruments </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4MV" title="4MV">4V</a>-1<br />and 1M</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter">Orbiter</a> and Lander</td> <td><span class="nowrap">22 Oct 1975</span></td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>4 Nov 1981</td> <td align="center">6 / 6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a>-K</td> <td>4,363 kg (9,619 lb)<br />5,033 kg (11,096 lb)</td> <td style="max-width:0">16 and 21 scientific instruments </td></tr> <tr> <td>4V-2</td> <td>Orbiter</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2 Jun 1983</td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>7 Jun 1983</td> <td align="center">2 / 2</td> <td>Proton-K</td> <td>5,250 kg (11,570 lb)<br />5,300 kg (11,700 lb)</td> <td style="max-width:0">7 scientific instruments with <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight_data_for_all_Venera_missions">Flight data for all Venera missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flight data for all Venera missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th style="padding-left:1px; padding-right:10px;">Name </th> <th>Model </th> <th>Mission </th> <th style="padding-left:1px; padding-right:11px;" data-sort-type="usLongDate">Launch </th> <th style="padding-left:1px; padding-right:11px;" data-sort-type="usLongDate">Arrival </th> <th style="padding-left:1px; padding-right:15px;" data-sort-type="number">Survival time <abbr title="minutes">min</abbr> </th> <th class="unsortable">Results </th> <th style="padding-left:1px; padding-right:12px;">Image </th> <th style="padding-left:1px; padding-right:19px;">Lander <abbr title="coordinates">coordin.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Venera 1VA No. 1</a> </td> <td>1VA No. 1</td> <td>Flyby</td> <td>4 February 1961</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Failed to leave <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_Orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Earth Orbit">earth orbit</a></td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a> </td> <td>1VA No. 2</td> <td>Flyby</td> <td>12 February 1961</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Communications lost en route to Venus</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Venera_1_(a)_(Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG/100px-Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG/150px-Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG/200px-Venera_1_%28a%29_%28Memorial_Museum_of_Astronautics%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">Venera 2MV-1 No.1</a> </td> <td>2MV-1 No.1</td> <td>Atmospheric probe</td> <td>25 August 1962</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Escape stage failed; Re-entered three days later</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sputnik19.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sputnik19.gif/100px-Sputnik19.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sputnik19.gif/150px-Sputnik19.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Sputnik19.gif 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">Venera 2MV-1 No.2</a> </td> <td>2MV-1 No.2</td> <td>Atmospheric probe</td> <td>1 September 1962</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Escape stage failed; Re-entered five days later</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">Venera 2MV-2 No.1</a> </td> <td>2MV-2 No.1</td> <td>Flyby</td> <td>12 September 1962</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Third stage exploded; Spacecraft destroyed</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_3MV-1_No.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera 3MV-1 No.2">Venera 3MV-1 No.2</a> </td> <td>3MV-1 No.2</td> <td>Flyby</td> <td>19 February 1964</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Did not reach <a href="/wiki/Parking_orbit" title="Parking orbit">parking orbit</a></td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a> </td> <td>3MV-1 No.3</td> <td>Flyby</td> <td>27 March 1964</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Escape stage failed</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a> </td> <td>3MV-4 No.4</td> <td>Flyby</td> <td>12 November 1965</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Communications lost just before arrival</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zond_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Zond_2.jpg/100px-Zond_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Zond_2.jpg/150px-Zond_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Zond_2.jpg/199px-Zond_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a> </td> <td>3MV-3 No.1</td> <td>Atmospheric probe</td> <td>16 November 1965</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Communications lost just before atmospheric entry. This was the first manmade object to land on another planet on 1 March 1966 (crash). Probable landing region: -20° to 20° N, 60° to 80° E.</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">Kosmos 96</a> </td> <td>3MV-4 No.6</td> <td>Atmospheric probe</td> <td>23 November 1965</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Failed to leave Earth orbit and reentered the atmosphere. Believed by some researchers to have crashed near <a href="/wiki/Kecksburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Kecksburg, Pennsylvania">Kecksburg, Pennsylvania</a>, USA on 9 December 1965, an event which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kecksburg_UFO_incident" title="Kecksburg UFO incident">"Kecksburg Incident"</a> among <a href="/wiki/UFO" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO">UFO</a> researchers. All Soviet spacecraft that never left Earth orbit were customarily renamed "<a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(satellite)" title="Kosmos (satellite)">Kosmos</a>", regardless of the craft's intended mission. The name is also given to other Soviet/Russian spacecraft that are intended to—and do reach Earth orbit.</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a> </td> <td>4V-1 No.310</td> <td>Atmospheric probe</td> <td>12 June 1967</td> <td>18 October 1967</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>The first probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and return data. Although it did not transmit from the surface, this was the first interplanetary transmission of any probe. Landed somewhere near latitude 19° N, longitude 38° E.</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venera_4_(MMA_2011)_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Venera_4_%28MMA_2011%29_%281%29.JPG/100px-Venera_4_%28MMA_2011%29_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Venera_4_%28MMA_2011%29_%281%29.JPG/150px-Venera_4_%28MMA_2011%29_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Venera_4_%28MMA_2011%29_%281%29.JPG/200px-Venera_4_%28MMA_2011%29_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">Kosmos 167</a> </td> <td>4V-1 No.311</td> <td>Atmospheric probe</td> <td>17 June 1967</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Escape stage failed; Re-entered eight days later </td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a> </td> <td>2V (V-69) No. 330</td> <td>Atmospheric <b>probe</b></td> <td>5 January 1969</td> <td>16 May 1969</td> <td>53*</td> <td>Successfully returned atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure within 26 kilometres (16 mi) of the surface. Landed at 3° S, 18° E.