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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hard_infrastructure" title="Hard infrastructure">Hard infrastructure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_infrastructure" title="Soft infrastructure">Soft infrastructure</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the mathematical concept, see <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_(number_theory)" title="Infrastructure (number theory)">Infrastructure (number theory)</a>.</div> Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical structures such as <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways">railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transit systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet connectivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband access</a>). In general, infrastructure has been defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems providing <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a> and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">living conditions</a>" and maintain the surrounding environment.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg/300px-Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg/450px-Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg/600px-Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6711" data-file-height="3775"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Ferry_Building" title="San Francisco Ferry Building">San Francisco Ferry Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embarcadero_(San_Francisco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Embarcadero (San Francisco)">The Embarcadero</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco-Oakland_Bay_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge">Bay Bridge</a> at night, all examples of infrastructure</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Especially in light of the massive societal transformations needed to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adapt to</a> climate change, contemporary infrastructure conversations frequently focus on <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">green infrastructure</a>. Acknowledging this importance, the international community has created policy focused on sustainable infrastructure through the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_9" title="Sustainable Development Goal 9">Sustainable Development Goal 9</a> "<a href="/wiki/Industry,_Innovation_and_Infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure">Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure</a>". One way to describe different types of infrastructure is to classify them as two distinct kinds: <a href="/wiki/Hard_infrastructure" title="Hard infrastructure">hard infrastructure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_infrastructure" title="Soft infrastructure">soft infrastructure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Hard infrastructure is the physical networks necessary for the functioning of a modern industrial society or <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hamutak-5">[5]</a> This includes roads, bridges, and railways. Soft infrastructure is all the institutions that maintain the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural standards</a> of a country.<a href="#cite_note-Hamutak-5">[5]</a> This includes <a href="/wiki/Educational_program" title="Educational program">educational programs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_statistics" title="Official statistics">official statistics</a>, parks and <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreational</a> facilities, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> agencies, and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency services">emergency services</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classifications">1 Classifications</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Public">1.1 Public</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Personal">1.2 Personal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Institutional">1.3 Institutional</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Sustainable">1.4 Sustainable</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Material">1.5 Material</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Economic">1.6 Economic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Social">1.7 Social</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Core">1.8 Core</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Basic">1.9 Basic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Complementary">1.10 Complementary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Applications">2 Applications</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Engineering_and_construction">2.1 Engineering and construction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Civil_defense_and_economic_development">2.2 Civil defense and economic development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Military">2.3 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Communications">2.4 Communications</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Related_concepts">3 Related concepts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Ownership_and_financing">4 Ownership and financing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#In_the_developing_world">5 In the developing world</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Regional_differences">5.1 Regional differences</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sources_of_funding_for_infrastructure">5.2 Sources of funding for infrastructure</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Coronavirus_implications">6 Coronavirus implications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Sustainable_infrastructure">7 Sustainable infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sustainable_energy">7.1 Sustainable energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sustainable_water">7.2 Sustainable water</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Sustainable_waste_management">7.3 Sustainable waste management</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Sustainable_transportation">7.4 Sustainable transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Sustainable_materials">7.5 Sustainable materials</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Green_infrastructure">8 Green infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Green_roofs">8.1 Green roofs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Tree_planting">8.2 Tree planting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Bioretention_and_infiltration_practices">8.3 Bioretention and infiltration practices</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Smart_cities">9 Smart cities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Masdar_City">9.1 Masdar City</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Bibliography">12 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classifications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> A 1987 <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">US National Research Council</a> panel adopted the term "<a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> infrastructure", referring to: <blockquote> "... both specific functional modes – highways, streets, roads, and bridges; <a href="/wiki/Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a>; airports and airways; <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater management">wastewater management</a>; <a href="/wiki/Solid-waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-waste">solid-waste</a> treatment and disposal; electric <a href="/wiki/Power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power generation">power generation</a> and transmission; telecommunications; and <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste management</a> – and the combined system these modal elements comprise. A comprehension of infrastructure spans not only these public works facilities, but also the operating procedures, management practices, and development policies that interact together with societal demand and the physical world to facilitate the transport of people and goods, provision of water for drinking and a variety of other uses, safe disposal of society's waste products, provision of energy where it is needed, and transmission of information within and between communities."<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> publishes an "Infrastructure Report Card" which represents the organization's opinion on the condition of various infrastructure every 2–4 years.