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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hello World</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hello_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generic_container" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generic_container"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Generic container</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generic_container-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generic_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generic_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Generic method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generic_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_Delphi_and_Oxygene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_Delphi_and_Oxygene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Differences between Delphi and Oxygene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_Delphi_and_Oxygene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygene_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Oxygene (programovací jazyk) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oxygene (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="اکسیژن (زبان برنامه‌نویسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکسیژن (زبان برنامه‌نویسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A5%EC%8B%9C%EC%A6%8C_(%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="옥시즌 (프로그래밍 언어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옥시즌 (프로그래밍 언어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygene_(linguaggio)" title="Oxygene (linguaggio) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oxygene (linguaggio)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygene_(j%C4%99zyk_programowania)" title="Oxygene (język programowania) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oxygene (język programowania)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygene_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Oxygene (язык программирования) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Oxygene (язык программирования)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygene_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Oxygene (мова програмування) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Oxygene (мова програмування)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Object Pascal-based programming language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Oxygene</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrome-128.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Chrome-128.png/121px-Chrome-128.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Chrome-128.png/182px-Chrome-128.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Chrome-128.png/242px-Chrome-128.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/RemObjects_Software" title="RemObjects Software">RemObjects Software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">2005<span class="noprint">; 20 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2005</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a>, CPU-Native, <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> 32/64 bit, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> 32/64 bit, <a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trialware" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialware">Trialware</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elementscompiler.com/elements/oxygene/">elementscompiler<wbr />.com<wbr />/elements<wbr />/oxygene<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oxygene</b> (formerly known as <b>Chrome</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/RemObjects_Software" title="RemObjects Software">RemObjects Software</a> for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft's</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a> Platform and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a>. Oxygene is based on <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a>, but also has influences from <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a> and other languages. </p><p>Compared to the now deprecated <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi.NET</a>, Oxygene does not emphasize total backward compatibility, but is designed to be a "reinvention" of the language, be a good citizen on the managed development platforms, and leverage all the features and technologies provided by the <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> and Java runtimes. </p><p>Oxygene is a commercial product and offers full integration into <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> IDE on Windows, and its own IDE called Fire for use on <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>. Oxygene is one of six languages supported by the underlying Elements Compiler toolchain, next to <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(RemObjects_BASIC_programming_language)" title="Mercury (RemObjects BASIC programming language)">Mercury</a> (based on <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">Visual Basic (.NET)</a>). </p><p>From 2008 to 2012, RemObjects Software licensed its compiler and IDE technology to <a href="/wiki/Embarcadero_Technologies" title="Embarcadero Technologies">Embarcadero</a> to be used as the backend compiler in their Embarcadero Prism product.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the Fall of 2011, Oxygene became available in two separate editions, with the second edition adding support for the Java and Android runtimes. Starting with the release of XE4, Embarcadero Prism is no longer part of the RAD Studio SKU. Numerous support and upgrade paths for Prism customers exist to migrate to Oxygene.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, there is only one edition of Oxygene, which allows development on Windows or macOS, and which can create executables for Windows, Linux, WebAssembly .NET, iOS, Android, Java and macOS. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_language">The language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oxygene language has its origins in Object Pascal in general and Delphi in particular, but was designed to reflect the guidelines of .NET programming and to create fully CLR-compliant assemblies. Therefore, some minor language features known from Object Pascal – Delphi have been dropped or revised, while many new and more modern features, such as Generics or Sequences and Queries have been added to the language. </p><p>Oxygene is an <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a> language. Thus, it uses classes, which can hold data and execute code, to design programs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Classes are "prototypes" for objects, like the idea of an apple is the prototype for the apple one can actually buy in a shop. It is known that an apple has a colour, and that it can be peeled: those are the data and executable "code" for the apple class. </p><p>Oxygene provides language-level support for some features of parallel programming. The goal is to use all cores or processors of a computer to improve performance. To reach this goal, tasks must be distributed among several threads. The <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>'s <code>ThreadPool</code> class offered a way to efficiently work with several threads. The <a href="/wiki/Task_Parallel_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Parallel Library">Task Parallel Library</a> (TPL) was introduced in .NET 4.0 to provide more features for parallel programming. </p><p>Operators can be overloaded in Oxygene using the <code>class operator</code> syntax: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">operator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">implicit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">Integer</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyClass</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>Note, that for <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">operator overloading</a> each operator has a name, that has to be used in the operator overloading syntax, because for example "+" would not be a valid method name in Oxygene.