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vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เมนูหลัก" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เมนูหลัก</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">เมนูหลัก</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> การนำทาง </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="เยี่ยมชมหน้าหลัก [z]" 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href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94"><span>ดิสคอร์ด</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="วิกิพีเดีย" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-th.svg" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 1.6875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="สารานุกรมเสรี" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-th.svg" width="100" height="18" style="width: 6.25em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>ค้นหา</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" aria-label="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="พิเศษ:ค้นหา"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ค้นหา</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="หน้าตา" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">หน้าตา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th" class=""><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ" class=""><span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือส่วนตัว</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="เมนูผู้ใช้" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th"><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> หน้าสำหรับผู้แก้ไขที่ออกจากระบบ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3" aria-label="เรียนรู้เพิ่มเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไข"><span>เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติม</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รายการการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ส่วนร่วม</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>คุย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="สารบัญ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">สารบัญ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">บทนำ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ประวัติศาสตร์" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ประวัติศาสตร์"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ประวัติศาสตร์</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ประวัติศาสตร์-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ประวัติศาสตร์ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ประวัติศาสตร์-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ศตวรรษที่_18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ศตวรรษที่_18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>ศตวรรษที่ 18</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ศตวรรษที่_18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ศตวรรษที่_19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ศตวรรษที่_19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>ศตวรรษที่ 19</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ศตวรรษที่_19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-สิ้นสุดจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#สิ้นสุดจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>สิ้นสุดจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-สิ้นสุดจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ลำดับเหตุการณ์" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ลำดับเหตุการณ์"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ลำดับเหตุการณ์</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ลำดับเหตุการณ์-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-หมายเหตุ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#หมายเหตุ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>หมายเหตุ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-หมายเหตุ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-อ้างอิง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ้างอิง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>อ้างอิง</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle อ้างอิง subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-เชิงอรรถ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#เชิงอรรถ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>เชิงอรรถ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-เชิงอรรถ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-อ้างอิง_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ้างอิง_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>อ้างอิง</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-อ้างอิง_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-การสำรวจ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#การสำรวจ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>การสำรวจ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-การสำรวจ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1801–1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1801–1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1801–1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1801–1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-การทหาร_และ_การต่างประะเทศ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#การทหาร_และ_การต่างประะเทศ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>การทหาร และ การต่างประะเทศ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-การทหาร_และ_การต่างประะเทศ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-เศรษฐกิจ_สังคม_และ_ความเชื่อ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#เศรษฐกิจ_สังคม_และ_ความเชื่อ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>เศรษฐกิจ สังคม และ ความเชื่อ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-เศรษฐกิจ_สังคม_และ_ความเชื่อ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ประวัติศาสตร์_และ_ความทรงจำ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ประวัติศาสตร์_และ_ความทรงจำ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>ประวัติศาสตร์ และ ความทรงจำ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ประวัติศาสตร์_และ_ความทรงจำ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="สารบัญ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">จักรวรรดิรัสเซีย</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ไปที่บทความในภาษาอื่น ซึ่งมีใน 137 ภาษา" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 ภาษา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Урыстәылатәи аимпериа – อับฮาเซีย" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Урыстәылатәи аимпериа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="อับฮาเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiese_Ryk" title="Russiese Ryk – แอฟริกานส์" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Russiese Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="แอฟริกานส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisches_Kaiserreich" title="Russisches Kaiserreich – เยอรมันสวิส" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Russisches Kaiserreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมันสวิส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%A9%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%AB_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B5" title="የሩሲያ ግዛት – อัมฮารา" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሩሲያ ግዛት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="อัมฮารา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Ruso" title="Imperio Ruso – อารากอน" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Ruso" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="อารากอน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रूसी साम्राज्य – อังคิกา" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रूसी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="อังคิกา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="บทความคัดสรร"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية الروسية – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الروسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الامبراطوريه الروسيه – อาหรับพื้นเมืองอียิปต์" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الامبراطوريه الروسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="อาหรับพื้นเมืองอียิปต์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Rusu" title="Imperiu Rusu – อัสตูเรียส" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Rusu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="อัสตูเรียส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россиялъул империя – อาวาร์" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Россиялъул империя" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="อาวาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Rusiya imperiyası – อาเซอร์ไบจาน" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="อาเซอร์ไบจาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="روسیه ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسیه ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рәсәй империяһы – บัชคีร์" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәсәй империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="บัชคีร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C4%97j%C4%97s_imper%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Rosėjės imperėjė – ซาโมจิเตียน" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rosėjės imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="ซาโมจิเตียน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Расійская імперыя – เบลารุส" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Расійская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="เบลารุส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Расейская імпэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расейская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Руска империя – บัลแกเรีย" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="บัลแกเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रूसी साम्राज्य – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रूसी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="রুশ সাম্রাজ্য – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুশ সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_Rusia" title="Impalaeriezh Rusia – เบรตัน" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh Rusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="เบรตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_Imperija" title="Ruska Imperija – บอสเนีย" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ruska Imperija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="บอสเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Оросой эзэнтэ гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Оросой эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Rus" title="Imperi Rus – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Rus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Оьрсийн шуре – เชเชน" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Оьрсийн шуре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="เชเชน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_sa_Rusya" title="Imperyo sa Rusya – เซบู" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Imperyo sa Rusya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="เซบู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕووسی – เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ڕووسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiye_%C4%B0mperiyas%C4%B1" title="Rusiye İmperiyası – ตุรกีไครเมีย" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rusiye İmperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="ตุรกีไครเมีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A9_imp%C3%A9rium" title="Ruské impérium – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruské impérium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%C3%A7%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Раççей империйĕ – ชูวัช" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Раççей империйĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ชูวัช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Rwsia" title="Ymerodraeth Rwsia – เวลส์" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymerodraeth Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="เวลส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Russiske_Kejserrige" title="Det Russiske Kejserrige – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Russiske Kejserrige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisches_Kaiserreich" title="Russisches Kaiserreich – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russisches Kaiserreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Rusya" title="İmperatoriya Rusya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Rusya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωσική Αυτοκρατορία – กรีก" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσική Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="กรีก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Russian Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia_Imperio" title="Rusia Imperio – เอสเปรันโต" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusia Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="เอสเปรันโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_ruso" title="Imperio ruso – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio ruso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venemaa_Keisririik" title="Venemaa Keisririik – เอสโตเนีย" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venemaa Keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="เอสโตเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiako_Inperioa" title="Errusiako Inperioa – บาสก์" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiako Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="บาสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="امپراتوری روسیه – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laamu_Russiya" title="Laamu Russiya – ฟูลาห์" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Laamu Russiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="ฟูลาห์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_keisarikunta" title="Venäjän keisarikunta – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinne_Keisririik" title="Vinne Keisririik – โวโร" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vinne Keisririik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="โวโร" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_russe" title="Empire russe – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizerryk_Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Keizerryk Ruslân – ฟริเซียนตะวันตก" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keizerryk Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ฟริเซียนตะวันตก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireacht_na_R%C3%BAise" title="Impireacht na Rúise – ไอริช" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Impireacht na Rúise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ไอริช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpir_ris" title="Anpir