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formalizing</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: formalizing"> <meta name="keywords" content="formalizing"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="formalizing"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 13</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: formalizing</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Formalizing the Sense Relation of Hyponymy from Logical Point of View: A Study of Mathematical Linguistics in Farsi</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Ramezankhani">Maryam Ramezankhani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present research tries to study the possibility of formalizing the sense relation of hyponymy. It applied mathematical tools and also uses mathematical logic concepts especially those from propositional logic. In order to do so, firstly, it goes over the definitions of hyponymy presented in linguistic dictionaries and semantic textbooks. Then, it introduces a formal translation of the sense relation of hyponymy. Lastly, it examines the efficiency of the suggested formula by some examples of natural language. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense%20relations" title="sense relations">sense relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyponymy" title=" hyponymy"> hyponymy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formalizing" title=" formalizing"> formalizing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=words%E2%80%99%20sense%20relation" title=" words’ sense relation"> words’ sense relation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formalizing%20sense%20relations" title=" formalizing sense relations"> formalizing sense relations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76340/formalizing-the-sense-relation-of-hyponymy-from-logical-point-of-view-a-study-of-mathematical-linguistics-in-farsi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76340.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Formal Verification for Ethereum Smart Contract Using Coq</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xia%20Yang">Xia Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zheng%20Yang"> Zheng Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haiyong%20Sun"> Haiyong Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Fang"> Yan Fang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingyu%20Liu"> Jingyu Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jia%20Song"> Jia Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The smart contract in Ethereum is a unique program deployed on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) to help manage cryptocurrency. The security of this smart contract is critical to Ethereum’s operation and highly sensitive. In this paper, we present a formal model for smart contract, using the separated term-obligation (STO) strategy to formalize and verify the smart contract. We use the IBM smart sponsor contract (SSC) as an example to elaborate the detail of the formalizing process. We also propose a formal smart sponsor contract model (FSSCM) and verify SSC’s security properties with an interactive theorem prover Coq. We found the 'Unchecked-Send' vulnerability in the SSC, using our formal model and verification method. Finally, we demonstrate how we can formalize and verify other smart contracts with this approach, and our work indicates that this formal verification can effectively verify the correctness and security of smart contracts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20contract" title="smart contract">smart contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formal%20verification" title=" formal verification"> formal verification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethereum" title=" Ethereum"> Ethereum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coq" title=" Coq"> Coq</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85595/formal-verification-for-ethereum-smart-contract-using-coq" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">691</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Governance Framework for an Emerging Trust Ecosystem with a Blockchain-Based Supply Chain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismael%20%C3%81vila">Ismael Ávila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Reynaldo%20F.%20Filho"> José Reynaldo F. Filho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vasco%20Varanda%20Picchi"> Vasco Varanda Picchi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ever-growing consumer awareness of food provenance in Brazil is driving the creation of a trusted ecosystem around the animal protein supply chain. The traceability and accountability requirements of such an ecosystem demand a blockchain layer to strengthen the weak links in that chain. For that, direct involvement of the companies in the blockchain transactions, including as validator nodes of the network, implies formalizing a partnership with the consortium behind the ecosystem. Yet, their compliance standards usually require that a formal governance structure is in place before they agree with any membership terms. In light of such a strategic role of blockchain governance, the paper discusses a framework for tailoring a governance model for a blockchain-based solution aimed at the meat supply chain and evaluates principles and attributes in terms of their relevance to the development of a robust trust ecosystem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blockchain" title="blockchain">blockchain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trust%20ecosystem" title=" trust ecosystem"> trust ecosystem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain" title=" supply chain"> supply chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traceability" title=" traceability"> traceability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153296/governance-framework-for-an-emerging-trust-ecosystem-with-a-blockchain-based-supply-chain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Formalizing a Procedure for Generating Uncertain Resource Availability Assumptions Based on Real Time Logistic Data Capturing with Auto-ID Systems for