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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspirazio_iturria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Inspirazio iturria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspirazio_iturria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zineman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zineman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zineman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zineman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Robinson Crusoe: berrikuspenen arteko aldeak</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 84 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="روبنسون كروزو (رواية) – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبنسون كروزو (رواية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87)" title="روبنسون كروزو (روايه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبنسون كروزو (روايه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B" title="ৰবিনছন ক্ৰুছো – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰবিনছন ক্ৰুছো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(suterot)" title="Robinson Crusoe (suterot) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Robinson Crusoe (suterot)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinzon_Kruzo" title="Robinzon Kruzo – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robinzon Kruzo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Рабінзон Круза – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабінзон Круза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Рабінзон Круза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рабінзон Круза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Робинзон Крузо (книга) – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робинзон Крузо (книга)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B" title="রবিনসন ক্রুসো – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রবিনসন ক্রুসো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крузо – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Робинзон Крузо" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ροβινσώνας Κρούσος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ροβινσώνας Κρούσος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinsono_Kruso" title="Robinsono Kruso – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robinsono Kruso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(romaan)" title="Robinson Crusoe (romaan) – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robinson Crusoe (romaan)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%87" title="رابینسون کروزوئه – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابینسون کروزوئه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Cruso%C3%A9" title="Robinson Crusoé – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robinson Crusoé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95" title="רובינזון קרוזו – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רובינזון קרוזו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="रोबिंसन क्रूसो – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोबिंसन क्रूसो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%B8" title="Ռոբինզոն Կրուզո – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբինզոն Կրուզո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%94%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D6%85" title="Ռոպինսոն Քրուզօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռոպինսոն Քրուզօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(novel)" title="Robinson Crusoe (novel) – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robinson Crusoe (novel)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3binson_Kr%C3%BAs%C3%B3" title="Róbinson Krúsó – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róbinson Krúsó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC" title="ロビンソン・クルーソー – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロビンソン・クルーソー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D" title="რობინზონ კრუზო – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობინზონ კრუზო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Робинзон Крузо (роман) – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Робинзон Крузо (роман)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%88%EC%8A%A8_%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%A8%EC%86%8C" title="로빈슨 크루소 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로빈슨 크루소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(pirt%C3%BBk)" title="Robinson Crusoe (pirtûk) – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Robinson Crusoe (pirtûk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D3%A7%D0%B3_Robinzon" title="Небӧг Robinzon – komiera" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Небӧг Robinzon" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Робинзон Крузо (роман) – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Робинзон Крузо (роман)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Cruso%C3%ABus" title="Robinson Crusoëus – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robinson Crusoëus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobino_(b%C3%BAku)" title="Lobino (búku) – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lobino (búku)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinzonas_Kruzas" title="Robinzonas Kruzas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robinzonas Kruzas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinsons_Kr%C5%ABzo" title="Robinsons Krūzo – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Robinsons Krūzo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крусо – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Робинзон Крусо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B" title="റോബിൻസൺ ക്രൂസോ – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബിൻസൺ ക്രൂസോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крузо – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Робинзон Крузо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95)" title="रॉबिन्सन क्रुसो (पुस्तक) – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉबिन्सन क्रुसो (पुस्तक)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ရော်ဗင်ဆန် ကရူးဆိုး – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရော်ဗင်ဆန် ကရူးဆိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88" title="رابینسون کروزو – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رابینسون کروزو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B" title="ਰੌਬਿਨਸਨ ਕਰੂਸੋ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੌਬਿਨਸਨ ਕਰੂਸੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przypadki_Robinsona_Kruzoe" title="Przypadki Robinsona Kruzoe – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przypadki Robinsona Kruzoe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="رابنسن کروسو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رابنسن کروسو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крузо – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Робинзон Крузо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_(rom%C3%A1n)" title="Robinson Crusoe (román) – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robinson Crusoe (román)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Kruzo" title="Robinson Kruzo – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Robinson Kruzo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крусо – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Робинзон Крусо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B" title="ராபின்சன் குரூசோ – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராபின்சன் குரூசோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Робинзон Крузо – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Робинзон Крузо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B" title="โรบินสัน ครูโซ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรบินสัน ครูโซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Робінзон Крузо – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Робінзон Крузо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="روبنسن کروسو – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روبنسن کروسو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Robinson Crusoe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%BB%A8%E9%80%8A%E6%BC%82%E6%B5%81%E8%AE%B0" title="鲁滨逊漂流记 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲁滨逊漂流记" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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mw-tag-marker-visualeditor-wikitext">2017 wikitestu editorearekin</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="eu">(9 erabiltzailek tartean egindako 30 berrikusketa ez dira erakusten)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">1. lerroa:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">1. lerroa:</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{HezkuntzaPrograma|Literatura}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{izenburu etzana}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Liburu infotaula</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Liburu infotaula</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|izena = Robinson Crusoe</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|izena = Robinson Crusoe</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">19. lerroa:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">19. lerroa:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|oclc= </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|oclc= </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|izenburua euskaraz = Robinson Crusoe</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|izenburua euskaraz = Robinson Crusoe</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|itzultzailea = [[Aintzane Ibarzabal|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A* [[Literatura unibertsal]]aintzane</del> Ibarzabal Esnaola]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|itzultzailea = [[Aintzane Ibarzabal|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Aintzane</ins> Ibarzabal Esnaola]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|itzulpenaren argitaratzailea = [[Ibaizabal (argitaletxea)|Ibaizabal]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|itzulpenaren argitaratzailea = [[Ibaizabal (argitaletxea)|Ibaizabal]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|itzulpenaren argitaratze data = [[1997]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|itzulpenaren argitaratze data = [[1997]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|itzulpenaren bilduma = Literatura Unibertsala</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|itzulpenaren bilduma = Literatura Unibertsala</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|itzulpenaren orrialdeak = 364</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|itzulpenaren orrialdeak = 364</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|itzulpenaren ISBN = 978-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8415337782</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|itzulpenaren ISBN = 978-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">84-15337-78-2</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Fitxategi:Robinson Crusoe and Man Friday Offterdinger.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Robinson Crusoe ''Ostiral'' kidea kanibalengandik erreskatatzen]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''''Robinson Crusoe''''' ([[ingeles]]ez, jatorrizkoan ''The life and strange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe'') ingelesez idatzitako lehenengo [[eleberri]]tzat hartzen den [[liburu]]a da, [[Daniel Defoe]] ingelesak [[Alexander Selkirk]] eskoziar itsasgizonaren istorioan oinarriturik idatzia, lehen aldiz [[1719]]an argitaratua. Urte hartan bertan, liburu honen jarraipena zen ''The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe'' idatzi zuen Defoek.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''''Robinson Crusoe''''' ([[ingeles]]ez, jatorrizkoan ''The life and strange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe'') ingelesez idatzitako lehenengo [[eleberri]]tzat hartzen den [[liburu]]a da, [[1719]]an argitaratua. Fikziozko autobiografia gisa idatzia dago, irla desertu batean 28 urte pasatzen dituen naufrago ingeles batek kontatua. Ziur asko, [[Alexander Selkirk]] eskoziar itsasgizonaren istorioan oinarriturik idatzi zuen nobela Defoek<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Timothy|abizena=Severin|izenburua=In search of Robinson Crusoe|argitaletxea=Basic Books|data=2002|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49822899|edizioa=1st ed|isbn=0-465-07698-X|pmc=49822899|sartze-data=2022-02-15}}</ref>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Robinson Crusoe abentura-nobelen artean ezagunenetakoa da, klasiko bat bihurtu delarik. Defoek berehala idatzi zuen bigarren partea ere, Robinson Crusoeren azken abenturak (ingelesez, jatorrizkoan, ''The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe)''. Bigarren parteak, eta gerora idatzitako hirugarrenak, dena dela, ez zuten lehenengoaren inspirazioa eta adierazpen indarra erakutsi eta ez zuten hark adinako arrakastarik izan.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Hainbat aldiz [[zinema]]ratu dute liburua.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Robinson Crusoe abenturazko eleberri klasiko nagusia da. Obra hau protagonistaren izenaz bakarrik ezagutzen den arren, jatorrizko izenburua, lehenengo edizioko azalean agertzen den bezala, honako hau da:</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragrafoa mugitu da. Klika ezazu, beste kokaleku batera jauzi egiteko." href="#movedpara_22_27_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_15_0_lhs"></a>== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Haria</del> ==</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Aipua|Robinson Crusoeren bizitza eta abentura sinestezinak, Yorkekoa, marinela, hogeita zortzi urtez Amerikako kostaldean jenderik gabeko uharte batean bakarrik bizi izan zena, [[Orinoco ibaia]] handiaren bokaletik gertu; hondoratze baten ondoren, itsasertzera eramana izan zen, non gizon guztiak hil ziren, bera izan ezik. Azkenean, piratek nola askatu zuten azalduz. Berak idatzia.}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Liburua argitaratu zenetik gaur arte 700 argitalpen baino gehiago izan ditu, eta ia munduko hizkuntza guztietan argitaratu da; gainera aldaerak, laburpenak, antzerkiak, filmeak eta abar egin dira liburuan oinarrituta</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>== Idazlea eta obra ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Hirurogei urte bete arte, hau da Robinson Crusoe idatzi zuen arte, [[libelo]] politikoak eta hainbat gairi buruzko informazioa ematen duten obra txikiak idatzi zituen batez ere Daniel Defoek.