<a href="#cite_note-asce17-7">[7]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit">[update]</a> they grade 16 categories, namely aviation, bridges, dams, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, energy, <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inland_waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland waterway">inland waterways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>, parks and <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ports" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports">ports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads">roads</a>, schools, <a href="/wiki/Solid_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid waste">solid waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">transit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-asce17-7">[7]</a>: 4 The United States has received a rating of "D+" on its infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Cervero-8">[8]</a> This aging infrastructure is a result of governmental neglect and inadequate funding.<a href="#cite_note-Cervero-8">[8]</a> As the United States presumably looks to upgrade its existing infrastructure, sustainable measures could be a consideration of the design, build, and operation plans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public">Public</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Public" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Public infrastructure is that owned or available for use by the <a href="/wiki/Public" title="Public">public</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> It includes:<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport infrastructure">Transport infrastructure</a> – vehicles, road, rail, cable and financing of transport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Aviation infrastructure</a> – air traffic control technology in aviation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport#Infrastructure" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a> – trackage, signals, electrification of rails</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport#Infrastructure" title="Road transport">Road transport</a> – roads, bridges, tunnels</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">Critical infrastructure</a> – assets required to sustain human life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy infrastructure</a> – transmission and storage of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> and renewable sources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_infrastructure" title="IT infrastructure">Information and communication infrastructure</a> – systems of information storage and distribution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a> – government-owned assets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a> – municipal infrastructure, maintenance functions and agencies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> – generation, collection, management of trash/garbage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Sustainable urban infrastructure</a> – technology, architecture, policy for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a> – the distribution and maintenance of water supply</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater infrastructure</a> – disposal and treatment of wastewater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure-based_development" title="Infrastructure-based development">Infrastructure-based development</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal">Personal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A way to embody personal infrastructure is to think of it in terms of <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-10">[10]</a> Human capital is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> as "intangible collective resources possessed by individuals and groups within a given population".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The goal of personal infrastructure is to determine the quality of the economic agents' values. This results in three major tasks: the task of economic proxies in the economic process (teachers, unskilled and qualified labor, etc.); the importance of personal infrastructure for an individual (short and long-term consumption of education); and the social relevance of personal infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-10">[10]</a> Essentially, personal infrastructure maps the human impact on infrastructure as it is related to the economy, individual growth, and social impact. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional">Institutional</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Institutional" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Institutional infrastructure branches from the term "economic constitution". According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianpiero_Torrisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianpiero Torrisi (page does not exist)">Gianpiero Torrisi</a>, institutional infrastructure is the object of <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic</a> and legal policy. It compromises the growth and sets norms.<a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-10">[10]</a> It refers to the degree of fair treatment of equal economic data and determines the framework within which economic agents may formulate their own economic plans and carry them out in co-operation with others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable">Sustainable</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sustainable" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sustainable infrastructure refers to the processes of design and construction that take into consideration their environmental, economic, and social impact.<a href="#cite_note-Cervero-8">[8]</a> Included in this section are several elements of sustainable schemes, including materials, water, energy, transportation, and waste management infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Cervero-8">[8]</a> Although there are endless other factors of consideration, those will not be covered in this section. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material">Material</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Material" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Material infrastructure is defined as "those immobile, non-circulating capital goods that essentially contribute to the production of infrastructure goods and services needed to satisfy basic physical and social requirements of <a href="/wiki/Economic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic agent">economic agents</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-10">[10]</a> There are two distinct qualities of material infrastructures: 1) fulfillment of <a href="/wiki/Social_needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Social needs">social needs</a> and 2) <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>. The first characteristic deals with the basic needs of human life. The second characteristic is the non-availability of infrastructure goods and services.<a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-10">[10]</a> Today, there are various materials that can be used to build infrastructure. The most prevalent ones are asphalt, concrete, steel, masonry, wood, polymers and composites.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the business dictionary, economic infrastructure can be defined as "internal facilities of a country that make business activity possible, such as communication, transportation and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution network">distribution networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institutions</a> and related international markets, and <a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">energy supply</a> systems".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Economic infrastructure support productive activities and events. This includes roads, highways, bridges, airports, <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">cycling infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water distribution</a> networks, <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewer systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> plants.<a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg/240px-Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="86" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 86px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg/240px-Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="86" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg/360px-Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg/480px-Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Hospital%E2%80%93Cedar_Crest" title="Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest">Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> Social infrastructure can be broadly defined as the construction and maintenance of facilities that support <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Social infrastructures are created to increase social comfort and promote economic activity. These include schools, parks and <a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">playgrounds</a>, structures for <a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">public safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> disposal plants, hospitals, and sports areas.