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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #47374a; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#47374a"><b>Potentially edible!</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Food_woo" title="Food woo"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Food woo</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f8feff;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo"><img alt="Icon food.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/100px-Icon_food.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/150px-Icon_food.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/200px-Icon_food.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo"><font color="white">Fabulous food!</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Barrett" title="Holland & Barrett">Holland & Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_diet" title="Bulletproof diet">Bulletproof diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_caveman_movement" title="Urban caveman movement">Urban caveman movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Extension_Foundation" title="Life Extension Foundation">Life Extension Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Monastyrsky" title="Konstantin Monastyrsky">Konstantin Monastyrsky</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Diet_woo" title="Category:Diet woo"><font color="white">Delectable diets!</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raw_milk_movement" title="Raw milk movement">Raw milk movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weigh_down_diet" title="Weigh down diet">Weigh down diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Pavlina" title="Steve Pavlina">Steve Pavlina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodybuilding_woo" title="Category:Bodybuilding woo"><font color="white">Bodacious bods!</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Gym" title="Anti-Gym">Anti-Gym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Joe Rogan</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foodnav" title="Template:Foodnav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foodnav" title="Template talk:Foodnav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Foodnav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>♫ You don't win friends with salad! You don't win friends with salad! ♫</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—"<i>Lisa the Vegetarian</i>", <i>The Simpsons</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Veganism</b> is a way of living that seeks to exclude the use and consumption of animal products — be it the leather in your shoes, the cashmere <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> wool in your sweater, or the cheese on your pizza. </p><p>A big aspect of veganism is the diet, which excludes products from any and all animal sources, as far as possible. </p><p>The word veganism may refer to such a diet, but very often it is used as a synonym for what could more narrowly be described as <i>ethical veganism</i>. Here, people embrace a vegan diet for certain ethical considerations (most notably, <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a>), and consequently apply the same exclusion principle to other areas, too: they boycott animal resources like fur, leather and wool, preferring substitutes (which may be less environmentally friendly than their authentic counterparts); they oppose the use of animals for entertainment, i.e. in circuses, zoos and marine parks; and many are against <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">animal testing</a>. In an even broader sense, veganism may refer to a set of philosophical considerations which are key thoughts of ethical veganism. </p><p>There is some dispute on what to call vegan. For example, honey is consumed by a considerable number of people who also regard themselves as vegans, although it comes from bees, which are animals. For outsiders, such discussions, in their seeming vanity, might bear resemblance to <a href="/wiki/OS_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="OS Wars">OS Wars</a>. Given that these discussions often focus solely on the semantics of the word “vegan” — and not on the more important <i>ethics</i> — this seems somewhat legit. </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeganism" class="extiw" title="wp:Freeganism" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Freeganism">Freeganism</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> is a practice with close ties to veganism. Freegans hold the same ethical principles as vegans, but are okay with eating animal products that were in some way "free" - that is, the consumption of said products does not increase their demand. An example would be if someone were about to throw perfectly edible meat in the trash. </p><p>Vegans usually make a distinction between complex animals and less complex living beings who might not even feel pain<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwin.2C_2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwin.2C_2001-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> and thus do not as a rule consider important that they may be eating extra animal protein in the form of <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> and other minute arthropods in <a href="/wiki/Organic" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic">organic</a> food vs. conventional food.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Note that, although the term "organic" tends to be loosely associated with veganism, a vegan diet does not necessarily imply the exclusive consumption of organic food.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Diet"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Diet</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Benefits"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Benefits</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Criticisms"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Criticisms</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Vitamin_B12"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Vegan_death"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vegan death</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Harm_no_animals"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Harm no animals</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Vegans_harming_animals"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Vegans harming animals</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Exaggeration"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Exaggeration</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Dairy"><span class="tocnumber">3.