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Idazleak bere jarduera publikoak alde batera utzi zituen liburu honi ekiteko. Garai hartan ospe handia zuen jenero bat aukeratu zuen Defoek, [[Bidaldi liburu|bidaia liburuena]] hain zuzen ; estilo soila erabili zuen, eta erdi mailako klaseek, eta ia edozein irakurlek, beren burua identifikatuta ikusteko moduko pertsonaia bat asmatu zuen. Ezaugarri horiei esker arrakasta handia izan zuen hasiera-hasieratik obra hark eta Defoek berehala idatzi zuen bigarren partea ere, Robinson Crusoeren azken abenturak. Bigarren parteak, eta gerora idatzitako hirugarrenak, dena dela, ez zuten lehenengoaren inspirazioa eta adierazpen indarra erakutsi eta ez zuten hark adinako arrakastarik izan<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Lur|abizena=Lur Hiztegi Entziklopedikoa|izenburua=Daniel Defoe|hizkuntza=eu|data=2011-07-13|url=https://www.euskadi.eus/web01-a2lurent/eu/contenidos/articulo/c1703/eu_d1703030/1703030.html|aldizkaria=www.euskadi.eus|sartze-data=2022-02-16}}</ref>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Robinsonen ondoren ere idatzi zituen heste zenbait obra, adibidez, ''[[Captain Singleton]]'' (1720, Singleton kapitaina), ''[[Coronel Jack]]'' (1722, Jack koronela), ''[[Journal of Tbe Plague Year]]'' (1722, Izurriaren urtearen egunkaria), Defoek txikitan izurriari ([[Londresko Izurri Handia]]''',''' [[1665]]-[[1666]]) buruz entzundako berriak erreportaia gisa emanak agertzen dituena. Fikziozko bere azken lan aipagarria ''[[Roxana (eleberria)|Roxana]]'' (1724) izan zen. Lan haiek, dena den, Robinson-en ospearen itzalean gelditu ziren, nahiz eta XVIII. mendeko ingeles literaturan puntapuntako obratzat har daitezkeen horietako batzuk.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>== Istorioa ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{argumentua}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{argumentua}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Fitxategi:Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg|thumb|Robinson Crusoeren uharteko mapa, liburuko gertakariekin.]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Robinson Crusoe ("Kreutznaer" alemaniar izenaren abizen eraldatua) [[Kingston upon Hill]]-en itsasoratu zen itsas bidaia batean [[1651]]ko abuztuan, bere gurasoen nahien aurka, [[Zuzenbide]] karrera jarraitzea nahi baitzuten. Bidaia iskanbilatsu baten ondoren, non bere ontzia ekaitz batean hondoratzen den, itsasoarekiko bere desioa hain da indartsua, non berriro itsasoratzen den. Bidaia hau ere hondamenean amaitzen da, itsasontzia [[Salé]]ko piratek hartzen baitute (Saleko Roverrak) eta Crusoe [[mairu]] batek [[esklabo]] bihurtzen du. Bi urte geroago, Xury izeneko haur batekin txalupa batean ihes egin zuen; itsasontzi [[portugaldar]] bateko kapitain batek erreskatatu zuen, Afrikako mendebaldeko kostaldearen parean. Itsasontzia [[Brasil]]era doa. Crusoek Xury kapitainari saltzen dio. Kapitainaren laguntzarekin, Crusoek [[plantazio]] bat lortzen du.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Urte batzuk geroago, Crusoe [[Atlantikoko esklabo merkataritza|Afrikako jendea bahitu eta esklabo bihurtzeko]] espedizio batera batu zen, baina ekaitz batean hondoratu zen berrogei bat miliatara, [[Venezuela]]ko kostaldetik gertu dagoen uharte batean (''Desesperazioaren Uhartea'' deitzen dio), [[Orinoco]] ibaiaren bokaletik gertu, [[1659]]ko [[irailaren 30]]ean<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Daniel|abizena=Defoe|izenburua=The life and strange surprizing adventures of Robinson Crusoe: of York, mariner: who lived eight and twenty years, all alone in an un-inhabited island on the coast of America, near the mouth of the great river of Oroonoque; ... Written by himself.|data=2007-01|url=https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/K061280.000|sartze-data=2022-02-15}}</ref>. Latitudea 9 gradu eta 22 minutukoa dela ikusten du iparraldean. [[Pinguino]]ak eta [[foka]]k ikusten ditu bere uhartean. Hara iristean, bera eta hiru animalia, kapitainaren txakurra eta bi katu bakarrik geratzen dira bizirik. Etsipena gaindituz, armak, erremintak eta itsasontziko beste hornidura batzuk biltzen ditu, apurtu eta hondoratu aurretik. Habitat hesitu bat eraikitzen du zulatzen duen kobazulo baten ondoan. Egurrezko gurutze batean markak eginez, egutegi bat sortzen du. Itsasontzitik erreskatatutako erremintekin eta berak egiten dituen tresna batzuekin, [[ehiza]]tzen du, [[garagar]]ra eta [[arroz]]a landatzen ditu, [[mahaspasa]]k egiteko mahatsak lehortzen ditu, [[zeramika]] egiten ikasten du eta [[ahuntz]]ak hazten ditu. [[Loro]] txiki bat ere hartzen du. [[Biblia]] irakurtzen du eta erlijioso bihurtzen da, [[Jainkoa]]ri eskerrak emanez bere patuagatik, non ez den falta gizartea besterik.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Eleberri honek ingeles marinel baten istorioa kontatzen du. 28 urtez, [[Venezuela]]tik gertuko uharte batean bizi da, eta hainbat abentura ditu hango biztanleekin eta hara etorritako beste pertsona batzuekin.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Urteak pasatzen dira eta Crusoek [[kanibal]]ak aurkitzen ditu, noizean behin irla bisitatzen dutenak presoak hil eta jateko. Hasieran, higuin egiteagatik hiltzeko asmoa zuen, baina gero konturatu zen ez zuela horretarako eskubiderik, kanibalek ez baitzuten krimenik egiten jakinaren gainean. Preso batzuk askatuz zerbitzari bat edo bi lortzearekin egiten du amets; preso batek ihes egiten duenean, Crusoek laguntzen dio, bere lagun berriari "Ostirala" deituz agertu zen asteko egunagatik. Crusoek [[ingeles]]a irakasten dio eta kristautasunera bihurtzen du.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Festetan parte hartzeko kanibal gehiago iristen direnean, Crusoek eta Ostiralek gehienak hil eta bi preso salbatzen dituzte. Horietako bat Ostiralen aita da, eta bestea espainiarra, Crusoeri lehorrean hondoratu diren beste espainiar batzuen berri ematen diona. Plan bat diseinatzen da espainiarra lehorrera itzul dadin Ostiralen aitarekin eta besteak ekar ditzan, itsasontzi bat eraiki dezan eta Espainiako portu bateraino nabigatu dezan.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Espainiarrak itzuli baino lehen, itsasontzi ingeles bat agertzen da; matxinatuek ontzia konfiskatu dute eta uhartean duten kapitaina ehizatu nahi dute. Crusoe eta ontziko kapitaina akordio batera iritsi ziren, non Crusoek kapitainari eta marinel leialei barkua berreskuratzen laguntzen dien. Kapitainak matxinadaren burua exekutatu ondoren, matxinatuek Crusoeren eskaintza onartzen dute, urkatu ordez [[Ingalaterra]]ra itzul ditzaten. Ingalaterrara abiatu aurretik, Crusoek uhartean nola biziraun duen erakusten die matxinatuei, eta gizon gehiago etorriko direla baieztatzen du.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Crusoek [[1686]]ko [[abenduaren 19]]an utzi zuen uhartea eta [[1687]]ko [[ekainaren 11]]n iritsi zen Ingalaterrara. Bere familiak hilda zegoela uste zuela jakin zuen; horregatik, ez zioten ezer utzi aitaren testamentuan. Crusoe Lisboara abiatu zen bere etxaldearen irabaziak eskatzeko Brasilen, aberastasun handia eman baitzion. Horretarako, lurretik Ingalaterrara garraiatzen du bere aberastasuna, Portugaldik, itsasoz bidaiatzea saihesteko. Ostiralak laguntzen dio eta, bidean, azken abentura bat bizi dute elkarrekin. [[Iruñea]]n 20 egun pasa ostean, [[Nafarroa]]n barna, Pirinioak zeharkatzen dituzten otso gosetien aurka borrokatzean<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Joseph, ...