<a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core">Core</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Core" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_(2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg/240px-Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3821" data-file-height="2146"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 135px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg/240px-Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg/360px-Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg/480px-Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lehrte" title="Lehrte">Lehrte</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> Core assets provide essential services and have monopolistic characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-Pease-15">[15]</a> Investors seeking core infrastructure look for five different characteristics: income, low volatility of returns, diversification, inflation protection, and long-term liability matching.<a href="#cite_note-Pease-15">[15]</a> Core infrastructure incorporates all the main types of infrastructure, such as roads, highways, railways, <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a>, water, and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gas</a> supply. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic">Basic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Basic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Basic infrastructure refers to main railways, roads, canals, harbors and docks, the electromagnetic telegraph, drainage, dikes, and land reclamation.<a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-10">[10]</a> It consist of the more well-known and common features of infrastructure that we come across in our daily lives (buildings, roads, docks). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complementary">Complementary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Complementary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Complementary infrastructure refers to things like light railways, tramways, and gas/electricity/water supply.<a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-10">[10]</a> To complement something means to bring it to perfection or complete it. Complementary infrastructure deals with the little parts of the engineering world that make life more convenient and efficient. They are needed to ensure successful usage and marketing of an already finished product, like in the case of <a href="/wiki/Road_bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Road bridges">road bridges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Other examples are lights on sidewalks, landscaping around buildings, and benches where pedestrians can rest. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_and_construction">Engineering and construction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Engineering and construction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Engineers generally limit the term "infrastructure" to describe <a href="/wiki/Fixed_assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed assets">fixed assets</a> that are in the form of a large network; in other words, <a href="/wiki/Hard_infrastructure" title="Hard infrastructure">hard infrastructure</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Efforts to devise more generic definitions of infrastructures have typically referred to the network aspects of most of the structures, and to the accumulated value of investments in the networks as assets.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One such definition from 1998 defined infrastructure as the network of assets "where the system as a whole is intended to be maintained indefinitely at a specified standard of service by the continuing replacement and refurbishment of its components".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_defense_and_economic_development">Civil defense and economic development</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Civil defense and economic development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_by_country" title="Civil defense by country">Civil defense by country</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a> planners and <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">developmental economists</a> generally refer to both hard and soft infrastructure, including <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a> such as schools and <a href="/wiki/Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitals">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency services">emergency services</a> such as police and fire fighting, and basic services in the <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">economic sector</a>. The notion of <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure-based_development" title="Infrastructure-based development">infrastructure-based development</a> combining long-term infrastructure investments by government agencies at central and regional levels with <a href="/wiki/Public_private_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public private partnership">public private partnerships</a> has proven popular among economists in Asia (notably Singapore and China), mainland Europe, and Latin America. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Military infrastructure is the buildings and permanent installations necessary for the support of military forces, whether they are stationed in bases, being deployed or engaged in operations. Examples include barracks, headquarters, airfields, communications facilities, stores of military equipment, port installations, and maintenance stations.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Communications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Communications infrastructure is the informal and formal channels of communication, political and <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a>, or beliefs held by members of particular groups, as well as information technology, software development tools. Still underlying these more conceptual uses is the idea that infrastructure provides organizing structure and support for the system or organization it serves, whether it is a city, a nation, a corporation, or a collection of people with common interests. Examples include <a href="/wiki/IT_infrastructure" title="IT infrastructure">IT infrastructure</a>, research infrastructure, terrorist infrastructure, employment infrastructure, and tourism infrastructure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Related concepts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The term "infrastructure" may be confused with the following overlapping or related concepts. <a href="/wiki/Land_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Land improvement">Land improvement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land development</a> are general terms that in some contexts may include infrastructure, but in the context of a discussion of infrastructure would refer only to smaller-scale systems or works that are not included in infrastructure, because they are typically limited to a single <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">parcel of land</a>, and are owned and operated by the landowner. For example, an irrigation canal that serves a region or district would be included with infrastructure, but the private irrigation systems on individual land parcels would be considered land improvements, not infrastructure. Service connections to municipal service and public utility networks would also be considered land improvements, not infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a>" includes government-owned and operated infrastructure as well as public buildings, such as schools and courthouses. Public works generally refers to physical assets needed to deliver <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a>. Public services include both infrastructure and services generally provided by the government. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Ownership_and_financing">Ownership and financing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ownership and financing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_economics" title="Infrastructure and economics">Infrastructure and economics</a></div> Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by privately held companies, such as sole <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utility</a> or railway companies. Generally, most roads, major airports and other ports, water distribution systems, and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">telecommunications networks</a> are privately owned.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid for from taxes, tolls, or metered user fees, whereas private infrastructure is generally paid for by metered user fees.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Major investment projects are generally financed by the issuance of long-term <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Government-owned and operated infrastructure may be developed and operated in the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnership">public-private partnerships</a>, in addition to in the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit">[update]</a> in the United States for example, public spending on infrastructure has varied between 2.3% and 3.6% of GDP since 1950.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Many financial institutions invest in infrastructure. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="In_the_developing_world">In the developing world</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In the developing world" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> According to researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a>, the lack of infrastructure in many <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> represents one of the most significant limitations to economic growth and achievement of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)</a>. Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa. It has been argued that infrastructure investments contributed to more than half of Africa's improved growth performance between 1990 and 2005, and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty. The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average thirty to forty percent returns for telecommunications (<a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICT</a>) investments, over forty percent for electricity generation, and eighty percent for <a href="/wiki/Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads">roads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Regional differences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The demand for infrastructure both by consumers and by companies is much higher than the amount invested.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-24">[24]</a> There are severe constraints on the supply side of the provision of infrastructure in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The infrastructure financing gap between what is invested in Asia-Pacific (around US$48 billion) and what is needed (US$228 billion) is around US$180 billion every year.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-24">[24]</a> In Latin America, three percent of GDP (around US$71 billion) would need to be invested in infrastructure in order to satisfy demand, yet in 2005, for example, only around two percent was invested leaving a financing gap of approximately US$24 billion.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-24">[24]</a> In Africa, in order to reach the seven percent annual growth calculated to be required to meet the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">MDGs</a> by 2015 would require infrastructure investments of about fifteen percent of GDP, or around US$93 billion a year. In <a href="/wiki/Fragile_state" title="Fragile state">fragile states</a>, over thirty-seven percent of GDP would be required.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_of_funding_for_infrastructure">Sources of funding for infrastructure</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources of funding for infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The source of financing for infrastructure varies significantly across sectors. Some sectors are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a>, others by <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">overseas development aid (ODA)</a>, and yet others by <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private</a> investors.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-24">[24]</a> In California, infrastructure financing districts are established by local governments to pay for physical facilities and services within a specified area by using property tax increases.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In order to facilitate investment of the private sector in developing countries' infrastructure markets, it is necessary to design risk-allocation mechanisms more carefully, given the higher risks of their markets.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The spending money that comes from the government is less than it used to be. From the 1930s to 2019, the United States went from spending 4.2% of GDP to 2.5% of GDP on infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a> These under investments have accrued, in fact, according to the 2017 ASCE Infrastructure Report Card, from 2016 to 2025, infrastructure will be underinvested by $2 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-:5-28">[28]</a> Compared to the global GDP percentages, The United States is tied for second-to-last place, with an average percentage of 2.4%. This means that the government spends less money on repairing old infrastructure and or on infrastructure as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, governments spend around US$9.4 billion out of a total of US$24.9 billion. In <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, governments represent almost all spending. In transport and energy a majority of investment is government spending. In <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technologies">ICT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure. Overall, between them aid, the private sector, and non-<a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> financiers exceed government spending. The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure, though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments. External financing increased in the 2000s (decade) and in Africa alone external infrastructure investments increased from US$7 billion in 2002 to US$27 billion in 2009. China, in particular, has emerged as an important investor.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-24">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Coronavirus_implications">Coronavirus implications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Coronavirus implications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated the underfunding of infrastructure globally that has been accumulating for decades. The pandemic has increased unemployment and has widely disrupted the economy. This has serious impacts on households, businesses, and federal, state and local governments. This is especially detrimental to infrastructure because it is so dependent on funding from government agencies – with state and local governments accounting for approximately 75% of spending on public infrastructure in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Governments are facing enormous decreases in revenue, economic downturns, overworked health systems, and hesitant workforces, resulting in huge budget deficits across the board. However, they must also scale up public investment to ensure successful reopening, boost growth and employment, and green their economies.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a> The unusually large scale of the packages needed for COVID-19 was accompanied by widespread calls for "greening" them to meet the dual goals of economic recovery and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[32]</a> However, as of March 2021, only a small fraction of the G20 COVID-19 related fiscal measures was found to be climate friendly.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Sustainable_infrastructure">Sustainable infrastructure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sustainable infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable infrastructure">Sustainable infrastructure</a></div> Although it is readily apparent that much effort is needed to repair the economic damage inflicted by the Coronavirus epidemic, an immediate return to business as usual could be environmentally harmful, as shown by the 2007-08 financial crisis in the United States. While the ensuing economic slowdown reduced global greenhouse gas emissions in 2009, emissions reached a record high in 2010, partially due to governments' implemented economic stimulus measures with minimal consideration of the environmental consequences.<a href="#cite_note-:6-33">[33]</a> The concern is whether this same pattern will repeat itself. The post-COVID-19 period could determine whether the world meets or misses the emissions goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement and limits global warming to 1.5 degrees C to 2 degrees C.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> As a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, a host of factors could jeopardize a low-carbon recovery plan: this includes reduced attention on the global political stage (2020 UN Climate Summit has been postponed to 2021), the relaxing of environmental regulations in pursuit of economic growth, decreased oil prices preventing low-carbon technologies from being competitive, and finally, stimulus programs that take away funds that could have been used to further the process of <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">decarbonization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-33">[33]</a> Research suggests that a recovery plan based on lower-carbon emissions could not only make significant emissions reductions needed to battle climate change, but also create more economic growth and jobs than a high-carbon recovery plan would.<a href="#cite_note-:6-33">[33]</a> A study published in the Oxford Review of Economic Policy, more than 200 economists and economic officials reported that "green" economic-recovery initiatives performed at least as well as less "green" initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> There have also been calls for an independent body could provide a comparable assessment of countries' fiscal policies, promoting transparency and accountability at the international level.