ris – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Anpir ris" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Ruso" title="Imperio Ruso – กาลิเซีย" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Ruso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="กาลิเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impiraght_y_Roosh" title="Impiraght y Roosh – มานซ์" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Impiraght y Roosh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="มานซ์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הרוסית – ฮิบรู" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הרוסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ฮิบรู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रूसी साम्राज्य – ฮินดี" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूसी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ฮินดี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko_Carstvo" title="Rusko Carstvo – โครเอเชีย" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rusko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Ris" title="Anpi Ris – เฮติครีโอล" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Ris" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="เฮติครีโอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosz_Birodalom" title="Orosz Birodalom – ฮังการี" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orosz Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ฮังการี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռուսական կայսրություն – อาร์เมเนีย" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="อาร์เมเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռուսական Կայսրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռուսական Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Russe" title="Imperio Russe – อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio Russe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Rusia" title="Kekaisaran Rusia – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Россе импери – อินกุช" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Россе импери" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="อินกุช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_imperio" title="Rusa imperio – อีโด" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rusa imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="อีโด" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_russo" title="Impero russo – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero russo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ロシア帝国 – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshan_Empaya" title="Roshan Empaya – อังกฤษคลีโอลจาเมกา" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Roshan Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษคลีโอลจาเมกา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Ruslan" title="Kakaisaran Ruslan – ชวา" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakaisaran Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ชวา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რუსეთის იმპერია – จอร์เจีย" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="จอร์เจีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnekda_tarusit" title="Tamnekda tarusit – กาไบล" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamnekda tarusit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="กาไบล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ресей империясы – คาซัค" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресей империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="คาซัค" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ចក្រភពរុស្ស៊ី – เขมร" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពរុស្ស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="เขมร" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="러시아 제국 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия империя – คาราไช-บัลคาร์" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Россия империя" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="คาราไช-บัลคาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_R%C3%BBs%C3%AE" title="Împeratoriya Rûsî – เคิร์ด" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Rûsî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="เคิร์ด" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Russicum" title="Imperium Russicum – ละติน" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Russicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ละติน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Урусатдин империя – เลซเกีย" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Урусатдин империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="เลซเกีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Rusce" title="Impero Rusce – ลิงกัวฟรังกาโนวา" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Rusce" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="ลิงกัวฟรังกาโนวา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mper_Rus" title="Mper Rus – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mper Rus" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijos_imperija" title="Rusijos imperija – ลิทัวเนีย" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusijos imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ลิทัวเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%ABvejis_Imp%C4%93reja" title="Krīvejis Impēreja – ลัตเกล" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Krīvejis Impēreja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="ลัตเกล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievijas_Imp%C4%93rija" title="Krievijas Impērija – ลัตเวีย" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievijas Impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ลัตเวีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Rosiana" title="Empira Rosiana – มาลากาซี" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Rosiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="มาลากาซี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Руска Империја – มาซิโดเนีย" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руска Империја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="มาซิโดเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="റഷ്യൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം – มาลายาลัม" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഷ്യൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="มาลายาลัม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Оросын Хаант Улс – มองโกเลีย" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оросын Хаант Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="มองโกเลีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रशियन साम्राज्य – มราฐี" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशियन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="มราฐี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Rusia" title="Empayar Rusia – มาเลย์" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="มาเลย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Russo" title="Ampério Russo – มีรันดา" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Russo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="มีรันดา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ရုရှားအင်ပါယာ – พม่า" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုရှားအင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="พม่า" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Россиянь империясь – เอียร์ซยา" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Россиянь империясь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="เอียร์ซยา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="روسیه امپراتوری – มาซันดารานี" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روسیه امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="มาซันดารานี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="रुसी साम्राज्य – เนปาล" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रुसी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="เนปาล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizerrijk_Rusland" title="Keizerrijk Rusland – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizerrijk Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_russiske_imperiet" title="Det russiske imperiet – นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det russiske imperiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_russiske_keiserd%C3%B8mmet" title="Det russiske keiserdømmet – นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det russiske keiserdømmet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Rus" title="Empèri Rus – อ็อกซิตัน" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Rus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="อ็อกซิตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Уæрæсейы импери – ออสเซเตีย" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уæрæсейы импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ออสเซเตีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਰੂਸੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ – ปัญจาบ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਸੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ปัญจาบ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Rusiano" title="Imperio Rusiano – ปาเปียเมนโต" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Imperio Rusiano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="ปาเปียเมนโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Rosyjskie" title="Imperium Rosyjskie – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium Rosyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="روسی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روسی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="روسي سترواکي – พัชโต" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روسي سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="พัชโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Russo" title="Império Russo – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Russo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Rus" title="Imperiul Rus – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Rus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Российская империя – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Российская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Російска імперія – รูซิน" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Російска імперія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="รูซิน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Арассыыйа импиэрийэтэ – ซาคา" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арассыыйа импиэрийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ซาคา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_Russu" title="Impèriu Russu – ซาร์เดญา" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu Russu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="ซาร์เดญา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpiru_russu" title="Mpiru russu – ซิซิลี" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpiru russu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ซิซิลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roushie_Empire" title="Roushie Empire – สกอตส์" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roushie Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="สกอตส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سلطنت روس – สินธิ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سلطنت روس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="สินธิ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_Imperija" title="Ruska Imperija – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruska Imperija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="රුසියානු අධිරාජ්‍යය – สิงหล" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රුසියානු අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="สิงหล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russian Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Ruská ríša – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski_imperij" title="Ruski imperij – สโลวีเนีย" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ruski imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="สโลวีเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A1%C3%A2_ki%C3%A4is%C3%A1rkodde" title="Ruošâ kiäisárkodde – ซามิอีนารี" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ruošâ kiäisárkodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="ซามิอีนารี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Ruse" title="Perandoria Ruse – แอลเบเนีย" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Ruse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="แอลเบเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Руска Империја – เซอร์เบีย" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руска Империја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="เซอร์เบีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Rusia" title="Kakaisaran Rusia – ซุนดา" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kakaisaran Rusia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ซุนดา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Ryssland" title="Kejsardömet Ryssland – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kejsardömet Ryssland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruske_Imperyjum" title="Ruske Imperyjum – ไซลีเซีย" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ruske Imperyjum" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="ไซลีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உருசியப் பேரரசு – ทมิฬ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ทมิฬ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Империяи Русия – ทาจิก" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Империяи Русия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ทาจิก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Ruso" title="Imperyong Ruso – ตากาล็อก" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Ruso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ตากาล็อก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Rus İmparatorluğu – ตุรกี" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rus İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ตุรกี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Россия империясе – ตาตาร์" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россия империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ตาตาร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="روسىيە ئىمپېرىيىسى – อุยกูร์" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="روسىيە ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="อุยกูร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Російська імперія – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Російська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سلطنت روس – อูรดู" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت روس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="อูรดู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya_imperiyasi" title="Rossiya