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dairy</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Other_vegan_products"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Other vegan products</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Radical_vegan_and_animal_rights_jack-assery"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Radical vegan and animal rights jack-assery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Diet">Diet</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Colours_of_Health_(4877352097).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Colours_of_Health_%284877352097%29.jpg/250px-Colours_of_Health_%284877352097%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Colours_of_Health_%284877352097%29.jpg/330px-Colours_of_Health_%284877352097%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Colours_of_Health_(4877352097).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Snack-tacular veggies.</div></div></div> <p>There are many health benefits of removing animal products from one's diet. These include reversing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and other ailments. The scientific literature substantiates these claims, such as the reversal of coronary artery disease<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> and increasing insulin sensitivity<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> through the adoption of a vegan diet alone. Some studies that have been published on the topic — particularly by vegan proponents like Caldwell Esselstyn and Dean Ornish — have received criticisms of methodology by a blogger.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> But an increasing number of studies shows that the fewer animal products we consume the healthier we are in terms (at least) of type 2 diabetes, even healthier than a non-westernized omnivore diet with low meat and fish intake and after accounting for various confounders and risk factors (e.g., age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, sweetened beverages).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> But a vegetarian diet will not benefit type 2 diabetes if it is rich in simple carbohydrates.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> </p><p>Some animal-derived foods may pose greater risks to health. Meta-analyses tend to show a mild to moderate increased risk of all-cause mortality with consumption of red — and, especially, processed — meat.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Red and processed meat may, most notably, increase risk of prostate,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> colon,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> thyroid,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> esophageal, <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> breast,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nci_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nci-30">[30]</a></sup> In particular, meat cooked at high temperatures may produce an additional number of carcinogens.<sup id="cite_ref-nci_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nci-30">[30]</a></sup> Higher meat consumption, particularly processed meat, may also promote a higher risk of diabetes,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> cardiovascular disease,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> and obesity.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> Dairy and eggs are generally more controversial but there may be some benefits to excluding them such as reduced risk of breast cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beyond_Meat.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Beyond_Meat.jpg/250px-Beyond_Meat.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Beyond_Meat.jpg/375px-Beyond_Meat.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Beyond_Meat.jpg/500px-Beyond_Meat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="599" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Beyond_Meat.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>No cows were harmed in the making of this burger.</div></div></div> <p>Conversely, higher consumption of certain plant-derived foods such as fruits, nuts, and vegetables have shown to have had a generally positive effect on health with reduced risks of the same diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> This may partially explain the generally lower incidences of cardiovascular disease,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> diabetes, cancer,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> obesity, and other diseases among vegans and vegetarians.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> Moreover, for vegans as well as non-vegans, consideration must be given to ensure adequate intake of vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin B<sub>12</sub> in the case of vegans, because of its absence from non-fortified plant foods, though it's present in some yeasts. </p><p>An evolutionary argument for a plant-based diet can be done, to contrast <a href="/wiki/Paleo_diet" title="Paleo diet">"paleo" fad diets</a>, that the early human diet was plant-based. The diets of human ancestors were primarily based upon plants for much of their evolutionary history (<i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> and early <i>Homo</i> species)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> although diets varied across regions, with some populations consuming more animals than others. A study of strontium/calcium ratios in skeletons<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> shows that the niche of early <i>Homo</i> species may have included exploitation of underground plant resources such as starchy roots and tubers, contradictory to the prevailing belief that meat was a universally present component of the diet. Although physiological comparisons of humans and other hominid species suggest that there is an increased adaptation to the digestion of meat (e.g. longer small intestine) in humans, these adaptations are not large enough to support a large consumption of meat, and dairy products were entirely absent from the adult human diet for a large part of its evolution until recently, with the domestication of cattle and other animals. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Benefits">Benefits</span></h2> <ul><li>Fewer complex animals were harmed in the making of your meals, clothes, etc. The avoidable suffering of animals, while not completely prevented, is minimised. However, some less complex animals will still have their habitats destroyed or will directly die in the making of other food or clothes (such as insects and other small animals).</li> <li>Much lower in saturated fat and a lack of dietary <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, which may be a benefit if the so-called lipid hypothesis holds true.</li> <li>Plant foods require less <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> to produce than animal foods (liters of water used in production/kilogram of food).</li> <li>Plant crops produce more food per acre than livestock animals (pounds of food/acre of arable land). It is claimed that if everybody switched to a vegan diet it could free up 75% of global farmland for other uses such as nature and prevent the destruction of pristine environments for farming.<sup id="cite_ref-indy2018_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy2018-46">[46]</a></sup></li> <li>Some estimates place the contribution of livestock to <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emissions at 51%.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> (This includes the CO<sub>2</sub> contribution from mechanized farming and transport of the livestock.) It is claimed that switching to a vegan diet reduces the carbon footprint of your food by up to 73%.<sup id="cite_ref-indy2018_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy2018-46">[46]</a></sup></li> <li>Some vegans are motivated to consume only plant-based products for ethical reasons, and view their lack of engagement with the factory farming system present in modern husbandry as a strong benefit.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticisms">Criticisms</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:B12_methylcobalamin.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/B12_methylcobalamin.jpg/250px-B12_methylcobalamin.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/B12_methylcobalamin.jpg/330px-B12_methylcobalamin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:B12_methylcobalamin.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Methylcobalamin (vitamin B<sub>12</sub>): <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Living_Through_Chemistry" class="extiw" title="wp:Better Living Through Chemistry" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Better Living Through Chemistry">Better Living Through Chemistry</span></a>!<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></div></div></div> <p>Criticisms of veganism can often be applied to non-vegans as well. While it is accepted that vegan diets can have some health benefits, vegans can be at risk for certain nutritional deficiencies even though these deficiencies are shared with non-vegans (except vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, which contemporary humans mostly get from animal products — seafood, meat, milk, eggs — in a purely 'natural' diet).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> Furthermore, the latter have 5 more deficiencies: fiber, folate, magnesium, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, and vitamin E.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> Vegan and non-vegan deficiency risks are: </p> <ul><li>Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency, leading to anemia and/or neurological problems.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></li> <li>Iodine deficiency, leading to thyroid problems.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> In the developed world, this is not often an issue due to the iodization of table salt.</li> <li>Calcium deficiency, leading to bone fracture risk.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Kale is a decent source of calcium in plants, though it contains less per serving than dairy. Most, but not all, plant milk is fortified with calcium to a similar level as dairy milk.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup></li> <li>Omega-3 deficiency, leading to neurological problems in children of pregnant mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></li></ul> <p><span id="Vitamin_B12"></span> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vitamin_B12">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></span></h3> <p>It is essential that vegans include a vitamin B<sub>12</sub> supplement or B<sub>12</sub>-fortified foods in their diets (e.g. most plant-based milk brands, many breakfast cereals, or B<sub>12</sub>-fortified nutritional yeast), or the algae <i>Chlorella pyrenoidosa</i><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> to prevent deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-vegansocietyb12_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vegansocietyb12-57">[57]</a></sup> This is particularly true for women in early pregnancy because B<sub>12</sub> deficiency is known to increase the likelihood of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, by fivefold in babies.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, Minot and Murphy found that a man was cured of pernicious anaemia with liver extracts, a discovery for which they received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> for medicine in 1934. Ricke and Smith isolated crystalline vitamin B<sub>12</sub> in liver extracts in 1948. Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> (cobalamin) is a vitamin that is synthesized in nature only by microorganisms. Bacteria that produce it often grow in the roots of plants eaten by herbivores, which are then eaten by omnivores and carnivores. These bacteria are then propagated in the gut of herbivores becoming the source of B12 when they are eaten. Thus meat is generally the principal dietary source of B<sub>12</sub> but other animal products such as eggs also contain B12. It is necessary for animals and is present in every animal tissue at very low concentrations (1 ppm in the liver). A B<sub>12</sub> deficiency causes pernicious anaemia, which as the name suggests has a gradual onset that steadily destroys several parts of your body and will kill you if untreated; even if subsequently reversed it can result in permanent organ and nerve damage, and significantly elevates future risk for stomach cancer. The need for vitamin B<sub>12</sub> in some animals is covered by taking or absorption of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> produced by gut microorganisms. But humans only get vitamin B<sub>12</sub> from food or supplements, since vitamin B<sub>12</sub> synthesized by microorganisms in the intestine cannot be assimilated. </p><p>However, if a vegan has no problem with the eating of <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">genetically modified food</a>, it is great to know that certain bacteria do produce vitamin B<sub>12</sub> automatically. While B<sub>12</sub> producing genetically modified plants as of yet don't exist, the existence of bacteria such as these could make it possible in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> This criticism might thus only hold against those that oppose <a href="/wiki/GMO" class="mw-redirect" title="GMO">GMOs</a>. </p><p>There are claims that vitamin B<sub>12</sub> needs can be met from non-animal foods, including fermented products (tempeh, fermented black tea, some beers, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmite" class="extiw" title="wp:Marmite" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Marmite">Marmite</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> yeast spread) and some seaweeds. However, studies have found that the level is typically not high and can vary considerably, particularly in fermented foods where B<sub>12</sub>-producing microorganisms may not be present or may exist only as contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Nutritional yeast, a common flavoring used in vegan cooking, does not naturally contain B<sub>12</sub> although it is often fortified with the vitamin.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> Marmite, which is made from brewer's yeast, a byproduct of fermenting <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> also does not naturally contain B<sub>12</sub> for the same reason, but likewise is fortified with B<sub>12</sub> and other vitamins. <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> Hence the (British) Vegan Society still recommends all vegans take B<sub>12</sub> supplements either as pills or in fortified food.<sup id="cite_ref-vegansocietyb12_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vegansocietyb12-57">[57]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vegan_death">Vegan death</span></h3> <p>No, we're not talking about the latest <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal" title="Heavy metal">heavy metal</a> band.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> Unfortunately, there are a few vegans who, insisting they can survive on only kale and sunlight, give the rest a bad name. There have been several court cases regarding vegan parents killing or seriously sickening their children through their diets. Many of these are also fruititarians or otherwise neglectful of their children. </p> <ul><li>In 2001, Garabet and Hazmik Manuelyan, fruititarians from Surrey, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> were placed under a 3-year community rehabilitation order (though they could have potentially faced prison) for the death of their undernourished 9-month old daughter. The daughter had been fed a fruit-based diet and died from a chest infection brought on by malnutrition. The parents were vegans but switched to a diet of <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">raw vegetables, fruit and nuts</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup></li> <li>In 2002, Roby Jan Moorhead and Deborah Anne Moorhead from <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> were sentenced to 5 years in jail for the death of their infant son. The son died from bronchopneumonia associated with anaemia and brain damage, which was brought on from vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, Joel and Sergine Le Moaligou of Amiens, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> were sentenced to 5 years in jail for the death of their undernourished 11-month old daughter. The daughter, who was fed only on breast milk, was suffering from pneumonia, but the parents refused to take her to the hospital despite a doctor's advice; the parents only used <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a>. An autopsy revealed severe deficiencies of albumin, protein and vitamins A and B<sub>12</sub>, which led to susceptibility to bronchial infection.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, Jade Sanders and Lamont Thomas of Atlanta, <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a> were sentenced to life in prison for the death of their 6-week old son, Crown Shakur. The baby died from extreme malnourishment from being fed only <a href="/wiki/Soy" title="Soy">soy</a> milk (<i>not</i> modern soy-based infant formula, which is safe<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>) and apple juice. The parents did not seek medical attention as the baby wasted away.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup></li> <li>In 2019, Jennifer and Jeromie Clark of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> were sentenced to 32 months in prison for the death of their 14-month old son in 2013 from a treatable <i>Staphylococcus</i> infection that was brought about by malnutrition. The 'radical Christian' family followed a strict vegan diet and shunned medical attention.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></li> <li>In 2015, Sean and Maria Hosannah of Canada were sentenced to 30 months in jail for the 2011 death of their daughter who died from "chronic malnutrition from a vegan diet devoid of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a>, B<sub>12</sub>" and sufficient protein.