<a href="#cite_note-:11-32">[32]</a> In addition, in an econometric study published in the Economic Modelling journal, an analysis on government energy technology spending showed that spending on the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sector created five more jobs per million dollars invested than spending on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Since sustainable infrastructure is more beneficial in both an economic and environmental context, it represents the future of infrastructure. Especially with increasing pressure from climate change and diminishing natural resources, infrastructure not only needs to maintain economic development and job development, and a high quality of life for residents, but also protect the environment and its natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_energy">Sustainable energy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sustainable energy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a> infrastructure includes types of renewable energy power plants as well as the means of exchange from the plant to the homes and businesses that use that energy. Renewable energy includes well researched and widely implemented methods such as wind, solar, and hydraulic power, as well as newer and less commonly used types of power creation such as fusion energy. Sustainable energy infrastructure must maintain a strong supply relative to demand, and must also maintain sufficiently low prices for consumers so as not to decrease demand.<a href="#cite_note-Cervero-8">[8]</a> Any type of renewable energy infrastructure that fails to meet these consumption and price requirements will ultimately be forced out of the market by prevailing non renewable energy sources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_water">Sustainable water</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sustainable water" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sustainable water infrastructure is focused on a community's sufficient access to clean, safe drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-Cervero-8">[8]</a> Water is a public good along with electricity, which means that sustainable water catchment and distribution systems must remain affordable to all members of a population.<a href="#cite_note-Cervero-8">[8]</a> "Sustainable Water" may refer to a nation or community's ability to be self-sustainable, with enough water to meet multiple needs including agriculture, industry, sanitation, and drinking water. It can also refer to the holistic and effective management of water resources.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Increasingly, policy makers and regulators are incorporating <a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a> (NBS or NbS) into attempts to achieve sustainable water infrastructure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_waste_management">Sustainable waste management</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sustainable waste management" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sustainable waste management systems aim to minimize the amount of waste products produced by individuals and corporations.<a href="#cite_note-:7-38">[38]</a> Commercial waste management plans have transitioned from simple waste removal plans into comprehensive plans focused on reducing the total amount of waste produced before removal.<a href="#cite_note-:7-38">[38]</a> Sustainable waste management is beneficial environmentally, and can also cut costs for businesses that reduce their amount of disposed goods.<a href="#cite_note-:7-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_transportation">Sustainable transportation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sustainable transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></div> Sustainable transportation includes a shift away from private, greenhouse gas emitting cars in favor of adopting methods of transportation that are either <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutral</a> or reduce carbon emissions such as bikes or electric bus systems.<a href="#cite_note-:8-39">[39]</a> Additionally, cities must invest in the appropriate built environments for these ecologically preferable modes of transportation.<a href="#cite_note-:8-39">[39]</a> Cities will need to invest in public transportation networks, as well as bike path networks among other sustainable solutions that incentivize citizens to use these alternate transit options. Reducing the urban dependency on cars is a fundamental goal of developing sustainable transportation, and this cannot be accomplished without a coordinated focus on both creating the methods of transportation themselves and providing them with networks that are equally or more efficient than existing car networks such as aging highway systems.<a href="#cite_note-:8-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_materials">Sustainable materials</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sustainable materials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Another solution to transition into a more sustainable infrastructure is using more sustainable materials. A material is sustainable if the needed amount can be produced without depleting non-renewable resources.<a href="#cite_note-Rutgers_What_Are_Sustainable_Materials?-40">[40]</a> It also should have low environmental impacts by not disrupting the established steady-state equilibrium of it.<a href="#cite_note-Rutgers_What_Are_Sustainable_Materials?-40">[40]</a> The materials should also be resilient, renewable, reusable, and recyclable.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Today, concrete is one of the most common materials used in infrastructure. There is twice as much concrete used in construction than all other building materials combined.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It is the backbone of industrialization, as it is used in bridges, piers, pipelines, pavements, and buildings.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> However, while they do serve as a connection between cities, transportation for people and goods, and protection for land against flooding and erosion, they only last for 50 to 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Many were built within the last 50 years, which means many infrastructures need substantial maintenance to continue functioning. However, concrete is not sustainable. The production of concrete contributes up to 8% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.<a href="#cite_note-iwbcc.com-45">[45]</a> A tenth of the world's industrial water usage is from producing concrete.<a href="#cite_note-iwbcc.com-45">[45]</a> Even transporting the raw materials to concrete production sites adds to airborne pollution.<a href="#cite_note-iwbcc.com-45">[45]</a> Furthermore, the production sites and the infrastructures themselves all strip away agricultural land that could have been fertile soil or habitats vital to the ecosystem. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Green_infrastructure">Green infrastructure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Green infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a></div> Green infrastructure is a type of sustainable infrastructure. Green infrastructure uses plant or soil systems to restore some of the natural processes needed to manage water, reduce the effects of disasters such as flooding,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and create healthier urban environments.<a href="#cite_note-Konstantinos_L_2016-47">[47]</a> In a more practical sense, it refers to a decentralized network of stormwater management practices, which includes green roofs, trees, bioretention and infiltration, and permeable pavement.<a href="#cite_note-:7b-48">[48]</a> Green infrastructure has become an increasingly popular strategy in recent years due to its effectiveness in providing ecological, economic, and social benefits – including positively impacting energy consumption, air quality, and carbon reduction and sequestration.<a href="#cite_note-:7b-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_roofs">Green roofs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Green roofs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roof</a></div> A green roof is a rooftop that is partially or completely covered with growing vegetation planted over a membrane. It also includes additional layers, including a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems.<a href="#cite_note-:8b-49">[49]</a> There are several categories of green roofs, including extensive (have a growing media depth ranging from two to six inches) and intensive (have a growing media with a depth greater than six inches).<a href="#cite_note-:8b-49">[49]</a> One benefit of green roofs is that they reduce <a href="/wiki/Stormwater_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormwater runoff">stormwater runoff</a> because of its ability to store water in its growing media, reducing the runoff entering the sewer system and waterways, which also decreases the risk of combined sewer overflows.