imperiyasi – อุซเบก" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rossiya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="อุซเบก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_ruso" title="Inpero ruso – เวเนโต้" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero ruso" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="เวเนโต้" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Nga" title="Đế quốc Nga – เวียดนาม" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="เวียดนาม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Rinuso" title="Imperyo Rinuso – วาเรย์" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Rinuso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="วาเรย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国 – จีนอู๋" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="俄罗斯帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="จีนอู๋" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რუსეთიშ იმპერია – เมเกรเลีย" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუსეთიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="เมเกรเลีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="רוסלענדישע אימפעריע – ยิดดิช" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוסלענדישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ยิดดิช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国 – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄罗斯帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Lō͘-se-a Tè-kok – จีนมินหนาน" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘-se-a Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="จีนมินหนาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="俄羅斯帝國 – กวางตุ้ง" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="俄羅斯帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="กวางตุ้ง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=history" title="แก้ไขเก่าของหน้านี้ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือ" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือ</span> 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emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> การกระทำ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2"><span>อ่าน</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit" title="แก้ไขรหัสต้นฉบับของหน้านี้ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>แก้ไข</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=history"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ทั่วไป </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รายการหน้าวิกิทุกหน้าที่ลิงก์มาที่นี่ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>หน้าที่ลิงก์มา</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" rel="nofollow" title="รายการเปลี่ยนแปลงล่าสุดในหน้าที่ลิงก์จากหน้านี้ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่เกี่ยวโยง</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94" title="อัปโหลดไฟล์ [u]" accesskey="u"><span>อัปโหลดไฟล์</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9" title="รายการหน้าพิเศษทั้งหมด [q]" accesskey="q"><span>หน้าพิเศษ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&oldid=11924544" title="ลิงก์ถาวรมารุ่นนี้ของหน้านี้"><span>ลิงก์ถาวร</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=info" title="ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับหน้านี้"><span>สารสนเทศหน้า</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87&page=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&id=11924544&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="สารสนเทศเกี่ยวกับวิธีการอ้างอิงหน้านี้"><span>อ้างอิงบทความนี้</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%258B%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2"><span>รับยูอาร์แอลแบบสั้น</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%258B%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2"><span>ดาวน์โหลดคิวอาร์โค้ด</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> พิมพ์/ส่งออก </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2"><span>สร้างหนังสือ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=show-download-screen"><span>ดาวน์โหลดเป็น PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&printable=yes" title="รุ่นที่พร้อมพิมพ์ของหน้านี้ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>รุ่นพร้อมพิมพ์</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ในโครงการอื่น </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russian_Empire" hreflang="en"><span>วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34266" title="ลิงก์ไปยังสิ่งนี้ในคลังซึ่งเชื่อมโยงข้อมูลต่าง ๆ เข้าด้วยกัน [g]" accesskey="g"><span>สิ่งนี้ในวิกิสนเทศ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">หน้าตา</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="th" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9751016">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">สำหรับความหมายอื่นของ "รัสเซีย" ดูที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_(%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1)" class="mw-disambig" title="รัสเซีย (แก้ความกำกวม)">รัสเซีย (แก้ความกำกวม)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10224066">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-ปรับภาษา plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/OpenMoji-color_F0042.svg/40px-OpenMoji-color_F0042.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/OpenMoji-color_F0042.svg/60px-OpenMoji-color_F0042.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/OpenMoji-color_F0042.svg/80px-OpenMoji-color_F0042.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>บทความนี้อาจต้องการตรวจสอบต้นฉบับ</b> ในด้านไวยากรณ์ รูปแบบการเขียน การเรียบเรียง คุณภาพ หรือการสะกด คุณสามารถช่วย<a class="external text" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit">พัฒนาบทความ</a>ได้ <small></small> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="adr" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">จักรวรรดิรัสเซีย</div><br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;"><span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><span lang="ru">Россійская Имперія</span></span><br /><span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><i lang="ru-Latn">Rossiyskaya Imperiya</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">1721–1917</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ธงชาติรัสเซีย"><img alt="ธงชาติรัสเซีย" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><br />บน: <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2#ธงในอดีต" title="รายการธงในประเทศรัสเซีย">ธงชาติ</a><br />(1721–1858; 1896–1917)<br />ล่าง: ธงชาติ<br />(1858–1896)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ตราแผ่นดิน (1883–1917)ของรัสเซีย"><img alt="ตราแผ่นดิน (1883–1917)ของรัสเซีย" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div> <div><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2#จักรวรรดิรัสเซีย" title="ตราแผ่นดินของรัสเซีย">ตราแผ่นดิน</a></span><br />(1883–1917)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="คำขวัญประจำชาติ">คำขวัญ</a>: </b>"<span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><span lang="ru">Съ нами Богъ!</span></span>"<br /><span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><i lang="ru-Latn">S nami Bog!</i></span> ("พระเจ้าทรงอยู่กับเรา!")</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="anthem" style="text-align:center"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="เพลงชาติ">เพลงชาติ</a>: </b><br />"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Let_the_Thunder_of_Victory_Rumble!_(anthem)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! (anthem) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">กรอมโพเบดี ราซดาวายเซีย!</a>"<br /><span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><span lang="ru">Гром победы, раздавайся!</span></span><br /><span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><i lang="ru-Latn">Grom pobedy, razdavaysia!</i></span> (1791–1816)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">("ขอสายฟ้าแห่งชัยชนะจงฟาดลงมา!") (ไม่เป็นทางการ)</span><br />"<a href="/w/index.php?title=How_Glorious_Is_Our_Lord_in_Zion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="How Glorious Is Our Lord in Zion (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">คอยสลาเวน นาชโกสปอค วซีออน</a>"<br /><span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><span lang="ru">Коль славен наш Господь в Сионе</span></span><br /><span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><i lang="ru-Latn">Kol' slaven nash Gospod' v Sione</i></span> (1794–1816)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">("พระเป็นเจ้าของเรารุ่งโรจน์เพียงใดในไซออน") <span class="nowrap">(ไม่เป็นทางการ)</span></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="82" data-mwtitle="Kol_Slaven(Instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Kol_Slaven%28Instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Kol_Slaven%28Instrumental%29.ogg/Kol_Slaven%28Instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>"<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="โมลิทวารุสคิคฮ์">โมลิทวารุสคิคฮ์</a>"<br /><span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><span lang="ru">Молитва русских</span></span><br /><span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><i lang="ru-Latn">Molitva russkikh</i></span> (1816–1833)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">("คำภาวนาแห่งชาวรัสเซีย")</span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="52" data-mwtitle="God_Save_the_King_(1927).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/God_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg/God_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/God_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=haw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="haw" label="Hawaiʻi ‪(haw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=is&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="is" label="íslenska ‪(is)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=mi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mi" label="Māori ‪(mi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=rm&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="rm" label="rumantsch ‪(rm)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGod_Save_the_King_%281927%29.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>"<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5!" title="โบเจซาร์ยาครานี!">โบเจซาร์ยาครานี!</a>"<br /><span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><span lang="ru">Боже, Царя храни!</span></span><br /><span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><i lang="ru-Latn">Bozhe Tsarya khrani!</i></span> (1833–1917)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">("พระเจ้าทรงคุ้มครองซาร์!")</span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="117" data-mwtitle="Bozhe,_tsarya_khrani!.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Bozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg/Bozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=fi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fi" label="suomi ‪(fi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=rue&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="rue" label="русиньскый ‪(rue)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABozhe%2C_tsarya_khrani%21.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b>มหาลัญจกร (1882–1917)<span style="font-weight:normal;">:</span></b><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Russian_greaterarms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Russian_greaterarms.png/100px-Russian_greaterarms.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Russian_greaterarms.png/150px-Russian_greaterarms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Russian_greaterarms.png/200px-Russian_greaterarms.png 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="2430" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Russian_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Russian_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Russian_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Russian_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Russian_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Russian_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Russian_Empire_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#145a37; color:#145a37;">    </span> รัสเซียใน ค.ศ. 1914</span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#148237; color:#148237;">    </span> สูญเสียใน ค.ศ. 1856–1914</span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#5faf5f; color:#5faf5f;">    </span> พื้นที่อิทธิพล</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#00d321; color:#00d321;">    </span> รัฐในอารักขา<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">แสดงแผนที่โลก</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Russian_Empire_(1914).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Russian Empire on the eve of the First World War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Russian_Empire_%281914%29.svg/220px-Russian_Empire_%281914%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Russian_Empire_%281914%29.svg/330px-Russian_Empire_%281914%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Russian_Empire_%281914%29.svg/440px-Russian_Empire_%281914%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">แสดงแผนที่ทวีปยุโรป</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:The_Russian_Empire-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Russian_Empire-en.svg/250px-The_Russian_Empire-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Russian_Empire-en.svg/375px-The_Russian_Empire-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Russian_Empire-en.svg/500px-The_Russian_Empire-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3121" data-file-height="1586" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">แสดงอาณาเขต<br />ที่ควบคุมทั้งหมด (ค.ศ. 1866)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="เมืองหลวง">เมืองหลวง</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก">เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap">(1721–1728; 1730–1917)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="มอสโก">มอสโก</a> <br />(1728–1730)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row">เมืองใหญ่สุด</th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก">เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ภาษาราชการ">ภาษาราชการ</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษารัสเซีย">รัสเซีย</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span></th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาโปแลนด์">โปแลนด์</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาเยอรมัน">เยอรมัน</a> (ใน<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="เขตผู้ว่าการบอลติก (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เขตผู้ว่าการบอลติก</a>) <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาฟินแลนด์">ฟินแลนด์</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาสวีเดน">สวีเดน</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษายูเครน">ยูเครน</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ภาษาจีน">จีน</a> (ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ต้าเหลียน">ต้าเหลียน</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">ศาสนา <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> (<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การสำรวจสำมะโนประชากรในจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ค.