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aria-controls="toc-Dispenser_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dispenser types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dispenser_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wall-mounted_/_recessed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wall-mounted_/_recessed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wall-mounted / recessed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wall-mounted_/_recessed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bottom-load_water_dispenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bottom-load_water_dispenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bottom-load water dispenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bottom-load_water_dispenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabletop_water_dispenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabletop_water_dispenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tabletop water dispenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabletop_water_dispenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct-piping_water_dispenser_(POU)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct-piping_water_dispenser_(POU)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Direct-piping water dispenser (POU)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct-piping_water_dispenser_(POU)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freestanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freestanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Freestanding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freestanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Water source</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Water_source-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Water source subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Water_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_mineral_and_spring_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_mineral_and_spring_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Natural mineral and spring water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_mineral_and_spring_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purified_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purified_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Purified water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purified_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Water delivery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Water_delivery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Water delivery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Water_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bottled_water_coolers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bottled_water_coolers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bottled water coolers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bottled_water_coolers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_plumbed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_plumbed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Direct plumbed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_plumbed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Purification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filtration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filtration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Filtration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filtration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanitization_&_disinfection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanitization_&_disinfection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sanitization & disinfection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanitization_&_disinfection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooling_and_heating_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooling_and_heating_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cooling and heating methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cooling_and_heating_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cooling and heating methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cooling_and_heating_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vapor_compression_refrigeration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vapor_compression_refrigeration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Vapor compression refrigeration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vapor_compression_refrigeration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermoelectric_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoelectric_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Thermoelectric cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoelectric_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Additional features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additional_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Additional features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Additional_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bottle_filler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bottle_filler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bottle filler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bottle_filler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Carbonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="براد ماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براد ماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Кулер (апарат) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кулер (апарат)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserspender" title="Wasserspender – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserspender" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensador_de_agua" title="Dispensador de agua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dispensador de agua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9%D9%86" title="آب‌سردکن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آب‌سردکن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaine_d%27eau_fra%C3%AEche" title="Fontaine d'eau fraîche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fontaine d'eau fraîche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%88%98%EA%B8%B0" title="생수기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생수기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembubuh_air" title="Pembubuh air – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembubuh air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בר מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בר מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disp%C3%A8nser_banyu" title="Dispènser banyu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dispènser banyu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendingin_air" title="Pendingin air – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendingin air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterkoeler" title="Waterkoeler – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterkoeler" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%B0%B4%E6%A9%9F" title="冷水機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="冷水機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrybutor_wody" title="Dystrybutor wody – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dystrybutor wody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensador_de_%C3%A1gua" title="Dispensador de água – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dispensador de água" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Кулер (аппарат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кулер (аппарат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BD%D8%B1_%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="واٽر ڪولر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="واٽر