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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In horticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religion and mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_banyan_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_banyan_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Notable banyan trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_banyan_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%AAng-%C3%A1" title="Chhêng-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhêng-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banian" title="Banian – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Banian" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani%C3%A0" title="Banià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ބަންޔަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަންޔަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniano" title="Baniano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baniano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjano" title="Banjano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Banjano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Banyan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA)" title="لور (درخت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لور (درخت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniano" title="Baniano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baniano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A1" title="વડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1" title="वड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="वड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%96%80" title="반얀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반얀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6" title="बरगद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बरगद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಆಲದ ಮರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲದ ಮರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Баньян – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Баньян" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ആൽമരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽമരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1" title="वड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3%CC%80ng-ch%C3%A9u_(H%C3%B3k-ci%C5%AD_ch%C3%AA-ch%C3%A9u)" title="Sṳ̀ng-chéu (Hók-ciŭ chê-chéu) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sṳ̀ng-chéu (Hók-ciŭ chê-chéu)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ညောင်ပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ညောင်ပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Banyan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%9B" title="ବରଗଛ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବରଗଛ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Banyan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%9C" title="ਬੋਹੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਹੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%91%DA%BE" title="بوڑھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوڑھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banian" title="Banian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Banian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱵᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Banyan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%99" title="بڙ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بڙ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjan" title="Banjan – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Banjan" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjan" title="Banjan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Banjan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balite" title="Balite – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balite" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="บันยัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บันยัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Баньян (рослина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баньян (рослина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AF" title="برگد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برگد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90a" title="Đa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A6%95" title="榕 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="榕" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A6%95" title="榕 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="榕" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subgenus of plants, the banyans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the tree. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Banyan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Banyan (disambiguation)">Banyan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Banyan </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Banyan_Tree_at_Bangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Big_Banyan_Tree_at_Bangalore.jpg/220px-Big_Banyan_Tree_at_Bangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Big_Banyan_Tree_at_Bangalore.jpg/330px-Big_Banyan_Tree_at_Bangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Big_Banyan_Tree_at_Bangalore.jpg/440px-Big_Banyan_Tree_at_Bangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Banyan with characteristic adventitious prop roots </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ficus_subg._Urostigma" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus"><i>Ficus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subgenus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>F.</i> subg. <i>Urostigma</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Ficus#Subgenus_Urostigma" title="Ficus">Ficus § Subgenus Urostigma</a>. </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banyan_tree_at_Naples_FL_preserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The biggest tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Banyan_tree_at_Naples_FL_preserve.jpg/220px-Banyan_tree_at_Naples_FL_preserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Banyan_tree_at_Naples_FL_preserve.jpg/330px-Banyan_tree_at_Naples_FL_preserve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Banyan_tree_at_Naples_FL_preserve.jpg/440px-Banyan_tree_at_Naples_FL_preserve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>banyan</b>, also spelled <b>banian</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BAN</span>-yən</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">fig</a> that develops accessory trunks from <a href="/wiki/Aerial_root#"Stranglers"_(prop-root)" title="Aerial root">adjacent prop roots</a>, allowing the tree to spread outwards indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinguishes banyans from other trees with a <a href="/wiki/Strangler_Fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Strangler Fig">strangler</a> habit that begin life as an <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphyte</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. a plant that grows on another plant, when its <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> germinates in a crack or crevice of a host tree or edifice. "Banyan" often specifically denotes <i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_benghalensis" title="Ficus benghalensis">Ficus benghalensis</a></i> (the "Indian banyan"), which is the <a href="/wiki/National_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="National tree">national tree</a> of India,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the name has also been generalized to denominate all figs that share a common life cycle and used <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematically</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> to denominate the <a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">subgenus</a> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ficus#Subgenus_Urostigma" title="Ficus">Urostigma</a></b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Banyan_Tree_Near_the_Law_College_in_FC_Compus_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ancient_Banyan_Tree_Near_the_Law_College_in_FC_Compus_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Ancient_Banyan_Tree_Near_the_Law_College_in_FC_Compus_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ancient_Banyan_Tree_Near_the_Law_College_in_FC_Compus_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Ancient_Banyan_Tree_Near_the_Law_College_in_FC_Compus_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ancient_Banyan_Tree_Near_the_Law_College_in_FC_Compus_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Ancient_Banyan_Tree_Near_the_Law_College_in_FC_Compus_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ancient banyan tree</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripe_Banyan_fruits_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ripe_Banyan_fruits_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ripe_Banyan_fruits_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ripe_Banyan_fruits_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ripe_Banyan_fruits_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ripe_Banyan_fruits_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ripe_Banyan_fruits_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Ripe banyan fruits</figcaption></figure> <p>Like other fig species, banyans bear their fruit in the form of a structure called a "<a href="/wiki/Syconium" title="Syconium">syconium</a>". The syconium of <i>Ficus</i> species supply shelter and food for <a href="/wiki/Fig_wasp" title="Fig wasp">fig wasps</a> and the trees depend on the fig wasps for pollination.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">Frugivore</a> birds disperse the seeds of banyans. The seeds are small, and because most banyans grow in <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a>, a seedling that germinates on the ground is unlikely to survive. However, many seeds fall on the branches and stems of other trees or on human edifices, and when they germinate they grow roots down toward the ground and consequently may envelop part of the host tree or edifice. This is colloquially known as a "<a href="/wiki/Strangler_fig" title="Strangler fig">strangler</a>" habit, which banyans share with a number of other tropical <i>Ficus</i> species, as well as some other unrelated genera such as <i><a href="/wiki/Clusia" title="Clusia">Clusia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Metrosideros" title="Metrosideros">Metrosideros</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaves of the banyan tree are large, leathery, glossy, green, and elliptical. Like most figs, the leaf bud is covered by two large scales. As the leaf develops the scales abscise. Young leaves have an attractive reddish tinge.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Lovely_Plants_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Lovely_Plants-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Older banyan trees are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Aerial_root" title="Aerial root">aerial prop roots</a> that mature into thick, woody trunks, which can become indistinguishable from the primary trunk with age. These aerial roots can become very numerous. <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Banyan" title="The Great Banyan">The Great Banyan</a> of Kolkata, which has been tracked carefully for many years, currently has 2,880 supplementary trunks.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such prop roots can be sixty feet (eighteen meters) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old trees can spread laterally by using these prop roots to grow over a wide area. In some species, the prop roots develop over a considerable area that resembles a grove of trees, with every trunk connected directly or indirectly to the primary trunk. The topology of this massive root system inspired the name of the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical#Degree_of_branching" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> computer network operating system "<a href="/wiki/Banyan_VINES" title="Banyan VINES">Banyan VINES</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strangler_fig_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Strangler_fig_inside.jpg/220px-Strangler_fig_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Strangler_fig_inside.jpg/330px-Strangler_fig_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Strangler_fig_inside.jpg/440px-Strangler_fig_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Looking upward inside a strangler fig where the host tree has rotted away, leaving a hollow, columnar fig tree</figcaption></figure> <p>In a banyan that envelops its host tree, the mesh of roots growing around the latter eventually applies considerable pressure to and commonly kills it. Such an enveloped, dead tree eventually decomposes, so that the banyan becomes a "columnar tree" with a hollow, central core. In jungles, such hollows are very desirable shelters to many animals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From research, it is known that the longevity of banyan tree is due to multiple signs of adaptive (MSA) evolution of genes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name was originally given to <i>F. benghalensis</i> and comes from India, where early European travelers observed that the shade of the tree was frequented by <i>Banyans</i> (a corruption of Baniyas, a community of Indian traders).