ศ. 1897</a></span>)</div></th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11131913">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>84.2% <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="คริสต์">คริสต์</a> <ul><li>69.3% <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="อีสเทิร์นออร์ทอดอกซ์">อีสเทิร์นออร์ทอดอกซ์</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ศาสนาประจำชาติ">ประจำชาติ</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>9.2% <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="คาทอลิก">คาทอลิก</a></li> <li>5.7% <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="นิกายในศาสนาคริสต์">คริสต์</a>นิกายอื่น</li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">11.1% <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="อิสลาม">อิสลาม</a></li><li style="white-space;">4.2% <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ยูดาห์">ยูดาห์</a></li><li style="white-space;">0.3% <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="พุทธ">พุทธ</a></li><li style="white-space;">0.2% อื่น ๆ</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1" title="เดมะนิม">เดมะนิม</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ชาวรัสเซีย">ชาวรัสเซีย</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">การปกครอง</th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="รัฐเดี่ยว">รัฐเดี่ยว</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="สมบูรณาญาสิทธิราชย์">สมบูรณาญาสิทธิราชย์</a><br />(1721–1906)<br /><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="รัฐเดี่ยว">รัฐเดี่ยว</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2" title="ระบบรัฐสภา">ระบบรัฐสภา</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D" title="ราชาธิปไตยภายใต้รัฐธรรมนูญ">กึ่งราชาธิปไตยภายใต้รัฐธรรมนูญ</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(1906–1917)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="จักรพรรดิแห่งรัสเซียทั้งปวง">จักรพรรดิ</a></th><td> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1721–1725 <span style="font-size:85%;">(พระองค์แรก)</span> </div></th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรพรรดิปีเตอร์ที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย">ปีเตอร์ที่ 1</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1894–1917 <span style="font-size:85%;">(พระองค์สุดท้าย)</span> </div></th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรพรรดินิโคไลที่ 2 แห่งรัสเซีย">นิโคไลที่ 2</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="รายชื่อหัวหน้ารัฐบาลรัสเซีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">หัวหน้ารัฐบาล</a></div></th><td> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1810–1812 <span style="font-size:85%;">(คนแรก)</span> </div></th><td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="นีโคไล รูมียันเซฟ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">นีโคไล รูมียันเซฟ</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917 <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;">(คนสุดท้าย)</span></span> </div></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="นีโคไล โกลิตซึน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">นีโคไล โกลิตซึน</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row">สภานิติบัญญัติ</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="วุฒิสภาปกครอง (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">วุฒิสภาปกครอง</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="สภาสูง">สภาสูง</a></div></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90_(%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="สภาแห่งรัฐ (จักรวรรดิรัสเซีย) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สภาแห่งรัฐ</a><br />(1810–1917)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="สภาล่าง">สภาล่าง</a></div></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="สภาดูมา (จักรวรรดิรัสเซีย) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สภาดูมา</a><br />(1905–1917)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">ประวัติศาสตร์</th><td> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="สนธิสัญญานิชตัด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สนธิสัญญานิชตัด</a> </div></th><td>10 กันยายน 1721</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ก่อตั้ง </div></th><td>2 พฤศจิกายน 1721</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ทำเนียบบรรดาศักดิ์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ทำเนียบบรรดาศักดิ์</a> </div></th><td>4 กุมภาพันธ์ 1722</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="กบฏธันวาคม">กบฏธันวาคม</a> </div></th><td>26 ธันวาคม 1825</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1861&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การปฏิรูปเลิกทาส ค.ศ. 1861 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การปฏิรูปเลิกทาส</a></span> </div></th><td>3 มีนาคม 1861</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="การซื้ออะแลสกา">การขาย</a><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อเมริกาของรัสเซีย">อะแลสกา</a> </div></th><td>18 ตุลาคม 1867</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1905" class="mw-redirect" title="การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 1905">การปฏิวัติ ค.ศ. 1905</a> </div></th><td>มกราคม 1905 – กรกฎาคม 1907</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="คำแถลงการณ์เดือนตุลาคม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">คำแถลงการณ์เดือนตุลาคม</a> </div></th><td>30 ตุลาคม 1905</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• บังคับใช้<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="รัฐธรรมนูญรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 1906 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">รัฐธรรมนูญ</a> </div></th><td>6 พฤษภาคม 1906</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="การปฏิวัติเดือนกุมภาพันธ์">การปฏิวัติเดือนกุมภาพันธ์</a> </div></th><td>8–16 มีนาคม 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• จัดตั้ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สาธารณรัฐรัสเซีย">สาธารณรัฐ</a> </div></th><td>14 กันยายน 1917</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;">พื้นที่</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row">1895<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td>22,800,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร (8,800,000 ตารางไมล์)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;">ประชากร</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การสำรวจสำมะโนประชากรในจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ค.ศ. 1897</a> </div></th><td>125,640,021</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row">สกุลเงิน</th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รูเบิลรัสเซีย">รูเบิลรัสเซีย</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>ก่อนหน้า</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>ถัดไป</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อาณาจักรซาร์รัสเซีย"><span class="nowrap">อาณาจักรซาร์</span><br />รัสเซีย</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รัฐบาลชั่วคราวรัสเซีย">รัฐบาลชั่วคราว<br />รัสเซีย</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สาธารณรัฐรัสเซีย">สาธารณรัฐรัสเซีย</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>จักรวรรดิรัสเซีย</b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> เป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4" title="จักรวรรดิ">จักรวรรดิ</a>และสมัยแห่ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รายพระนามผู้ปกครองรัสเซีย">ราชาธิปไตยรัสเซีย</a>สมัยสุดท้าย ดำรงอยู่ระหว่าง ค.ศ. 1721 จนถึง ค.ศ. 1917 มีอาณาเขตครอบคลุมพื้นที่ส่วนใหญ่ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ยูเรเชีย">ยูเรเชีย</a> โดยจักรวรรดิสืบทอดจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อาณาจักรซาร์รัสเซีย">อาณาจักรซาร์รัสเซีย</a>ภายหลัง<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="สนธิสัญญานีชตัด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สนธิสัญญานีชตัด</a>ซึ่งยุติ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="มหาสงครามเหนือ">มหาสงครามเหนือ</a> การผงาดขึ้นของจักรวรรดิรัสเซียเกิดขึ้นพร้อมกับการเสื่อมอำนาจของมหาอำนาจข้างเคียงที่เป็นคู่แข่ง เช่น <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิสวีเดน">จักรวรรดิสวีเดน</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E2%80%93%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="เครือจักรภพโปแลนด์–ลิทัวเนีย">เครือจักรภพโปแลนด์–ลิทัวเนีย</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A3" title="อิหร่านกอญัร">อิหร่านกอญัร</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน">จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน</a> และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์ชิง">จีนสมัยราชวงศ์ชิง</a> เป็นต้น นอกจากนี้จักรวรรดิยังถือครองอาณานิคมใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="อเมริกาเหนือ">อเมริกาเหนือ</a> (แคลิฟอร์เนียและอะแลสกา) ระหว่าง ค.ศ. 1799 จนถึง ค.ศ. 1867 ด้วยอาณาเขตที่ครอบคลุมพื้นที่ประมาณ 22,800,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร (8,800,000 ตารางไมล์) ทำให้จักรวรรดิรัสเซียเป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="รายชื่อจักรวรรดิเรียงตามพื้นที่">จักรวรรดิที่ใหญ่ที่สุดเป็นอันดับที่ 3 ในประวัติศาสตร์</a> เป็นรองเพียง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="จักรวรรดิบริติช">จักรวรรดิบริติช</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="จักรวรรดิมองโกล">จักรวรรดิมองโกล</a>เท่านั้น จักรวรรดิรัสเซียมีประชากรประมาณ 125.6 ล้านคนจากการ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การสำรวจสำมะโนประชากรในจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สำรวจสำมะโนประชากรรัสเซียใน ค.ศ. 1897</a> ซึ่งเป็นการสำรวจสำมะโนประชากรเพียงครั้งเดียวที่ดำเนินการในช่วงระยะเวลาดำรงอยู่ของจักรวรรดิ เนื่องจากขอบเขตทางภูมิศาสตร์ที่ครอบคลุมดินแดนถึงสามทวีปในช่วงที่แผ่ไพศาลที่สุด ทำให้จักรวรรดิมีความหลากหลายทางชาติพันธุ์ ภาษา ศาสนา และเศรษฐกิจเป็นอย่างยิ่ง </p><p>นับตั้งแต่คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 10 ถึงคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 17 ดินแดนรัสเซียถูกปกครองโดยชนชั้นขุนนางหรือที่รู้จักกันว่า<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="โบยาร์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โบยาร์</a> แต่ผู้ซึ่งเหนือกว่านั้นคือ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ซาร์">ซาร์</a> (ซึ่งต่อมาจะแปรเปลี่ยนเป็น "<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="จักรพรรดิแห่งรัสเซียทั้งปวง">จักรพรรดิแห่งรัสเซียทั้งปวง</a>") รากฐานที่นำไปสู่การสถาปนาจักรวรรดิรัสเซียนั้นถูกวางขึ้นโดย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ซาร์อีวานที่ 3 แห่งรัสเซีย">ซาร์อีวานที่ 3</a> (ค.ศ. 1462–1505) โดยพระองค์ทรงขยายอาณาเขตของรัสเซียออกไปเป็นสามเท่า พร้อมทั้งวางรากฐานสำหรับจักรวรรดิที่จะปรากฏขึ้นในอนาคต ปรับปรุง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="เครมลิน">เครมลินแห่งมอสโก</a> และยุติการครอบงำของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="โกลเดนฮอร์ด">โกลเดนฮอร์ด</a> จักรวรรดิรัสเซียถูกปกครองโดย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F" title="ราชวงศ์โรมานอฟ">ราชวงศ์โรมานอฟ</a>ตั้งแต่ ค.ศ. 1721 จนถึง ค.ศ. 1762 ต่อมา<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F#ราชวงศ์ฮ็อลชไตน์-ก็อทตาร์ฟ-โรมานอฟ" title="ราชวงศ์โรมานอฟ">ราชวงศ์ฮ็อลชไตน์-ก็อทตาร์ฟ-โรมานอฟ</a> ซึ่งเป็นสาขาฝั่งมารดาของเชื้อสายเยอรมันที่สืบทอดทางบิดา ปกครองจักรวรรดิรัสเซียตั้งแต่ ค.ศ. 1762 จนถึง ค.ศ. 1917 ในช่วงต้นคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 จักรวรรดิรัสเซียมีอาณาเขตที่กว้างขวาง โดยจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="มหาสมุทรอาร์กติก">มหาสมุทรอาร์กติก</a>ในทางเหนือ จรด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3" title="ทะเลดำ">ทะเลดำ</a>ในทางใต้ และจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ทะเลบอลติก">ทะเลบอลติก</a>ทางตะวันตก จรด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อเมริกาของรัสเซีย">อะแลสกา ฮาวาย และแคลิฟอร์เนีย</a>ทางตะวันออก ในช่วงปลายคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 จักรวรรดิได้ขยายอำนาจสู่พื้นที่ส่วนใหญ่ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="เอเชียกลาง">เอเชียกลาง</a>และส่วนหนึ่งของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ">เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ</a> และในช่วงนี้เองที่จักรวรรดิประสบปัญหามากมาย ทั้ง<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1891%E2%80%931892&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ความอดอยากในรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 1891–1892 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ความอดอยาก</a>ในช่วง ค.ศ. 1891–1892 การเติบโตขึ้นของลัทธิคอมมิวนิสต์ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84" title="บอลเชวิค">บอลเชวิค</a>และ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="เมนเชวิค (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เมนเชวิค</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> และความพ่ายแพ้ในสงครามถึงสองครั้ง ซึ่งปัจจัยเหล่านี้ล้วนเป็นสาเหตุสู่<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย">การปฏิวัติ</a>ที่เกิดขึ้นสองครั้ง (ครั้งแรก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1905" class="mw-redirect" title="การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 1905">ใน ค.ศ. 1905</a>) และการปฏิวัติ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="การปฏิวัติเดือนกุมภาพันธ์">ครั้งที่สอง</a> ซึ่งปะทุขึ้นในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ ค.ศ. 1917 นำไปสู่การยุติลงของจักรวรรดิที่ปกครองรัสเซียเกือบสองศตวรรษ พร้อมกับหนึ่งในสี่จักรวรรดิในภาคพื้นทวีปที่ล่มสลายภายหลัง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง">สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง</a>อย่าง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิเยอรมัน">เยอรมนี</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="จักรวรรดิออสเตรีย-ฮังการี">ออสเตรีย-ฮังการี</a> และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน">ตุรกี</a>ด้วย<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรพรรดิปีเตอร์ที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย">จักรพรรดิปีเตอร์ที่ 1</a> (ค.ศ. 1682–1725) ทรงบัญชาการรบในสงครามหลายครั้งและนำอาณาจักรที่กว้างใหญ่สู่การเป็นมหาอำนาจที่สำคัญใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="ทวีปยุโรป">ทวีปยุโรป</a> ระหว่างรัชสมัยของจักรพรรดิปีเตอร์ พระองค์ทรงย้ายเมืองหลวงของรัสเซียจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="มอสโก">มอสโก</a>มาเป็นเมืองแห่งใหม่อย่าง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก">เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก</a> ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่สร้างขึ้นตามการออกแบบของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="โลกตะวันตก">โลกตะวันตก</a> นอกจากนี้พระองค์ยังเป็นผู้นำในการปฏิวัติทางวัฒนธรรม โดยการแทนที่จารีตประเพณีดั้งเดิมและการเมืองแบบอนุรักษนิยมยุคกลางด้วยระบบที่ทันสมัย หลักตรรกะทางวิทยาศาสตร์ และระบบที่เอนเอียงไปทางตะวันตก <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="เยกาเจรีนามหาราชินี">เยกาเจรีนามหาราชินี</a> (ค.