ڪولر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyo_Mashiinka" title="Biyo Mashiinka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Biyo Mashiinka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_sebili" title="Su sebili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Su sebili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Кулер (апарат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кулер (апарат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="واٹر کولر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="واٹر کولر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%A9%9F" title="水機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E6%B0%B4%E6%A9%9F" title="飲水機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="飲水機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1809623#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Machine that cools or heats up and dispenses water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about devices which cool water. For devices which use water to cool air, see <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">evaporative cooler</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg/170px-Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg/255px-Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg/340px-Clickon_Water_Dispenser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption>A water dispenser with refill water bottles</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>water dispenser</b>, sometimes referred to as a <b>water cooler</b> (if used for cooling only), is a <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a> that dispenses and often also <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">cools</a> or heats up <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> with a refrigeration unit. It is commonly located near the restroom due to closer access to plumbing. A drain line is also provided from the water cooler into the sewer system. </p><p>Water dispensers come in a variety of form factors, ranging from wall-mounted to bottle filler water dispenser combination units, to bi-level units and other formats. They are generally broken up into two categories: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/point_of_use" class="extiw" title="wikt:point of use">point-of-use</a> (POU) water dispensers and bottled water dispensers. POU water dispensers are connected to a <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a>, while bottled water dispensers require delivery (or self-pick-up) of water in large bottles from <a href="/wiki/Vendor" title="Vendor">vendors</a>. Bottled water dispensers can be top-mounted or bottom-loaded, depending on the design of the model. </p><p>Bottled water dispensers typically use 11- or 22-liter (5- or 10-gallon) dispensers commonly found on top of the unit. Pressure coolers are a subcategory of water dispensers encompassing drinking water fountains and direct-piping water dispensers. Water cooler may also refer to a primitive device for keeping water cool.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispenser_types">Dispenser types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dispenser types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wall-mounted_/_recessed"><span id="Wall-mounted_.2F_recessed"></span>Wall-mounted / recessed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wall-mounted / recessed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Types_Of_Sunroc_Water_Coolers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Two_Types_Of_Sunroc_Water_Coolers.JPG/220px-Two_Types_Of_Sunroc_Water_Coolers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Two_Types_Of_Sunroc_Water_Coolers.JPG/330px-Two_Types_Of_Sunroc_Water_Coolers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Two_Types_Of_Sunroc_Water_Coolers.JPG/440px-Two_Types_Of_Sunroc_Water_Coolers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Wall-mounted water dispensers</figcaption></figure> <p>The wall-mounted type is connected to the building's water supply for a continuous supply of water and <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> to run a <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> unit to cool the incoming water, and to the building's waste disposal system to dispose of unused water. Wall-mounted water coolers are frequently used in commercial buildings like hospitals, schools, businesses, and other facilities where a <a href="/wiki/Facility_management" title="Facility management">facility manager</a> is present to monitor its installation and maintenance. </p><p>In the standard wall-mounted cooler, also commonly referred to as a water fountain or <a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">drinking fountain</a>, a small tank in the machine holds <a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">chilled water</a> so the user does not have to wait for chilled water. Water is delivered by turning or pressing a button on a spring-loaded valve located on the top of the unit, that turns off the water when released. Some devices also offer a large button on the front or side. Newer machines may not have a button at all; instead, a sensor that detects when someone is near and activates the water. Water is delivered in a <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a> that arches up, allowing the user to drink directly from the top of the stream of water. These devices usually dispense water directly from the municipal water supply, without <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">treatment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">filtering</a>. </p><p>Wall mount water coolers come in a wide variety of styles, from recessed models to splash resistant, contoured basins protruding out from the wall, traditional rounded square edge designs, bottle filler and water cooler combination units, bi-level designs, with other features and options. These are sometimes installed to meet local, state or federal codes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bottom-load_water_dispenser">Bottom-load water dispenser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bottom-load water dispenser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottom_Load_Water_Dispenser.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bottom_Load_Water_Dispenser.png/220px-Bottom_Load_Water_Dispenser.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bottom_Load_Water_Dispenser.png/330px-Bottom_Load_Water_Dispenser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bottom_Load_Water_Dispenser.png/440px-Bottom_Load_Water_Dispenser.png 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Bottom load water dispenser revealing 5-gallon bottle, with cabinet opened</figcaption></figure> <p>Water dispensers commonly have the water supply vessel mounted at the top of the unit. Bottom-load water dispensers have the vessel mounted at the bottom of the unit to make loading easier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabletop_water_dispenser">Tabletop water dispenser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tabletop water dispenser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_dispenser_with_lemons.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Water_dispenser_with_lemons.JPG/170px-Water_dispenser_with_lemons.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Water_dispenser_with_lemons.JPG/255px-Water_dispenser_with_lemons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Water_dispenser_with_lemons.JPG/340px-Water_dispenser_with_lemons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Tabletop water dispenser</figcaption></figure> <p>There are also smaller versions of the water dispensers where the dispenser can be placed directly on top of a table. These dispensers are commonly classified as household appliances and can often be found in household kitchens and office pantries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct-piping_water_dispenser_(POU)"><span id="Direct-piping_water_dispenser_.28POU.29"></span>Direct-piping water dispenser (POU)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Direct-piping water dispenser (POU)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water dispensers can be directly connected to the in-house water source for continuous dispensing of hot and cold drinking water. It is commonly referred to as POU (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/point_of_use" class="extiw" title="wikt:point of use">point of use</a>) water dispensers. POU units are generally more hygienic than bottled water coolers, provided the end user has access to clean water sources.