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup></li> <li>In 2016, Elizabeth Hawk faced criminal charges over the malnutrition of her 11-month old son. Hawk allegedly only fed her son fruits and nuts, and the son suffered from a severe rash as well as loss of control of his motor skills.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup></li> <li>In 2017 in Belgium, 7-month old Lucas died from malnutrition after his parents Peter S. and Sandrina V. fed him "oat milk, rice milk, buckwheat milk, semolina milk, [and] quinoa milk. All products which they also sell in their store."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup></li></ul> <p>Besides death, a B<sub>12</sub>-deficient diet in mothers and/or their infants can cause in infants "a cluster of neurological symptoms, including irritability, failure to thrive, apathy, anorexia, and developmental regression."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Harm_no_animals">Harm no animals</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg/250px-Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg/330px-Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lloyd_the_Llama.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Llama used as beast of burden.</div></div></div> <p>There is also a more background criticism of the "try to harm no animals" claim of vegans. The very world we live in, with cars, computers, 2.2 kids, and specifically the requirements of many vegans and non-vegans for out of season fruits and vegetables, as well as more exotic grains, places great stress on the natural environment as we cut down forests and kill off natural habitats in favor of farms, orchards, and of course mines, oil fields, etc. For example, starting around 2011, ongoing debates over quinoa, "Are we harming subsistence farmers?" "Is the meat industry worse than the quinoa industry?" "We are destroying precious land for the latest grain fad!" have popped up, each side happy to blame the other for everything from starving farmers to global warming. Many who make these arguments fail to realize cattle are fed on those same grains.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> </p><p>But maybe the idea of living without exploiting animals like bees falls down when you consider the role of many animals in pollinating crops. Farmed bees are commonly used in industrial agriculture to pollinate fruit trees and nut trees such as almonds; oil crops such as rape and borage also depend on bees.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> Industrially-reared honey bees may be brought in at pollination time, rather than relying on wild bees; someone concerned about cruelty to commercially-farmed bees would have to know how their plants were pollinated. But the critics fail to explain the need of cruelty. <a href="/wiki/Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bat">Bats</a> pollinate tropical fruits such as mangos, durians, and guavas, and agave plants used for tequila and vegan honey substitute, although few people would suggest this is unfair exploitation of bats. </p><p>Ethical vegans often respond to these criticisms by referencing the Vegan Society definition of veganism, which is "Veganism is a way of living which seeks to exclude, as far as is possible and practicable, all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to animals for food, clothing or any other purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> Vegans explain the wording of "as far as is possible and practicable" is here because of these issues, and that the point of veganism is to <i>reduce as much as possible</i> one's effect on animals; it is <i>not</i> about personal purity.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> </p><p>It could, however, be argued that, if vegans do not eat farmed animal products, farmers (especially in poorer countries) will often use animals for other purposes such as transport (horses, donkeys, etc) or labor/working fields (horses, oxen, wildebeests). Vegans would logically be opposed to this (<a href="/wiki/PETA" title="PETA">PETA</a> is even critical of pet-keeping<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup>), but although many countries have laws on animal welfare and/or labelling schemes for good practice, it's almost impossible to purchase foodstuffs that are guaranteed not to involve animal labor. The counterargument is, again, that veganism is about excluding cruelty only as far as it is possible, and that animal labor is a more ethical alternative to keeping animals in appalling conditions before slaughtering them. An additional counterargument is that animals grown for meat require, themselves, that a significant percentage of produce from crops be redirected to feeding them until they are slaughtered - therefore, abstaining from eating meat would actually translate to fewer crops and, logically, fewer cases of animal exploitation in agriculture. </p><p>It also might be good to note that most of the vegetables (and meat) in <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> commercial agriculture use migrant labor.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> Who are often paid under the table at much lower rates than legally allowed, not protected by labor laws, and deported if they complain.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> And imported foods aren't any better in terms of labor conditions and pesticide use. So it would be good to be careful about the source of one's food if abuse of sentient beings is a major priority. </p><p>Perhaps the best answer is: harm as few animals and humans as is reasonably possible, which is the actual definition of veganism according The Vegan Society.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> Or, y'know, <a href="/wiki/Soylent_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Soylent Green">Soylent Green</a>. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Vegans_harming_animals">Vegans harming animals</span></h4> <p>Some vegans take their diet as far as imposing it on their pets. Vegan diets are especially harmful to some animals, including <a href="/wiki/Cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat">cats</a>, which are obligate carnivores who cannot digest carbohydrates. Attempting to place a cat on a purely plant-based diet may kill the cat.