CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91356dec4dadce11',cH: 'M8s8wYUW9CQWw6mIehu0Qp8WFnjraq3dTqz4Tb1uE_8-1739791658-1.2.1.1-L7.fu0lQFycAdc9EppfTtdiC8zN2kXI7nbIiEFZP2b6mn4n40nH0XF7Fp_ftkowJ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=R.%20Todd%20Constable&__cf_chl_tk=e0DEp7D35NV9aeGUCdfMnNOm.omDi3nHkyjAxJh3f14-1739791658-1.0.1.1-0sOD5whRtvXZ8HBLKW7ovYpLJTKvL4_T08FkWHIdwao",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739791658',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=R.%20Todd%20Constable&__cf_chl_f_tk=e0DEp7D35NV9aeGUCdfMnNOm.omDi3nHkyjAxJh3f14-1739791658-1.0.1.1-0sOD5whRtvXZ8HBLKW7ovYpLJTKvL4_T08FkWHIdwao",md: "0TleSLsud4avj8CePboUOHnGwBltQkEDXoa4PnDvlcc-1739791658-1.2.1.1-wbn.Dc8rqF.k02dkC1oUwxSb.Uomv2kjODJj64iy69Zc37012YCS2GI2Odinon5GeezozToFtC9GGLG5vb72UhguzHF3OojopYgfYPmoUDc9q9hZvDziSfudLC3BikEl.jDe334fUl2Ff6LQeC3TeNg6e6NlJbSuMwaPvt6MRmOHVG8x0173cQbiJwyvMtKAt3wBMnPfQqbMUga4qlTB9LNg.sm8mkdjQbGUec0DzWwtgaO3cZWm5AZ79pjHThkbGbxinSQi52fE.5f5dLTc9pIC.X0HGMImURF4ZwiTHYyg1SfsZc4Lkjc0J9jt5WfHnfzQT.HN7UUVzVcNnvZiRDrcie.H6DzF_2JqST.kqmZ193qyn6jqjxtipckx6xhEKqpFxCISO_sEmyLCCjxiGxEBzbnmkwqr66tU_Jru2AbLXN3bVJmPw.WiIANPbjGRmLTIej61XtGwGrgj3KiBBDwXdK9v.zsJ.sU5gSIj78n3m1TWu3HsAcjo2eTHTTrL1hhz5qSqwcW.kFYLKNccIX9p5pzBIDu8ddZU83SwCiZWQBryWUYAseS0FVE6DLxsvgatHW5M5KiQc3.QoMAOoJ3uobKbj8BjVd01erlSsl3SNUoQDcVvmtIGVDJuKKkOIepn0DE2QVEPVmMmZe_InHt_jRi0HhOWO5wxlh_Fznf_rj3u.ZmJDUSpgKAbg2W5DPdJNB_qKESS7vFz2v6mEij8eSNzXx4ANKvo__ltGJ4PbMxG5utklLzpNpe4oCZPpAYpheJ7gSz9JsFxtZoca.CH8kW_Sqhn4Spn.HpFX9ASnahGrZnO5fkQG1xe4esXcCZxFAvastVrRW5vIEuB7Zf2iN5apUGfGZpqt0oT7zNNdDjcGcTB0hic5opJuEHV4NOT7GPoBQaup9TXIHUkABWNxk50YQF7xoND0kca2m.PYRe8t6uQ_k8KLg6GaPL2I3ww5Bb7jnhHWPzFShtxeika5fwPaaIi6C.13R9j573nIWf6Qlpe28FGIZkMoIBrjlAfgmZHzufdWL284LBHnG_McYuuzbNd0PKmF2Py.hbPaaP8LZjjGYp5Y1zEsRf7mpeks3BGWKn9MXNx5IOV2CXYtRM_F9Majz01ZVeyNAVRgW8ft1Gkhe3VdGMTAXmO5pkdZA33H9JMf.6.kuU9ZBKfIpC6n2nHkSZSunhxGSi.hRNMXphYhJnYLRbgXNzWCjx_9mGYmYdyiJermh_XysuA6f.SL0aGEPvJ_gf2TJmakRmu9BWvmh_D8iPHSnE4QREtaOFTp_iGBSoqPb46DmECckVleyzVspuFbnYeQdgcRM73w3ADjrqLSwxbqf0ptlkW2cEOAwod6mpeVbKFaP_H8dN6SGglSBOCXZf9fWo18eyVma9P3i8pzblm_rSxtA3pVIHOC7dpY196QSH3z0p2sPDiUtuV.0MD9hDPukDSfdyBQHqTYkOVWQ9e9HTwwgHmJske9upkqoZldGplHgBV_WIg_uUZ5dFr4.TOOP5Bv81S1TV5ludRPh5OUs5IuBcwNR7PvcoJZDZagTosrz02HwtRxKahWNLzQX7Pp_z.baQ5ExSU2L5LsWRjt5C3Qm_RDHuGf5QslXjGxhPVaRdtRMPFuJSkr6Uo4btHf57El0WzE.dao7Qv9ty_Y7BwSn1MXOEKXqQxKHrCqJxyWbzHSpIMorWman9pH2dJTBmVF3o5omqsrw9mIZpNiHDBS3jax0_hbRtFrqPbzm3naViFuwfH_xKpVrHxODsDQeiARk.Q3egDp8eRBEOZ95Xw7wGaOUmiNgSlW49pJ2yqUGy_4KsvplSrHe3G9hxcCtF.OxCDxKx5zcX4RdYyAVCJrZRgRx4CKBHLcgT8pvmqdKbJsFVXFWXpTJgyuCQaZjLKqstkWiMVbzDjS9ynIsyaM64pBxZ9aw8NY4ziLOY2J9Z6ttsZS6FADn9TYVmGNdlemcxkE3T0r25AbMPq9rZT",mdrd: "Q8lZXyGSdDDfVIsIeV6XgNG2OcEVGJVNUXk1pQZhPno-1739791658-1.2.1.1-NQJUHCfuocqSTzebp3WpzUSRGTTOjZW4XBJLcjPWiLaEUM3GoI0GE.2OChgezmLWF5jGe3_bvoPO3bvXSayd0pNqxN2zZl1PyBgr5G6XU8N3lSR.zZt9doU.rhEZFzw4zKa1wYW_lvAlX6ygKc3FGz.9TbSzjVSYZ72WwcqDjHGGZTgl7UTFs4YPDwejYVv2FneLJ0qBmEkfnKX6G41utxOA3bddLD9wsWqjshnPv8jts.gj3O2twbhE3ff3EknqEYB25swRXKR33IBB6CmS.3NsnGBFaUdNMAR1FHmL.4eWKRbLkqt_qvu0t.lCBTlmDKL0scwVJyq7s8WV0DQ9vNj8VNQuY.ta30F_6_Vwpupl_Bd8L3f6CfqjhooB9aNclP_xmLdqcFtvBRS9vJt1L4De90YeTbQxGAa7_VM5fXjcVo8swZDzCLXh4WDyx0mHTUwKPyWY9c.ok5VSCkccltMidWb.9jUC.kR_FIF6MM7ncWks42uk2s5FuIdWOCSeLObsWaksCK_69gAZpq2S8XE39dSwWquM_CBINes7fwCk8j.tuVimyGJehlC_ixC4meD2qJnjKZ7oQSsTnhxB2WrTIEnLvgKa07o5sW_ui.kY.UUGC2NV6rHkhoCSTQ_E0FBRK3dPcGIh.Mvzgm7QUUkbS7yOUH3F0lEB0rPavpLxaDZS_sIP6rf659hIvZZe1_x4wFQB2mUgetDyI1bLuddFJwezdcKioFnBA.ScTJR9Le_Ya0kDwM8yDugV5hEvTrIcJA9gYGi.QIYUnLkX3H9K2YoThcNm1Lco_zVuIUeF5olLMSuacAVIoGZEZiPJBOJ9WbBH7AQYsrn8OqWErD2XkwD0m9eC5PJ2ExEYvjGtFmuv3w11zY5H0.mors16oKbuAEzqKeIPozqmYSJjpqt.rWOWrWWp5x.1ewQHsmCLsa7J3TuWbkut9EFQKe5T9ju8Sf8NF4OAw5khb3FfWt2.Y8o2wA1I6FNzN_pkhEo3aH3e_.v0vG87TOCUjrZh0k9wK9VHopHU9lJwHOBGomFzdhniVKrbiPynCVZsam0YSCYJ4bFiQhewL2ksDy81orVOSC25LhuWoszh3LqGjwGgguCd10zSqmzsm95oCDN6WjI_pC_SVJlh5BjDfHOjTUQa5ixl3VFB6bElCjSLD3VCab.ekJjyc_tdJtcHty3ith2NaZSQjRAFGx0UyQkIJqCrffzmWmnsV1EafHrlYP1_51XF8SiZwd78Kc2YMTcQcldrdNKGth8NAid8YDWYIYxo37mKyugvznJ1Cxa0BcqQ7Ai5hfK.LqEDbY1znSWzq3A.oHPahedDDI0aHw9NvwznIyw7mD3coIP1JWjG5WqZ.qyXA9urS7bw1mYxdaNBm_vp_jR8a6q.Fc0i4mhNWeOAadurGmTjbfwSrzK6PS36kLkvpHI9xPkZ7td6KLMXKw31a88o4Wq7kO_KL5w931DfrZgyU9XnH6MqzBNcmI7yd6aWIH_eIpVcNJb_tyX69Lpr4KiZcGCg6AVliWYxoFYGS06qEYlKK5psFHQLYmKjNcV0p8hVcoXJACEdbJNr6fovCj9KLUpTSmXhU.vSJKbE74Oq_1igIPIs7FB1TKuAkiVcpoRFvlyvkg0qey4hin3UrTjZGenlGx7Mwafci2H1c0WHGLnfwoqOhG_JhQ34Vn7zTHXTNg.j5bqtMXJrXK.aK3HGonphxvhKlEW3rNeD6GMQsNyUr9cI9gSOkXWTI0S7JKAPVRsgx6JW7pjD4rk6rSv2dNQ7B.8hCJT7P14L0IGkbhsMb0kARKGo28V4I0S.EOhmqFD9bfMWAKbM1SH4nfPzHNDx5zL9D1kbrGil6OiEe8wy4k8XerEw4SaRH0FRIGitVSz8UxHddS1kfOpLlfLOu0Y4IB7RyRZ3oOztYzMf1pus6Pr2hYz0Q4YWXfC4V_vZV2.0h3U4IJY1b8VceovIeXfMTi2kfxo7"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91356dec4dadce11';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=R.%20Todd%20Constable&__cf_chl_rt_tk=e0DEp7D35NV9aeGUCdfMnNOm.omDi3nHkyjAxJh3f14-1739791658-1.0.1.1-0sOD5whRtvXZ8HBLKW7ovYpLJTKvL4_T08FkWHIdwao" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>