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</button> <ul id="toc-Uses_in_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AxR1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AxR1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>AxR1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AxR1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apple_rootstock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apple_rootstock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Apple rootstock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apple_rootstock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malling_rootstocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malling_rootstocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Malling rootstocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malling_rootstocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malling_Merton_rootstocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malling_Merton_rootstocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Malling Merton rootstocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malling_Merton_rootstocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tree_Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tree_Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Tree Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tree_Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_rootstocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_rootstocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Other rootstocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_rootstocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_in_Navigation_and_Orienteering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_in_Navigation_and_Orienteering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses in Navigation and Orienteering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_in_Navigation_and_Orienteering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طعوم جذرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طعوم جذرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaempelt" title="Portaempelt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portaempelt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podno%C5%BE" title="Podnož – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podnož" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterlage_(Pflanzen)" title="Unterlage (Pflanzen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unterlage (Pflanzen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portainjerto" title="Portainjerto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portainjerto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baztrunko" title="Baztrunko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baztrunko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ساقه زیرزمینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساقه زیرزمینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte-greffe" title="Porte-greffe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Porte-greffe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaenxertos" title="Portaenxertos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Portaenxertos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portinnesto" title="Portinnesto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portinnesto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98)" title="სადედე (მემცენარეობაში) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სადედე (მემცენარეობაში)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokok_penanti" title="Pokok penanti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pokok penanti" 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" 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Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rootstock" title="Special:EditPage/Rootstock">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article should be <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a></b> into multiple articles. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Rootstock" title="Talk:Rootstock">discuss</a>) <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>rootstock</b> is part of a plant, often an underground part, from which new above-ground growth can be produced. It could also be described as a stem with a well developed root system, to which a bud from another plant is grafted. It can refer to a <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizome</a> or underground stem.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a>, it refers to a plant, sometimes just a stump, which already has an established, healthy <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root system</a>, onto which a cutting or a bud from another plant is grafted. In some cases, such as vines of grapes and other berries, cuttings may be used for rootstocks, the roots being established in nursery conditions before planting them out. The plant part grafted onto the rootstock is usually called the <b>scion</b>. The <a href="/wiki/Scion_(grafting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scion (grafting)">scion</a> is the plant that has the properties that <a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagator</a> desires above ground, including the photosynthetic activity and the fruit or decorative properties. The rootstock is selected for its interaction with the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, providing the roots and the stem to support the new plant, obtaining the necessary soil water and minerals, and resisting the relevant pests and diseases. After a few weeks, the tissues of the two parts will have grown together, eventually forming a single plant. After some years, it may be difficult to detect the site of the graft although the product always contains the components of two genetically different plants. </p><p>The use of rootstocks is most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruiting</a> plants and trees, and is useful for mass propagating many other types of plants that do not breed true from <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a>, or are particularly susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> when grown on their own roots. </p><p>Although grafting has been practiced for many hundreds of years, even in Roman times, most <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchard</a> rootstocks in current use were developed in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of rootstocks may be used for a single <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> of scion because different rootstocks impart different properties, such as vigour, fruit size and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/precocious" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:precocious">precocity</a>. Rootstocks also may be selected for traits such as resistance to <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>, root pests, and <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapevines</a> for commercial planting are