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original banyan, <i>F. benghalensis</i>, can grow into a giant tree covering several hectares. Over time, the name became generalized to all <a href="/wiki/Strangler_fig" title="Strangler fig">strangler figs</a> of the <i>Urostigma</i> subgenus. The many banyan species also include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_microcarpa" title="Ficus microcarpa">Ficus microcarpa</a></i>, which is native to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">the Malay Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, is a significant invasive species elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Central American banyan (<i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_pertusa" title="Ficus pertusa">Ficus pertusa</a></i>) is native to Central America and northern South America, from southern Mexico south to <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The shortleaf fig (<i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_citrifolia" title="Ficus citrifolia">Ficus citrifolia</a></i>) is native to <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands, Central America, and South America south to Paraguay. One theory is that the Portuguese name for <i>F. citrofolia</i>, <i>os barbados</i>, gave <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> its name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Florida strangler fig (<i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_aurea" title="Ficus aurea">Ficus aurea</a></i>) is also native to South Florida and the Caribbean islands, and distinguished from the above by its coarser leaf venation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Moreton Bay fig (<i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_macrophylla" title="Ficus macrophylla">Ficus macrophylla</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Jackson fig">Port Jackson fig</a> (<i>Ficus rubiginosa</i>) are other related species.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_horticulture">In horticulture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In horticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the complex structure of the roots and extensive branching, the banyan is used as a subject specimen in <a href="/wiki/Penjing" title="Penjing">penjing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a>. The oldest living bonsai in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> is a 240-year-old banyan tree housed in <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_mythology">Religion and mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion and mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banyan trees figure prominently in several Asian and Pacific religions and myths, including: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the leaf of the banyan tree is said to be the resting place for the god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd>In the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavat_Gita" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavat Gita">Bhagavat Gita</a>, Krishna said, "There is a banyan tree which has its roots upward and its branches down, and the Vedic hymns are its leaves. One who knows this tree is the knower of the Vedas." (Bg 15.1) Here the material world is described as a tree whose roots are upwards and branches are below. We have experience of a tree whose roots are upward: if one stands on the bank of a river or any reservoir of water, he can see that the trees reflected in the water are upside down. The branches go downward and the roots upward. Similarly, this material world is a reflection of the spiritual world. The material world is but a shadow of reality. In the shadow there is no reality or substantiality, but from the shadow we can understand that there is substance and reality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vat_Purnima" title="Vat Purnima">Vat Purnima</a> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Hindu festival</a> related to the banyan tree. Vat Purnima is observed by married women in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> and in the Western Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the three days of the month of <a href="/wiki/Jyeshtha_(month)" title="Jyeshtha (month)">Jyeshtha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> (which falls in May–June in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>) married women observe a fast and tie threads around a banyan tree and pray for the well-being of their husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pali_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali canon">Pali canon</a>, the banyan (Pali: <i>nigrodha</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is referenced numerous times.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical metaphors allude to the banyan's <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytic</a> nature, likening the banyan's supplanting of a host tree as comparable to the way sensual desire (<i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāma">kāma</a></i>) overcomes humans.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a> believe in tales of <i><a href="/wiki/Taotaomona" class="mw-redirect" title="Taotaomona">taotaomona</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Duende_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duende (mythology)"><i>duende</i>s</a>, and other spirits.<i> Taotaomona</i> are spirits of the ancient Chamorro that act as guardians to banyan trees.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Vietnamese mythology of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Mid-Autumn Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_pareidolia" title="Lunar pareidolia">dark markings</a> on the Moon are a banyan, a magical tree originally planted by <a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon" title="Man in the Moon">a man named Cuội</a> on Earth. When his wife watered it with unclean water, the tree uprooted itself with the man hanging on it and flew to the Moon, where he eternally accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Moon Lady</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moon_Rabbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon Rabbit">Jade Rabbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, they are usually referred to as <a href="/wiki/Balete_tree" title="Balete tree">balete trees</a>, which are home to certain deities and spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, the tree is referred to as gajumaru, which, according to traditional folklore, is the home for the mythical <a href="/wiki/Kijimuna" title="Kijimuna">Kijimuna</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_banyan_trees">Notable banyan trees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable banyan trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thimmamma_Marrimanu" title="Thimmamma Marrimanu">Thimmamma Marrimanu</a> is a banyan tree in <a href="/wiki/Anantapur" title="Anantapur">Anantapur</a>, located circa 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the town of Kadiri in the state of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, India. It is present in the Indian Botanical Gardens and is more than 550 years old. Its <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a> covers 19,107 m<sup>2</sup> (4.721 acres) <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One of the largest trees, <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Banyan" title="The Great Banyan">the Great Banyan</a> is found in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India. Its canopy covers 4.67 acres (1.89 ha)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Another such tree, <a href="/wiki/Dodda_Aalada_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodda Aalada Mara">Dodda Aalada Mara</a> as in "Big Banyan Tree", is found in the village of Ramohalli, on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, India; it has a spread of circa 2.5 acres.