Reactive Scheduling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lars%20Lau%C3%9Fat">Lars Laußat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manfred%20Helmus"> Manfred Helmus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamil%20Szczesny"> Kamil Szczesny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Markus%20K%C3%B6nig"> Markus König</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As one result of the project “Reactive Construction Project Scheduling using Real Time Construction Logistic Data and Simulation”, a procedure for using data about uncertain resource availability assumptions in reactive scheduling processes has been developed. Prediction data about resource availability is generated in a formalized way using real-time monitoring data e.g. from auto-ID systems on the construction site and in the supply chains. The paper focuses on the formalization of the procedure for monitoring construction logistic processes, for the detection of disturbance and for generating of new and uncertain scheduling assumptions for the reactive resource constrained simulation procedure that is and will be further described in other papers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auto-ID" title="auto-ID">auto-ID</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20logistic" title=" construction logistic"> construction logistic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy" title=" fuzzy"> fuzzy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring" title=" monitoring"> monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RFID" title=" RFID"> RFID</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scheduling" title=" scheduling"> scheduling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10447/formalizing-a-procedure-for-generating-uncertain-resource-availability-assumptions-based-on-real-time-logistic-data-capturing-with-auto-id-systems-for-reactive-scheduling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10447.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">513</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Role of Music Education as a Pillar in Sustainable Development of India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rohit%20Rutka">Rohit Rutka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the present paper is to reveal the importance of music as an indispensable aspect in education of art, with regard to every single culture which serves as indisputable support to sustainable development in India. Indian system of education is one of the oldest systems of the world. Both secular and sacred education was handed over systematically by formalizing the system of education. We have found significant growth in the system of education in our country since ancient times. It is a veritable avenue which enables societies to transmit music and musical skills from one generation to the upcoming ones. The research is based on a comprehensive literature review on the impact of music to sustainable development. This paper contextualized that music education is imperative to Sustainable Development, to the adult. It is a vital force of self-expression, communication and empowerment economically, in growing children, involvement in music education will promote their creative ability, thereby contribute to the full development of intellectual capacities, apt emotional development that gives the right values and feelings to various events and happenings, music helps to develop skills, innate and instinctive talent in human being and recommend that the informal music teaching should be incorporated into school system so as to transmit and preserve the cultural music and that the study of music should be made compulsory at all levels of the Indian educational system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title="sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music%20education" title=" music education"> music education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture" title=" culture"> culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music%20as%20a%20pillar%20to%20sustainable%20development" title=" music as a pillar to sustainable development "> music as a pillar to sustainable development </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41501/role-of-music-education-as-a-pillar-in-sustainable-development-of-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41501.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">346</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Detection of Cyberattacks on the Metaverse Based on First-Order Logic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sulaiman%20Al%20Amro">Sulaiman Al Amro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are currently considerable challenges concerning data security and privacy, particularly in relation to modern technologies. This includes the virtual world known as the Metaverse, which consists of a virtual space that integrates various technologies and is therefore susceptible to cyber threats such as malware, phishing, and identity theft. This has led recent studies to propose the development of Metaverse forensic frameworks and the integration of advanced technologies, including machine learning for intrusion detection and security. In this context, the application of first-order logic offers a formal and systematic approach to defining the conditions of cyberattacks, thereby contributing to the development of effective detection mechanisms. In addition, formalizing the rules and patterns of cyber threats has the potential to enhance the overall security posture of the Metaverse and, thus, the integrity and safety of this virtual environment. The current paper focuses on the primary actions employed by avatars for potential attacks, including Interval Temporal Logic (ITL) and behavior-based detection to detect an avatar’s abnormal activities within the Metaverse. The research established that the proposed framework attained an accuracy of 92.307%, resulting in the experimental results demonstrating the efficacy of ITL, including its superior performance in addressing the threats posed by avatars within the Metaverse domain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title="security">security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=privacy" title=" privacy"> privacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metaverse" title=" metaverse"> metaverse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyberattacks" title=" cyberattacks"> cyberattacks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detection" title=" detection"> detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first-order%20logic" title=" first-order logic"> first-order logic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185399/detection-of-cyberattacks-on-the-metaverse-based-on-first-order-logic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185399.