ศ. 1762–1796) ทรงปกครองในสมัยยุคทองของจักรวรรดิ โดยพระองค์ทรงขยายอาณาเขตรัฐรัสเซียออกไปจากการพิชิตดินแดน การล่าอาณานิคม และการทูต ในขณะเดียวกันนั้นพระองค์ยังคงดำเนินนโยบายของจักรพรรดิปีเตอร์ที่ 1 เพื่อทำให้ประเทศทันสมัยตามแบบตะวันตก <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="อเล็กซานเดอร์ที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย">จักรพรรดิอะเลคซันดร์ที่ 1</a> (ค.ศ. 1801–1825) ทรงมีบทบาทสำคัญในการเอาชนะความทะเยอทะยานทางทหารของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="จักรพรรดินโปเลียนที่ 1">นโปเลียน</a> และต่อมาได้ก่อตั้ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="พันธมิตรอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์">พันธมิตรอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์</a> เพื่อยับยั้งการเติบโตขึ้นของลัทธิฆราวาสนิยมและเสรีนิยมทั่วยุโรป จักรวรรดิรัสเซียได้ขยายอาณาเขตไปทางตะวันตก ทางใต้ และทางตะวันออก พร้อมกับการตั้งตนเองเป็นหนึ่งในมหาอำนาจที่ทรงพลังที่สุดในยุโรป อย่างไรก็ตาม ชัยชนะใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" class="mw-disambig" title="สงครามรัสเซีย-ตุรกี">สงครามรัสเซีย-ตุรกี</a>ได้ถูกทำลายลงภายหลังความพ่ายแพ้ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สงครามไครเมีย">สงครามไครเมีย</a> (ค.ศ. 1853–1856) ซึ่งนำไปสู่ช่วงเวลาแห่งการปฏิรูปและ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การพิชิตเอเชียกลางของรัสเซีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การขยายอิทธิพลอย่างเข้มข้นสู่เอเชียกลาง</a><sup id="cite_ref-:22_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรพรรดิอะเลคซันดร์ที่ 2 แห่งรัสเซีย">จักรพรรดิอะเลคซันดร์ที่ 2</a> (ค.ศ. 1855–1881) ทรงริเริ่ม<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="รัฐบาลปฏิรูปแห่งจักรพรรดิอะเลคซันดร์ที่ 2 แห่งรัสเซีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การปฏิรูปครั้งใหญ่</a> โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1861&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การปฏิรูปเลิกทาส ค.ศ. 1861 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การปลดปล่อยทาสทั้งหมด 23 ล้านคน</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1861 นอกจากนี้นโยบายของพระองค์ยังมีความเกี่ยวพันกับความรับผิดชอบต่อการคุ้มครอง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="อีสเทิร์นออร์ทอดอกซ์">ชาวคริสต์นิกายอีสเทิร์นออร์ทอดอกซ์</a>ในดินแดนยุโรปภายใต้การปกครองของออตโตมันด้วย ซึ่งปัจจัยนี้เองที่ทำให้รัสเซียเข้าร่วมใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง">สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง</a> โดยอยู่ฝั่ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="ฝ่ายสัมพันธมิตรในสงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง">สัมพันธมิตร</a>ที่ต่อต้าน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ฝ่ายมหาอำนาจกลาง">ฝ่ายมหาอำนาจกลาง</a> </p><p>กระทั่ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1905" class="mw-redirect" title="การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 1905">การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 1905</a> จักรวรรดิรัสเซียที่ปกครองโดยระบอบ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="สมบูรณาญาสิทธิราชย์">สมบูรณาญาสิทธิราชย์</a>กลายเป็น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D" title="ราชาธิปไตยภายใต้รัฐธรรมนูญ">กึ่งราชาธิปไตยภายใต้รัฐธรรมนูญ</a>แต่ในนาม อย่างไรก็ตาม การปกครองนี้เป็นไปอย่างยากลำบากในช่วงสงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง นำไปสู่<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="การปฏิวัติเดือนกุมภาพันธ์">การปฏิวัติเดือนกุมภาพันธ์</a> พร้อมด้วยการสละราชสมบัติของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรพรรดินิโคลัสที่ 2 แห่งรัสเซีย">จักรพรรดินิโคลัสที่ 2</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1917 ทำให้ระบอบราชาธิปไตยเป็นอันยุติลง ผลที่ตามมาภายหลังการเดือนปฏิวัติกุมภาพันธ์ ได้เกิดการประกาศจัดตั้ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รัฐบาลชั่วคราวรัสเซีย">รัฐบาลชั่วคราวรัสเซีย</a>ที่มีอายุสั้น และต่อมาได้ก่อตั้ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สาธารณรัฐรัสเซีย">สาธารณรัฐรัสเซีย</a><sup id="cite_ref-geoffreyswain_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geoffreyswain-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alexanderrabinowitch_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alexanderrabinowitch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="การปฏิวัติเดือนตุลาคม">การปฏิวัติเดือนตุลาคม</a>ที่เกิดขึ้นจากการยึดอำนาจสาธารณรัฐรัสเซียโดย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84" title="บอลเชวิค">บอลเชวิค</a> ทำให้เกิด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สงครามกลางเมืองรัสเซีย">สงครามกลางเมืองรัสเซีย</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1918 <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F" title="การประหารชีวิตราชวงศ์โรมานอฟ">บอลเชวิคกระทำการปลงพระชนม์สมาชิกราชวงศ์โรมานอฟ</a> และหลังจากได้รับชัยชนะในสงครามกลางเมืองเมื่อ ค.ศ. 1922–1923 บอลเชวิคจึงก่อตั้ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="สหภาพโซเวียต">สหภาพโซเวียต</a>ขึ้นทั่วดินแดนส่วนใหญ่ของอดีตจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ประวัติศาสตร์"><span id=".E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.A8.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C"></span>ประวัติศาสตร์</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=1" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ประวัติศาสตร์"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9751016"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">บทความหลัก: <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประวัติศาสตร์รัสเซีย">ประวัติศาสตร์รัสเซีย</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8843471/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">ธงแห่งจักรวรรดิรัสเซียในวาระแห่งการเฉลิมฉลอง ตั้งแต่ปี 1858 ถึง 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb|Bonnell|p=92_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb|Bonnell|p=92-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb|Condee|p=49_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb|Condee|p=49-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvnb|Saunders|p=129_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvnb|Saunders|p=129-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Museum_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crwflags_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crwflags-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> อย่างไรก็ตาม ธงนี้ก็ไม่ได้รับความนิยมเท่ากับธงชาติรัสเซียแถบสีขาว-น้ำเงิน-แดง</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_(1858%E2%80%931917).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/220px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/330px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/440px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">ธงประจำพระอิสริยยศ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="จักรพรรดิแห่งรัสเซียทั้งปวง">สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิ</a> ใช้รว่างปี ค.ศ. 1858 - 1917</div></div></div></div></div> <p>แม้ว่าซาร์<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรพรรดิปีเตอร์ที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย">ปีเตอร์ที่ 1</a> จะไม่ได้ก่อตั้งจักรวรรดิรัสเซียอย่างเป็นทางการ จนกระทั่งหลังเกิด<a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Nystad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Nystad (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สนธิสัญญานีสตาด</a> (ค.ศ. 1721) โดยนักประวัติศาสตร์บางคนได้โต้แย้งว่าซาร์<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="อีวานที่ 3 แห่งรัสเซีย เจ้าชายแห่งมอสโก">อีวานที่ 3 แห่งรัสเซีย</a>ได้พิชิต<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="เวลีคีนอฟโกรอด">เวลีคีนอฟโกรอด</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1478<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="วิกิพีเดีย:ต้องการอ้างอิง"><span title="การอ้างนี้ต้องการแหล่งอ้างอิงที่น่าเชื่อถือ (พฤศจิกายน 2560)">ต้องการอ้างอิง</span></a></i>]</sup> จากมุมมองอื่นนั้น คำว่า<i>อาณาจักรซาร์</i> ซึ่งเป็นคำที่ถูกใช้หลังจากการราชาภิเษกของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_4_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ซาร์อีวานที่ 4 แห่งรัสเซีย">ซาร์อีวานที่ 4</a> ใน ค.ศ. 1547 ก็เป็นคำในภาษารัสเซียร่วมสมัยสำหรับความหมายคำว่า "จักรวรรดิ" แล้ว<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="วิกิพีเดีย:ต้องการอ้างอิง"><span title="การอ้างนี้ต้องการแหล่งอ้างอิงที่น่าเชื่อถือ (มีนาคม 2557)">ต้องการอ้างอิง</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ศตวรรษที่_18"><span id=".E0.B8.A8.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A9.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.88_18"></span>ศตวรรษที่ 18</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=2" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ศตวรรษที่ 18"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ปีเตอร์มหาราช">จักรพรรดิปีเตอร์มหาราช</a>ทรงรวบรวมอำนาจในรัสเซียให้มีความเป็นปึกแผ่นแล้วนำพาจักรวรรดิรัสเซียในขณะนั้นไปสู่ระบบรัฐของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ยุโรป">ยุโรป</a>พระองค์ทรงเปลี่ยนจากอาณาจักรเล็กๆเริ่มแรกในศตวรรษที่ 14 ให้กลายเป็นจักรวรรดิที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในโลกในรัชสมัยของพระองค์ ทรงขยายดินแดนเข้าไปในแผ่นดินใหญ่ยูเรเซีย ตั้งแต่<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ทะเลบอลติก">ทะเลบอลติก</a>จรด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="มหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก">มหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก</a> และได้ขยายออกไปมากในช่วงศตวรรษที่ 17 อย่างไรก็ตามนี้คือแผ่นดินที่กว้างใหญ่ไพศาล และมีประชากรเพียง 14 ล้านคน ส่วนใหญ่ที่อยู่ตามชนบทและทำกสิกรรมทางตะวันตกของประเทศ ส่วนน้อยที่อยู่ในเมือง ปีเตอร์ได้ทำการเปลี่ยนแปลงเทคโนโลยี การปกครอง และการทำศึกสงครามเสียใหม่ เพื่อให้เจริญก้าวหน้าโดยรับแนวคิดมาจากตะวันตกมาโดยทั้งสิ้น พระองค์ทรงเรียนรู้กลยุทธ์และการป้องกันมากมายจากตะวันตก แล้วยังสร้างกองทัพที่เข้มแข็ง ซึ่งมาจากการเกณฑ์ทหาร พระองค์ยังเป็นจักรพรรดิซาร์พระองค์แรกที่เสด็จประพาสยุโรปด้วย พระองค์ทรงทำสงครามกับ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="สวีเดน">สวีเดน</a>เพื่อชิงแผ่นดินส่วนที่ติดกับ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ทะเลบอลติก">ทะเลบอลติก</a>ให้มีทางออกสู่ทะเลอีกทั้งยังให้เป็นประตูสู่ยุโรปด้วย และสร้างเมืองหลวงใหม่ชื่อว่า <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก">เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก</a> และเมื่อ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="จักรพรรดินโปเลียนที่ 1">นโปเลียน</a>บุกรัสเซีย รัสเซียก็มีชัยเหนือกองทัพของเขา นั้นเป็นการแสดงให้โลกรู้ว่าจักรวรรดิรัสเซียนั้นยังคงเป็นมหาอำนาจที่ไม่อาจโค่นล้มได้ง่าย ๆ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ศตวรรษที่_19"><span id=".E0.B8.A8.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A9.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.88_19"></span>ศตวรรษที่ 19</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=3" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ศตวรรษที่ 19"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>เมื่อล่วงเข้าศตวรรษที่ 19 จักรวรรดิอยู่ภายใต้การนำของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ซาร์นีโคลัสที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย">จักรพรรดินีโคลัสที่ 1</a> ซึ่งทรงทำสงครามพิชิต<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="แหลมไครเมีย">แหลมไครเมีย</a>กับ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน">จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน</a>เมื่อล่วงเข้ารัชสมัยของ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรพรรดิอะเลคซันดร์ที่ 2 แห่งรัสเซีย">จักรพรรดิอะเลคซันดร์ที่ 2 แห่งรัสเซีย</a> รัสเซียก็พิชิต<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="แหลมไครเมีย">แหลมไครเมีย</a>ได้สำเร็จซึ่งในขณะนั้นเองจักรวรรดิก็ก้าวเข้าสูการปฏิรูปประเทศอีกครั้ง ทาสเริ่มได้รับสิทธิมากขึ้น เริ่มมีการเผยแพร่ความรู้ และเริ่มมีแผนที่จะร่างรัฐธรรมนูญขึ้นด้วย แต่พระองค์ก็ถูกลอบปลงพระชนม์เสียก่อน </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="สิ้นสุดจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย"><span id=".E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B4.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B8.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.88.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.AA.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.8B.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2"></span>สิ้นสุดจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=4" title="แก้ไขส่วน: สิ้นสุดจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Repin_17October.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Repin_17October.jpg/250px-Repin_17October.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Repin_17October.jpg/375px-Repin_17October.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Repin_17October.jpg/500px-Repin_17October.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8197" data-file-height="4440" /></a><figcaption>ภาพวาด<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2448" class="mw-redirect" title="การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย พ.ศ. 2448">การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 1905</a></figcaption></figure> <p>เมื่อเริ่มเข้าสู่ศตวรรษที่ 20 ก็เริ่มมีกระแสการ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ปฏิวัติ">ปฏิวัติ</a>ไปทั่วโลก ในขณะนั้นเองจักรวรรดิรัสเซียก็เริ่มเข้าสู่สภาวะเศรษฐกิจตกต่ำ ผู้คนอดยากทั่วรัสเซีย ฤดูหนาวที่โหดร้าย และการพ่ายแพ้สงคราม ภายใต้อำนาจของจักรพรรดิซาร์นีโคลัสที่ 2 เริ่มมีชนกลุ่มเล็กภายใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก">เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก</a>เริ่มคิดก่อการปฏิวัติ เมื่อเหตุการณ์ทวีความรุนแรงขึ้น ในปี 1905 ประชาชนได้รวมตัวกันชุมนุมกัน ณ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="จัตุรัสแดง">จัตุรัสแดง</a> ที่พระราชวังฤดูหนาว ใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก">เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก</a>เพื่อยื่นข้อเรียกร้องต่อจักรพรรดิซาร์ และเมื่อจักรพรรดิซาร์เสด็จออกมา ปืนและปืนใหญ่ของทหารม้ารัสเซียก็ระดมยิงใส่ผู้ชุมนุมประท้วง จนทำให้มีผู้เสียชีวิตจำนวนมาก เหตุการณ์นี้รู้จักกันดีในชื่อว่า วันอาทิตย์นองเลือด (Bloody Sunday) หรือ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="วันอาทิตย์นองเลือด">อาทิตย์ทมิฬ</a> ต่อมาเมื่อรัสเซียแพ้<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="สงครามรัสเซีย-ญี่ปุ่น">สงครามรัสเซีย-ญี่ปุ่น</a> และ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" class="mw-redirect" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่ 1">สงครามโลกครั้งที่ 1</a> ในวันที่ 27 กุมภาพันธ์ 1917 เกิดการปฏิวัติขึ้นชื่อว่า (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="การปฏิวัติเดือนกุมภาพันธ์">การปฏิวัติเดือนกุมภาพันธ์</a>) นำโดย <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="วลาดิมีร์ เลนิน">วลาดิมีร์ เลนิน</a> ซึ่ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ซาร์นีโคลัสที่ 2 แห่งรัสเซีย">จักรพรรดิซาร์นีโคลัสที่ 2</a> ก็ต้องทรงสละราชบัลลังก์และถูกกักกันตัวไว้ หลังจากการปฏิวัติไม่นาน ราชวงศ์ก็ทรงประทับอยู่ ณ พระราชวังอเล็กซานเดอร์ และระหว่างเมษายน และ พฤษภาคมปี 1918 ก็ทรงถูกย้ายจากพระราชวังอเล็กซานเดอร์มาประทับ ณ เมืองเยคาเทียรินเบิร์ก เมื่อวันที่ 16 กรกฎาคม เวลา 1:30 นีโคลัส อเล็กซานดร้า โอรสและธิดา ถูกหลอกให้ลงมาชั้นใต้ดิน แต่เมื่อทั้งหมดลงมา ก็ถูกขังไว้ในห้องพร้อมกับทหารกลุ่มบอลเชวิค โดยทั้งหมดสิ้นพระชนม์จากการถูกยิงเป้าหมู่ ภายหลังได้มีการฝังพระศพทั้งหมดร่วมกัน เป็นการปิดฉาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F" title="ราชวงศ์โรมานอฟ">ราชวงศ์โรมานอฟ</a>และจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ลำดับเหตุการณ์"><span id=".E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B3.