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> Vegans are also lobbying to put the <a href="/wiki/Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog">dogs</a> in Los Angeles animal shelters on a vegan diet. Though dogs are capable of digesting plant matter, they are primarily carnivorous, and a vegan diet would make it difficult for the dogs to get the necessary nutrition they need and cause digestive problems.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> </p><p>What can be said for sure is that strong claims coming from either side about vegan or non-vegan nutrition might be wrong and are not supported by facts. For now people who want to feed their pets vegan should be careful. They have to use complete and balanced commercial food and go to a veterinarian on a regular basis.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegan_processed_food,_July_2014.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vegan_processed_food%2C_July_2014.jpg/330px-Vegan_processed_food%2C_July_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vegan_processed_food%2C_July_2014.jpg/500px-Vegan_processed_food%2C_July_2014.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vegan_processed_food%2C_July_2014.jpg/960px-Vegan_processed_food%2C_July_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegan_processed_food,_July_2014.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Vegan processed food, July 2014.</div></div></div> <p>Many vegans, such as YouTuber <a href="/wiki/Vegan_Gains" title="Vegan Gains">Vegan Gains</a>, webcomic artist <a href="/wiki/Priya_Cynthia_Kishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Priya Cynthia Kishna">Priya Cynthia Kishna</a>, and the creators of the documentary <a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a>, often exaggerate the benefits of a vegan diet. Claims include "meat is the biggest cause of all preventable diseases". Whilst there are many benefits to a vegan diet, these exaggerations are dangerous, as they can mislead people into thinking that they can't get ill, so that they end up not getting treatments for said illnesses, opting to treat themselves through diet alone. </p><p>Fortunately, there are others in the vegan community who criticize such exaggerations and call for objectivity; these include <a href="/wiki/Unnatural_Vegan" title="Unnatural Vegan">Unnatural Vegan</a>, dietician <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theveganrd.com">Ginny Messina</a>, and the founders of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan_Outreach" class="extiw" title="wp:Vegan Outreach" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Vegan Outreach">Vegan Outreach</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Dairy">Dairy</span></h4> <p>An example of exaggeration found in the vegan community can be found on the topic of dairy products, cancer and IGF-1. Various vegan websites claim that all dairy products greatly increase the risk of breast and prostate cancer and this is due to their high levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> Whilst milk does have a higher IGF-1 concentration the idea that all dairy products have high levels is not true as fermentation and other dairy processes destroy IGF-1 concentrations<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup>, this means that most cheeses are low in IGF-1, which studies have found.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> Also not mentioned by vegans is that wholegrain intake is associated with higher circulating concentrations of IGF-1.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> </p><p>The consensus view from cancer experts such as the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund is that there is limited but suggestive evidence that dairy products increase risk of breast and prostate cancer, whilst there is strong consistent evidence that dairy decreases the risk of colorectal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> Vegan websites cherry-pick their information and do not mention that dairy products decrease risk of colorectal cancer. It is also worth noting that the increased risk of prostate cancer has been found usually with whole or skimmed milk, not other dairy products and the data is inconsistent from observational studies.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup> Although the data is suggestive it does not show causality, as much more research needs to be done. </p><p>In 2018, the Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC) issued a statement after evaluating recent data on dietary IGF-1, concluding that overall "on the basis of the available evidence, IGF-1 from foodstuffs in the diet is not expected to increase the risk of cancer in consumers."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup> It has been noted that IGF-1 is likely to be broken down in the gut and not absorbed to any significant extent.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup> The IGF-1 in human plasma is found at concentrations that are 10.5 to 77 times greater than that in bovine milk.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> It is therefore unlikely that IGF-1 from dairy is associated with cancer risk. Despite this, vegan websites continue to make unsupported statements such as "IGF-1 is a potent prostate cancer stimulus and also contributes to premature puberty in children".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup> </p><p>Some plant-based doctors such as John A. McDougall have said that vegans should also give up consuming soy products because soy protein raises IGF-1 concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> However, only large amounts of soy protein (>25 g/day) modestly increase IGF-1 levels.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> It is unlikely that most vegans will be consuming over 25g of soy protein a day. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_vegan_products">Other vegan products</span></h2> <p>Although veganism is most closely associated with food, many vegans will shy off using other animal products where possible or convenient. One of the most common examples is a refusal to wear leather and other animal fibers such as wool. However, while food is labelled with ingredients so that it's fairly simple to see what it contains (once you know the code), there is no requirement for many products to indicate whether they contain ingredients derived from animals. </p><p>Whole industries are heavily dependent on what vegans would call animal abuse and exploitation. Many glues (e.g. "hide glue"), resins, varnishes, etc, use gelatine (aka gelatin, derived from cows, pigs, horses, rabbits, and other animals) and other chemicals of an animal origin. Hence a lot of footwear even if made from non-leather products may still contain animal products.