</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a> </td> <td>2V (V-69) No.331</td> <td>Atmospheric <b>probe</b></td> <td>10 January 1969</td> <td>17 May 1969</td> <td>51*</td> <td>Successfully returned atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure within 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) of the surface. Landed at 5° S, 23° E.</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a> </td> <td>4V-1 No. 630</td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Lander</td> <td>17 August 1970</td> <td>15 December 1970</td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">23</td> <td>The first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet, and the first transmission from another planet's surface. Survived for 23 minutes before succumbing to heat and pressure.</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Venera-7_spuskaemiy_apparat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Venera-7_spuskaemiy_apparat.jpg/100px-Venera-7_spuskaemiy_apparat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Venera-7_spuskaemiy_apparat.jpg/150px-Venera-7_spuskaemiy_apparat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Venera-7_spuskaemiy_apparat.jpg/199px-Venera-7_spuskaemiy_apparat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venera&params=5_S_351_E_globe:Venus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°S</span> <span class="longitude">351°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5°S 351°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-5; 351</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_359" title="Kosmos 359">Kosmos 359</a> </td> <td>3V (V-70)</td> <td>Lander</td> <td>22 August 1970</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Escape stage failed; Ended up in an elliptical Earth orbit</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a> </td> <td>4V-1 No.670</td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Lander</td> <td>27 March 1972</td> <td>22 July 1972</td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">50</td> <td>Landed within a 150-kilometre (93 mi) radius of 10.70° S, 335.25° E.</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nave_espacial_Venera_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nave_espacial_Venera_8.jpg/100px-Nave_espacial_Venera_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nave_espacial_Venera_8.jpg/150px-Nave_espacial_Venera_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nave_espacial_Venera_8.jpg/199px-Nave_espacial_Venera_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venera&params=10_S_335_E_globe:Venus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°S</span> <span class="longitude">335°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10°S 335°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-10; 335</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">Kosmos 482</a> </td> <td>3V (V-72) no. 671</td> <td>Probe</td> <td>31 March 1972</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Escape stage exploded during Trans-Venus injection; Some pieces re-entered and others remained in Earth orbit</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> </td> <td>4V-1 No. 660</td> <td>Orbiter and <b>Lander</b></td> <td>8 June 1975</td> <td>22 October 1975</td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">53</td> <td>Sent back the first (black and white) images of Venus' surface. Landed within a 150-kilometre (93 mi) radius of 31.01° N, 291.64° E.</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Venera_9_Space_Probe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Venera_9_Space_Probe_01.jpg/100px-Venera_9_Space_Probe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Venera_9_Space_Probe_01.jpg/150px-Venera_9_Space_Probe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Venera_9_Space_Probe_01.jpg/200px-Venera_9_Space_Probe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3477" data-file-height="4098" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venera&params=31_N_291_E_globe:Venus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°N</span> <span class="longitude">291°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31°N 291°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31; 291</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a> </td> <td>4V-1 No. 661</td> <td>Orbiter and <b>Lander</b></td> <td>14 June 1975</td> <td>25 October 1975</td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">65</td> <td>Landed within a 150-kilometre (93 mi) radius of 15.42° N, 291.51° E.</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-10%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-10%22.jpg/150px-%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-10%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-10%22.jpg/225px-%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-10%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-10%22.jpg/300px-%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0-10%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venera&params=15_42_N_291_51_E_globe:Venus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">291°51′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.700°N 291.850°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.700; 291.850</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a> </td> <td>4V-1 No. 360</td> <td>Flyby and <b>Lander</b></td> <td>9 September 1978</td> <td>25 December 1978</td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">95</td> <td>The lander arrived, but the imaging systems failed.</td> <td></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venera&params=14_S_299_E_globe:Venus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°S</span> <span class="longitude">299°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14°S 299°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-14; 299</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a> </td> <td>4V-1</td> <td>Flyby and <b>Lander</b></td> <td>14 September 1978</td> <td>21 December 1978</td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">110</td> <td>The lander recorded what is thought to be lightning.</td> <td></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venera&params=07_S_294_E_globe:Venus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">07°S</span> <span class="longitude">294°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7°S 294°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-7; 294</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a> </td> <td>4V-1 no.760</td> <td>Flyby and <b>Lander</b></td> <td>30 October 1981</td> <td>1 March 1982</td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">127</td> <td>Returned the first colour images of Venus' surface, and discovered <a href="/wiki/Leucite" title="Leucite">leucite</a> basalt in a soil sample using a <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>.</td> <td></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venera&params=07_05_S_303_00_E_globe:Venus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">07°05′S</span> <span class="longitude">303°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.083°S 303.