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B8.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.93.E0.B9.8C"></span>ลำดับเหตุการณ์</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=5" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ลำดับเหตุการณ์"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_g1n51lt2mq4jn1gkr1f2e6tofdda7km"></map><img usemap="#timeline_g1n51lt2mq4jn1gkr1f2e6tofdda7km" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/th/timeline/g1n51lt2mq4jn1gkr1f2e6tofdda7km.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="หมายเหตุ"><span id=".E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A2.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B8"></span>หมายเหตุ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=6" title="แก้ไขส่วน: หมายเหตุ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ราชรัฐ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="มอลเดเวีย">มอลเดเวีย</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="วอลเลเกีย">วอลเลเกีย</a>ใน ค.ศ. 1829–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ใน ค.ศ. 1914 เมืองได้รับการเปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น "เปโตรกราด" เพื่อสะท้อนความรู้สึกต่อต้านเยอรมนีที่มีต่อรัสเซียในช่วง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง">สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ในฐานะประธาน<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="คณะกรรมาธิการรัฐมนตรีแห่งจักรวรรดิรัสเซีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">คณะกรรมาธิการรัฐมนตรี</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ในฐานะนายกรัฐมนตรี</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษารัสเซีย">รัสเซีย</a>: <span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><i lang="ru">Россійская Имперія</i></span>, <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การถอดภาษารัสเซียด้วยอักษรโรมัน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อักษรโรมัน</a>:</small> <span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><i lang="ru-Latn">Rossiyskaya Imperiya</i></span>, <small>สัทอักษรสากล: </small><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rɐˈsʲijskəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪmˈpʲerʲɪjə]</span><small> <span class="nowrap">(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Ru-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.ogg" title="ไฟล์:Ru-Российская империя.ogg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Ru-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.ogg" class="internal" title="Ru-Российская империя.ogg">ฟังเสียง</a>)</span></small>; หรือ <span title="ข้อความภาษารัสเซีย"><span lang="ru">Российская Империя</span></span> ใน<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การปฏิรูปอักขรวิธีในภาษารัสเซีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การสะกดแบบรัสเซียสมัยใหม่</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ในทางประวัติศาสตร์นิพนธ์จะเรียกว่า <b>รัสเซียอิมพีเรียล</b>, <b>ระบอบซาร์รัสเซีย</b>, <b>รัสเซียก่อน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย">สมัยปฏิวัติ</a></b> หรือเรียกแบบสั้นว่า <b>รัสเซีย</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อ้างอิง"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87"></span>อ้างอิง</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=7" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="เชิงอรรถ"><span id=".E0.B9.80.E0.B8.8A.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.96"></span>เชิงอรรถ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=8" title="แก้ไขส่วน: เชิงอรรถ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">เมื่อวันที่ 11 มิถุนายน ค.ศ. 1858 ตามพระราชกฤษฎีกาแห่งจักรพรรดิอะเลคซันดร์ที่ 2 สีพิธีการของจักรวรรดิได้รับการอนุมัติสำหรับธงชาติ ธงต่าง ๆ และสิ่งอื่น ๆ (ผ้าแขวน เครื่องประดับลายดอกกุหลาบ ฯลฯ) ทำให้ธงดำ-เหลือง-ขาวกลายเป็นธงประจำชาติแบบแรกของรัสเซียใน ค.ศ. 1865 อย่างไรก็ตาม ธงขาว-น้ำเงิน-แดงได้รับการรื้อฟื้นอีกครั้งใน ค.ศ. 1883 แต่กระนั้นธงดำ-เหลือง-ขาวยังคงใช้อยู่กระทั่งมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงใหม่ทั้งหมดใน ค.ศ. 1896</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forumspb.com/en/o-sankt-peterburge/history/">"St. Petersburg through the Ages"</a>. <i>www.forumspb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.forumspb.com&rft.atitle=St.+Petersburg+through+the+Ages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforumspb.com%2Fen%2Fo-sankt-peterburge%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"18th Century in the Russian History" Rushmania.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rusmania.com/history-of-russia/18th-century">https://rusmania.com/history-of-russia/18th-century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083640/https://rusmania.com/history-of-russia/18th-century">เก็บถาวร</a> 19 มีนาคม 2022 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Coleman2014" class="citation book cs1">J. Coleman, Heather (2014). <i>Orthodox Christianity in Imperial Russia: A Source Book on Lived Religion</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/9780253013187" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/9780253013187"><bdi>9780253013187</bdi></a>. <q>After all, Orthodoxy was both the majority faith in the Russian Empire – approximately 70 percent subscribed to this faith in the 1897 census–and the state religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+Imperial+Russia%3A+A+Source+Book+on+Lived+Religion&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780253013187&rft.aulast=J.+Coleman&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1994" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Beryl (1 ธันวาคม 1994). "The concept of the first Duma: Russia 1905–1906". <i>Parliaments, Estates and Representation</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 149–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02606755.1994.9525857">10.1080/02606755.1994.9525857</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0260-6755">0260-6755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliaments%2C+Estates+and+Representation&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+the+first+Duma%3A+Russia+1905%E2%80%931906&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-158&rft.date=1994-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02606755.1994.9525857&rft.issn=0260-6755&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Beryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Sovereign Emperor exercises legislative power in conjunction with the State Council and State Duma". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Constitution_of_1906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Constitution of 1906 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Fundamental Laws</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imperialhouse.ru/en/dynastyhistory/dinzak1/441.html">"Chapter One On the Essence of Supreme Sovereign Power Article 7."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608203053/http://www.imperialhouse.ru/en/dynastyhistory/dinzak1/441.html">เก็บถาวร</a> 8 มิถุนายน 2019 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFRein_Taagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rein_Taagepera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rein Taagepera (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Rein Taagepera</a> (กันยายน 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Studies_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Studies Quarterly (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">International Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): 475–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2600793">2600793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475-504&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Rein+Taagepera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3cn68807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 223. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917031715/http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">เก็บ</a>จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 17 กันยายน 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 กันยายน 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjwsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F369%2F381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Russian-Empire/Russification-policy#ref340502">"Russian Empire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">2022-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Russian+Empire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRussian-Empire%2FRussification-policy%23ref340502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFPlanertRetallack2017" class="citation book cs1">Planert, Ute; Retallack, James, บ.ก. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZokDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA331"><i>Decades of Reconstruction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/9781107165748" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/9781107165748"><bdi>9781107165748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decades+of+Reconstruction&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781107165748&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZokDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1611">"The Great Game, 1856-1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia | Reviews in History"</a>. <i>reviews.history.ac.uk</i> (ภาษาอังกฤษ)<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reviews.history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Great+Game%2C+1856-1907%3A+Russo-British+Relations+in+Central+and+East+Asia+%7C+Reviews+in+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freviews.history.ac.uk%2Freview%2F1611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geoffreyswain-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-geoffreyswain_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Swain2014" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Swain (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_a3pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR15"><i>Trotsky and the Russian Revolution</i></a>. Routledge. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/9781317812784" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/9781317812784"><bdi>9781317812784</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919081708/https://books.google.com/books?id=_a3pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR15">เก็บ</a>จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>The first government to be formed after the February Revolution of 1917 had, with one exception, been composed of liberals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317812784&rft.au=Geoffrey+Swain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_a3pAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alexanderrabinowitch-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-alexanderrabinowitch_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Rabinowitch2008" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Rabinowitch (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BEoBCGJ4VqYC&pg=PA1"><i>The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd</i></a>. Indiana UP. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0253220424" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0253220424"><bdi>978-0253220424</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910221609/https://books.google.com/books?id=BEoBCGJ4VqYC&pg=PA1">เก็บ</a>จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 10 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolsheviks+in+Power%3A+The+First+Year+of+Soviet+Rule+in+Petrograd&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+UP&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0253220424&rft.au=Alexander+Rabinowitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBEoBCGJ4VqYC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvnb|Bonnell|p=92-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb|Bonnell|p=92_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonnell">Bonnell</a>, p. 92<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBonnell (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="หมวดหมู่:Harv and Sfn template errors (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvnb|Condee|p=49-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb|Condee|p=49_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCondee">Condee</a>, p. 49<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCondee (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="หมวดหมู่:Harv and Sfn template errors (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvnb|Saunders|p=129-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvnb|Saunders|p=129_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders">Saunders</a>, p. 129<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSaunders (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="หมวดหมู่:Harv and Sfn template errors (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Museum-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Museum_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Museum of Science and Technology (Canada). <i>Material history review.</i> Canada Science and Technology Museum, 2000, p46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crwflags-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-crwflags_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/ru_1914.html">CRWflags.com</a>. K. Ivanov argues, that Russia has changed her official flag in 1858</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="อ้างอิง_2"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87_2"></span>อ้างอิง</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=9" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม"><span id=".E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B7.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B4.