Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials

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Heat removal has become a crucial issue for continuing progress in the electronic industry, and thermal conduction in low-dimensional structures has revealed truly intriguing features. Carbon allotropes and their derivatives occupy a unique place in terms of their ability to conduct heat. The room-temperature thermal conductivity of carbon materials span an extraordinary large range — of over five orders of magnitude — from the lowest in amorphous carbons to the highest in graphene and carbon nanotubes. Here, I review the thermal properties of carbon materials focusing on recent results for graphene, carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbon materials with different degrees of disorder. Special attention is given to the unusual size dependence of heat conduction in two-dimensional crystals and, specifically, in graphene. I also describe the prospects of applications of graphene and carbon materials for thermal management of electronics. The thermal properties of nanostructures have become a fundamental topic owing to the necessity of heat removal in increasingly smaller electronic devices. Carbon allotropes present a range of intriguing thermal features, with the thermal conductivity spanning five orders of magnitude at room temperature. The topic is reviewed here with particular emphasis on graphene, which exhibits the highest thermal conductivity observed.","datePublished":"2011-07-22T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2011-07-22T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"569","pageEnd":"581","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3064","keywords":["Carbon nanotubes and fullerenes","Electronic properties and materials","Graphene","Thermoelectrics","Materials Science","general","Optical and Electronic Materials","Biomaterials","Nanotechnology","Condensed Matter Physics"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnmat3064/MediaObjects/41563_2011_Article_BFnmat3064_Fig1_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnmat3064/MediaObjects/41563_2011_Article_BFnmat3064_Fig2_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnmat3064/MediaObjects/41563_2011_Article_BFnmat3064_Figa_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnmat3064/MediaObjects/41563_2011_Article_BFnmat3064_Fig3_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnmat3064/MediaObjects/41563_2011_Article_BFnmat3064_Fig4_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnmat3064/MediaObjects/41563_2011_Article_BFnmat3064_Figb_HTML.jpg"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Nature Materials","issn":["1476-4660","1476-1122"],"volumeNumber":"10","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group UK","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Alexander A. Balandin","affiliation":[{"name":"Bourns College of Engineering, University of California","address":{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"balandin@ee.ucr.edu","@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nmat3064"> <meta name="journal_id" content="41563"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Nature Materials 2011 10:8"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2011-07-22"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2011 Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2011 Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Recent years have seen a rapid growth of interest by the scientific and engineering communities in the thermal properties of materials. Heat removal has become a crucial issue for continuing progress in the electronic industry, and thermal conduction in low-dimensional structures has revealed truly intriguing features. Carbon allotropes and their derivatives occupy a unique place in terms of their ability to conduct heat. The room-temperature thermal conductivity of carbon materials span an extraordinary large range — of over five orders of magnitude — from the lowest in amorphous carbons to the highest in graphene and carbon nanotubes. Here, I review the thermal properties of carbon materials focusing on recent results for graphene, carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbon materials with different degrees of disorder. Special attention is given to the unusual size dependence of heat conduction in two-dimensional crystals and, specifically, in graphene. I also describe the prospects of applications of graphene and carbon materials for thermal management of electronics. The thermal properties of nanostructures have become a fundamental topic owing to the necessity of heat removal in increasingly smaller electronic devices. Carbon allotropes present a range of intriguing thermal features, with the thermal conductivity spanning five orders of magnitude at room temperature. 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Heat removal has become a crucial issue for continuing progress in the electronic industry, and thermal conduction in low-dimensional structures has revealed truly intriguing features. Carbon allotropes and their derivatives occupy a unique place in terms of their ability to conduct heat. The room-temperature thermal conductivity of carbon materials span an extraordinary large range — of over five orders of magnitude — from the lowest in amorphous carbons to the highest in graphene and carbon nanotubes. Here, I review the thermal properties of carbon materials focusing on recent results for graphene, carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbon materials with different degrees of disorder. Special attention is given to the unusual size dependence of heat conduction in two-dimensional crystals and, specifically, in graphene. I also describe the prospects of applications of graphene and carbon materials for thermal management of electronics. The thermal properties of nanostructures have become a fundamental topic owing to the necessity of heat removal in increasingly smaller electronic devices. Carbon allotropes present a range of intriguing thermal features, with the thermal conductivity spanning five orders of magnitude at room temperature. The topic is reviewed here with particular emphasis on graphene, which exhibits the highest thermal conductivity observed."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Balandin, Alexander A."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Carbon nanotubes and fullerenes"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Electronic properties and materials"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Graphene"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Thermoelectrics"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Balandin, A. A. Better computing through CPU cooling. 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c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Alexander_A_-Balandin-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Alexander_A_-Balandin-Aff1" data-author-search="Balandin, Alexander A." data-corresp-id="c1">Alexander A. Balandin<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/nmat" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Materials</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 10</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>569–581 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2011</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">61k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">4866 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">20 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nmat3064/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/carbon-nanotubes-and-fullerenes" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Carbon nanotubes and fullerenes</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/electronic-properties-and-materials" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Electronic properties and materials</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/graphene" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Graphene</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/thermoelectrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Thermoelectrics</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Recent years have seen a rapid growth of interest by the scientific and engineering communities in the thermal properties of materials. Heat removal has become a crucial issue for continuing progress in the electronic industry, and thermal conduction in low-dimensional structures has revealed truly intriguing features. Carbon allotropes and their derivatives occupy a unique place in terms of their ability to conduct heat. The room-temperature thermal conductivity of carbon materials span an extraordinary large range — of over five orders of magnitude — from the lowest in amorphous carbons to the highest in graphene and carbon nanotubes. Here, I review the thermal properties of carbon materials focusing on recent results for graphene, carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbon materials with different degrees of disorder. Special attention is given to the unusual size dependence of heat conduction in two-dimensional crystals and, specifically, in graphene. 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Saito, L. Lindsay, N. Mingo, C. Dames, R. S. Ruoff, L. Shi, N. Mounet, N. Marzari, B. Q. Ai and T. Heinz for providing figure files. I thank E. P. Pokatilov, D. Nika, C. Dames, L. Shi, D. Cahill, N. Mingo, R. S. Ruoff, P. Kim, J. Shi, M. Dresselhaus, A. Geim and K. Novoselov for useful discussions. This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) through award N00014-10-1-0224, Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) through Focus Center Research Program (FCRP) Center on Functional Engineered Nano Architectonics (FENA), and DARPA Defense Microelectronics Activity (DMEA) under agreement H94003-10-2-1003. Past funding from US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) through contract A9550-08-1-0100 is also acknowledged.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Electrical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 92521, California, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Alexander A. Balandin</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Alexander_A_-Balandin-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Alexander A. 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Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials. <i>Nature Mater</i> <b>10</b>, 569–581 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3064</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/nmat3064?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2011-07-22">22 July 2011</time></span></p></li><li 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