<a href="#cite_note-:8b-49">[49]</a> They reduce energy usage since the growing media provides additional insulation, reduces the amount of solar radiation on the roof's surface, and provides evaporative cooling from water in the plants, which reduce the roof surface temperatures and heat influx.<a href="#cite_note-:8b-49">[49]</a> Green roofs also reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide since the vegetation sequesters carbon and, since they reduce energy usage and the urban heat island by reducing the roof temperature, they also lower carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tree_planting">Tree planting</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tree planting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planting</a> provides a host of ecological, social, and economic benefits. Trees can intercept rain, support infiltration and water storage in soil, diminish the impact of raindrops on barren surfaces, minimize soil moisture through transpiration, and they help reduce stormwater runoff.<a href="#cite_note-Konstantinos_L_2016-47">[47]</a> Additionally, trees contribute to recharging local aquifers and improve the health of watershed systems. Trees also reduce energy usage by providing shade and releasing water into the atmosphere which cools the air and reduces the amount of heat absorbed by buildings.<a href="#cite_note-:7b-48">[48]</a> Finally, trees improve air quality by absorbing harmful air pollutants reducing the amount of greenhouse gases. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioretention_and_infiltration_practices">Bioretention and infiltration practices</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bioretention and infiltration practices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are a variety of types of bioretention and infiltration practices, including <a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">rain gardens</a> and bioswales.<a href="#cite_note-:7b-48">[48]</a> A rain garden is planted in a small depression or natural slope and includes native shrubs and flowers. They temporarily hold and absorb rain water and are effective in removing up to 90% of nutrients and chemicals and up to 80% of sediments from the runoff.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain-51">[51]</a> As a result, they soak 30% more water than conventional gardens.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain-51">[51]</a> Bioswales are planted in paved areas like parking lots or sidewalks and are made to allow for overflow into the sewer system by trapping silt and other pollutants, which are normally left over from impermeable surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-:7b-48">[48]</a> Both rain gardens and bioswales mitigate flood impacts and prevent stormwater from polluting local waterways; increase the usable water supply by reducing the amount of water needed for outdoor irrigation; improve air quality by minimizing the amount of water going into treatment facilities, which also reduces energy usage and, as a result, reduces air pollution since less greenhouse gases are emitted.<a href="#cite_note-:7b-48">[48]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Smart_cities">Smart cities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Smart cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Smart_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart cities">smart cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_resilience" title="Urban resilience">urban resilience</a></div> Smart cities use innovative methods of design and implementation in various sectors of infrastructure and planning to create communities that operate at a higher level of relative sustainability than their traditional counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-Cervero-8">[8]</a> In a sustainable city, <a href="/wiki/Urban_resilience" title="Urban resilience">urban resilience</a> as well as infrastructure reliability must both be present.<a href="#cite_note-Cervero-8">[8]</a> Urban resilience is defined by a city's capacity to quickly adapt or recover from infrastructure defects, and infrastructure reliability means that systems must work efficiently while continuing to maximize their output.<a href="#cite_note-Cervero-8">[8]</a> When urban resilience and infrastructure reliability interact, cities are able to produce the same level of output at similarly reasonable costs as compared to other non sustainable communities, while still maintaining ease of operation and usage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masdar_City">Masdar City</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Masdar City" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Masdar_City" title="Masdar City">Masdar City</a></div> Masdar City is a proposed zero emission smart city that will be contracted in the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-:9-52">[52]</a> Some individuals have referred to this planned settlement as "utopia-like", due to the fact that it will feature multiple sustainable infrastructure elements, including energy, water, waste management, and transportation. Masdar City will have a power infrastructure containing renewable energy methods including solar energy.<a href="#cite_note-:9-52">[52]</a> Masdar City is located in a desert region, meaning that sustainable collection and distribution of water is dependent on the city's ability to use water at innovative stages of the water cycle.<a href="#cite_note-:10-53">[53]</a> The city will use groundwater, greywater, seawater, blackwater, and other water resources to obtain both drinking and landscaping water.<a href="#cite_note-:10-53">[53]</a> Initially, Masdar City will be waste-free.<a href="#cite_note-:9-52">[52]</a> Recycling and other waste management and waste reduction methods will be encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-:9-52">[52]</a> Additionally, the city will implement a system to convert waste into fertilizer, which will decrease the amount of space needed for waste accumulation as well as provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fertilizer production methods. No cars will be allowed in Masdar City, contributing to low carbon emissions within the city boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-:9-52">[52]</a> Instead, alternative transportation options will be prioritized during infrastructure development. This means that a bike lane network will be accessible and comprehensive, and other options will also be available.<a href="#cite_note-:9-52">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_infrastructure" title="Agile infrastructure">Agile infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Airport infrastructure">Airport infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_Management_Plan" title="Asset Management Plan">Asset Management Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_asset_management" title="Infrastructure asset management">Infrastructure asset management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrastructure building">Infrastructure building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_security" title="Infrastructure security">Infrastructure security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_finance" title="Project finance">Project finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-urbanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-urbanization">Pseudo-urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/infrastructure">Infrastructure | Define Infrastructure at Dictionary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305150655/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/infrastructure">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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Sheffrin">Sheffrin, Steven M.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul">Economics: Principles in Action</a>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul/page/n490">474</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-063085-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-063085-8"><bdi>978-0-13-063085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics%3A+Principles+in+Action&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-063085-8&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Sheffrin%2C+Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsprincip00osul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulmer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fulmer, Jeffrey (2009). 