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.A1"></span>หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=10" title="แก้ไขส่วน: หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8938631">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="การสำรวจ"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.88"></span>การสำรวจ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=11" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การสำรวจ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ascher, Abraham. <i>Russia: A Short History</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Russia-Short-History-Histories-ebook/dp/B00550O2S6/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Bushkovitch, Paul. <i>A Concise History of Russia</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Russia-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521543231/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFFreeze2002" class="citation book cs1">Freeze, George (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Russia-A-History-ebook/dp/B00A7LNOQY/"><i>Russia: A History</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-19-860511-9" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-19-860511-9"><bdi>978-0-19-860511-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=556&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860511-9&rft.aulast=Freeze&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FRussia-A-History-ebook%2Fdp%2FB00A7LNOQY%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hosking, Geoffrey. <i>Russia and the Russians: A History</i> (2nd ed. 2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindsey_Hughes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindsey Hughes (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Hughes, Lindsey</a> (2000). <i>Russia in the Age of Peter the Great</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-300-08266-1" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-300-08266-1"><bdi>978-0-300-08266-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+the+Age+of+Peter+the+Great&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=640&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08266-1&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lincoln, W. Bruce. <i>The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias</i> (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Romanovs-Autocrats-All-Russias/dp/0385279086/">excerpt and text search</a>, sweeping narrative history</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFLongley2000" class="citation book cs1">Longley, David (2000). <i>The Longman Companion to Imperial Russia, 1689–1917</i>. New York, NY: Longman Publishing Group. p. 496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-582-31990-5" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-582-31990-5"><bdi>978-0-582-31990-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longman+Companion+to+Imperial+Russia%2C+1689%E2%80%931917&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=Longman+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-582-31990-5&rft.aulast=Longley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McKenzie, David & Michael W. Curran. <i>A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond</i>. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2001. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0534586988" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-534-58698-8</a>.</li> <li>Moss, Walter G. <i>A History of Russia</i>. Vol. 1: <i>To 1917</i>. 2d ed. Anthem Press, 2002.</li> <li>Perrie, Maureen, et al. <i>The Cambridge History of Russia</i>. (3 vol. Cambridge University Press, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-Cambridge-History-Russia-Volume/dp/0521812275/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg. <i>A History of Russia</i>. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, 800 pages. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0195153944" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-515394-4</a></li> <li>Ziegler; Charles E. <i>The History of Russia</i> (Greenwood Press, 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23391126">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330121926/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23391126">เก็บถาวร</a> 2009-03-30 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1801–1917"><span id="1801.E2.80.931917"></span>1801–1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=12" title="แก้ไขส่วน: 1801–1917"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jelavich, Barbara. <i> St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974</i> (1974)</li> <li>Manning, Roberta. <i>The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government</i>. Princeton University Press, 1982.</li> <li>Pipes, Richard. <i>Russia under the Old Regime</i> (2nd ed. 1997)</li> <li>Seton-Watson, Hugh. <i>The Russian Empire 1801–1917</i> (Oxford History of Modern Europe) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Russian-Empire-1801-1917-Oxford-History/dp/0198221525/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFWaldron1997" class="citation book cs1">Waldron, Peter (1997). <i>The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917</i>. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-312-16536-9" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-312-16536-9"><bdi>978-0-312-16536-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Imperial+Russia%2C+1855%E2%80%931917&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16536-9&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFWestwood2002" class="citation book cs1">Westwood, J. N. (2002). <i>Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812–2001</i> (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 656. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-19-924617-5" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-19-924617-5"><bdi>978-0-19-924617-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endurance+and+Endeavour%3A+Russian+History+1812%E2%80%932001&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=656&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924617-5&rft.aulast=Westwood&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="การทหาร_และ_การต่างประะเทศ"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3_.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B0_.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.95.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.B0.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.A8"></span>การทหาร และ การต่างประะเทศ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=13" title="แก้ไขส่วน: การทหาร และ การต่างประะเทศ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFEnglund2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Englund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Englund (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Englund, Peter</a> (2002). <i>The Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire</i>. New York, NY: I. B. Tauris. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-1-86064-847-2" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-1-86064-847-2"><bdi>978-1-86064-847-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+That+Shook+Europe%3A+Poltava+and+the+Birth+of+the+Russian+Empire&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-847-2&rft.aulast=Englund&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fuller, William C. <i>Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914</i> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001D1YCWC/">excerpts</a>; military strategy</li> <li>Jelavich, Barbara. <i>St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974</i> (1974)</li> <li>Saul, Norman E. <i>Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy</i> (2014)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Dictionaries-Diplomacy-Relations/dp/0810868067/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Stone, David. <i>A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Military-History-Russia-Terrible-Chechnya-ebook/dp/B0029LGW5A/">excerpts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="เศรษฐกิจ_สังคม_และ_ความเชื่อ"><span id=".E0.B9.80.E0.B8.A8.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A9.E0.B8.90.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.88_.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A1_.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B0_.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.8A.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.AD"></span>เศรษฐกิจ สังคม และ ความเชื่อ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=14" title="แก้ไขส่วน: เศรษฐกิจ สังคม และ ความเชื่อ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Christian, David. <i>A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia</i>. Vol. 1: <i>Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire</i>. (Blackwell, 1998). <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0631208143" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-631-20814-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFDixon1999" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Simon (1999). <i>The Modernisation of Russia, 1676–1825</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-521-37100-1" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-521-37100-1"><bdi>978-0-521-37100-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modernisation+of+Russia%2C+1676%E2%80%931825&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37100-1&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Etkind, Alexander. <i>Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience</i> (Polity Press, 2011) 289 pages; discussion of serfdom, the peasant commune, etc.</li> <li>Freeze, Gregory L. <i>From Supplication to Revolution: A Documentary Social History of Imperial Russia</i> (1988)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFKappeler2001" class="citation book cs1">Kappeler, Andreas (2001). <i>The Russian Empire: A Multi-Ethnic History</i>. New York, NY: Longman Publishing Group. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-582-23415-4" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-582-23415-4"><bdi>978-0-582-23415-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Empire%3A+A+Multi-Ethnic+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Longman+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-582-23415-4&rft.aulast=Kappeler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. <i>The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914</i> (1977) pp 365–425</li> <li>Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. <i>The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870</i> (2nd ed. 1979), 552pp</li> <li>Mironov, Boris N., and Ben Eklof. <i>The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700–1917</i> (2 vol Westview Press, 2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89764491">vol 1 online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929091826/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89764491">เก็บถาวร</a> 2008-09-29 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100513328">vol 2 online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929083153/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100513328">เก็บถาวร</a> 2008-09-29 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a></li> <li>Mironov, Boris N. (2012) <i>The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700–1917</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Standard-Revolutions-1700-1917-Routledge-Explorations/dp/0415608546/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Mironov, Boris N. (2010) "Wages and Prices in Imperial Russia, 1703–1913," <i>Russian Review</i> (Jan 2010) 69#1 pp 47–72, with 13 tables and 3 charts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=e380f9ff-36a4-426e-88fd-b587d8fe61e9%40sessionmgr12&vid=1&hid=25&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFMoon1999" class="citation book cs1">Moon, David (1999). <i>The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made</i>. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-582-09508-3" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-582-09508-3"><bdi>978-0-582-09508-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Peasantry+1600%E2%80%931930%3A+The+World+the+Peasants+Made&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-582-09508-3&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stolberg, Eva-Maria. (2004) "The Siberian Frontier and Russia's Position in World History," <i>Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center</i> 27#3 pp 243–267</li> <li>Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. <i>Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861</i> (2008)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ประวัติศาสตร์_และ_ความทรงจำ"><span id=".E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.A8.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.95.E0.B8.A3.E0.B9.8C_.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B0_.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A7.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.88.E0.B8.B3"></span>ประวัติศาสตร์ และ ความทรงจำ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=15" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ประวัติศาสตร์ และ ความทรงจำ"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burbank, Jane, and David L. Ransel, eds. <i>Imperial Russia: new histories for the Empire</i> (Indiana University Press, 1998)</li> <li>Cracraft, James. ed. <i>Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia</i> (1993)</li> <li>Kuzio, Taras. "Historiography and national identity among the Eastern Slavs: towards a new framework." <i>National Identities</i> (2001) 3#2 pp: 109–132.</li> <li>Olson, Gust, and Aleksei I. Miller. "Between Local and Inter-Imperial: Russian Imperial History in Search of Scope and Paradigm." <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i> (2004) 5#1 pp: 7–26.</li> <li>Sanders, Thomas, ed. <i>Historiography of imperial Russia: The profession and writing of history in a multinational state</i> (ME Sharpe, 1999)</li> <li>Smith, Steve. "Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism." <i>Europe‐Asia Studies</i> (1994) 46#4 pp: 563–578.</li> <li>Suny, Ronald Grigor. "The empire strikes out: Imperial Russia,‘national’identity, and theories of empire." in <i>A state of nations: Empire and nation-making in the age of Lenin and Stalin</i> ed. by Peter Holquist, Ronald Grigor Suny, and Terry Martin. (2001) pp: 23–66.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span id=".E0.B9.81.E0.B8.AB.E0.B8.A5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.82.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.B9.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B7.