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_structure">Program structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Program structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oxygene does not use "Units" like Delphi does, but uses .NET <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespaces</a> to organize and group types. A namespace can span multiple files (and assemblies), but one file can only contain types of one namespace. This namespace is defined at the very top of the file: </p> <pre>namespace ConsoleApplication1; </pre> <p>Oxygene files are separated into an interface and an implementation section, which is the structure known from Delphi. The interface section follows the declaration of the namespace. It contains the <code>uses</code> clause, which in Oxygene imports types from other namespaces: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">uses</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Linq</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>Imported namespaces must be in the project itself or in referenced assemblies. Unlike in C#, in Oxygene alias names cannot be defined for namespaces, only for single type names (see below). </p><p>Following the <code>uses</code> clause a file contains type declarations, like they are known from Delphi: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">interface</span> <span class="k">type</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ConsoleApp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">public</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Main</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>As in C#, the Main method is the entry point for every program. It can have a parameter <code>args : Array of String</code> for passing command line arguments to the program. </p><p>More types can be declared without repeating the <code>type</code> keyword. </p><p>The implementation of the declared methods is placed in the implementation section: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">implementation</span> <span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ConsoleApp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Main</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// add your own code here</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">WriteLine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Hello World.'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">.</span> </pre></div> <p>Files are always ended with <code>end.</code> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a .NET language, Oxygene uses the .NET type system: There are value types (like structs) and reference types (like arrays or classes). </p><p>Although it does not introduce own "pre-defined" types, Oxygene offers more "pascalish" generic names for some of them,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that for example the <code>System.Int32</code> can be used as <code>Integer</code> and <code>Boolean</code> (<code>System.Boolean</code>), <code>Char</code> (<code>System.Char</code>), <code>Real</code> (<code>System.Double</code>) join the family of pascal-typenames, too. The struct character of these types, which is part of .NET, is fully preserved. </p><p>As in all .NET languages types in Oxygene have a visibility. In Oxygene the default visibility is <code>assembly</code>, which is equivalent to the <code>internal</code> visibility in C#. The other possible type visibility is <code>public</code>. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">type</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>The visibility can be set for every type defined (classes, interfaces, records, ...). </p><p>An alias name can be defined for types, which can be used locally or in other Oxygene assemblies. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">type</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IntList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">Integer</span><span class="o">>;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//visible in other Oxygene-assemblies</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SecretEnumerable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">String</span><span class="o">>;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//not visible in other assemblies</span> </pre></div> <p>Public type aliases won't be visible for other languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Records">Records</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Records are what .NET structs are called in Oxygene. They are declared just like classes, but with the <code>record</code> keyword: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">type</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyRecord</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">record</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>As they're just .NET structs, records can have fields, methods and properties, but do not have <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a> and cannot implement <a href="/wiki/Interface_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Interface (object-oriented programming)">interfaces</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfaces">Interfaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interfaces are a very important concept in the .NET world, the framework itself makes heavy use of them. Interfaces are the specification of a small set of methods, properties and events a class has to implement when implementing the interface. For example, the interface <code>IEnumerable<T></code> specifies the <code>GetEnumerator</code> method which is used to iterate over sequences. </p><p>Interfaces are declared just like classes: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">type</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyInterface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">interface</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MakeItSo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IEnumerable</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Bar</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">read</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">write</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>Please notice, that for properties the getter and setter are not explicitly specified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delegates">Delegates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Delegates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delegates define signatures for methods, so that these methods can be passed in parameters (e.g. callbacks) or stored in variables, etc. They're the type-safe NET equivalent to function pointers. They're also used in events. When assigning a method to a delegate, one has to use the <code>@</code> operator, so the compiler knows, that one doesn't want to call the method but just assign it. </p><p>Oxygene can create anonymous delegates; for example methods can be passed to the <code>Invoke</code> method of a control without declaring the delegate: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="hll"><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MainForm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MainForm_Load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sender</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="k">Object</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">EventArgs</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> </span><span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">@</span><span class="n">DoSomething</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>An anonymous delegate with the signature of the method <code>DoSomething</code> will be created by the compiler. </p><p>Oxygene supports polymorphic delegates, which means, that delegates which have parameters of descending types are assignment compatible. Assume two classes <code>MyClass</code> and <code>MyClassEx = class(MyClass)</code>, then in the following code <code>BlubbEx</code> is assignment compatible to <code>Blubb</code>. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">type</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Blubb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sender</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">Object</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyClass</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">delegate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BlubbEx</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sender</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">Object</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mx</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MyClassEx</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>Fields can be used to delegate the implementation of an interface, if the type they're of implements this interface: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Implementor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IMyInterface</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ... implement interface ...</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="n">MyClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IMyInterface</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fSomeImplementor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Implementor</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">implements</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">IMyInterface</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//takes care of implementing the interface</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>In this example the compiler will create public methods and properties in <code>MyClass</code>, which call the methods / properties of <code>fSomeImplementor</code>, to implement the members of IMyInterface. This can be used to provide mixin-like functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anonymous_methods">Anonymous methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anonymous methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anonymous methods are implemented inside other methods. They are not accessible outside of the method unless stored inside a delegate field. Anonymous methods can use the local variables of the method they're implemented in and the fields of the class they belong to. </p><p>Anonymous methods are especially useful when working with code that is supposed to be executed in a GUI thread, which is done in .NET by passing a method do the <code>Invoke</code> method (<code>Control.Invoke</code> in WinForms, <code>Dispatcher.Invoke</code> in WPF): </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="hll"><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Window1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PredictNearFuture</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//declared as async in the interface</span> </span><span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ... Calculate result here, store in variable "theFuture"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Dispatcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">DispatcherPriority</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ApplicationIdle</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">theFutureTextBox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">theFuture</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>Anonymous methods can have parameters, too: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="hll"><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Window1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PredictNearFuture</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//declared as async in the interface</span> </span><span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ... Calculate result here, store in variable "theFuture"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Dispatcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Invoke</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">DispatcherPriority</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ApplicationIdle</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">aFuture</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">String</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">theFutureTextBox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Text</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">aFuture</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">theFuture</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> </pre></div> <p>Both source codes use <a href="#Delegates">anonymous delegates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property_notification">Property notification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Property notification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Property notification is used mainly for data binding, when the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> has to know when the value of a property changes. The .NET framework provides the interfaces <code>INotifyPropertyChanged</code> and <code>INotifyPropertyChanging</code> (in .NET 3.5) for this purpose. These interfaces define events which must be fired when a property is changed / was changed. </p><p>Oxygene provides the <code>notify</code> modifier, which can be used on properties. If this modifier is used, the compiler will add the interfaces to the class, implement them and create code to raise the events when the property changes / was changed. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Foo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">read</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">fFoo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">write</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">SetFoo</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">notify</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Bar</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">String</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">notify</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'Blubb'</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//will notify that property "Blubb" was changed instead of "Bar"</span> </pre></div> <p>The modifier can be used on properties which have a setter method. The code to raise the events will then be added to this method during compile time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Code_examples">Code examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Code examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hello_World">Hello World</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hello World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="hll"><span class="n">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HelloWorld</span><span class="o">;</span> </span> <span class="k">interface</span> <span class="k">type</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HelloClass</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">public</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Main</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">implementation</span> <span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HelloClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Main</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">writeLn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Hello World!'