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-7.083; 303.000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a> </td> <td>4V-1 No. 761</td> <td>Flyby and <b>Lander</b></td> <td>4 November 1981</td> <td>5 March 1982</td> <td style="font-weight:bold;">57</td> <td>A soil sample revealed <a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic_basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholeiitic basalt">tholeiitic basalt</a> (similar to that found on Earth's mid-ocean ridges).</td> <td></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venera&params=13_25_S_310_00_E_globe:Venus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°25′S</span> <span class="longitude">310°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.417°S 310.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-13.417; 310.000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a> </td> <td>4V-2 No. 860</td> <td>Orbiter</td> <td>2 June 1983</td> <td>10 October 1983</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Mapped (along with Venera 16) the northern hemisphere down to 30 degrees from North (resolution <span class="nowrap">1–2 km</span>)</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a> </td> <td>4V-2</td> <td>Orbiter</td> <td>7 June 1983</td> <td>14 October 1983</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Mapped (along with Venera 15) the northern hemisphere down to 30 degrees from North (resolution <span class="nowrap">1–2 km</span>)</td> <td></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a> </td> <td>5VK No. 902</td> <td>Flyby and Lander</td> <td>15 December 1984</td> <td>11 June 1985</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a>. The vessel was en route to <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>. During entry into atmosphere, the surface instruments began work early, and the lander failed.</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/150px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/225px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/300px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venera&params=07_05_N_177_07_E_globe:Venus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">07°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">177°07′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.083°N 177.117°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.083; 177.117</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a> </td> <td>5VK No. 901</td> <td>Flyby and <b>Lander</b></td> <td>21 December 1984</td> <td>15 June 1985</td> <td style="font-weight:bold">56</td> <td>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a>. The vessel was en route to <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>.</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/150px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/225px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/300px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venera&params=08_05_S_177_07_E_globe:Venus"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">08°05′S</span> <span class="longitude">177°07′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.083°S 177.117°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.083; 177.117</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron (spacecraft)</a> – Soviet ultraviolet space telescope (1983–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus project</a> – Two spacecraft sent to Venus in 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a> – Proposed Russian mission to Venus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a> – First spacecraft to visit Mercury (1973–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan (spacecraft)</a> – NASA orbiter mission to Venus (1989–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> – European orbiter mission to Venus (2005–2015)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NASA-expl-venus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-expl-venus_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus/exploration/">"NASA Solar System Exploration: Venus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Solar+System+Exploration%3A+Venus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fvenus%2Fexploration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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Encyclopedia Astronautica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100909085012/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/venra1va.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venera+1VA&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fv%2Fvenera1va.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chronology-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chronology_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NSSDC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chronology_venus.html">Chronology of Venus Exploration</a>, Dave Williams, 28 October 2021, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; see also NSSDC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html">Tentatively Identified (Soviet) Missions and Launch Failures</a>, Dave Williams, 22 February 2022, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimax.com/resource/venumore.html">"Venus Exploration Atlas"</a>. Ultimax Group. 1 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708123346/https://ssl.catalog.com/~ultimax.com/resource/venus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venus+Exploration+Atlas&rft.pub=Ultimax+Group&rft.date=2003-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimax.com%2Fresource%2Fvenumore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fegley-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fegley_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fegley_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fegley_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fegley_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fegley_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFegley2014" class="citation book cs1">Fegley, B. 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Elsevier. pp. 127–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-095975-7.00122-4">10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00122-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-098300-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-098300-4"><bdi>978-0-08-098300-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.7+%E2%80%93+Venus&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+Geochemistry&rft.pages=127-148&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-095975-7.00122-4&rft.isbn=978-0-08-098300-4&rft.aulast=Fegley&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FB9780080959757001224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozois2015" class="citation book cs1">Dozois, Gardner (3 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJBoBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+Long+Rain%22+%22All+Summer+in+a+Day%22%22+Bradbury+Venus+-wikipedia&pg=PT8">"Return to Venusport"</a>. 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(4 January 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv25c4z16.4">"Preface"</a>, <i>Venus</i>, University of Arizona Press, pp. vii–viii, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv25c4z16.4">10.2307/j.ctv25c4z16.4</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245731743">245731743</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Venus&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.pages=vii-viii&rft.date=2022-01-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv25c4z16.4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245731743%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hunten&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft.au=Colin%2C+Lawrence&rft.au=Donahue%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Moroz%2C+Vassily+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv25c4z16.