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">40</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Commuters Trip Purpose Decision Tree Based Model of Makurdi Metropolis, Nigeria and Strategic Digital City Project</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Okechukwu%20Nwafor">Emmanuel Okechukwu Nwafor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Folake%20Olubunmi%20Akintayo"> Folake Olubunmi Akintayo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denis%20Alcides%20Rezende"> Denis Alcides Rezende</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Decision tree models are versatile and interpretable machine learning algorithms widely used for both classification and regression tasks, which can be related to cities, whether physical or digital. The aim of this research is to assess how well decision tree algorithms can predict trip purposes in Makurdi, Nigeria, while also exploring their connection to the strategic digital city initiative. The research methodology involves formalizing household demographic and trips information datasets obtained from extensive survey process. Modelling and Prediction were achieved using Python Programming Language and the evaluation metrics like R-squared and mean absolute error were used to assess the decision tree algorithm's performance. The results indicate that the model performed well, with accuracies of 84% and 68%, and low MAE values of 0.188 and 0.314, on training and validation data, respectively. This suggests the model can be relied upon for future prediction. The conclusion reiterates that This model will assist decision-makers, including urban planners, transportation engineers, government officials, and commuters, in making informed decisions on transportation planning and management within the framework of a strategic digital city. Its application will enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and overall quality of transportation services in Makurdi, Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20tree%20algorithm" title="decision tree algorithm">decision tree algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trip%20purpose" title=" trip purpose"> trip purpose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intelligent%20transport" title=" intelligent transport"> intelligent transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic%20digital%20city" title=" strategic digital city"> strategic digital city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20pattern" title=" travel pattern"> travel pattern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20transport" title=" sustainable transport"> sustainable transport</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191019/commuters-trip-purpose-decision-tree-based-model-of-makurdi-metropolis-nigeria-and-strategic-digital-city-project" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191019.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">20</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Implementation of a Quality Management Approach in the Laboratory of Quality Control and the Repression of Fraud (CACQE) of the Wilaya of Bechar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khadidja%20Mebarki">Khadidja Mebarki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naceur%20Boussouar"> Naceur Boussouar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nabila%20Ihaddadene"> Nabila Ihaddadene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Akermi"> M. Akermi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Food products are particularly sensitive, since they concern the health of the consumer, whether it’s be from the health point of view or commercial, this kind of product must be subjected to rigorous controls, in order to prevent any fraud. Quality and safety are essential for food security, public health and economic development. The strengthening of food security is essential to increase food security which is considered reached when all individuals can at any time access safe and nutritious food they need to lead healthy and active lives. The objective of this project is to initiate a quality approach in the laboratories of the quality control and the repression of fraud. It will be directed towards the application of good laboratory practices, traceability, management of quality documents (quality, procedures and specification manual) and quality audits. And to prepare the ground for a possible accreditation by ISO 17025 standard of BECHAR laboratory’s. The project will take place in four main stages: 1- Preparation of an audit grid; 2- Realization of a quality audit according to the method of 5 M completed by a section on quality documentation; 3- Drafting of an audit report and proposal for recommendations; 4- Implementation of corrective actions on the ground. This last step consisted in the formalization of the cleaning disinfection plan; work on good hygiene practices, establishment of a mapping of processes and flow charts of the different processes of the laboratory, classifying quality documents and formalizing the process of document management. During the period of the study within the laboratory, all facets of the work were almost appreciated, as we participated in the expertise performed in within it. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title="quality">quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ISO%2017025%20accreditation" title=" ISO 17025 accreditation"> ISO 17025 accreditation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GLP" title=" GLP"> GLP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21609/implementation-of-a-quality-management-approach-in-the-laboratory-of-quality-control-and-the-repression-of-fraud-cacqe-of-the-wilaya-of-bechar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21609.