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">.</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generic_container">Generic container</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Generic container"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="hll"><span class="n">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericContainer</span><span class="o">;</span> </span> <span class="k">interface</span> <span class="k">type</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TestApp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">public</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Main</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kp">public</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FirstName</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">String</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">property</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">LastName</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">String</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">implementation</span> <span class="k">uses</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">System</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Collections</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Generic</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TestApp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Main</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">myList</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">List</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="o">>;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//type inference</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">myList</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FirstName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'John'</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LastName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'Doe'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">myList</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FirstName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'Jane'</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LastName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'Doe'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">myList</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FirstName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'James'</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LastName</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'Doe'</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">WriteLine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myList</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FirstName</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">//No casting needed</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReadLine</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">.</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generic_method">Generic method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Generic method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-delphi mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="hll"><span class="n">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericMethodTest</span><span class="o">;</span> </span> <span class="k">interface</span> <span class="k">type</span> <span class="n">GenericMethodTest</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="kp">public</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Main</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="kp">private</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Swap</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">left</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">right</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DoSwap</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">right</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">implementation</span> <span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericMethodTest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DoSwap</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">right</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">left</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">right</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">WriteLine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Type: {0}'</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">typeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">WriteLine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'-> a = {0}, b = {1}'</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">Swap</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">WriteLine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'-> a = {0}, b = {1}'</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericMethodTest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Main</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">23</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="c1">// type inference</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DoSwap</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="kt">Integer</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// no downcasting to Object in this method.</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">aa</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'abc'</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="c1">// type inference</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'def'</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DoSwap</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="k">String</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">aa</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bb</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// no downcasting to Object in this method.</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DoSwap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">1.2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// type inference for generic parameters</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Console</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReadLine</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GenericMethodTest</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Swap</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">left</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">right</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">begin</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">temp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">left</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">left</span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">right</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">right</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">temp</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">;</span> <span class="k">end</span><span class="o">.</span> </pre></div> <p>Program output: </p> <pre>Type: System.Int32 -> a = 23, b = 15 -> a = 15, b = 23 Type: System.String -> a = abc, b = def -> a = def, b = abc Type: System.Double -> a = 1,1, b = 1,2 -> a = 1,2, b = 1,1 </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_Delphi_and_Oxygene">Differences between Delphi and Oxygene</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Differences between Delphi and Oxygene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">unit</code>: Replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespace</a> keyword. Since Oxygene doesn't compile per-file but per-project, it does not depend on the name of the file. Instead the unit or namespace keyword is used to denote the default namespace that all types are defined in for that file</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">procedure</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">function</code>: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">method</code> is the preferred keyword, though <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">procedure</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">function</code> still work.