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freestanding">Freestanding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Freestanding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bebedoro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bebedoro.JPG/170px-Bebedoro.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bebedoro.JPG/255px-Bebedoro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bebedoro.JPG/340px-Bebedoro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Freestanding water cooler with a bottle</figcaption></figure> <p>A freestanding design generally involves bottles of water placed spout-down into the dispensing machine. </p><p>Tabletop or kitchen worktop versions are available which utilize readily available five-liter water bottles from supermarkets. These coolers use air pumps to push the water into the cooling chamber and <a href="/wiki/Peltier_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Peltier device">Peltier devices</a> to chill the water. </p><p>New development within the water cooler market is the advent of countertop appliances which are connected to the mains and provide an instant supply of not only chilled water but also hot and boiling water. This is often visible in the <a href="/wiki/Horeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Horeca">horeca</a> industry. </p><p>Water will flow faster when the handle is in the upright position. The water is aerated which allows the water to come through the spout at a faster rate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_source">Water source</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Water source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water dispensed from water coolers may originate from many different sources, but are often classified into two major categories, namely natural mineral and spring water, and purified water.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_mineral_and_spring_water">Natural mineral and spring water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Natural mineral and spring water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural mineral and spring water are waters emanating from underground geological rock formations collected from <a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">boreholes</a> or emerging springs. Legislation in each respective country further differentiates between these two types of water and stipulates strict naming and labeling criteria based on natural source protection, total dissolved solids, and the amount of processing the water may undergo prior to bottling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purified_water">Purified water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Purified water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Purified water is water from groundwater or municipal water supply and is produced by any one of several methods of purification including reverse osmosis, distillation, <a href="/wiki/Purified_water" title="Purified water">deionization</a>, and filtration. The water is often treated by ultraviolet light or ozone for antimicrobial reasons and re-mineralized by injection of soluble inorganic salts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_delivery">Water delivery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Water delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The delivery of water in a water cooler comes in two main forms, namely bottled variants, or plumbed directly from the main water supply. The water is normally pumped into a water tank to be heated or chilled, depending on the model of the water cooler. Modern versions include hybrid models that are able to utilize both methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bottled_water_coolers">Bottled water coolers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bottled water coolers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></div> <p>To install the bottle, the bottle is tipped upside down and set onto the dispenser; a probe punctures the cap of the bottle and allows the water to flow into the machine's internal reservoir. These gravity-powered systems have a device to dispense water in a controlled manner. </p><p>These machines come in different sizes and vary from table units, intended for occasional use to floor-mounted units intended for heavier use. Bottled water is normally delivered to households or businesses on a regular basis, where empty returnable <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> bottles are exchanged for full ones. In developing markets, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">PET</a> is often used for large bottles despite shrinkage and lower washing temperature will lead to making it a more challenging material to use. </p><p>The bottle size varies with the size of the unit, with the larger versions in the US using 5-US-gallon (19 L) bottles. This is also the most common size elsewhere, labeled as 18.9 liters in countries that use the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>. Originally, these bottles were manufactured at 3,5 or 6 US gallon capacity (11.4, 18.9 or 22.7 liters) and supplied to rented water cooler units.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These units usually do not have a place to dump excess water, only offering a small <a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">basin</a> to catch minor spills. On the front, a lever or pushbutton dispenses the water into a cup held beneath the spigot. When the water container is empty, it is lifted off the top of the dispenser, and automatically seals to prevent any excess water still in the bottle from leaking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Material">Material</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many years and throughout the 20th century, glass was the main material used for bottling until the evolution of thermoplastics following World War II. PVC evolved as a multi-purpose plastic material and gained mass adoption as an ideal mass production material. Only dark green glass bottles were retained for packaging carbonated waters. The 1980s saw the re-development of PVC bottles due to cost reduction. Advances in manufacturing and materials technology such as new blow and injection molding techniques have reduced the wall thickness and weight of bottles while improving durability and increasing <a href="/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">service life</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_plumbed">Direct plumbed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Direct plumbed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Directly plumbed water coolers use <a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">tap water</a> and therefore do not need bottles due to their use of the main water supply. Usually, some method of purification is used. <a href="/wiki/Log_reduction" title="Log reduction">Log reduction</a> (e.g. 6-log reduction or 99.9999% effective) is used as a measure on the effectiveness of sanitization and disinfection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purification">Purification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Purification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filtration">Filtration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Filtration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filtration methods include <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a>. Reverse osmosis works differently from chemical or ultraviolet protection, using a membrane that has fine pores, passing H<sub>2</sub>O while preventing larger molecules such as salts, carbonates, and other micro-organisms from passing through it. If there is insufficient energy to naturally force the water through the membrane, a powerful pump is required, resulting in potential high energy costs. In addition, RO units are capable of <a href="/wiki/Water_softening" title="Water softening">softening</a> water. Some living micro-organisms, including viruses, are capable of passing through an RO unit filter.