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iolani_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolani Palace">Iolani Palace</a> banyans in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii. In the 1880s <a href="/wiki/Queen_Kapiolani" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Kapiolani">Queen Kapiolani</a> planted two banyan trees within the <a href="/wiki/Iolani_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolani Palace">Iolani Palace</a> grounds. These trees have since grown into large groupings of trees on the old historic palace grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>, Hawaii has the <a href="/wiki/Banyan_tree_in_Lahaina" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyan tree in Lahaina">Banyan tree in Lahaina</a> planted by <a href="/wiki/William_Owen_Smith" title="William Owen Smith">William Owen Smith</a> on 24 April 1873, in <a href="/wiki/Lahaina_Banyan_Court_Park" title="Lahaina Banyan Court Park">Lahaina's Courthouse Square</a> to mark the 50th anniversary of the arrival of the first American Protestant mission. It has grown to cover two-thirds of an acre.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tree was severely damaged by the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hawaii_wildfires" title="2023 Hawaii wildfires">2023 Hawaii wildfires</a> from 8–9 August which also severely damaged the town of <a href="/wiki/Lahaina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahaina">Lahaina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One large banyan tree, Kalpabata, is inside the premises of <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>. It is considered sacred by the devotees and is supposed to be more than 500 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A large banyan tree lives in <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Gardens" title="Cypress Gardens">Cypress Gardens</a>, at the Legoland theme park located in Winter Haven, Florida. It was planted in 1939 in a 5-gallon bucket.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ts-adyar.org/content/banyan-tree">Adayar Banyan Tree</a>, located in the Theosophical Society Campus in Adayar, Chennai, India, is around 450 years old.</li> <li>The banyan tree from <a href="/wiki/Miary" title="Miary">Miary</a>, Madagascar which is said to be 1,700 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The banyan tree is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Indonesia">coat of arms of Indonesia</a> as a manifestation of the third principle of <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a> (the unity of all of Indonesia). It is also used in the emblem of <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> </i>magazine features an opinion column covering topics pertaining to Asia named "Banyan".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In southern <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, the clearings under banyan trees are used as <a href="/wiki/Nakamal" title="Nakamal">traditional meeting places</a>. The quarterly newsletter of the British Friends of Vanuatu Society is named <i>Nabanga</i>, after the local word for banyan.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Banyan Tree</i> is a notoriously difficult room in the 1984 <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> <a href="/wiki/Platform_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform game">platform game</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Jet_Set_Willy" title="Jet Set Willy">Jet Set Willy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Foggy Swamp in <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender" title="Avatar: The Last Airbender">Avatar: The Last Airbender</a></i> consists of a single banyan grove tree.<sup id="cite_ref-ATLA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The title track from <a href="/wiki/Steely_Dan" title="Steely Dan">Steely Dan</a>'s 1977 album <a href="/wiki/Aja_(album)" title="Aja (album)">Aja</a> contains the lyric "Chinese music under banyan trees, here at the dude ranch, above the sea."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 13 December 2021, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) general secretary <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> personally intervened to punish and demote 10 CCP officials in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> after they cut down or uprooted thousands of banyan trees.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During the age of sail, 'Banyan' was used as an expression for a party, especially one at the fo'c'sle. This is likely due to religious festivals in India being held under the tree, of which East Indiamen would have been familiar.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strangler_fig_kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early stages of a strangler fig on a host tree in the Western Ghats, India"><img alt="Early stages of a strangler fig on a host tree in the Western Ghats, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Strangler_fig_kerala.jpg/90px-Strangler_fig_kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Strangler_fig_kerala.jpg/135px-Strangler_fig_kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Strangler_fig_kerala.jpg/180px-Strangler_fig_kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early stages of a strangler fig on a host tree in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vat_Purnima_image_by_Raju_Kasambe_DSCN6393_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="During Vat Purnima festival, married women tying threads around a banyan tree."><img alt="During Vat Purnima festival, married women tying threads around a banyan tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vat_Purnima_image_by_Raju_Kasambe_DSCN6393_07.jpg/120px-Vat_Purnima_image_by_Raju_Kasambe_DSCN6393_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vat_Purnima_image_by_Raju_Kasambe_DSCN6393_07.jpg/180px-Vat_Purnima_image_by_Raju_Kasambe_DSCN6393_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vat_Purnima_image_by_Raju_Kasambe_DSCN6393_07.jpg/240px-Vat_Purnima_image_by_Raju_Kasambe_DSCN6393_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">During <a href="/wiki/Vat_Purnima" title="Vat Purnima">Vat Purnima</a> festival, married women tying threads around a banyan tree.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarkaradevi_Temple_Ficus_Tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ficus tree in front of Sarkaradevi Temple, Kerala, India."