</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">overload</code>: In Oxygene all methods are overloaded by default, so no special keyword is needed for this</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.Create()</code>: This constructor call has been replaced by the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">new</code> keyword. It can still be enabled in the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">project options</code> for legacy reasons</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">string</code>: Characters in strings are zero-based and read-only. Strings can have nil values, so testing against empty string is not always sufficient.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some people<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> would like to port their Win32 Delphi code to Oxygene without making major changes. This is not possible because while Oxygene looks like Delphi, there are enough changes so as to make it incompatible for a simple recompile. While the name gives it the appearance of another version of Delphi, that is not completely true.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On top of the language difference, the <a href="/wiki/Visual_Component_Library" title="Visual Component Library">Visual Component Library</a> framework is not available in Oxygene.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes porting even more difficult because classic Delphi code relies heavily on the VCL. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarcadero_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Embarcadero Delphi">Embarcadero Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elementscompiler.com/elements/oxygene/history.aspx">"Evolution of the Oxygene Language | Oxygene | Elements"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180341/https://www.elementscompiler.com/elements/oxygene/history.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Oxygene+Language+%26%23124%3B+Oxygene+%26%23124%3B+Elements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elementscompiler.com%2Felements%2Foxygene%2Fhistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygene+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.embarcadero.com/products/prism">"Embarcadero Prism page, at the bottom of the page an image stating it is powered by RemObjects Oxygene"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227171846/https://www.embarcadero.com/products/prism">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embarcadero+Prism+page%2C+at+the+bottom+of+the+page+an+image+stating+it+is+powered+by+RemObjects+Oxygene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.embarcadero.com%2Fproducts%2Fprism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygene+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620145521/https://blogs.remobjects.com/blogs/mh/2013/04/17/p5822">"Prism XE4, Where Art Thou? | RemObjects Blogs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.remobjects.com/blogs/mh/2013/04/17/p5822">the original</a> on 2013-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prism+XE4%2C+Where+Art+Thou%3F+%26%23124%3B+RemObjects+Blogs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.remobjects.com%2Fblogs%2Fmh%2F2013%2F04%2F17%2Fp5822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygene+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708174151/https://prismwiki.codegear.com/en/Operator_Overloading">"Operator Overloading - Delphi Prism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prismwiki.codegear.com/en/Operator_Overloading">the original</a> on 2011-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operator+Overloading+-+Delphi+Prism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprismwiki.codegear.com%2Fen%2FOperator_Overloading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygene+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708174159/https://prismwiki.codegear.com/en/Built-In_Types">"Built-In Types - Delphi Prism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prismwiki.codegear.com/en/Built-In_Types">the original</a> on 2011-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Built-In+Types+-+Delphi+Prism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprismwiki.codegear.com%2Fen%2FBuilt-In_Types&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygene+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708174212/https://prismwiki.codegear.com/en/Provide_Mixin-like_functionality">"Provide Mixin-like functionality - Delphi Prism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prismwiki.codegear.com/en/Provide_Mixin-like_functionality">the original</a> on 2011-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provide+Mixin-like+functionality+-+Delphi+Prism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprismwiki.codegear.com%2Fen%2FProvide_Mixin-like_functionality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygene+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025132441/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/242584/will-you-use-delphi-prism">"A Stack Overflow discussion where people remark that Oxygene is not Delphi Win32"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/242584/will-you-use-delphi-prism">the original</a> on 2012-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Stack+Overflow+discussion+where+people+remark+that+Oxygene+is+not+Delphi+Win32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstackoverflow.com%2Fquestions%2F242584%2Fwill-you-use-delphi-prism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygene+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoq.com/news/2009/09/Delphi-Prism-2010">"Delphi Prism 2010 review where they state in the third paragraph that VCL.net is not available"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904215434/https://www.infoq.com/news/2009/09/Delphi-Prism-2010">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delphi+Prism+2010+review+where+they+state+in+the+third+paragraph+that+VCL.net+is+not+available&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F09%2FDelphi-Prism-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygene+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygene_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.remobjects.com/oxygene">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pascal_programming_language_family576" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pascal_programming_language_family" title="Template:Pascal programming language family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pascal_programming_language_family" title="Template talk:Pascal programming language family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pascal_programming_language_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pascal programming language family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pascal_programming_language_family576" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal programming language</a> family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Script" title="Pascal Script">Pascal Script</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oxygene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clascal" title="Clascal">Clascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Pascal" title="Concurrent Pascal">Concurrent Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_(programming_language)" title="Joyce (programming language)">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperPascal" title="SuperPascal">SuperPascal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niklaus_Wirth,_UrGU_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Delphi_(software)" title="History of Delphi (software)">history</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oxygene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#Compilers_and_interpreters" title="Pascal (programming language)">VSI Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_Pascal" title="IP Pascal">IP Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PascalABC.NET" title="PascalABC.NET">PascalABC.