most often grafted onto rootstocks to avoid damage by <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a>, though vines available for sale to back garden viticulturists may not be. </p><p>The rootstock may be a different species from the scion, but as a rule it should be closely related, for example, many commercial <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a> are grown on <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a> rootstock. Grafting can also be done in stages; a closely related scion is grafted to the rootstock, and a less closely related scion is grafted to the first scion. Serial grafting of several scions may also be used to produce a tree that bears several different fruit <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>, with the same rootstock taking up and distributing water and minerals to the whole system. Those with more than three varieties are known as 'family trees'. </p><p>When it is difficult to match a plant to the soil in a certain field or orchard, growers may graft a scion onto a rootstock that is compatible with the soil. It may then be convenient to plant a range of ungrafted rootstocks to see which suit the growing conditions best; the fruiting characteristics of the scion may be considered later, once the most successful rootstock has been identified. Rootstocks are studied extensively and often are sold with a complete guide to their ideal soil and climate. Growers determine the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, mineral content, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> population, <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, water availability, <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> load and <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sandiness</a> of their particular soil, and select a rootstock which is matched to it. <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a> is increasingly common, and new cultivars of rootstock are always being developed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_in_agriculture">Uses in agriculture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AxR1">AxR1</h3></div> <p><b>AxR1</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a> rootstock once widely used in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a>. Its name is an abbreviation for "Aramon Rupestris Ganzin No. 1", which in turn is based on its parentage: a cross (made by a French grape hybridizer named Ganzin) between <a href="/wiki/Aramon_(grape)" title="Aramon (grape)">Aramon</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> cultivar, and Rupestris, an American grape species, <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_rupestris" title="Vitis rupestris">Vitis rupestris</a></i>—also used on its own as rootstock, "Rupestris St. George" or "St. George," referring to a town in the South of France, Saint Georges d'Orques, where it was popular. </p><p>It achieved a degree of notoriety in California when, after decades of recommendation as a preferred rootstock—despite repeated warnings from France and South Africa about its susceptibility (it had failed in Europe in the early 1900s)—it ultimately succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> in the 1980s, requiring the replanting of most of Napa and Sonoma, with disastrous financial consequences. Those who resisted the urge to use AxR-1, such as <a href="/wiki/David_R._Bennion" title="David R. Bennion">David Bennion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ridge_Vineyards" title="Ridge Vineyards">Ridge Vineyards</a>, saw their vineyards spared from phylloxera damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apple_rootstock">Apple rootstock</h3></div> <p>Apple rootstocks are used for apple trees and are often the deciding factor of the size of the tree that is grafted onto the root. Dwarfing, semi-dwarf, semi-standard and standard are the size benchmarks for the different sizes of roots that will be grown, with the standard being the largest and dwarf being the smallest.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the world's apple production is now using dwarf rootstocks to improve efficiency, increase density and increase yields of fruit per acre.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is a list of the dwarfing rootstock that are commonly used today in apple production: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malling_rootstocks">Malling rootstocks</h4></div> <p>Malling 7 rootstock is slightly bigger than an M26 rootstock, and also requires staking in the first several years to establish a centre leader.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rootstock is moderately susceptible to blight and collar rot.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fruit size that M7 produces is good but not as large as an M26, or M9 rootstock.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This root is highly susceptible to suckering and leaning over in its later years of life, which is very annoying and causes issues for the producer.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malling 9 rootstock is the most common and well known dwarfing rootstock. This rootstock should be planted in a well-drained site, and requires staking for the duration of its life.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rootstock is also very susceptible to fireblight and burr knots.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been many clones made of this rootstock, including M.9 NAKB 337, M.9EMLA and M.9. Pajam.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malling 26 rootstock will grow a larger tree than the M9 rootstock will, and is about 40-50% the size of a standard tree.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This root is considered very productive and early bearing, and requires staking in the first few years of its life.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malling_Merton_rootstocks">Malling Merton rootstocks</h4></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The Malling-Merton and Merton-Immune rootstocks<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Selected year</th> <th>Introduced year</th> <th>Parentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>MM 102</td> <td>1931</td> <td>?</td> <td>Northern Spy x M 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MM 104</td> <td>1930-31</td> <td>1952</td> <td>M 2 x Northern Spy </td></tr> <tr> <td>MM 106</td> <td>1930-32</td> <td>1952</td> <td>Northern Spy x M 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MM 109</td> <td>1930-31</td> <td>1952</td> <td>M 2 x Northern Spy </td></tr> <tr> <td>MM 111</td> <td>1932</td> <td>1952</td> <td>Northern Spy x MI 793 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MI 793</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Northern Spy x M 2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Malling-Merton 106 rootstock is slightly smaller than MM 111, but is a very productive tree and has early fruiting abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a great rootstock to be used in a variety of soil conditions because it is very hardy with moderate vigour.