><img alt="Ficus tree in front of Sarkaradevi Temple, Kerala, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sarkaradevi_Temple_Ficus_Tree.jpg/107px-Sarkaradevi_Temple_Ficus_Tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sarkaradevi_Temple_Ficus_Tree.jpg/161px-Sarkaradevi_Temple_Ficus_Tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sarkaradevi_Temple_Ficus_Tree.jpg/215px-Sarkaradevi_Temple_Ficus_Tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="674" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ficus tree in front of <a href="/wiki/Sarkaradevi_Temple" title="Sarkaradevi Temple">Sarkaradevi Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_great_banyan_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Banyan in Kolkata, India."><img alt="The Great Banyan in Kolkata, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_great_banyan_tree.jpg/120px-The_great_banyan_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_great_banyan_tree.jpg/180px-The_great_banyan_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_great_banyan_tree.jpg/240px-The_great_banyan_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Banyan" title="The Great Banyan">The Great Banyan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thimmamma-marrimanu_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thimmamma Marrimanu"><img alt="Thimmamma Marrimanu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Thimmamma-marrimanu_1.jpg/120px-Thimmamma-marrimanu_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Thimmamma-marrimanu_1.jpg/180px-Thimmamma-marrimanu_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Thimmamma-marrimanu_1.jpg/240px-Thimmamma-marrimanu_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thimmamma Marrimanu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of Indonesia depicts a banyan tree."><img alt="The coat of arms of Indonesia depicts a banyan tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/112px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/168px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/223px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Indonesia">coat of arms of Indonesia</a> depicts a banyan tree.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midh_Ranjha#Big_Banyan_Tree_of_Pakistan" title="Midh Ranjha">Midh Ranjha tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/banian">"banian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=banian&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fbanian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-armstrong-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-armstrong_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1999" class="citation web cs1">Armstrong, Wayne (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004090146/https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/ploct99.htm">"Stranglers & Banyans"</a>. <i>Wayne's Word</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/ploct99.htm">the original</a> on 4 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wayne%27s+Word&rft.atitle=Stranglers+%26+Banyans&rft.date=1999-10&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.palomar.edu%2Fusers%2Fwarmstrong%2Fploct99.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Laman, Timothy G. (1995). "The Ecology of Strangler Fig Seedling Establishment". <i>Selbyana</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 223–9. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41759910">41759910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Selbyana&rft.atitle=The+Ecology+of+Strangler+Fig+Seedling+Establishment&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-9&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41759910%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Laman&rft.aufirst=Timothy+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213035748/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=5">"National Tree"</a>. <i>Know India</i>. Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=5">the original</a> on 13 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Know+India&rft.atitle=National+Tree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.india.gov.in%2Fknowindia%2Fnational_symbols.php%3Fid%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note the use of "Banyan" versus "banyan" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthreya1997" class="citation journal cs1">Athreya, Vidya R. (July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/002/07/0067-0074">"Nature Watch: Trees with a Difference: The Strangler Figs"</a>. <i>Resonance</i>. <b>2</b> (7): 67–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02838593">10.1007/BF02838593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125012527">125012527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resonance&rft.atitle=Nature+Watch%3A+Trees+with+a+Difference%3A+The+Strangler+Figs&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=67-74&rft.date=1997-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02838593&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125012527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Athreya&rft.aufirst=Vidya+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Farticle%2Ffulltext%2Freso%2F002%2F07%2F0067-0074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span>; also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070904203747/http://depts.washington.edu/tc596jan/samoa/playground/banyans.php?r=n">"Aerial-Rooting Banyan Trees"</a>. <i>Natural History Guide To American Samoa</i>. University of Washington. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/tc596jan/samoa/playground/banyans.php?r=n">the original</a> on 4 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natural+History+Guide+To+American+Samoa&rft.atitle=Aerial-Rooting+Banyan+Trees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Ftc596jan%2Fsamoa%2Fplayground%2Fbanyans.php%3Fr%3Dn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangWangZhangChen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Xingtan; Wang, Gang; Zhang, Shengcheng; Chen, Shuai; Wang, Yibin; Wen, Ping; Ma, Xiaokai; Shi, Yan; Qi, Rui; Yang, Yang; Liao, Zhenyang; Lin, Jing; Lin, Jishan; Xu, Xiuming; Chen, Xuequn (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.09.043">"Genomes of the Banyan Tree and Pollinator Wasp Provide Insights into Fig-Wasp Coevolution"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>183</b> (4): 875–889.e17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.09.043">10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.043</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4172">1097-4172</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33035453">33035453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Genomes+of+the+Banyan+Tree+and+Pollinator+Wasp+Provide+Insights+into+Fig-Wasp+Coevolution&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=875-889.e17&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft.issn=1097-4172&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33035453&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.09.043&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xingtan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Gang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shengcheng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Shuai&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yibin&rft.au=Wen%2C+Ping&rft.au=Ma%2C+Xiaokai&rft.au=Shi%2C+Yan&rft.au=Qi%2C+Rui&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yang&rft.au=Liao%2C+Zhenyang&rft.au=Lin%2C+Jing&rft.au=Lin%2C+Jishan&rft.au=Xu%2C+Xiuming&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xuequn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2020.09.043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou_ZhekunGilbert2003" class="citation