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Pascal" title="GNU Pascal">GNU Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo51" title="Turbo51">Turbo51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pic_Micro_Pascal" title="Pic Micro Pascal">Pic Micro Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Compiler_Kit" title="Amsterdam Compiler Kit">ACK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Pascal" title="Virtual Pascal">Virtual Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pascal" title="Apple Pascal">Apple Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_Kylix" title="Borland Kylix">Borland Kylix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pascal" title="Microsoft Pascal">Microsoft Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JRT_Pascal" title="JRT Pascal">JRT Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal/MT%2B" title="Pascal/MT+">Pascal/MT+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_Library_for_Cross_Platform" title="Component Library for Cross Platform">CLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Component_Library" title="Free Component Library">FCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FireMonkey" title="FireMonkey">FireMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Component_Library" title="Lazarus Component Library">LCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Windows_Library" title="Object Windows Library">Object Windows Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWire_(library)" title="OpenWire (library)">OpenWire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal_Runtime_Library" title="Free Pascal Runtime Library">RTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Vision" title="Turbo Vision">Turbo Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Component_Library" title="Visual Component Library">Visual Component Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Microcomputer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_MicroEngine" title="Pascal MicroEngine">Pascal MicroEngine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_C" title="Comparison of Pascal and C">Pascal and C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_Delphi" title="Comparison of Pascal and Delphi">Pascal and Delphi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming#Genericity_in_Pascal" title="Generic programming">Genericity</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Related to</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> (1958)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> (1977)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a> (1983)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a> (1986)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a> (1988)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oberon-2" title="Oberon-2">Oberon-2</a> (1991)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Component_Pascal" title="Component Pascal">Component Pascal</a> (1991)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_Language_Infrastructure106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Template:Common Language Infrastructure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Template talk:Common Language Infrastructure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Common Language Infrastructure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_Language_Infrastructure106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_domain" title="Application domain">Application domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Access_Security" title="Code Access Security">Code Access Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">Common Intermediate Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CIL_instructions" title="List of CIL instructions">instructions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Type_System" title="Common Type System">Common Type System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Invocation_Services" title="Platform Invocation Services">Platform Invocation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Execution_System" title="Virtual Execution System">Virtual Execution System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_(CLI)" title="Assembly (CLI)">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegate_(CLI)" title="Delegate (CLI)">Delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Assembly_Cache" title="Global Assembly Cache">Global Assembly Cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_(CLI)" title="Manifest (CLI)">Manifest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_(CLI)" title="Metadata (CLI)">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Libraries_(CLI)" title="Standard Libraries (CLI)">Standard Libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microsoft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Compact_Framework" title=".NET Compact Framework">.NET Compact Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DotGNU" title="DotGNU">DotGNU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axum_(programming_language)" title="Axum (programming language)">Axum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Sharp_(.NET)" title="A Sharp (.NET)">A#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronScheme" title="IronScheme">IronScheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript_.NET" title="JScript .NET">JScript .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_J_Sharp" title="Visual J Sharp">J#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemerle" title="Nemerle">Nemerle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oxygene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanger_(compiler)" title="Phalanger (compiler)">Phalanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Java" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Java">C# and Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Visual Basic .NET">C# and Visual Basic .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Visual_Basic_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Java_(software_platform)462" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Java_(software_platform)" title="Template:Java 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Micro Edition">Java ME</a> (Micro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Standard_Edition" title="Java Platform, Standard Edition">Java SE</a> (Standard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_EE" title="Jakarta EE">Jakarta EE</a> (Enterprise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Card" title="Java Card">Java Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_software_development#SDK" title="Android software development">Android SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GraalVM" title="GraalVM">GraalVM</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_(Java_mascot)_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg/75px-Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg/113px-Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg/150px-Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oracle technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squawk_virtual_machine" title="Squawk virtual machine">Squawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Development_Kit" title="Java Development Kit">Java Development Kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaFX" title="JavaFX">JavaFX</a></li> <li><a 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