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">516</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Beyond the Water Seal: On-Field Observations of Occupational Hazards of Faecal Sludge Management in Southern Karnataka</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anissa%20Mary%20Thomas%20Thattil">Anissa Mary Thomas Thattil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nancy%20Angeline%20Gnanaselvam"> Nancy Angeline Gnanaselvam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Ramakrishna%20Goud"> B. Ramakrishna Goud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Faecal sludge management (FSM) is an unorganized sector, and in India, there is an absence of regulations regarding the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal of faecal sludge. FSM has a high degree of occupational hazards that need to be thoroughly understood in order to shape effective solutions. On-field observations of five FSM operations were conducted in Anekal Taluk of southern Karnataka. All five of the FSM operations were privately owned and snowball method of sampling was employed. Two types of FS operations observed were: mechanical emptying involving direct human contact with faecal sludge and mechanical emptying without direct human contact with faecal sludge. Each operation was manned by 3-4 faecal sludge operators (FSOs). None of the observed FSOs used personal protective equipment. According to the WHO semi-quantitative risk assessment, the very high risk occupational hazards identified were dermal contact with faecal sludge, inhalation of toxic gases, and social stigma. The high risk hazards identified were trips and falls, injuries, ergonomic hazards, substance abuse, and mental health problems. In all five FSM operations, the collected faecal sludge was discharged untreated onto abandoned land. FSM in India is fraught with occupational and environmental hazards which need to be urgently addressed. This includes formalizing the institution of FSM, contextualized behaviour change communication, capacity building of local bodies, awareness programmes among agriculturists and FSOs, and designation of sites for the safe harnessing of faecal sludge as soil nutrient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=faecal%20sludge" title="faecal sludge">faecal sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=faecal%20sludge%20management" title=" faecal sludge management"> faecal sludge management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FSM" title=" FSM"> FSM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occupational%20hazards" title=" occupational hazards"> occupational hazards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation" title=" sanitation"> sanitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116226/beyond-the-water-seal-on-field-observations-of-occupational-hazards-of-faecal-sludge-management-in-southern-karnataka" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116226.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Ethical Considerations for Conducting Research on Violence against Women with Disabilities: Discussing Issues of Reasonable Accommodation, Capacity and Equal Participation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ingrid%20Van%20Der%20Heijden">Ingrid Van Der Heijden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naeemah%20Abrahams"> Naeemah Abrahams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jane%20Harries"> Jane Harries</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Women with disabilities are largely missing from global research on violence prevention, yet research shows that women with disabilities are a particularly marginalised group who experience heightened levels and unique forms of violence than men with disabilities, and women without disabilities. They face heightened stigma, discrimination, and violence due to their gender and their disability. Including women with disabilities in violence, research helps inform policy and prevention interventions that are relevant and inclusive. To ensure their inclusion in violence research, we need ethical guidelines that are sensitive to their heightened risk and vulnerability, that recognize the diversity in the disabled population, but that also promote disabled people’s agency in defining their own violence prevention needs and agendas. Objective: To highlight pertinent ethical issues around women with disabilities’ inclusion and participation in violence research. Methodology: Considering the lack of formalized guidelines for research of people with disabilities, we draw from the literature on international ethics guidelines for researching violence against women, and the Emancipatory Disability Research paradigm, as well as drawing from our own experiences from the field in applying the guidelines when doing research with disabled women. Findings: Following the guiding ethical principles of respect, benefit, justice, and do no harm, we argue that reasonable accommodation, capacity, and equal participation need to be considered in conceptualizing and conducting ethical violence research with women with disabilities. We conclude that disability research in the area of violence is highly politicized and must be carefully scrutinized to ensure justice and the contribution of women with disabilities to their own welfare. Implications: We suggest that these issues are practically applied in the field and tested and critiqued to enhance best practice for undertaking ethical research with this particular group. It is important that not only researchers and ethics committees, but also disabled women and disabled organizations, are involved in enhancing and formalizing ethical research guidelines for marginalized populations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacity" title="capacity">capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emancipatory%20disability%20research%20paradigm%20equal%20participation" title=" emancipatory disability research paradigm equal participation"> emancipatory disability research paradigm equal participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reasonable%20accommodation" title=" reasonable accommodation"> reasonable accommodation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research%20ethics" title=" research ethics"> research ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence%20against%20women%20with%20disabilities" title=" violence against women with disabilities"> violence against women with disabilities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69359/ethical-considerations-for-conducting-research-on-violence-against-women-with-disabilities-discussing-issues-of-reasonable-accommodation-capacity-and-equal-participation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69359.