book cs1">Zhou Zhekun; Gilbert, Michael G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901100148/http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume05/Moraceae.pdf">"Moraceae"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Zhengyi Wu; Raven, Peter H.; Deyuan Hong (eds.). <i>Flora of China</i>. Vol. 5. Science Press. pp. 21–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930723-27-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930723-27-6"><bdi>978-1-930723-27-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume05/Moraceae.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moraceae&rft.btitle=Flora+of+China&rft.pages=21-73&rft.pub=Science+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-930723-27-6&rft.au=Zhou+Zhekun&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Michael+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhua.huh.harvard.edu%2Fchina%2Fmss%2Fvolume05%2FMoraceae.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFServenty1984" class="citation book cs1">Serventy, Vincent (1984). <i>Australian Native Plants</i>. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Reed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7301-0020-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7301-0020-1"><bdi>978-0-7301-0020-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Native+Plants&rft.place=Frenchs+Forest%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Reed&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7301-0020-1&rft.aulast=Serventy&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529233702/http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00820ar.pdf">"Light in the Rainforest"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tropical Topics</i>. Vol. 1, no. 5. Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage. 1992. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00820ar.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropical+Topics&rft.atitle=Light+in+the+Rainforest&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.qld.gov.au%2Fregister%2Fp00820ar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Lovely_Plants-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Lovely_Plants_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316230231/http://www.thelovelyplants.com/the-banyan-tree/">"The Banyan Tree"</a>. <i>The Lovely Plants</i>. 14 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelovelyplants.com/the-banyan-tree/">the original</a> on 16 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lovely+Plants&rft.atitle=The+Banyan+Tree&rft.date=2010-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelovelyplants.com%2Fthe-banyan-tree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenBaker2009" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Richard; Baker, Kimbal (2009). <i>Australia's Remarkable Trees</i>. Melbourne: Miegunyah Press. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Remarkable+Trees&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Miegunyah+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Baker%2C+Kimbal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florist and Pomologist, (February 1867) page 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Garden (London),Volume 3 (8 February 1873) page 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestHobbs2020" class="citation book cs1">West, David; Hobbs, Kevin (2020). "Banyan: Home to the Lac". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hK4gEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Story of Trees: And How They Changed the Way We Live</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Laurence_King_Publishing" title="Laurence King Publishing">Laurence King Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78627-789-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78627-789-3"><bdi>978-1-78627-789-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banyan%3A+Home+to+the+Lac&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Trees%3A+And+How+They+Changed+the+Way+We+Live&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78627-789-3&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hobbs%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhK4gEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad2022" class="citation news cs1">Prasad, R. (17 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/genes-responsible-for-long-lifespan-of-banyan-peepal-trees-identified/article66271053.ece">"Genes responsible for long lifespan of banyan, peepal trees identified"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Genes+responsible+for+long+lifespan+of+banyan%2C+peepal+trees+identified&rft.date=2022-12-17&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fscience%2Fgenes-responsible-for-long-lifespan-of-banyan-peepal-trees-identified%2Farticle66271053.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuleBurnell1903" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1903). Crooke, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hobsonjobsonagl02croogoog#page/n116/mode/1up"><i>Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive</i></a> (New ed.). London: J. Murray. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobson-Jobson%3A+A+glossary+of+colloquial+Anglo-Indian+words+and+phrases%2C+and+of+kindred+terms%2C+etymological%2C+historical%2C+geographical+and+discursive&rft.place=London&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Burnell%2C+Arthur+Coke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhobsonjobsonagl02croogoog%23page%2Fn116%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:853217-1">"Ficus microcarpa L.f. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"</a>. <i>Plants of the World Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Ficus+microcarpa+L.f.+%7C+Plants+of+the+World+Online+%7C+Kew+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A853217-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2005/09/22/2003272719">"Small Is the Old Big"</a>. <i>Taipei Times</i>. 22 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Small+Is+the+Old+Big&rft.date=2005-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2005%2F09%2F22%2F2003272719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerkar2009" class="citation news cs1">Kerkar, Rajendra P (7 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Vat-Pournima-Worship-of-the-banyan-tree/articleshow/4625988.cms">"Vat-Pournima: Worship of the banyan tree"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Vat-Pournima%3A+Worship+of+the+banyan+tree&rft.date=2009-06-07&rft.aulast=Kerkar&rft.aufirst=Rajendra+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2FVat-Pournima-Worship-of-the-banyan-tree%2Farticleshow%2F4625988.