|abizena=Ribas|izenburua=Robinson Crusoé dans les Pyrénées|argitaletxea=Loubatières|data=1995|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/463774143|isbn=2-86266-235-6|pmc=463774143|sartze-data=2022-02-15}}</ref>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>== Interpretazioa ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Irakurketa kritiko gehientsuenek Robinsonen kolonialismoaren aldeko ikuspegia azpimarratzen dute, non heroiak mendebaleko zibilizazioaren baloreak adierazten dituen, haren aldean atzeratua irudikatzen den bertoko gizakiari inposatzen dizkionak. Hezkuntza, erlijioa, bakardadea eta bizitzaren zentzuari buruz gogoetak egiten du Defoek. Nobelaren gai nagusietakoa da baita gizakiak naturan daukan eragina <ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Severin,|abizena=Timothy.|izenburua=In search of Robinson Crusoe|argitaletxea=Basic Books|data=2002|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49822899|edizioa=1st ed|isbn=046507698X|pmc=49822899|sartze-data=2018-08-09}}</ref>. James Joyce berak Robinson britainiar kolonialismoaren prototipo gisa ikusi zuen eta baita puritanismoaren sinbolo gisa ere <ref> Joyce, James. “Daniel Defoe,” eskuikribu italiar batetik itzulia eta Joseph Prescott-ek editatua, ''Buffalo Studies'' 1 (1964): 24-25 orr.</ref>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Bestalde, nobela honek badauzka prosaren ikuspegitik hutsuneak: sintaxia ez oso zaindua, etenak, errepikapen batzuetan nahasiak... askotan bere idazketa gertuago dago ahozko kontaketatik, predikariaren zantzuak behin eta berriz azaltzen direla ahaztu gabe, idatzizko estilotik baino. Liburuan indarra kontakizunak berak dauka eta ez prosak; idazketa tresna hutsa da Defoerentzat<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izenburua=Daniel Defoe - Robinson Crusoe|url=https://www.armiarma.eus/unibertsala/defoe/|aldizkaria=www.armiarma.eus|sartze-data=2018-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Robinson Crusoe -|abizena=Daniel Defoe - Robinson Crusoe|izenburua=kritiken hemeroteka » Klasiko bat berriro ere argitan|url=https://kritikak.armiarma.eus/?p=5531|aldizkaria=kritikak.armiarma.eus|sartze-data=2018-08-09}}</ref>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>== Ikuspegi erlijiosoa ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>''Robinson Crusoe'' [[1719]]an argitaratu zen [[XVIII. mende]]ko [[Ilustrazioa]]ren garaian. Eleberrian, Crusoek [[kristautas]]unaren hainbat alderdi eta sinesmenak argitzen ditu. Liburua autobiografia espiritualtzat har daiteke, Crusoek erlijioari buruz dituen ikuspuntuak izugarri aldatzen baitira bere historiaren hasieratik amaieraraino.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Liburuaren hasieran, Crusoe bere etxetik urrun nabigatzeaz arduratzen da, non itsasoan ekaitz bortitzak aurkitzen dituen. Jainkoari agintzen dio, ekaitz horretatik bizirik ateratzen bada, kristau esanekoa izango dela eta gurasoen nahien arabera itzuliko dela etxera. Hala ere, Crusoe ekaitzetik bizirik ateratzen denean, nabigatzen jarraitzea erabakitzen du, eta bere aztoraldian egindako promesak bete ezin izan zituela egiaztatzen du.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Robinson bere uhartean hondoratu ondoren, muturreko isolamendua jasaten hasten da. Bere animaliengana jotzen du hitz egiteko, bere loroa bezala, baina giza kontaktua faltan botatzen du. Nahaste garaian, Jainkoarengana jotzen du kontsolamendu eta orientazio bila. Itsasertzetik eramana izan zen itsasontzi baten Biblia bat berreskuratzen du eta [[bertset]]ak buruz ikasten hasten da. Arazo-garaietan, Biblia ausazko orrialde batean irekitzen zuen, Jainkoak irekiarazi eta irakurriarazi ziola eta burua arintzen ziola uste zuen bertset bat irakurriz. Beraz, Crusoe hondoratu zen denboran oso erlijioso bihurtu zen eta askotan Jainkoarengana jotzen zuen laguntza bila.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Crusoek bere zerbitzaria ezagutzen duenean, Ostiral, idazkerak eta kristautasunari buruz irakasten hasten da. Saiatzen da Ostirali Jainkoari eta [[Zerua]]ri eta [[Infernua]]ri buruz ahal duen onena erakusten. Bere helburua Ostiral kristau eta bere balore eta sinesmen bihurtzea da. "''Ostiral nirekin egon den denbora luzean, hitz egiten eta ulertzen hasi zitzaidanean, ez nuen haren buruan erlijio-ezagutzaren oinarririk jarri nahi izan; bereziki galdetu nion behin nork egin zuen?''"</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Lynne W. Hinojosa]]k argudiatu duenez, Crusoe eleberrian zehar idazketak interpretatzen ditu eta "idazkerak ez du inoiz bere beharretatik eta egoeretatik haratago adarrik". Hinojosarentzat, Crusoek Bibliako narratiba bat jartzen du bere baitan, Bibliako narratibak gizabanakoa azpiratzen zuen eskrituren aurreko interpretazioetan ez bezala. Horregatik, Hinojosak dio "''Crusoek ez duela inolako gogorik elizaren misioa gauzatzeko edo gizartearekin biltzeko Jaungoikoak giza historiarako duen planean parte hartzeko''"<ref>{{Erreferentzia|izena=Lynne Walhout|abizena=Hinojosa|izenburua=Reading the Self, Reading the Bible (or is it a Novel?): The Differing Typological Hermeneutics of Augustine's Confessions and Defoe's Robinson Crusoe|orrialdeak=641–665|data=2012-09|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/014833311206100410|aldizkaria=Christianity & Literature|alea=4|zenbakia=61|issn=0148-3331|doi=10.1177/014833311206100410|sartze-data=2022-02-15}}</ref>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>== Inspirazio iturria ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Nobela, [[Alexander Selkirk]] izeneko marinel eskoziar baten benetako gertaeran inspiratua dago, lau urte irla desertu batean pasatu ostean 1709an erreskatatua izan zena. Irla gaur egun Robinson Crusoe deitzen da, nobela honen ohorez. [[Ibn Tufail|Ibn Tufail-ren]] XII. mendeko "filosofo autodidakta" obraren eragina ere badauka.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragrafoa mugitu da. Klika ezazu, aurreko kokalekura jauzi egiteko." href="#movedpara_15_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_22_27_rhs"></a>== <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Zineman</ins> ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Robinson Crusoe askotan eraman da zinemara. 1902an [[Georges Méliès|Georges Meliés-ek]] nobelaren bertsio bat zuzendu zuen. [[Luis Buñuel]]<nowiki/>ek 1952an nobelaren bertsio bat filmatu zuen eta 1973an [[Peter O'Toole]]<nowiki/>k interpretatutako beste bertsio bat ere bada, naiz eta Daniel Defoeren nobelarekiko erabat fidela izan ez. 1997ko bertsioa Rod Hardyk zuzendu zuen; bertsio honek nobela originalarekiko desberdintasun batzuk zituen eta [[Pierce Brosnan]]<nowiki/>ek interpretatu zuen Robinson Crusoe pertsonaia. 2000an [[Robert Zemeckis]]<nowiki/>ek ''[[Cast Away]]'' filma filmatu zuen [[Tom Hanks]]<nowiki/>ekin. Filme honetan, exekutibo batek hegazkin istripua izan eta irla desertu batera iristen da. Robinson Crusoek bezala, protagonistak irla desertuan lagun bat aurkitzen du, kasu honetan [[boleibol]]<nowiki/>eko pilota bat, “Wilson” deitzen duena.