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rootstock must be planted in well-drained soils as it is susceptible to collar rot.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> Malling-Merton 111 rootstock is one of the biggest and vigorous rootstocks that is used today in commercial orchards, and is about 80-90% the size of a standard-sized tree.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally quite winter hardy and produces few burr knots and root suckers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rootstock is much less popular than it once was, because many commercial producers are now planting higher density orchards, which M111 is not conducive to.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tree_Size">Tree Size</h4></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Size relationships<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rootstock</th> <th>Relative size in Michigan.</th> <th>Relative size in England. M 16 = 100</th> <th>Relative size Lucas </th></tr> <tr> <td>Seedling of French crab</td> <td>100</td> <td></td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>A 2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 1</td> <td>58</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 2</td> <td>66</td> <td>46</td> <td>62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 4</td> <td>48</td> <td></td> <td>67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 5</td> <td>52</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 7</td> <td>40</td> <td>61</td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 9</td> <td>26</td> <td>27</td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 11</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 12</td> <td>93</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 13</td> <td>78</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 16</td> <td>84</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 25</td> <td>80</td> <td>78</td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 26</td> <td></td> <td>31</td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M 27</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MM 102</td> <td></td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MM 104</td> <td>63</td> <td>79</td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MM 106</td> <td>36</td> <td>59</td> <td>56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MM 109</td> <td>73</td> <td></td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MM 111</td> <td>70</td> <td>83</td> <td>75 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_rootstocks">Other rootstocks</h4></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The Geneva rootstocks<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Introduced year</th> <th>Parentage</th> <th>Size % a) </th></tr> <tr> <td>G 11</td> <td>1999</td> <td>M 26 x R 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 16</td> <td>1998</td> <td>O 3 x Malus floribunda</td> <td>35-40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 41</td> <td>2005</td> <td>M 27 x R 5</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 65</td> <td>1991</td> <td>M 27 x Beauty Crab </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 202</td> <td>2002</td> <td>M 27 x R 5</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 210</td> <td>2010</td> <td>O 3 x R 5</td> <td>50-60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 214</td> <td>2010</td> <td>R 5 x O 3</td> <td>30-35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 222</td> <td>2011</td> <td>R 5 x M 27</td> <td>45-55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 890</td> <td>2010</td> <td>R 5 x O 3</td> <td>55-65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 935</td> <td>2005</td> <td>O 3 x R 5</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G 969</td> <td>2010</td> <td>R 5 x O 3</td> <td>45-55 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>R 5 = Robusta 5, O 3 = Ottawa 3, M 27 = Malling 27, a) size compared to seedling of French crab. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Other apple rootstocks<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>introduction year</th> <th>parentage</th> <th>country of orgin</th> <th>size </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bemali</td> <td>1974</td> <td>Manks Codlin x M4</td> <td>Sweden</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B 9 = Bud 9</td> <td>1946</td> <td>M 8 x Red standard</td> <td>USSR</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bud. 490</td> <td></td> <td>B 9 x Bud 13-14</td> <td>USSR</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bud. 491</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>USSR</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jork 9</td> <td>1981</td> <td>M 9 x ?</td> <td>Germany</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mark = MAC-9</td> <td>1979</td> <td>M 9 x ?</td> <td>Michigan, US</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Novole</td> <td>1983</td> <td>Malus pruniflora x ?</td> <td>New York, US</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ottawa 3 = O 3</td> <td>1974</td> <td>M 9 x Robin Crab</td> <td>Ontario, Canada</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P 1</td> <td></td> <td>M 4 x Antonovka</td> <td>Poland</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P 2</td> <td></td> <td>M 9 x Antonovka</td> <td>Poland</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P 22</td> <td></td> <td>M 9 x Antonovka</td> <td>Poland</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>YP</td> <td>1977</td> <td>Malus baccata x ?</td> <td>Finland</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_in_Navigation_and_Orienteering">Uses in Navigation and Orienteering</h2></div> <p>In the context of navigation, a <b>rootstock</b> is the base of a fallen tree. Rootstocks are used as navigational aids on high-resolution maps and in the sport of <a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">orienteering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IOF_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOF-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because most woods have many fallen trees, only very large rootstocks generally are mapped. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_propagation" title="Fruit tree propagation">Fruit tree propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malling_series" title="Malling series">Malling series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_propagation#Apple_rootstocks" title="Fruit tree propagation">Apple rootstocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_propagation#Cherry_rootstocks" title="Fruit tree propagation">Cherry rootstocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_propagation#Pear_rootstocks" title="Fruit tree propagation">Pear rootstocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_propagation#Plum_rootstocks" title="Fruit tree propagation">Plum rootstocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_rootstock" title="Citrus rootstock">Citrus rootstock</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHickeyKing2001" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, M.; King, C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tree+Fruit+Production+%28Penn+State+Extension%29&rft.atitle=Apple+Rootstocks+%28Tree+Fruit+Production%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextension.psu.edu%2Fplants%2Ftree-fruit%2Fcommercial-tree-fruit-production%2Fcultivars-and-rootstocks%2Fapple-rootstocks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARootstock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanwell.net/varieties/apple-rootstocks">"Fruit Tree Nursery Van Well Trees Nursery East Wenatchee Washington - Apple Rootstocks"</a>. <i>www.vanwell.