Enhanced collisional growth of a protoplanet that has an atmosphere

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xml:lang="en-gb" lang="en-gb" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, shrink-to-fit=no"> <base href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2003/41/aa3608/aa3608.html" /> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Astronomy & Astrophysics, A&A, ESO, EDP Sciences" /> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, noarchive" /> <meta name="description" content="Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) is an international journal which publishes papers on all aspects of astronomy and astrophysics" /> <title>Enhanced collisional growth of a protoplanet that has an atmosphere | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/libraries/jquery/jquery.multiselect.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/libraries/jquery/jquery.qtip/jquery.qtip.min.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/libraries/jquery/jquery.magnific-popup.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.0/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/templates/template1/css/com_article.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/templates/template1/css/com_article_hljs_github.min.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/templates/template1/css/mod_article_bookmarking.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/templates/template1/css/mod_article_purchase.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/templates/template1/css/mod_solr.css" type="text/css" /> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/plugins/system/jqueryeasy/jquerynoconflict.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.0/jquery-ui.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/libraries/jquery/jquery.multiselect.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/libraries/jquery/jquery.magnific-popup.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/libraries/jquery/jquery.qtip/jquery.qtip.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.aanda.org/components/com_article/assets/js/highlight/highlight.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.aanda.org/components/com_article/assets/js/article.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.aanda.org/components/com_article/assets/js/highlight/highlight.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-S2LKMZBHJL" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/modules/mod_article_bookmarking/assets/js/bookmarking.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/libraries/jquery/jquery.autocomplete.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var ARTICLE_CLICK_VIEW = "Click to view fullscreen"; var ARTICLE_CLICK_HIDE = "Click anywhere to hide the fullscreen overlay"; var ARTICLE_CLICK_MOVIE = "Click to play the movie"; var COM_ARTICLE_DISPLAY_EQUATION_AS = "Display equations as"; var COM_ARTICLE_COPY_IN_CLIPBOARD = "LaTeX copied in clipboard!"; const MATHML_DISPLAY = "disabled"; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() {dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-S2LKMZBHJL', { 'edpsname': 'aa', 'site_name': 'Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)', 'plateform': 'journal', 'plateform_type': 'edp', 'server_host': 'ovh-canada' });gtag('config', 'G-T2TE0Y7XE9', { 'edpsname': 'aa', 'site_name': 'Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)', 'plateform': 'journal', 'plateform_type': 'edp', 'server_host': 'ovh-canada' });gtag('config', 'user_properties', { 'edpsname': 'aa', 'site_name': 'Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)', 'plateform': 'journal', 'plateform_type': 'edp', 'server_host': 'ovh-canada' }); </script> <link title="schema(PRISM)" rel="schema.prism" href="http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/1.2/basic/"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Astronomy & Astrophysics"> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="A&A"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="EDP Sciences"> <meta name="citation_author" content="S. Inaba"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Oookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan"> <meta name="citation_author" content="M. Ikoma"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Interactive Research Center of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Oookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Enhanced collisional growth of a protoplanet that has an atmosphere"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2003/11/17"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2003/11/01"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="410"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="711"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="723"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1051/0004-6361:20031248"> <meta name="citation_bibcode" content="2003A%26A...410..711I"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2003/41/aa3608/aa3608.html"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2003/41/aa3608.pdf"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0004-6361"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1432-0746"> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"> <meta name="citation_keyword" content="solar system: formation"> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research Article"> <meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="Once a protoplanet becomes larger than about lunar size, it accumulates a significant atmosphere that surrounds the solid core. When a planetesimal approaches the protoplanet, it interacts with the atmosphere. If enough energy of the planetesimal is lost by gas drag of the atmosphere, it is captured in the atmosphere even if its original trajectory would not lead to a direct collision with the solid core of the protoplanet. This increases the collision rate, resulting in faster growth of the protoplanet. We have derived the analytical calculations for the collision rate, and calculated the structure of the atmosphere and the trajectories of the planetesimals in the atmosphere. As a result of their large gas drag, small planetesimals are easily captured, resulting in a large rate of collision with the protoplanet. A collision rate of a protoplanet of Earth size with a planetesimal of 100 m radius is, for example, enhanced by a factor of . 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Inaba</span><sup>1</sup> and <span id="aa3608-author-2" data-url="/component/author/?dkey=10.1051/0004-6361:20031248&n=2" class="author">M. Ikoma</span><sup>2</sup></p></div> <p class="aff"> <sup>1</sup> Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Oookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan <br> <sup>2</sup> Interactive Research Center of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Oookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan <br></p> <p class="corresp">Corresponding author: S. Inaba, sinaba@geo.titech.ac.jp</p> <p class="history"><span class="bold">Received: </span> 14 February 2003 <br><span class="bold">Accepted: </span> 12 May 2003 </p> <p class="bold"><a name="abs"></a>Abstract</p> <p>Once a protoplanet becomes larger than about lunar size, it accumulates a significant atmosphere that surrounds the solid core. When a planetesimal approaches the protoplanet, it interacts with the atmosphere. If enough energy of the planetesimal is lost by gas drag of the atmosphere, it is captured in the atmosphere even if its original trajectory would not lead to a direct collision with the solid core of the protoplanet. This increases the collision rate, resulting in faster growth of the protoplanet. We have derived the analytical calculations for the collision rate, and calculated the structure of the atmosphere and the trajectories of the planetesimals in the atmosphere. As a result of their large gas drag, small planetesimals are easily captured, resulting in a large rate of collision with the protoplanet. A collision rate of a protoplanet of Earth size with a planetesimal of 100 m radius is, for example, enhanced by a factor of <span class="img-inline ressouce-equation ressouce-equation-inline" data-latex="${\sim} 10$"><span class="ressouce-equation-container"><span class="img img-block"><img src="/articles/aa/abs/2003/41/aa3608/aa3608_tex_eq1.png" id="img_eq1" alt="${\sim} 10$"></span></span></span>. These effects play an essential role in the study of formation of solid cores of gas giant planets by the core accretion model. </p> <div class="kword"><p><span class="bold">Key words: </span>solar system: formation</p></div> </div> <p><i>© ESO, 2003</i></p> </div> </div> <div id="metrics-tabs" data-doi="10.1051/0004-6361:20031248" data-edps_ref="aa3608"> <nav class="toolbar"> <button class="toolbar-item" id="metrics-siq">Current usage metrics</button> <button class="toolbar-item" id="info">About article metrics</button> <button class="toolbar-item" id="return">Return to article</button> </nav> <div class="panel" data-for="metrics-siq"> </div> <div class="panel" data-for="metrics-alm"></div> <div class="panel" data-for="info"> <p>Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.</p> <p>Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. 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Enhanced collisional growth of a protoplanet that has an atmosphere | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)