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>== Erreferentziak ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{erreferentzia zerrenda|30em}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Ikus, gainera ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Ikus, gainera ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">39. lerroa:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">86. lerroa:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Literatura unibertsal]]a</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Literatura unibertsal]]a</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>== Kanpo <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">loturak</del> ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>== Kanpo <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">estekak</ins> ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{commonskat}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{eu}}[http://www.argia.com/argia-astekaria/2239/alexander-selkirk-benetako-robinson/osoa Alexander Selkirk-i buruzko artikulua ARGIA astekarian]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{eu}}[http://www.argia.com/argia-astekaria/2239/alexander-selkirk-benetako-robinson/osoa Alexander Selkirk-i buruzko artikulua ARGIA astekarian]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Autoritate kontrola}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragrafoa mugitu da. Klika ezazu, aurreko kokalekura jauzi egiteko." href="#movedpara_33_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_29_0_rhs"></a>[[Kategoria:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Daniel Defoeren</ins> eleberriak]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{literatura zirriborroa}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Kategoria:Abenturazko eleberriak]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Kategoria:Abenturazko eleberriak]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragrafoa mugitu da. Klika ezazu, beste kokaleku batera jauzi egiteko." href="#movedpara_29_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_33_0_lhs"></a>[[Kategoria:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ingalaterrako</del> eleberriak]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Kategoria:XVIII. mendeko eleberriak]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Kategoria:XVIII. mendeko eleberriak]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragrafoa mugitu da. Klika ezazu, beste kokaleku batera jauzi egiteko." href="#movedpara_37_1_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_35_0_lhs"></a>[[Kategoria:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ingelesezko</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">eleberriak</del>]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Kategoria:1719ko liburuak]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Kategoria:1719ko liburuak]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Kategoria:Euskaratutako liburuak]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Kategoria:Euskaratutako liburuak]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Kategoria:Literaturako pertsonaia arrak]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragrafoa mugitu da. Klika ezazu, aurreko kokalekura jauzi egiteko." href="#movedpara_35_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_37_1_rhs"></a>[[Kategoria:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fikzio</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nautikoa</ins>]]</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Hauxe da oraingo bertsioa, 20:13, 3 otsaila 2023 data duena</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: wheat;"><i>Robinson Crusoe</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg/260px-Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg/390px-Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg/520px-Robinson_Crusoe_1719_1st_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="534" /></a></span><div>Liburuaren lehendabiziko edizioa.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: wheat;">Datuak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Idazlea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> (<a href="/wiki/1719" title="1719">1719</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Argitaratze-data</th><td class="infobox-data">1719ko apirilaren 25a</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Generoa</th><td class="infobox-data">Umeentzako liburua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jatorrizko izenburua</th><td class="infobox-data">The life and strange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Hizkuntza</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Herrialdea</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Erresuma_Batua" title="Erresuma Batua">Erresuma Batua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ilustratzailea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Penebacker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Penebacker (sortu gabe)">John Penebacker</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100898557?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: wheat;">Euskaraz</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Izenburua</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Robinson Crusoe</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Itzultzailea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aintzane_Ibarzabal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aintzane Ibarzabal (sortu gabe)">Aintzane Ibarzabal Esnaola</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Argitaratze-data</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Bilduma</th><td class="infobox-data">Literatura Unibertsala</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Orrialdeak</th><td class="infobox-data">364</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">ISBN</th><td class="infobox-data">978-84-15337-78-2</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg/160px-Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg/240px-Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg/320px-Robinson_Crusoe_and_Man_Friday_Offterdinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Robinson Crusoe <i>Ostiral</i> kidea kanibalengandik erreskatatzen</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Robinson Crusoe</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesez</a>, jatorrizkoan <i>The life and strange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe</i>) ingelesez idatzitako lehenengo <a href="/wiki/Eleberri" title="Eleberri">eleberritzat</a> hartzen den <a href="/wiki/Liburu" title="Liburu">liburua</a> da, <a href="/wiki/1719" title="1719">1719an</a> argitaratua. Fikziozko autobiografia gisa idatzia dago, irla desertu batean 28 urte pasatzen dituen naufrago ingeles batek kontatua. Ziur asko, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk" title="Alexander Selkirk">Alexander Selkirk</a> eskoziar itsasgizonaren istorioan oinarriturik idatzi zuen nobela Defoek<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Robinson Crusoe abentura-nobelen artean ezagunenetakoa da, klasiko bat bihurtu delarik. Defoek berehala idatzi zuen bigarren partea ere, Robinson Crusoeren azken abenturak (ingelesez, jatorrizkoan, <i>The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe)</i>. Bigarren parteak, eta gerora idatzitako hirugarrenak, dena dela, ez zuten lehenengoaren inspirazioa eta adierazpen indarra erakutsi eta ez zuten hark adinako arrakastarik izan. </p><p>Robinson Crusoe abenturazko eleberri klasiko nagusia da. Obra hau protagonistaren izenaz bakarrik ezagutzen den arren, jatorrizko izenburua, lehenengo edizioko azalean agertzen den bezala, honako hau da: </p> <table cellpadding="10" align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; color: inherit; background-color:transparent; border-style:none; width:;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:2 2px;">« </td> <td>Robinson Crusoeren bizitza eta abentura sinestezinak, Yorkekoa, marinela, hogeita zortzi urtez Amerikako kostaldean jenderik gabeko uharte batean bakarrik bizi izan zena, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orinoco_ibaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orinoco ibaia (sortu gabe)">Orinoco ibaia</a> handiaren bokaletik gertu; hondoratze baten ondoren, itsasertzera eramana izan zen, non gizon guztiak hil ziren, bera izan ezik. Azkenean, piratek nola askatu zuten azalduz. Berak idatzia. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:20px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:2 2px;">» </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Liburua argitaratu zenetik gaur arte 700 argitalpen baino gehiago izan ditu, eta ia munduko hizkuntza guztietan argitaratu da; gainera aldaerak, laburpenak, antzerkiak, filmeak eta abar egin dira liburuan oinarrituta </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idazlea_eta_obra">Idazlea eta obra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Idazlea eta obra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Idazlea eta obra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hirurogei urte bete arte, hau da Robinson Crusoe idatzi zuen arte, <a href="/wiki/Libelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Libelo">libelo</a> politikoak eta hainbat gairi buruzko informazioa ematen duten obra txikiak idatzi zituen batez ere Daniel Defoek. </p><p>Idazleak bere jarduera publikoak alde batera utzi zituen liburu honi ekiteko. Garai hartan ospe handia zuen jenero bat aukeratu zuen Defoek, <a href="/wiki/Bidaldi_liburu" title="Bidaldi liburu">bidaia liburuena</a> hain zuzen ; estilo soila erabili zuen, eta erdi mailako klaseek, eta ia edozein irakurlek, beren burua identifikatuta ikusteko moduko pertsonaia bat asmatu zuen. Ezaugarri horiei esker arrakasta handia izan zuen hasiera-hasieratik obra hark eta Defoek berehala idatzi zuen bigarren partea ere, Robinson Crusoeren azken abenturak. Bigarren parteak, eta gerora idatzitako hirugarrenak, dena dela, ez zuten lehenengoaren inspirazioa eta adierazpen indarra erakutsi eta ez zuten hark adinako arrakastarik izan<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Robinsonen ondoren ere idatzi zituen heste zenbait obra, adibidez, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captain_Singleton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Captain Singleton (sortu gabe)">Captain Singleton</a></i> (1720, Singleton kapitaina), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronel_Jack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coronel Jack (sortu gabe)">Coronel Jack</a></i> (1722, Jack koronela), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Tbe_Plague_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Tbe Plague Year (sortu gabe)">Journal of Tbe Plague Year</a></i> (1722, Izurriaren urtearen egunkaria), Defoek txikitan izurriari (<a href="/wiki/Londresko_Izurri_Handia" title="Londresko Izurri Handia">Londresko Izurri Handia</a><b>,</b> <a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>-<a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>) buruz entzundako berriak erreportaia gisa emanak agertzen dituena. Fikziozko bere azken lan aipagarria <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roxana_(eleberria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roxana (eleberria) (sortu gabe)">Roxana</a></i> (1724) izan zen. Lan haiek, dena den, Robinson-en ospearen itzalean gelditu ziren, nahiz eta XVIII. mendeko ingeles literaturan puntapuntako obratzat har daitezkeen horietako batzuk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorioa">Istorioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Istorioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Istorioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" id="spoiler" style="border-top: 1px solid #CD0000; border-bottom: 1px solid #CD0000; background-color: #FFFFFF; padding: 0px; margin: 10px; text-align: left; padding-left: 10px"> <p><b>Oharra:</b> <i>Atal honek istorio osoa edo amaiera argitzen du. </i> </p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg/220px-Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg/330px-Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg/440px-Robinson.Crusoe.island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7142" data-file-height="4434" /></a><figcaption>Robinson Crusoeren uharteko mapa, liburuko gertakariekin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Robinson Crusoe ("Kreutznaer" alemaniar izenaren abizen eraldatua) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston_upon_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingston upon Hill (sortu gabe)">Kingston upon Hill</a>-en itsasoratu zen itsas bidaia batean <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651ko</a> abuztuan, bere gurasoen nahien aurka, <a href="/wiki/Zuzenbide" title="Zuzenbide">Zuzenbide</a> karrera jarraitzea nahi baitzuten. Bidaia iskanbilatsu baten ondoren, non bere ontzia ekaitz batean hondoratzen den, itsasoarekiko bere desioa hain da indartsua, non berriro itsasoratzen den. Bidaia hau ere hondamenean amaitzen da, itsasontzia <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Salé">Saléko</a> piratek hartzen baitute (Saleko Roverrak) eta Crusoe <a href="/wiki/Mairu" title="Mairu">mairu</a> batek <a href="/wiki/Esklabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Esklabo">esklabo</a> bihurtzen du. Bi urte geroago, Xury izeneko haur batekin txalupa batean ihes egin zuen; itsasontzi <a href="/wiki/Portugaldar" title="Portugaldar">portugaldar</a> bateko kapitain batek erreskatatu zuen, Afrikako mendebaldeko kostaldearen parean. Itsasontzia <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasilera</a> doa. Crusoek Xury kapitainari saltzen dio. Kapitainaren laguntzarekin, Crusoek <a href="/wiki/Plantazio" title="Plantazio">plantazio</a> bat lortzen du. </p><p>Urte batzuk geroago, Crusoe <a href="/wiki/Atlantikoko_esklabo_merkataritza" title="Atlantikoko esklabo merkataritza">Afrikako jendea bahitu eta esklabo bihurtzeko</a> espedizio batera batu zen, baina ekaitz batean hondoratu zen berrogei bat miliatara, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelako</a> kostaldetik gertu dagoen uharte batean (<i>Desesperazioaren Uhartea</i> deitzen dio), <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> ibaiaren bokaletik gertu, <a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Irailaren_30" title="Irailaren 30">irailaren 30ean</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Latitudea 9 gradu eta 22 minutukoa dela ikusten du iparraldean. <a href="/wiki/Pinguino" title="Pinguino">Pinguinoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Foka" class="mw-redirect" title="Foka">fokak</a> ikusten ditu bere uhartean. Hara iristean, bera eta hiru animalia, kapitainaren txakurra eta bi katu bakarrik geratzen dira bizirik. Etsipena gaindituz, armak, erremintak eta itsasontziko beste hornidura batzuk biltzen ditu, apurtu eta hondoratu aurretik. Habitat hesitu bat eraikitzen du zulatzen duen kobazulo baten ondoan. Egurrezko gurutze batean markak eginez, egutegi bat sortzen du. Itsasontzitik erreskatatutako erremintekin eta berak egiten dituen tresna batzuekin, <a href="/wiki/Ehiza" title="Ehiza">ehizatzen</a> du, <a