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vanwell.net&rft.atitle=Fruit+Tree+Nursery+Van+Well+Trees+Nursery+East+Wenatchee+Washington+-+Apple+Rootstocks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanwell.net%2Fvarieties%2Fapple-rootstocks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARootstock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boyernurseries.com/rootstocks.html">"Rootstocks for Fruit Trees"</a>. <i>www.boyernurseries.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.boyernurseries.com&rft.atitle=Rootstocks+for+Fruit+Trees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boyernurseries.com%2Frootstocks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARootstock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks and Olmo, New fruits an nuts, Proceedings of the American Society for horticultural science, v. 76, 1960, page 729</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Turkey</b> Harold Bradford, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bighorsecreekfarm.com/rootstock-information-2/">"Rootstock Information"</a>. <i>bighorsecreekfarm.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bighorsecreekfarm.com&rft.atitle=Rootstock+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbighorsecreekfarm.com%2Frootstock-information-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARootstock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.extension.org/pages/60915/apple-rootstock-info:-mm111-emla">"Apple Rootstock Info: MM.111 EMLA - eXtension"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Apple+Rootstock+Info%3A+MM.111+EMLA+-+eXtension&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.extension.org%2Fpages%2F60915%2Fapple-rootstock-info%3A-mm111-emla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARootstock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Tukey</b> Harold Bradford, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucas´ Anleitung zum Obstbau, 31 Auflage, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finn and Clark, Register of New Fruit and Nut Cultivars, HortScience Vol. 47(5) May 2012, page 538 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/47/5/article-p536.xml">https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/47/5/article-p536.xml</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks and Olmo, Register of New Fruit and Nut, HortScience Vol. 29(9), 1994, page 944</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Clark and Finn, Register of New Fruit and Nut, HortScience Vol. 41(5), 2006, page 1103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HortSceince, Vol. 26(8), august 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IOF-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IOF_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orienteering.org"><i>International Specification for Control Descriptions</i></a>. International Orienteering Federation. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Specification+for+Control+Descriptions&rft.pub=International+Orienteering+Federation&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orienteering.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARootstock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJancis_Robinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jancis Robinson (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc"><i>The Oxford companion to wine</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198609902" title="Special:BookSources/9780198609902"><bdi>9780198609902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+wine&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780198609902&rft.au=Jancis+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARootstock" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sommelierjournal.com/articles/article.aspx?year=2010&month=6&articlenum=61">Rootstocks as an Element of Terroir</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Sommelier_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sommelier Journal">Sommelier Journal</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">Ampelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">Hybrid grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grape_Genome_Program" title="International Grape Genome Program">International Grape Genome Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripening</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br /> variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">Soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">slope</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> planting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Grapevine planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Row orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">Vine training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_(vineyard)" title="Clos (vineyard)">Clos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost damage prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture#Green_harvest" title="Viticulture">Green harvest (<i>Vendange verte</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klopotec" title="Klopotec">Klopotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pests and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rot_(grape_disease)" title="Black rot (grape disease)">Black rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis bunch rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae" title="Lasiodiplodia theobromae">Bot canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_arm_of_grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead arm of grapevine">Dead arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_yellows" title="Grapevine yellows">Grapevine yellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_pest_nematode_species" title="List of agricultural pest nematode species">Nematodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Pierce's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Uncinula necator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">Red spider mite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupoecilia_ambiguella" title="Eupoecilia ambiguella">Vine moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">Adaptive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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