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deionizers or demineralizers use <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin" title="Ion-exchange resin">resins exchange</a> to remove ions from the stream of water and are most commonly twin-bed or mixed-bed deionizers. It is often used in sterile manufacturing environments such as computer <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">chips</a>, where deionized water is a poor conductor of electricity. </p><p>In activated carbon, raw materials such as lignite, coal, bone charcoal, coconut shells, and wood charcoal are used, developing pores during activation when partly burning away carbon layers. In most cases, activated carbon is a single-use material as regeneration is often not possible on-site. Granular activated carbon (GAC) is most commonly used in the filtration of the water cooler. Regular sanitization using hot water and steam is required to limit bacterial growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanitization_&_disinfection"><span id="Sanitization_.26_disinfection"></span>Sanitization & disinfection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sanitization & disinfection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sanitization of water is defined by the reduction of the number of micro-organisms to a safe level. According to the <a href="/wiki/AOAC_International" title="AOAC International">AOAC</a> suspension test method, a sanitizer should be capable of killing 99.999% of a specific bacterial test population within 30 seconds at 25 °C (77 °F). Sanitizers may or may not necessarily destroy pathogenic or disease-causing bacteria. The sanitizer used must comply with regulations applicable in the geographic location. In the US, sanitizers are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a>, and must pass the AOAC test in the reduction of microbial activity of two standard test organisms (<i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>) from a designated microbial load by a 5-log reduction. </p><p>The main difference between a sanitizer and a disinfectant is that at a specific use dilution, the disinfectant must have a higher kill capability for pathogenic bacteria than that of a sanitizer. If these micro-organisms are not destroyed, the bottled water being produced may be contaminated. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">UVGI (ultraviolet germicidal irradiation)</a> is a commonly used disinfection method to kill or inactivate micro-organisms and leaving them unable to perform vital cellular functions. Drawbacks to UV light water purifiers include <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a>. If the fluid is unclear, the UV light will not pass through completely, leaving the stream partially sterilized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooling_and_heating_methods">Cooling and heating methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cooling and heating methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooling">Cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most modern units offer a refrigeration function to chill the water, using <a href="/wiki/Vapor_compression_refrigeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapor compression refrigeration">Vapor compression refrigeration</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling" title="Thermoelectric cooling">Thermoelectric cooling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vapor_compression_refrigeration">Vapor compression refrigeration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vapor compression refrigeration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water coolers using vapor compression refrigeration come in one of the following systems: </p> <ul><li><b>Reservoir System</b> - A tank where water is held, to be used for cooling or heating and is fitted with a float mechanism to prevent overflowing. <ul><li>Removable Reservoir - a removable reservoir is an open-end tank with cooling coils that come into contact with the external tank surface. It operates on the basis of a modular system, allowing one to easily detach and refill water instead of keeping it in a closed system. One of the advantages in using a removable reservoir is the ease of sanitization. This allows end users to replace the reservoir completely rather than sending an entire water cooler back for servicing. A similar technology can be found in many modern water dispensers and <a href="/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">coffee machines</a>.</li> <li>Stainless Steel - open end tank with cooling coils that come into contact with the external tank surface</li></ul></li> <li><b>Pressure Vessel Direct Chill System</b> - The combination of a pressure vessel, which protects the water in the tank from air-borne contamination, and a direct chill system which cools water coming from the mains quickly. <ul><li>Pressure Vessel - A sealed <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessel</a> is filled at a lower pressure within the water cooler. As such, the water does not come into contact with the atmosphere, allowing a larger amount of cold water (depending on the size of the tank) to be dispensed at the expense of a slower cooling system.</li> <li>Direct Chill - In a standard direct chill system, water is passed through a stainless steel coil that is in contact with a copper evaporator that circulates refrigerant gas. The refrigeration system is attached outside of the coil and the cold transfers through the pipe walls to chill the water in the coil through <a href="/wiki/Conduction_(heat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction (heat)">conduction</a>. When the taps are operated, the chilled water is dispensed at mains pressure. The water never comes into contact with the atmosphere as the cold temperature emitted by the refrigerant gas is transferred through the copper coil which transfers the cold temperatures to water passing through the stainless steel coil without touching each other. This allows the water to get cold more quickly again at the expense of having a lower volume of cold water available.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Ice-bank Cooling System</b> - A pressurized stainless steel coil and a copper coil is immersed in a reservoir full of pre-chilled water. The copper coil containing the refrigerant gas freezes the water contained within the reservoir producing a cold supply, which in turns cools the drinking water flowing through stainless steel coil.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermoelectric_cooling">Thermoelectric cooling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Thermoelectric cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thermoelectric cooling is a green alternative to HFC refrigerant that uses a <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid state device</a> that acts as a <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a> to transfer heat from one side of the device to another using the <a href="/wiki/Peltier_Effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Peltier Effect">Peltier effect</a>. It is made up of numerous pairs of semiconductors enclosed by ceramic wafers. Thermoelectric coolers use <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> power rather than refrigerant gas and a compressor and have no moving parts or complex assemblies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heating">Heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some versions also have a second dispenser that delivers room-temperature water or even heated water that can be used for tea, hot chocolate or other uses. The water in the alternate hot <a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">tap</a> is generally heated with a <a href="/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating element</a> and stored in a hot tank (much like the traditional hot water heaters used in residential homes). Additionally, the hot tap is usually equipped with a push-in safety valve to prevent burns from an accidental or inadvertent pressing of the lever. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_features">Additional features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Additional features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bottle_filler">Bottle filler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bottle filler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_cooler_with_bottle_filling_functionality.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Water_cooler_with_bottle_filling_functionality.jpg/170px-Water_cooler_with_bottle_filling_functionality.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Water_cooler_with_bottle_filling_functionality.jpg/255px-Water_cooler_with_bottle_filling_functionality.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Water_cooler_with_bottle_filling_functionality.jpg/340px-Water_cooler_with_bottle_filling_functionality.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Modern variant with bottle filling functionality</figcaption></figure> <p>Newer variants of water coolers include an additional dispenser designed to fill water bottles directly on wall-mounted units. This is increasingly common in public water coolers as they have also been spotted in public places such as airports<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and railway stations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bottle filling units also can indicate the number of <a href="/wiki/Disposable_product" title="Disposable product">single-use</a> plastic bottles saved as part of an ongoing public effort to reduce <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic pollution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbonation">Carbonation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Carbonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern variants of water coolers have been equipped with options for <a href="/wiki/Carbonated_water" title="Carbonated water">sparkling water</a> as a result of increasing demand for carbonated beverages and also a greater awareness to healthy living, resulting in preference for carbonated water over sweetened carbonated beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This works with the addition of a mixer tank filled with compressed <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> located inside the cooling tank. This brings the temperature of the CO<sub>2</sub> gas down to the temperature of the cooling tank. As carbonated water is dispensed, the mixer tank is automatically refilled with cold water and carbon dioxide, ensuring a continuous supply of carbonated water is readily available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All bottled water coolers need to be periodically cleaned to prevent mineral build-up inside the heating tank, also known as <a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">scaling</a>. The frequency of the cleaning can be determined by the concentration of the minerals and the amount of water used. <a href="/wiki/Descaling_agent" title="Descaling agent">Descaling agents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a> can be used for this cleaning process. </p><p>Heating tanks will require cleaning when normal hot water flow appears to be restricted or when noisy heating cycles can be heard during operation. Additional symptoms include water coming from the cooling tank is very warm as well as a change of taste in the water resulting from mineral build-up. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bottled_Water_Association" title="International Bottled Water Association">International Bottled Water Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a> with built-in water dispenser.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_fountain" title="Soda fountain">Soda fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutedhara" title="Tutedhara">Tutedhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">Vending machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_dispenser&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horniman.ac.uk/object/34.67">"Water cooler"</a>. Horniman Museum and Gardens<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+cooler&rft.pub=Horniman+Museum+and+Gardens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horniman.ac.uk%2Fobject%2F34.67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+dispenser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013249/https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf">"Water Coolers and Ice - Making Machines Policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust. 2015-01-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+Coolers+and+Ice+-+Making+Machines+Policy&rft.pub=Royal+Devon+and+Exeter+NHS+Foundation+Trust&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rdehospital.nhs.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fpolicies%2Fwater-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+dispenser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenior2011" class="citation book cs1">Senior, Dorothy (2011). Dege, Nicholas (ed.). <i>Technology of Bottled Water</i> (3rd ed.). 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Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9932-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9932-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-9932-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+of+Bottled+Water&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+dispenser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2004" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Robert (2004). <i>Water Quality and Systems: A Guide for Facility Managers</i> (2nd ed.). Georgia, USA: The Fairmont Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88173-332-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88173-332-6"><bdi>0-88173-332-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Quality+and+Systems%3A+A+Guide+for+Facility+Managers&rft.place=Georgia%2C+USA&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Fairmont+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-88173-332-6&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+dispenser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamanouchi2013" class="citation web cs1">Yamanouchi, Kelly (2013-06-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/business/water-bottle-filling-stations-coming-airport/3Y6RKtDqzs8TBJWIqYTqBO/">"Water bottle filling stations coming to airport"</a>. <i>The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Instead+of+That+%245+Water+Bottle+at+Airports%2C+Filling+Stations&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Fwater-bottle-airports-filling-stations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+dispenser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-42818453">"Scotland's railway stations to offer drinking water"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2018-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_coolers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water coolers">Water coolers</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_appliances" title="Template:Home appliances"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_appliances" title="Template talk:Home appliances"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_appliances" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home appliances"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Home_appliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliances</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_fryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air fryer">Air fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ioniser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_grill" title="Barbecue grill">Barbecue grill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blender" title="Blender">Blender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_blender" title="Immersion blender">Immersion blender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_machine" title="Bread machine">Bread machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_zapper" title="Bug zapper">Bug zapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">Coffee percolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washer-dryer" title="Washer-dryer">combo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_iron" title="Clothes iron">Clothes iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">Coffeemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dish_drying_cabinet" title="Dish drying cabinet">drying cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic robot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_domestic_robots" title="Comparison of domestic robots">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_fryer" title="Deep fryer">Deep fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blanket" title="Electric blanket">Electric blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_drill" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric drill">Electric drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kettle">Electric kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_knife" title="Electric knife">Electric knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_shaver" title="Electric shaver">Electric shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_toothbrush" title="Electric toothbrush">Electric toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilator" title="Epilator">Epilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processor" title="Food processor">Food processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladeless_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladeless fan">bladeless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling_fan" title="Ceiling fan">ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_fan" title="Window fan">window</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_dryer" title="Hair dryer">Hair dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_iron" title="Hair iron">Hair iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_maker" title="Ice cream maker">Ice cream maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_cooking" title="Induction cooking">Induction cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicer" title="Juicer">Juicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_hood" title="Kitchen hood">Kitchen hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Kitchen stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry-folding_machine" title="Laundry-folding machine">Laundry-folding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_mower" title="Lawn mower">Lawn mower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riding_mower" title="Riding mower">Riding mower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_lawn_mower" title="Robotic lawn mower">Robotic lawn mower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_blower" title="Leaf blower">Leaf blower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(appliance)" title="Mixer (appliance)">Mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">Oven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convection_oven" title="Convection oven">Convection oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_iron" title="Pie iron">Pie iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisper_drawer" title="Crisper drawer">Crisper drawer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_refrigerator" title="Smart refrigerator">smart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cooker" title="Rice cooker">Rice cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">Sewing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">Slow cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">Television set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toaster" title="Toaster">Toaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">Vacuum cleaner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_vacuum_cleaner" title="Central vacuum cleaner">central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_vacuum_cleaner" title="Manual vacuum cleaner">manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">robotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_iron" title="Waffle iron">Waffle iron</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_plug" title="Appliance plug">Appliance plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliance recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plumbing" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plumbing" title="Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plumbing" title="Template talk:Plumbing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plumbing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gap_(plumbing)" title="Air gap (plumbing)">Air gap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow" title="Backflow">Backflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_(chemical)" title="Compatibility (chemical)">Compatibility (chemical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)" title="Drain (plumbing)">Drain (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">Friction loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">Grade (slope)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_trap" title="Heat trap">Heat trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_loop" title="Hydrostatic loop">Hydrostatic loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak" title="Leak">Leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_axis" title="Neutral axis">Neutral axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">Onsite sewage facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas" title="Sewer gas">Sewer gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">Siphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">Storm sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">Surface tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">Tap water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hammer" title="Water hammer">Water hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">British Standard Pipe</a> (BSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">Cast iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners" title="Chemical drain cleaners">Chemical drain cleaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">Compression fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimp (joining)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">Drain-waste-vent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">Flare fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hose_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden hose thread">Garden Hose Thread</a> (GHT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">Oakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">Pipe (fluid conveyance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">Pipe dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-pull_compression_fittings" title="Push-to-pull compression fittings">Push-to-pull compression fittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">Putty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">Sealant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pumping" title="Sewage pumping">Sewage pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">Solvent welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">Thread seal tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">Threaded pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker" title="Atmospheric vacuum breaker">Atmospheric vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_bleeding_valve" title="Automatic