href="/wiki/Garagar" title="Garagar">garagarra</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Arroz" title="Arroz">arroza</a> landatzen ditu, <a href="/wiki/Mahaspasa" title="Mahaspasa">mahaspasak</a> egiteko mahatsak lehortzen ditu, <a href="/wiki/Zeramika" title="Zeramika">zeramika</a> egiten ikasten du eta <a href="/wiki/Ahuntz" title="Ahuntz">ahuntzak</a> hazten ditu. <a href="/wiki/Loro" class="mw-redirect" title="Loro">Loro</a> txiki bat ere hartzen du. <a href="/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia">Biblia</a> irakurtzen du eta erlijioso bihurtzen da, <a href="/wiki/Jainkoa" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jainkoa">Jainkoari</a> eskerrak emanez bere patuagatik, non ez den falta gizartea besterik. </p><p>Urteak pasatzen dira eta Crusoek <a href="/wiki/Kanibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanibal">kanibalak</a> aurkitzen ditu, noizean behin irla bisitatzen dutenak presoak hil eta jateko. Hasieran, higuin egiteagatik hiltzeko asmoa zuen, baina gero konturatu zen ez zuela horretarako eskubiderik, kanibalek ez baitzuten krimenik egiten jakinaren gainean. Preso batzuk askatuz zerbitzari bat edo bi lortzearekin egiten du amets; preso batek ihes egiten duenean, Crusoek laguntzen dio, bere lagun berriari "Ostirala" deituz agertu zen asteko egunagatik. Crusoek <a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesa</a> irakasten dio eta kristautasunera bihurtzen du. </p><p>Festetan parte hartzeko kanibal gehiago iristen direnean, Crusoek eta Ostiralek gehienak hil eta bi preso salbatzen dituzte. Horietako bat Ostiralen aita da, eta bestea espainiarra, Crusoeri lehorrean hondoratu diren beste espainiar batzuen berri ematen diona. Plan bat diseinatzen da espainiarra lehorrera itzul dadin Ostiralen aitarekin eta besteak ekar ditzan, itsasontzi bat eraiki dezan eta Espainiako portu bateraino nabigatu dezan. </p><p>Espainiarrak itzuli baino lehen, itsasontzi ingeles bat agertzen da; matxinatuek ontzia konfiskatu dute eta uhartean duten kapitaina ehizatu nahi dute. Crusoe eta ontziko kapitaina akordio batera iritsi ziren, non Crusoek kapitainari eta marinel leialei barkua berreskuratzen laguntzen dien. Kapitainak matxinadaren burua exekutatu ondoren, matxinatuek Crusoeren eskaintza onartzen dute, urkatu ordez <a href="/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra">Ingalaterrara</a> itzul ditzaten. Ingalaterrara abiatu aurretik, Crusoek uhartean nola biziraun duen erakusten die matxinatuei, eta gizon gehiago etorriko direla baieztatzen du. </p><p>Crusoek <a href="/wiki/1686" title="1686">1686ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Abenduaren_19" title="Abenduaren 19">abenduaren 19an</a> utzi zuen uhartea eta <a href="/wiki/1687" title="1687">1687ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekainaren_11" title="Ekainaren 11">ekainaren 11n</a> iritsi zen Ingalaterrara. Bere familiak hilda zegoela uste zuela jakin zuen; horregatik, ez zioten ezer utzi aitaren testamentuan. Crusoe Lisboara abiatu zen bere etxaldearen irabaziak eskatzeko Brasilen, aberastasun handia eman baitzion. Horretarako, lurretik Ingalaterrara garraiatzen du bere aberastasuna, Portugaldik, itsasoz bidaiatzea saihesteko. Ostiralak laguntzen dio eta, bidean, azken abentura bat bizi dute elkarrekin. <a href="/wiki/Iru%C3%B1ea" title="Iruñea">Iruñean</a> 20 egun pasa ostean, <a href="/wiki/Nafarroa" class="mw-disambig" title="Nafarroa">Nafarroan</a> barna, Pirinioak zeharkatzen dituzten otso gosetien aurka borrokatzean<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretazioa">Interpretazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Interpretazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Interpretazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irakurketa kritiko gehientsuenek Robinsonen kolonialismoaren aldeko ikuspegia azpimarratzen dute, non heroiak mendebaleko zibilizazioaren baloreak adierazten dituen, haren aldean atzeratua irudikatzen den bertoko gizakiari inposatzen dizkionak. Hezkuntza, erlijioa, bakardadea eta bizitzaren zentzuari buruz gogoetak egiten du Defoek. Nobelaren gai nagusietakoa da baita gizakiak naturan daukan eragina <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. James Joyce berak Robinson britainiar kolonialismoaren prototipo gisa ikusi zuen eta baita puritanismoaren sinbolo gisa ere <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bestalde, nobela honek badauzka prosaren ikuspegitik hutsuneak: sintaxia ez oso zaindua, etenak, errepikapen batzuetan nahasiak... askotan bere idazketa gertuago dago ahozko kontaketatik, predikariaren zantzuak behin eta berriz azaltzen direla ahaztu gabe, idatzizko estilotik baino. Liburuan indarra kontakizunak berak dauka eta ez prosak; idazketa tresna hutsa da Defoerentzat<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikuspegi_erlijiosoa">Ikuspegi erlijiosoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikuspegi erlijiosoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ikuspegi erlijiosoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Robinson Crusoe</i> <a href="/wiki/1719" title="1719">1719an</a> argitaratu zen <a href="/wiki/XVIII._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII. mende">XVIII. mendeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilustrazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustrazioa">Ilustrazioaren</a> garaian. Eleberrian, Crusoek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristautas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristautas (sortu gabe)">kristautasunaren</a> hainbat alderdi eta sinesmenak argitzen ditu. Liburua autobiografia espiritualtzat har daiteke, Crusoek erlijioari buruz dituen ikuspuntuak izugarri aldatzen baitira bere historiaren hasieratik amaieraraino. </p><p>Liburuaren hasieran, Crusoe bere etxetik urrun nabigatzeaz arduratzen da, non itsasoan ekaitz bortitzak aurkitzen dituen. Jainkoari agintzen dio, ekaitz horretatik bizirik ateratzen bada, kristau esanekoa izango dela eta gurasoen nahien arabera itzuliko dela etxera. Hala ere, Crusoe ekaitzetik bizirik ateratzen denean, nabigatzen jarraitzea erabakitzen du, eta bere aztoraldian egindako promesak bete ezin izan zituela egiaztatzen du. </p><p>Robinson bere uhartean hondoratu ondoren, muturreko isolamendua jasaten hasten da. Bere animaliengana jotzen du hitz egiteko, bere loroa bezala, baina giza kontaktua faltan botatzen du. Nahaste garaian, Jainkoarengana jotzen du kontsolamendu eta orientazio bila. Itsasertzetik eramana izan zen itsasontzi baten Biblia bat berreskuratzen du eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertset (sortu gabe)">bertsetak</a> buruz ikasten hasten da. Arazo-garaietan, Biblia ausazko orrialde batean irekitzen zuen, Jainkoak irekiarazi eta irakurriarazi ziola eta burua arintzen ziola uste zuen bertset bat irakurriz. Beraz, Crusoe hondoratu zen denboran oso erlijioso bihurtu zen eta askotan Jainkoarengana jotzen zuen laguntza bila. </p><p>Crusoek bere zerbitzaria ezagutzen duenean, Ostiral, idazkerak eta kristautasunari buruz irakasten hasten da. Saiatzen da Ostirali Jainkoari eta <a href="/wiki/Zerua" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerua">Zeruari</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infernua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infernua (sortu gabe)">Infernuari</a> buruz ahal duen onena erakusten. Bere helburua Ostiral kristau eta bere balore eta sinesmen bihurtzea da. "<i>Ostiral nirekin egon den denbora luzean, hitz egiten eta ulertzen hasi zitzaidanean, ez nuen haren buruan erlijio-ezagutzaren oinarririk jarri nahi izan; bereziki galdetu nion behin nork egin zuen?