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Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning. 172 (6): 219–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fjurdp.19.00021">10.1680/jurdp.19.00021</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10289%2F15706">10289/15706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209056612">209056612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers+-+Urban+Design+and+Planning&rft.atitle=Framework+for+soft+and+hard+city+infrastructures&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10289%2F15706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209056612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fjurdp.19.00021&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Dyer%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Weng%2C+Min-Hsien&rft.au=Wu%2C+Shaoqun&rft.au=Grey%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Gleeson%2C+Richard&rft.au=Ferrari%2C+Tom%C3%A1s+Garc%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1680%252Fjurdp.19.00021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamutak-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamutak_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamutak_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamutak" class="citation web cs1">Hamutak, Luta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laohamutuk.org/econ/14TLDPM/InfraCSOen.pdf">"Civil Society Comments on Infrastructure Strategic Sector"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Society+Comments+on+Infrastructure+Strategic+Sector&rft.aulast=Hamutak&rft.aufirst=Luta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laohamutuk.org%2Fecon%2F14TLDPM%2FInfraCSOen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Infrastructure for the 21st Century. 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United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2014-06-17. Retrieved 2020-11-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Using+Green+Roofs+to+Reduce+Heat+Islands&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fheatislands%2Fusing-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/soakuptherain/soak-rain-permeable-pavement">"Soak Up the Rain: Permeable Pavement"</a>. EPA. 21 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPA&rft.atitle=Soak+Up+the+Rain%3A+Permeable+Pavement&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsoakuptherain%2Fsoak-rain-permeable-pavement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_52-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_52-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNader2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nader, Sam (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.egypro.2009.02.199">"Paths to a low-carbon economy—The Masdar example"</a>. Energy Procedia. 1 (1): 3951–3958. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EnPro...1.3951N">2009EnPro...1.3951N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.egypro.2009.02.199">10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Procedia&rft.atitle=Paths+to+a+low-carbon+economy%E2%80%94The+Masdar+example&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3951-%3C%2Fspan%3E3958&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.egypro.2009.02.199&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EnPro...1.3951N&rft.aulast=Nader&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.egypro.2009.02.199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-08/documents/energy_conservation_fact_sheet_p100il6t.pdf">"Wastewater Management Fact Sheet"</a> (PDF). EPA: Office of Water. July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EPA%3A+Office+of+Water&rft.atitle=Wastewater+Management+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2019-08%2Fdocuments%2Fenergy_conservation_fact_sheet_p100il6t.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li>Koh, Jae Myong (2018) Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects, London: Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71769-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71769-2">978-3-319-71769-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurreCavdarogluMitchellSharkey2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nurre, Sarah G.; Cavdaroglu, Burak; Mitchell, John E.; Sharkey, Thomas C.; Wallace, William A. (December 2012). "Restoring infrastructure systems: An integrated network design and scheduling (INDS) problem". European Journal of Operational Research. 223 (3): 794–806. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejor.2012.07.010">10.1016/j.ejor.2012.07.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Operational+Research&rft.atitle=Restoring+infrastructure+systems%3A+An+integrated+network+design+and+scheduling+%28INDS%29+problem&rft.volume=223&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E794-%3C%2Fspan%3E806&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejor.2012.07.010&rft.aulast=Nurre&rft.aufirst=Sarah+G.&rft.au=Cavdaroglu%2C+Burak&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+E.&rft.au=Sharkey%2C+Thomas+C.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscher2007" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Kate (2007). The works: anatomy of a city. Researched by Wendy Marech (Reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311270-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311270-9"><bdi>978-0-14-311270-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+works%3A+anatomy+of+a+city&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311270-9&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Larry W. Beeferman, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure: A Resource Paper", Capital Matter (Occasional Paper Series), No. 3 December 2008</li> <li>A. Eberhard, "Infrastructure Regulation in Developing Countries", PPIAF Working Paper No. 4 (2007) World Bank</li> <li>M. Nicolas J. Firzli and Vincent Bazi, "Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity: The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective", published jointly in Revue Analyse Financière, Q4 2011 issue, pp. 34–37 and USAK/JTW July 30, 2011 (online edition)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2005" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Brian (2005). Infrastructure: the book of everything for the industrial landscape (1st ed.). New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32959-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32959-9"><bdi>978-0-393-32959-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrastructure%3A+the+book+of+everything+for+the+industrial+landscape&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32959-9&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuler2010" class="citation book cs1">Huler, Scott (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ongridplotofland00hule">On the grid: a plot of land, an average neighborhood, and the systems that make our world work</a>. Emmaus, PA: Rodale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60529-647-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60529-647-0"><bdi>978-1-60529-647-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+grid%3A+a+plot+of+land%2C+an+average+neighborhood%2C+and+the+systems+that+make+our+world+work&rft.place=Emmaus%2C+PA&rft.pub=Rodale&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60529-647-0&rft.aulast=Huler&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fongridplotofland00hule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Georg Inderst, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure", OECD Working Papers on Insurance and Private Pensions, No. 32 (2009)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalakoglou2017" class="citation book cs1">Dalakoglou, Dimitris (2017). The Road: An Ethnography of (Im)mobility, space and cross-border infrastructures. Manchester: Manchester University Press/ Oxford university Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road%3A+An+Ethnography+of+%28Im%29mobility%2C+space+and+cross-border+infrastructures&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press%2F+Oxford+university+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Dalakoglou&rft.aufirst=Dimitris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Infrastructure" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infrastructure" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:infrastructure">infrastructure</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regulationbodyofknowledge.org/">Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nextgenerationinfrastructures.eu/">Next Generation Infrastructures international research programme</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/">Report Card on America's Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aesports.world//">sustainable sports infrastructure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docupedia.de/zg/Laak_infrastructures_v1_en_2021">Dirk van Laak: Infrastructures</a>, version: 1.0, in: Docupedia Zeitgeschichte, 20th may 2021</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&oldid=1270586304">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&oldid=1270586304</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 January 2025, at 07:25 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktuur" title="Infrastruktuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Infrastruktuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5" title="መሠረተ ልማት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መሠረተ ልማት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بنية تحتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنية تحتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestructura" title="Infraestructura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Infraestructura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nfrastruktur" title="İnfrastruktur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnfrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B" title="অবকাঠামো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অবকাঠামো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-t%C3%A9_ki%C3%A0n-siat" title="Ki-té