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.99"></span>แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&section=16" title="แก้ไขส่วน: แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10827797">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" 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title="จักรวรรดิอิตาลี">อิตาลี</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิญี่ปุ่น"><img alt="จักรวรรดิญี่ปุ่น" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a 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title="เครือจักรภพโปแลนด์–ลิทัวเนีย">โปแลนด์–ลิทัวเนีย</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ดัชชีคูร์ลันด์และเซมีกัลเลีย"><img alt="ดัชชีคูร์ลันด์และเซมีกัลเลีย" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="นโยบายอาณานิคมของคูร์ลันด์">คูโรเนียน</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA" title="โปรตุเกส"><img alt="โปรตุเกส" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" 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data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การทำให้เป็นอาณานิคมของรัสเซียในทวีปอเมริกาเหนือ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">รัสเซีย</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="สหภาพโซเวียต"><img alt="สหภาพโซเวียต" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="จักรวรรดิโซเวียต">โซเวียต</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="สเปน"><img alt="สเปน" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิสเปน">สเปน</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="สวีเดน"><img alt="สวีเดน" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Sweden_%281562%E2%80%931650%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden_%281562%E2%80%931650%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Sweden_%281562%E2%80%931650%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden_%281562%E2%80%931650%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Sweden_%281562%E2%80%931650%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden_%281562%E2%80%931650%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="อาณานิคมโพ้นทะเลของประเทศสวีเดน">สวีเดน</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อาณานิคมในสมัยโบราณ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อาณานิคมในสมัยโบราณ</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552737"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10791470"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ประวัติศาสตร์ของจักรวรรดิ" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552737"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552732"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ดู"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4" title="แม่แบบ:จักรวรรดิ"><abbr title="ดูแม่แบบนี้" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ด</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-คุย"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="คุยเรื่องแม่แบบ:จักรวรรดิ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><abbr title="อภิปรายแม่แบบนี้" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ค</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-แก้"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:EditPage/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4" title="พิเศษ:EditPage/แม่แบบ:จักรวรรดิ"><abbr title="แก้ไขแม่แบบนี้" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ก</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ประวัติศาสตร์ของจักรวรรดิ" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประวัติศาสตร์">ประวัติศาสตร์</a>ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4" title="จักรวรรดิ">จักรวรรดิ</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">โบราณ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="อียิปต์โบราณ">อียิปต์โบราณ</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 3150+)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="เอลาม">เอลาไมต์</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 3000+)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="อารยธรรมมิโนอัน">มิโนอัน</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 2700+)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94" title="จักรวรรดิแอกแคด">แอกแคด</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 2400+)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อัสซีเรีย">อัสซีเรีย</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 2000+)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="อาณาจักรบาบิโลเนีย">บาบิโลเนีย</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 1696)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรวรรดิอียิปต์">อียิปต์</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 1600+)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ประวัติศาสตร์ฮิตไทต์">ฮิตไทต์</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 1800+)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ฟินิเชีย">ฟินิเชีย</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 1200)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="จักรวรรดิอัสซีเรียใหม่">อัสซีเรียใหม่</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 934)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2" title="ราชอาณาจักรมาเกโดนีอา">มาเกโดนีอา</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 800)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%98" title="แคว้นมคธ">มคธ</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 684)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="จักรวรรดิมีเดีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">มีเดีย</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 625)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิอคีเมนียะห์">อคีเมนียะห์</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 550)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0" title="ราชวงศ์นันทะ">นันทะ</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 424)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B0" title="ราชวงศ์โจฬะ">โจฬะ</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 300)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิทอเลมี">ทอเลมี</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 305)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0" title="ราชวงศ์โมริยะ">โมริยะ</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 322)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="จักรวรรดิซิลูซิด">ซิลูซิด</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 312)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรวรรดิพาร์เธีย">พาร์เธีย</a> <small>(อาร์ซาซิด)</small> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 247)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิสาตวาหนะ">สาตวาหนะ</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 230)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ราชวงศ์ฉิน">ฉิน</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 221)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ราชวงศ์ฮั่น">ฮั่น</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 202)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="จักรวรรดิชังกา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ชังกา</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 185)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="จักรวรรดิกุษาณะ">กุษาณะ</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 60)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิโรมัน">โรมัน</a> <small><i>(ก.ค.ศ. 27)</i></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="จักรวรรดิโรมันตะวันตก">โรมันตะวันตก</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิโรมันตะวันออก">โรมันตะวันออก</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิอัคซูไมท์">อัคซูไมท์</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 50)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิซาสซานิยะห์">ซาสซานิยะห์</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 224)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิพาลไมรีน">พาลไมรีน</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 260)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="ราชวงศ์จิ้น">จิน</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 265)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0" title="จักรวรรดิคุปตะ">คุปตะ</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 280)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิฮัน">ฮัน</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 370)</i></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ยุคกลาง</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิแฟรงก์">แฟรงก์</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 481)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0" title="ราชวงศ์จาลุกยะ">จาลุกยะ</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 543)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2" title="ราชวงศ์สุย">สุย</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 581)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์ถัง">ถัง</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 618)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรวรรดิบัลแกเรีย">บัลแกเรีย</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 632)</i></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="จักรวรรดิบัลแกเรียที่ 1">บัลแกเรียที่หนึ่ง</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="จักรวรรดิบัลแกเรียที่ 2">บัลแกเรียที่สอง</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิอาหรับ">อาหรับ</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 632)</i></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์รอชิดีน">รอชิดีน</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์อุมัยยะฮ์">อุมัยยะฮ์</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์อับบาซียะฮ์">อับบาซียะฮ์</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์ฟาติมียะห์">ฟาติมียะห์</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="อาณาจักรศรีวิชัย">ศรีวิชัย</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 660)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิเวนิส">เวนิส</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 697)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="จักรวรรดิคาเน็ม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">คาเน็ม</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 700)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0" title="จักรวรรดิปาละ">ปาละ</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 750)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%BA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ราชวงศ์ราษฏฺรกูฏ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ราษฏฺรกูฏ</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 753)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ราชวงศ์อิดรีสิด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อิดรีสิด</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 789)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="จักรวรรดิกานา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">กานา</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 790)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8C%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="จักรวรรดิการอแล็งเฌียง">การอแล็งเฌียง</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 800)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95" title="จักรวรรดิทิเบต">ทิเบต</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 800?)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="จักรวรรดิเขมร">เขมร</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 802)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="เกรตโมราเวีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">จักรวรรดิเกรตโมราเวีย</a> 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title="ราชวงศ์เหลียว">เหลียว</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 907)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2" title="จักรวรรดิตูอีโตงา">ตูอีโตงา</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 950)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์ซ่ง">ซ่ง</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 960)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์">โรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 962)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรวรรดิกาสนาวิยะห์">กาสนาวิยะห์</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 963)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อาณาจักรได่เวียด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ได่เวียด</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 968)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ราชอาณาจักรฮังการี">ฮังการี</a> <small><i>(ราว ค.ศ. 1000)</i></small></li> <li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="จักรวรรดิเม็กซิโกที่ 2 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เม็กซิโกที่ 2</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1864)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="จักรวรรดิออสเตรีย-ฮังการี">ออสเตรีย-ฮังการี</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1867)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิญี่ปุ่น">ญี่ปุ่น</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1868)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิเยอรมัน">เยอรมัน</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1871)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="จักรวรรดิอิตาลี">อิตาลี</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1882)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิอาณานิคมเยอรมัน">อาณานิคมเยอรมัน</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1884)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิอาณานิคมญี่ปุ่น">อาณานิคมญี่ปุ่น</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1895)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="จักรวรรดิเกาหลี">เกาหลี</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1897)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="จักรวรรดิอาณานิคมเบลเยียม">อาณานิคมเบลเยียม</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1908)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1915%E2%80%931916)" title="จักรวรรดิจีน (ค.ศ. 1915–1916)">จีน</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1915)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5" title="อิหร่านปาห์ลาวี">อิหร่าน</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1925)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9" title="ประเทศแมนจู">แมนจู</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1934)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="จักรวรรดิเวียดนาม">เวียดนาม</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1945)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="จักรวรรดิแอฟริกากลาง">แอฟริกากลาง</a> <small><i>(ค.ศ. 1976)</i></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>หมายเหตุ:</b> <i>เรียงลำดับตามปีการก่อตั้ง เลขในวงเล็บหลังชื่อแสดงปีการก่อตั้ง</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552737"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10791470"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="อดีตรัฐราชาธิปไตย" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="รายพระนามราชาธิปไตยที่ถูกล้มล้างในทวีปเอเซีย (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ทวีปเอเซีย</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์ชิง"><img alt="ราชวงศ์ชิง" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1920%E2%80%931946)" title="ราชอาณาจักรฮังการี (ค.ศ. 1920–1946)">ฮังการี</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="บัลแกเรีย"><img alt="บัลแกเรีย" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ราชอาณาจักรบัลแกเรีย">บัลแกเรีย</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="โรมาเนีย"><img alt="โรมาเนีย" 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