bleeding valve">Automatic bleeding valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_faucet" title="Automatic faucet">Automatic faucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device" title="Backflow prevention device">Backflow prevention device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_valve" title="Ball valve">Ball valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_screw" title="Bleed screw">Bleed screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_valve" title="Butterfly valve">Butterfly valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">Check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemigation_valve" title="Chemigation valve">Chemigation valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopper pump">Chopper pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulator_pump" title="Circulator pump">Circulator pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet_flange" title="Closet flange">Closet flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_reducer" title="Concentric reducer">Concentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_(piping)" title="Coupling (piping)">Coupling (piping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_valve" title="Diaphragm valve">Diaphragm valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric union">Dielectric union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check_valve" title="Double check valve">Double check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_reducer" title="Eccentric reducer">Eccentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faucet_aerator" title="Faucet aerator">Faucet aerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_switch" title="Float switch">Float switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Float valve">Float valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_drain" title="Floor drain">Floor drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_limiter" title="Flow limiter">Flow limiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_trough" title="Flushing trough">Flushing trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_valve" title="Gate valve">Gate valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_valve" title="Globe valve">Globe valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_trap" title="Grease trap">Grease trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinder_pump" title="Grinder pump">Grinder pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_coupling" title="Hose coupling">Hose coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Manifold (fluid mechanics)">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_valve" title="Needle valve">Needle valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_(plumbing)" title="Nipple (plumbing)">Nipple (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_valve" title="Pinch valve">Pinch valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">Piping and plumbing fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_(sanitation)" title="Plug (sanitation)">Plug (sanitation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_vacuum_breaker" title="Pressure vacuum breaker">Pressure vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-balanced_valve" title="Pressure-balanced valve">Pressure-balanced valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator (heating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device" title="Reduced pressure zone device">Reduced pressure zone device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducer">Reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riser_clamp" title="Riser clamp">Riser clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftop_water_tower" title="Rooftop water tower">Rooftop water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage pump">Sewage pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_elbow" title="Street elbow">Street elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">Tap (valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve" title="Thermostatic mixing valve">Thermostatic mixing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_drain" title="Trench drain">Trench drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_breaker" title="Vacuum breaker">Vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ejector" title="Vacuum ejector">Vacuum ejector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">Water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">Plumbing fixtures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_bathtub" title="Accessible bathtub">Accessible bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">Bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_storage_tank" title="Hot water storage tank">Hot water storage tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_tub" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundry tub">Laundry tub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Shower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_water_heater" title="Storage water heater">Storage water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_pump" title="Sump pump">Sump pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankless water heater">Tankless water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">Water filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Water heater">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">Water softener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basin_wrench" title="Basin wrench">Basin wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borescope" title="Borescope">Borescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_cleaner" title="Drain cleaner">Drain cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_cap" title="Driving cap">Driving cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare-nut_wrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare-nut wrench">Flare-nut wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecutter" title="Pipecutter">Pipecutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">Pipe wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">Plumber's snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber_wrench" title="Plumber wrench">Plumber wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunger" title="Plunger">Plunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap_wrench" title="Strap wrench">Strap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sensor">Flow sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">Pressure sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_detector" title="Water detector">Water detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">Water metering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic testing">Hydrostatic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_marking" title="Pipe marking">Pipe marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">Pipefitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipelayer" title="Pipelayer">Pipelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations <br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Plumbing_and_Mechanical_Officials" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_%26_Drainage_Institute" title="Plumbing & Drainage Institute">Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Plumbing_Council" title="World Plumbing Council">World Plumbing Council (WPC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_code" title="Plumbing code">Plumbing code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">Scalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Waterborne disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">Piping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health">Template:Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sewerage" title="Template:Sewerage">Template:Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Toilets">Template:Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater">Template:Wastewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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