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Income Inequality and the Poverty of Youth in the Douala Metropolis of Cameroon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nanche%20Billa%20Robert">Nanche Billa Robert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> More and more youth are doubtful of making a satisfactory labour market transition because of the present global economic instability and this is more so in Africa of the Sahara and metropolis like Douala. We use the explanatory sequential mixed method: in the first phase we randomly administered 610 questionnaires in the Douala metropolis respecting the population size of each division and its gender composition. We constructed the questionnaire using the desired values for living a comfortable life in Douala. In the second phase, we purposefully selected and interviewed 50 poor youth in order to explain in detail the initial quantitative results. We obtain the following result: The modal income class is 24,000-74,000 frs Central Africa Franc (CFA) and about 67% of the youth of the Douala metropolis earn below 75,000 frs CFA. They earn only 31.02% of the total income. About 85.7% earn below 126,000 frs CFA and about 92.14% earn below 177,000 frs CFA. The poverty-line is estimated at 177,000 frs CFA per month based on the desired predominant values in Douala and only about 9% of youth earn this sum, therefore, 91% of the youth are poor. We discovered that the salary a youth earns influences his level of poverty. Low income earners eat once or twice per day, rent low-standard houses of below 20,000 frs, are dependent and possess very limited durable goods, consult traditional doctors when they are sick, sleep and gamble during their leisure time. Intermediate income earners feed themselves either twice or thrice per day, eat healthy meals weekly, possess more durable goods, are independent, gamble and drink during their leisure time. High income earners feed themselves at least thrice per day, eat healthy food daily, inhabit high quality and expensive houses, are more stable by living longer in their neighbourhoods, like travelling and drinking during their leisure time. Unsalaried youth, are students, housewives or unemployed youth, they eat four times per day, take healthy meals daily, weekly, fortnightly or occasionally, are dependent or homeless depending on whether they are students or unemployed youth. The situation of the youth can be ameliorated through investing in the productive sector and promoting entrepreneurship as well as formalizing the informal sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income" title="income">income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inequality" title=" inequality"> inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poverty" title=" poverty"> poverty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metropolis" title=" metropolis"> metropolis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132337/income-inequality-and-the-poverty-of-youth-in-the-douala-metropolis-of-cameroon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Navigating Top Management Team Characteristics for Ambidexterity in Small and Medium-Sized African Businesses: The Key to Unlocking Success</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rumbidzai%20Sipiwe%20Zimvumi">Rumbidzai Sipiwe Zimvumi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study aimed to identify the top management team attributes for ambidexterity in small and medium-sized enterprises by utilizing the upper echelons theory. The conventional opinion holds that an organization's ability to pursue both exploitative and explorative innovation methods at the same time is reflected in its ambidexterity. Top-level managers are critical to this matrix because they forecast and explain strategic choices that guarantee success by improving organizational performance. Since the focus of the study was on the unique characteristics of TMTs that can facilitate ambidexterity, the primary goal was to comprehend how TMTs in SMEs can better manage ambidexterity. The study used document analysis to collect information on ambidexterity and TMT traits. Finding, choosing, assessing, and synthesizing data from peer-reviewed publications allowed for the review and evaluation of papers. The fact that SMEs will perform better if they can achieve a balance between exploration and exploitation cannot be overstated. Unfortunately, exploitation is the main priority for most SMEs. The results showed that some of the noteworthy TMT traits that support ambidexterity in SMEs are age diversity, shared responsibility, leadership impact, psychological safety, and self-confidence. It has been shown that most SMEs confront significant obstacles in recruiting people, including formalizing their management and assembling executive teams with seniority. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are often held by families or people who neglect to keep their personal lives apart from the firm, which eliminates the opportunity for management and staff to take the initiative. This helps to explain why exploitative strategies, which preserve present success, are used rather than explorative strategies, which open new economic opportunities and dimensions. It is evident that psychological safety deteriorates, and creativity is hindered in the process. The study makes the case that TMTs who are motivated to become ambidextrous can exist. According to the report, small- and medium-sized business owners should value the opinions of all parties involved and provide their managers and regular staff the freedom to think creatively and in a safe environment. TMTs who experience psychological safety are more likely to be inventive, creative, and productive. A team's collective perception that it is acceptable to take chances, voice opinions and concerns, ask questions, and own up to mistakes without fear of unfavorable outcomes is known as team psychological safety. Thus, traits like age diversity, leadership influence, learning agility, psychological safety, and self-assurance are critical to the success of SMEs. As a solution to ensuring ambidexterity is attained, the study suggests a clear separation of ownership and control, the adoption of technology to stimulate creativity, team spirit and excitement, shared accountability, and good management of diversity. Among the suggestions for the SME's success are resource allocation and important collaborations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=navigating" title="navigating">navigating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ambidexterity" title=" ambidexterity"> ambidexterity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=top%20management%20team" title=" top management team"> top management team</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20and%20medium%20enterprises" title=" small and medium enterprises"> small and medium enterprises</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182963/navigating-top-management-team-characteristics-for-ambidexterity-in-small-and-medium-sized-african-businesses-the-key-to-unlocking-success" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">57</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Adapting Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Principles to Continuing Professional Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaroslav%20Pavlov">Yaroslav Pavlov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the modern world, ensuring quality has become increasingly important in various fields of human activity. One universal approach to quality management, proven effective in the food industry, is the HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) concept. Based on principles of preventing potential hazards to consumers at all stages of production, from raw materials to the final product, HACCP offers a systematic approach to identifying, assessing risks, and managing critical control points (CCPs). Initially used primarily for food production, it was later effectively adapted to the food service sector. Implementing HACCP provides organizations with a reliable foundation for improving food safety, covering all links in the food chain from producer to consumer, making it an integral part of modern quality management systems. The main principles of HACCP—hazard identification, CCP determination, effective monitoring procedures, corrective actions, regular checks, and documentation—are universal and can be adapted to other areas. The adaptation of the HACCP concept is relevant for continuing professional education (CPE) with certain reservations. Specifically, it is reasonable to abandon the term ‘hazards’ as deviations in CCPs do not pose dangers, unlike in food production. However, the approach through CCP analysis and the use of HACCP's main principles for educational services are promising. This is primarily because it allows for identifying key CCPs based on the value creation model of a specific educational organization and consequently focusing efforts on specific CCPs to manage the quality of educational services. This methodology can be called the Analysis of Critical Points in Educational Services (ACPES). ACPES offers a similar approach to managing the quality of educational services, focusing on preventing and eliminating potential risks that could negatively impact the educational process, learners' achievement of set educational goals, and ultimately lead to students rejecting the organization's educational services. ACPES adapts proven HACCP principles to educational services, enhancing quality management effectiveness and student satisfaction. ACPES includes identifying potential problems at all stages of the educational process, from initial interest to graduation and career development. In ACPES, the term "hazards" is replaced with "problematic areas," reflecting the specific nature of the educational environment. Special attention is paid to determining CCPs—stages where corrective measures can most effectively prevent or minimize the risk of failing educational goals. The ACPES principles align with HACCP's principles, adjusted for the specificities of CPE. The method of the learner's journey map (variation of Customer Journey Map, CJM) can be used to overcome the complexity of formalizing the production chain in educational services. CJM provides a comprehensive understanding of the learner's experience at each stage, facilitating targeted and effective quality management. Thus, integrating the learner's journey map into ACPES represents a significant extension of the methodology's capabilities, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the educational process and forming an effective quality management system focused on meeting learners' needs and expectations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20management" title="quality management">quality management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=continuing%20professional%20education" title=" continuing professional education"> continuing professional education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customer%20journey%20map" title=" customer journey map"> customer journey map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HACCP" title=" HACCP"> HACCP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188454/adapting-hazard-analysis-and-critical-control-points-haccp-principles-to-continuing-professional-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188454.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">37</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational 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