</i>" </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynne_W._Hinojosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynne W. Hinojosa (sortu gabe)">Lynne W. Hinojosak</a> argudiatu duenez, Crusoe eleberrian zehar idazketak interpretatzen ditu eta "idazkerak ez du inoiz bere beharretatik eta egoeretatik haratago adarrik". Hinojosarentzat, Crusoek Bibliako narratiba bat jartzen du bere baitan, Bibliako narratibak gizabanakoa azpiratzen zuen eskrituren aurreko interpretazioetan ez bezala. Horregatik, Hinojosak dio "<i>Crusoek ez duela inolako gogorik elizaren misioa gauzatzeko edo gizartearekin biltzeko Jaungoikoak giza historiarako duen planean parte hartzeko</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inspirazio_iturria">Inspirazio iturria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Inspirazio iturria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Inspirazio iturria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nobela, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk" title="Alexander Selkirk">Alexander Selkirk</a> izeneko marinel eskoziar baten benetako gertaeran inspiratua dago, lau urte irla desertu batean pasatu ostean 1709an erreskatatua izan zena. Irla gaur egun Robinson Crusoe deitzen da, nobela honen ohorez.  <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail-ren</a> XII. mendeko "filosofo autodidakta" obraren eragina ere badauka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zineman">Zineman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zineman»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Zineman"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robinson Crusoe askotan eraman da zinemara. 1902an <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Meliés-ek</a>  nobelaren bertsio bat zuzendu zuen. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a>ek 1952an nobelaren bertsio bat filmatu zuen eta 1973an <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a>k interpretatutako beste bertsio bat ere bada, naiz eta Daniel Defoeren nobelarekiko erabat fidela izan ez. 1997ko bertsioa Rod Hardyk zuzendu zuen; bertsio honek nobela originalarekiko desberdintasun batzuk zituen eta <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan" title="Pierce Brosnan">Pierce Brosnan</a>ek interpretatu zuen Robinson Crusoe pertsonaia. 2000an <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a>ek <i><a href="/wiki/Cast_Away" title="Cast Away">Cast Away</a></i> filma filmatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a>ekin. Filme honetan, exekutibo batek hegazkin istripua izan eta irla desertu batera iristen da. Robinson Crusoek bezala, protagonistak irla desertuan lagun bat aurkitzen du, kasu honetan <a href="/wiki/Boleibol" title="Boleibol">boleibol</a>eko pilota bat, “Wilson” deitzen duena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSeverin2002">Severin, Timothy.  (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49822899"><i>In search of Robinson Crusoe. </i></a> (1st ed. argitaraldia) Basic Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-465-07698-X" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-465-07698-X">0-465-07698-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=49822899">49822899</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-02-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLur_Hiztegi_Entziklopedikoa2011-07-13">Lur Hiztegi Entziklopedikoa, Lur.  (2011-07-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskadi.eus/web01-a2lurent/eu/contenidos/articulo/c1703/eu_d1703030/1703030.html">«Daniel Defoe»</a> <i>www.euskadi.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-02-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDefoe2007-01">Defoe, Daniel.  (2007-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/K061280.000"><i>The life and strange surprizing adventures of Robinson Crusoe: of York, mariner: who lived eight and twenty years, all alone in an un-inhabited island on the coast of America, near the mouth of the great river of Oroonoque; ... Written by himself.. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-02-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRibas1995">Ribas, Joseph, ....  (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/463774143"><i>Robinson Crusoé dans les Pyrénées. </i></a> Loubatières <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/2-86266-235-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/2-86266-235-6">2-86266-235-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=463774143">463774143</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-02-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTimothy.2002">Timothy., Severin,.  (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49822899"><i>In search of Robinson Crusoe. </i></a> (1st ed. argitaraldia) Basic Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/046507698X" title="Berezi:BookSources/046507698X">046507698X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=49822899">49822899</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-08-09)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> Joyce, James. “Daniel Defoe,” eskuikribu italiar batetik itzulia eta Joseph Prescott-ek editatua, <i>Buffalo Studies</i> 1 (1964): 24-25 orr.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armiarma.eus/unibertsala/defoe/">«Daniel Defoe - Robinson Crusoe»</a> <i>www.armiarma.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-08-09)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDaniel_Defoe_-_Robinson_Crusoe">Daniel Defoe - Robinson Crusoe, Robinson Crusoe -. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kritikak.armiarma.eus/?p=5531">«kritiken hemeroteka » Klasiko bat berriro ere argitan»</a> <i>kritikak.armiarma.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-08-09)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHinojosa2012-09">Hinojosa, Lynne Walhout.  (2012-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/014833311206100410">«Reading the Self, Reading the Bible (or is it a Novel?): The Differing Typological Hermeneutics of Augustine's Confessions and Defoe's Robinson Crusoe»</a> <i>Christianity & Literature</i> 61 (4): 641–665.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F014833311206100410">10.1177/014833311206100410</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0148-3331">0148-3331</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-02-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleberri_ospetsuen_zerrenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleberri ospetsuen zerrenda">Eleberri ezagunen zerrenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literatura_unibertsal" title="Literatura unibertsal">Literatura unibertsala</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argia.com/argia-astekaria/2239/alexander-selkirk-benetako-robinson/osoa">Alexander Selkirk-i buruzko artikulua ARGIA astekarian</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robinson_Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q483034%22">Q483034</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-175804708">WorldCat</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/175804708/">175804708</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de 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