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/Mumbai--Women-celebrate-Vat-Purnima-at-Jogeshwari-station-16259170">"Mumbai: Women celebrate Vat Purnima at Jogeshwari station"</a>. <i>Mid Day</i>. 2 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mid+Day&rft.atitle=Mumbai%3A+Women+celebrate+Vat+Purnima+at+Jogeshwari+station&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Fmumbai%2Fmumbai-news%2Farticle%2FMumbai--Women-celebrate-Vat-Purnima-at-Jogeshwari-station-16259170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhys_DavidsStede1921–1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T.W._Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="T.W. Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids, T. W.</a>; Stede, William, eds. (1921–1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=nigrodha&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact"><i>The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary</i></a>. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. p. 355, entry "Nigrodha,"<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pali+Text+Society%27s+Pali-English+dictionary&rft.place=Chipstead&rft.pages=355%2C+entry+%22Nigrodha%2C%22&rft.pub=Pali+Text+Society&rft.date=1921%2F1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fapp%2Fpali_query.py%3Fqs%3Dnigrodha%26searchhws%3Dyes%26matchtype%3Dexact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, the automated search of the SLTP ed. of the Pali Canon for the root "nigrodh" which results in 243 matches <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202012916/http://www.bodhgayanews.net/pitakaresults.php?title=&start=0&to=10&searchstring=Nigrodh">"Search term 'Nigrodh' found in 243 pages in all documents"</a>. <i>Bodhgayanews.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodhgayanews.net/pitakaresults.php?title=&start=0&to=10&searchstring=Nigrodh">the original</a> on 2 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bodhgayanews.net&rft.atitle=Search+term+%27Nigrodh%27+found+in+243+pages+in+all+documents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodhgayanews.net%2Fpitakaresults.php%3Ftitle%3D%26start%3D0%26to%3D10%26searchstring%3DNigrodh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 46.39, "Trees [Discourse]," trans. by Bhikkhu Bodhi (2000), <i>Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya</i> (Boston: Wisdom Publications), pp. 1593, 1906 n. 81; and, <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sn</a> 2.5 v. 271 or 272 (<a href="/wiki/Viggo_Fausb%C3%B6ll" title="Viggo Fausböll">Fausböll</a>, 1881, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe10/sbe1034.htm">p. 46</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Ghost stories: Taotaomona, duendes and other spirits inhabit Guam". <i>Pacific Daily News</i>. Guam. 28 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Ghost+stories%3A+Taotaomona%2C+duendes+and+other+spirits+inhabit+Guam&rft.date=2007-10-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vietnam.com/en/culture/art/fairy-tales/chu-cuoi-or-the-man-in-the-moon.html">"Chú Cuội or The Man in the Moon"</a>. <i>VIETNAM.COM</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VIETNAM.COM&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%BA+Cu%E1%BB%99i+or+The+Man+in+the+Moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnam.com%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fart%2Ffairy-tales%2Fchu-cuoi-or-the-man-in-the-moon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnam.travel/things-to-do/vietnams-magical-mid-autumn-festival">"Vietnam's magical Mid-autumn Festival"</a>. <i>Vietnam Tourism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vietnam+Tourism&rft.atitle=Vietnam%27s+magical+Mid-autumn+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnam.travel%2Fthings-to-do%2Fvietnams-magical-mid-autumn-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellie Leandicho Lopez (2006). A Handbook of Philippine Folklore. University of the Philippines Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/thimmamma-marrimanu">"The World's Largest Banyan Tree"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Largest+Banyan+Tree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fplaces%2Fthimmamma-marrimanu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._K._Clark2001" class="citation book cs1">John R. K. Clark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=cpn&l=en"><i>Hawai'i place names: shores, beaches, and surf sites</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2451-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2451-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-2451-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawai%27i+place+names%3A+shores%2C+beaches%2C+and+surf+sites&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2451-8&rft.au=John+R.+K.+Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulukau.org%2Felib%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fc%3Dcpn%26l%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/October-2015/Friday-Frights-The-Ghosts-Who-Haunt-Iolani-Palace/">Friday Frights: The Ghosts Who Haunt Hawai'i's Historic 'Iolani Palace</a> Honolulu Magazine. By Diane Lee. 6 October 2017. Downloaded 22 September 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnguiano2023" class="citation news cs1">Anguiano, Dani (10 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/10/lahaina-banyan-tree-burned-hawaii-wildfire">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Heartbeat of Lahaina Town': wildfire chars beloved 150-year-old banyan tree"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Herbert Jenkins Ltd. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0257657681" title="Special:BookSources/0257657681"><bdi>0257657681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shanties+and+Sailors%27+Songs&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Herbert+Jenkins+Ltd&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0257657681&rft.aulast=Hugill&rft.aufirst=Stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banyan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Banyans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Banyans">Banyans</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518225344/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ploct99.htm">Stranglers and Banyans</a>, palomar.edu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194931/http://plantcultures.org.uk/plants/banyan_landing.html">Plant Cultures: Banyan tree history and botany</a>, plantcultures.org.uk</li></ul> <div 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Template:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Template talk:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Worship_in_Hinduism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship in Hinduism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Ārati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshan_(Indian_religions)" title="Darshan (Indian religions)">Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsava" title="Utsava">Utsava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhog" title="Bhog">Bhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Parikrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran%C4%81ma" title="Pranāma">Pranāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasada" title="Prasada">Prasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpanjali" title="Pushpanjali">Pushpanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnicayana" title="Agnicayana">Agnicayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnikaryam" title="Agnikaryam">Agnikaryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupasana" title="Aupasana">Aupasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyakarma" title="Kamyakarma">Kamyakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravargya" title="Pravargya">Pravargya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushamedha" title="Purushamedha">Purushamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrakameshti" title="Putrakameshti">Putrakameshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraja_Homa" title="Viraja Homa">Viraja Homa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achamana" title="Achamana">Achamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing#Hinduism" title="Blessing">Ashirvada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmkand">Karmakāṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhabhishekham" title="Kumbhabhishekham">Kumbhabhishekham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityakarma" title="Nityakarma">Nityakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngejot" title="Ngejot">Ngejot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prana Pratishtha">Prana Pratishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upakarma" title="Upakarma">Upakarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prayer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajapa_japa" title="Ajapa japa">Ajapa japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmamuhurta" title="Brahmamuhurta">Brahmamuhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagarana" title="Jagarana">Jagarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">Śaktipāta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_thali" title="Puja thali">Puja thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar#Hinduism" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banalinga" title="Banalinga">Banalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biruda" title="Biruda">Biruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunachi" title="Dhunachi">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhupa" title="Dhupa">Dhupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">Cāmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Joss stick">Agarabattī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamandalu" title="Kamandalu">Kamandalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirapat" title="Khirapat">Khirapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindi_(vessel)" title="Kindi (vessel)">Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolavar" title="Moolavar">Mulavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduka" title="Paduka">Paduka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Palki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">Pandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">Pinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilakamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsavar">Utsavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Yajnopavitam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">Agarwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu" title="Charu">Charu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_in_India" title="Incense in India">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkuma" title="Kumkuma">Kumkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakam" title="Panakam">Panakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Candana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindūra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjira">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhatu" title="Ashtadhatu">Ashtadhatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaloha" title="Panchaloha">Panchaloha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindi_(Hindu_iconography)" title="Pindi (Hindu iconography)">Pindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillaiyar_Su%E1%B8%BBi" title="Pillaiyar Suḻi">Pillaiyar Suḻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">Shaligram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_iconography" title="Category:Hindu iconography">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhwaja_Stambha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhwaja Stambha">Dhvajastambham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">Temple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">Pujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purohita" title="Purohita">Purohita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_and_occupations_in_Hinduism" title="Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Sacred_status_of_cow" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Trees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshayavata" title="Akshayavata">Akshayavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolamarckia_cadamba" title="Neolamarckia cadamba">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpavriksha" title="Kalpavriksha">Kalpavriksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Parijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Peepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Fruits and other plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata" title="Desmostachya bipinnata">Kusha grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vrindavana" title="Tulasi Vrindavana">Tulasi Vrindavana</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_dance" title="Temple dance">Temple dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ficus <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Urostigma</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465570" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q465570">Q465570</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/74878">74878</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Ficus%20subg.%20Urostigma">Ficus subg. Urostigma</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=313026">313026</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/475313">475313</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/60467975-2">60467975-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40022184">40022184</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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