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasilevskyProninRoncaKryuchkov1986" class="citation journal cs1">Basilevsky, A. T.; Pronin, A. A.; Ronca, L. B.; Kryuchkov, V. P.; Sukhanov, A. L.; Markov, M. S. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1986LPSC...16..399B">"Styles of tectonic deformations of Venus – Analysis of Venera 15 and 16 data"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>91</b>. Journal of Geophysical Research 30 March 1986, p. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Styles+of+tectonic+deformations+of+Venus+%E2%80%93+Analysis+of+Venera+15+and+16+data&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=399&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0148-0227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJB091iB04p0D399&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986JGR....91D.399B&rft.aulast=Basilevsky&rft.aufirst=A.+T.&rft.au=Pronin%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Ronca%2C+L.+B.&rft.au=Kryuchkov%2C+V.+P.&rft.au=Sukhanov%2C+A.+L.&rft.au=Markov%2C+M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1986LPSC...16..399B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Huntress2011">Huntress et al.</a> p. 49-266 <i>op. cit.</i> <i>Link needs repairing</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogVenus.htm">Catalog of Soviet Venus images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151114164157/http://www.strykfoto.org/venera.htm">Venera 9, 10, 13, and 14 images of the surface of Venus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929111636/http://files.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/ejasa/1993/jasa9302.txt">The Soviets and Venus by Larry Klaes, 1993</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161211054357/http://www.astronautix.com/v/venera.html">Venera – Encyclopedia Astronautica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Venus" title="Template:Venus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venus" title="Template talk:Venus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Venus" title="Outline of Venus">Outline of Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnoid_(astrogeology)" title="Arachnoid (astrogeology)">Arachnoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Dune fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapping_of_Venus" title="Mapping of Venus">Mapping of Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Regio" title="Alpha Regio">Alpha Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria_Regio" title="Asteria Regio">Asteria Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Regio" title="Beta Regio">Beta Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovda_Regio" title="Ovda Regio">Ovda Regio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Venus" title="List of terrae on Venus">Terrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Terra" title="Aphrodite Terra">Aphrodite Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Terra" title="Ishtar Terra">Ishtar Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada_Terra" title="Lada Terra">Lada Terra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_montes_on_Venus" title="List of montes on Venus">Mountains</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">volcanoes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abeona_Mons" title="Abeona Mons">Abeona Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akna_Montes" title="Akna Montes">Akna Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anala_Mons" title="Anala Mons">Anala Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Corona" title="Artemis Corona">Artemis Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BDhet_Corona" title="Baʽhet Corona">Baʽhet Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boala_Corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Boala Corona">Boala Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciuacoatl_Mons" title="Ciuacoatl Mons">Ciuacoatl Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fand_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fand Mons">Fand Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotla_Corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotla Corona">Fotla Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_Mons" title="Gula Mons">Gula Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng-o_Corona" title="Heng-o Corona">Heng-o Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso_Tholus" title="Iaso Tholus">Iaso Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idunn_Mons" title="Idunn Mons">Idunn Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irnini_Mons" title="Irnini Mons">Irnini Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaszai_Patera" title="Jaszai Patera">Jaszai Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat_Mons" title="Maat Mons">Maat Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Montes" title="Maxwell Montes">Maxwell Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_Corona" title="Nightingale Corona">Nightingale Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onatah_Corona" title="Onatah Corona">Onatah Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozza_Mons" title="Ozza Mons">Ozza Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_Corona" title="Pavlova Corona">Pavlova Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetzalpetlatl_Corona" title="Quetzalpetlatl Corona">Quetzalpetlatl Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake_dome" title="Pancake dome">Pancake dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet_Mons" title="Renpet Mons">Renpet Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacajawea_Patera" title="Sacajawea Patera">Sacajawea Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachs_Patera" title="Sachs Patera">Sachs Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapas_Mons" title="Sapas Mons">Sapas Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalloped_margin_dome" title="Scalloped margin dome">Scalloped margin dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddons_Patera" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddons Patera">Siddons Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif_Mons" title="Sif Mons">Sif Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skadi_Mons" title="Skadi Mons">Skadi Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_Mons" title="Theia Mons">Theia Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushas_Mons" title="Ushas Mons">Ushas Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisa_Corona" title="Zisa Corona">Zisa Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coronae_on_Venus" title="List of coronae on Venus">List of coronae on Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Plains</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">plateaus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere_Planitia" title="Guinevere Planitia">Guinevere Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Planum" title="Lakshmi Planum">Lakshmi Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_Planitia" title="Sedna