kiàn-siat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ki-té kiàn-siat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Інфраструктура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Інфраструктура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impraestruktura" title="Impraestruktura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Impraestruktura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestructura" title="Infraestructura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Infraestructura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutsaunda" title="Hutsaunda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hutsaunda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isadeiledd" title="Isadeiledd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Isadeiledd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taristu" title="Taristu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taristu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE" title="Υποδομή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποδομή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestructura_urbana" title="Infraestructura urbana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Infraestructura urbana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukturo" title="Infrastrukturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infrastrukturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azpiegitura" title="Azpiegitura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azpiegitura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="زیرساخت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیرساخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Infrastructure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infreastrucht%C3%BAr" title="Infreastruchtúr – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Infreastruchtúr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestrutura" title="Infraestrutura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Infraestrutura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B0%98_%EC%8B%9C%EC%84%A4" title="기반 시설 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기반 시설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Ենթակառուցվածք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ենթակառուցվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="आधारिक संरचना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आधारिक संरचना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructura" title="Infrastructura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Infrastructura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqalasizinda" title="Ingqalasizinda – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqalasizinda" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruttura" title="Infrastruttura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Infrastruttura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תשתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תשתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮೂಲಸೌಕರ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂಲಸೌಕರ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ინფრასტრუქტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინფრასტრუქტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Инфрақұрылым – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инфрақұрылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miundombinu" title="Miundombinu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miundombinu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfrastriktir" title="Enfrastriktir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Enfrastriktir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%BC" title="Инфратүзүм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инфратүзүм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ໂຄງສ້າງພື້ນຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຄງສ້າງພື້ນຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructura" title="Infrastructura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Infrastructura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukt%C5%ABra" title="Infrastruktūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Infrastruktūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukt%C5%ABra" title="Infrastruktūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Infrastruktūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructuur" title="Infrastructuur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Infrastructuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukt%C3%BAra" title="Infrastruktúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Infrastruktúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotodrafitrasa" title="Fotodrafitrasa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fotodrafitrasa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="आधारभूत संरचना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आधारभूत संरचना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%86" title="Дэд бүтэц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэд бүтэц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructuur" title="Infrastructuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Infrastructuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="पूर्वाधार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पूर्वाधार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="インフラストラクチャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インフラストラクチャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infratuzilma" title="Infratuzilma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Infratuzilma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਢਾਂਚਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਢਾਂਚਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%88%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7" title="بنیادی ڈھانچا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنیادی ڈھانچا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" title="ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestrutura_(engenharia)" title="Infraestrutura (engenharia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Infraestrutura (engenharia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructur%C4%83" title="Infrastructură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Infrastructură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Алын тутул – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алын тутул" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA" title="යටිතල ව්‍යුහය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යටිතල ව්‍යුහය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Infrastructure" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaabayaal" title="Kaabayaal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaabayaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ژێرخان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژێرخان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktuuri" title="Infrastruktuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Infrastruktuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impraestruktura" title="Impraestruktura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Impraestruktura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="உட்கட்டமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உட்கட்டமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="โครงสร้างพื้นฐาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงสร้างพื้นฐาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Инфрасохтор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Инфрасохтор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altyap%C4%B1" title="Altyapı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altyapı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Інфраструктура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%88%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81" title="بنیادی ڈھانچہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنیادی ڈھانچہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrutura" title="Infrastrutura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Infrastrutura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_tr%C3%ACnh_h%E1%BA%A1_t%E1%BA%A7ng_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Công trình hạ tầng xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công trình hạ tầng xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="基础设施 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基础设施" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אינפראסטרוקטור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינפראסטרוקטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E8%A8%AD%E6%96%BD" title="基礎設施 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基礎設施" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="基础设施 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基础设施" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" 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