Planitia">Sedna Planitia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Canyons</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">valleys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikhulu_Chasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikhulu Chasma">Aikhulu Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Chasma" title="Artemis Chasma">Artemis Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltis_Vallis" title="Baltis Vallis">Baltis Vallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Chasma" title="Dali Chasma">Dali Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devana_Chasma" title="Devana Chasma">Devana Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Chasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Chasma">Diana Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganis_Chasma" title="Ganis Chasma">Ganis Chasma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Venus" title="List of craters on Venus">Craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addams_(crater)" title="Addams (crater)">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivar_(crater)" title="Adivar (crater)">Adivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnesi_(crater)" title="Agnesi (crater)">Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_(crater)" title="Alcott (crater)">Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(crater)" title="Ariadne (crater)">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(crater)" title="Aurelia (crater)">Aurelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balch_(crater)" title="Balch (crater)">Balch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_(crater)" title="Barton (crater)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_(crater)" title="Buck (crater)">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(crater)" title="Cleopatra (crater)">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunitz_(crater)" title="Cunitz (crater)">Cunitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilova_(crater)" title="Danilova (crater)">Danilova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Lalande_(crater)" title="De Lalande (crater)">De Lalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_(crater)" title="Dickinson (crater)">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goeppert-Mayer_(crater)" title="Goeppert-Mayer (crater)">Goeppert-Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golubkina_(crater)" title="Golubkina (crater)">Golubkina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimke_(crater)" title="Grimke (crater)">Grimke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_(Venusian_crater)" title="Gregory (Venusian crater)">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilbert_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilbert (crater)">Guilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(crater)" title="Isabella (crater)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_(crater)" title="Jeanne (crater)">Jeanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Celeste_(crater)" title="Maria Celeste (crater)">Maria Celeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariko_(crater)" title="Mariko (crater)">Mariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_(crater)" title="Mead (crater)">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitner_(Venusian_crater)" title="Meitner (Venusian crater)">Meitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_Ptah_(crater)" title="Merit Ptah (crater)">Merit Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(crater)" title="Mona Lisa (crater)">Mona Lisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanichi" title="Nanichi">Nanichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riley_(crater)" title="Riley (crater)">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(Venusian_crater)" title="Ruth (Venusian crater)">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefania_(crater)" title="Stefania (crater)">Stefania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_(crater)" title="Wanda (crater)">Wanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatley_(crater)" title="Wheatley (crater)">Wheatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkina_(crater)" title="Yablochkina (crater)">Yablochkina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics_of_Venus" title="Geodynamics of Venus">Geodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Venus" title="Geology of Venus">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_features_of_Venus" title="Surface features of Venus">Surface features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_snow" title="Venus snow">Venus snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venusquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Venusquake">Venusquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_Venus" title="Aspects of Venus">Aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Venus" title="Orbit of Venus">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_Venus" title="Phases of Venus">Phases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1639_transit_of_Venus" title="1639 transit of Venus">1639</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_transit_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="1761 transit of Venus">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769_transit_of_Venus_observed_from_Tahiti" title="1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_transit_of_Venus" title="1874 transit of Venus">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_transit_of_Venus" title="1882 transit of Venus">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_transit_of_Venus" title="2004 transit of Venus">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_transit_of_Venus" title="2012 transit of Venus">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus-crosser asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_trojan" title="Venus trojan">Venus trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/524522_Zoozve" title="524522 Zoozve">Zoozve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Sputnik 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venera</a> program <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">Sputnik 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">Sputnik 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">Sputnik 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">Venera 1964A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">Kosmos 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">Kosmos 167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">Kosmos 482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a> / Pioneer 12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a> / Pioneer 13</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin'en</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gravity Assists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></i> (planned)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a></i> (planned)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Atmospheric_Maneuverable_Platform" title="Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform">VAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">VISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed<br />(crewed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a> (flyby)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_mapping_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological mapping of Venus">Geological mapping of Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">Artificial objects on Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytherean" title="Cytherean">Cytherean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_in_culture" title="Venus in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_in_fiction" title="Venus in fiction">In fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus" title="Life on Venus">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith (hypothetical moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Venus" title="Category:Venus">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Venera_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venera" title="Template:Venera"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venera" title="Template talk:Venera"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venera_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venera program</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failed launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Tyazhely Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">Venera 2MV-1 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">Venera 2MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">Venera 2MV-2 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3MV-1_No.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera 3MV-1 No.2">Venera 3MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">Kosmos 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">Kosmos 167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_359" title="Kosmos 359">Kosmos 359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">Kosmos 482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">Venera 1964A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_space_probes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSR_space_probes" title="Template:USSR space probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSR_space_probes" title="Template talk:USSR space probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSR_space_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSR space probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(satellite)" title="Kosmos (satellite)">Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(satellite)" title="Molniya (satellite)">Molniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion (spacecraft instrument)">Orion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prognoz (satellite)">Prognoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod rovers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_program" title="Mars program">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Fobos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1MV" title="1MV">1MV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MV" title="2MV">2MV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3MV" title="3MV">3MV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-69_(spacecraft)" title="M-69 (spacecraft)">2M/M69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4MV" title="4MV">4MV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5VK" title="5VK">5VK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venus_spacecraft" title="Template:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venus_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venus_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/80px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/120px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/160px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="262" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/80px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/120px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/160px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/80px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/120px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/160px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">16</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">10</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin-en</a></i><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe#Small_probes" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Small Probes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Balloon probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Failed launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Tyazhely Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">2MV-1 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">2MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">2MV-2 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">3MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">482</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR (spacecraft)">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a><sup>‡</sup> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a> (2031–2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Venus missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CubeSat_UV_Experiment" title="CubeSat UV Experiment">CUVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(rover)" title="Zephyr (rover)">Zephyr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled <br /> or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automaton_Rover_for_Extreme_Environments" title="Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments">AREE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Venus_Operational_Concept" title="High Altitude Venus Operational Concept">HAVOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_Observer_for_Venus_Reconnaissance" title="Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance">HOVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK#Mavr_(MArs_-_VeneRa)" title="TMK">TMK-Mavr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Atmospheric_Maneuverable_Platform" title="Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform">VAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiting_Imaging_Radar" title="Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar">Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">VISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Volcano_Imaging_and_Climate_Explorer" title="Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer">VOICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Program overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3MV" title="3MV">3MV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Observations and explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">List of artificial objects on Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Venus_flyby" title="Manned Venus flyby">Manned Venus flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Spectral_Rocket_Experiment" title="Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment">VeSpR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before any data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venera&oldid=1252304695">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venera&oldid=1252304695</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Venera_program" title="Category:Venera program">Venera 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