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> Traditional (analog) photography was based on film and photographic paper that included gelatine, although digital photography avoids that problem. Gelatine is used in some cosmetics, under the name "hydrolyzed collagen". The pharmaceutical industry not only tests on animals, but has historically used gelatin to coat pills, although vegan alternatives exist.<sup id="cite_ref-wpgelatin_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpgelatin-121">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup> In the drinks industry, animal ingredients such as gelatin, egg white, milk, and fish products are often used to clarify wines though may not be listed on ingredients (none or almost none is present in the final product); however vegan alternatives exist.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup> There are many similar applications in biotechnology and industry involving colloids, filtration, coatings, etc, that may also use gelatine.<sup id="cite_ref-wpgelatin_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpgelatin-121">[121]</a></sup> </p><p>Hence in practice it is very hard for vegans to avoid using some products with animal ingredients, and most will focus on trying to minimize the suffering they cause, while writing stern letters asking for more research into vegan products. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Radical_vegan_and_animal_rights_jack-assery">Radical vegan and animal rights jack-assery</span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Deep down, I truly hope that oppression, torture and murder return to each uncaring human tenfold! I hope that sons accidentally shoot their fathers on hunting excursions, while carnivores suffer heart attacks that kill them slowly. Every woman ensconced in fur should endure a <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> so vicious that it scars them forever. While every man entrenched in fur should suffer an anal raping so horrific that they become disemboweled. Every rodeo cowboy and matador should be gored to death, while circus abusers are trampled by elephants and mauled by tigers. And, lastly, may irony shine its esoteric head in the form of animal researchers catching debilitating diseases and painfully withering away because research dollars that could have been used to treat them was wasted on the barbaric, unscientific practice of vivisection.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" class="extiw" title="wp:Gary Yourofsky" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some vegans can be the most sanctimonious and fanatical holier-than-thou pricks you will ever meet outside of a church or mosque. A few self-proclaimed vegan organizations, particularly PETA, are a perfect mirror of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">anti-abortion</a> cult. Like "pro-lifers", these people do not see themselves as being above <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deceit" title="Deceit">deceit</a>, or even violence in furtherance of their crusade. Some vegans are capable of great cruelty to ex-vegans and others they perceive as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostates</a> or backsliders.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup> </p><p>Radical vegans bullied a San Francisco butcher shop into hanging an animal-rights poster denigrating the owner's business.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> Similarly, radical supporters of animal-rights threatened violence against the Guggenheim art museum for displaying videos by Chinese artists featuring animals.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> These individuals are not above mounting campaigns of online harassment, even against meat-eaters who are trying to find ways to do so sustainably.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> In some areas, vegans have adopted the tactic of barging into restaurants and shouting slogans.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> Threats orchestrated by vegan extremists forced a restaurant and petting zoo in rural Victoria, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, to close; the proprietors feared for their own and their employees' safety.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> Vegan rhetoric is often casually offensive; activists like Joey Carbstrong have compared pigs, cows, and chickens to <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> in the antebellum United States. These vegans don't see a problem with that.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup> However, the vegan who has been the most vocal and prominent in using Holocaust language to describe the plight of animals is activist Gary Yourofsky, who is himself Jewish,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup> and takes this intentionally provocative approach to highlight alleged problems with factory farming. The casual <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> of these vegans extends to harassing <a href="/wiki/Native_American" title="Native American">First Nations</a> people for engaging in traditional hunting and crafts promised to them by treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_cholesterol" title="Dietary cholesterol">Dietary cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, a religion for people who really don't want to harm insects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_diet" title="Carnivore diet">Carnivore diet</a>, the opposite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay:Why_You_Shouldn%27t_Eat_Meat" title="Essay:Why You Shouldn't Eat Meat">Essay:Why You Shouldn't Eat Meat</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegansociety.com/about/who-we-are.aspx">The Vegan Society website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veganhealth.org">Evidence-based nutrition information for vegans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getitvegan.com/resources/vegan-shoe-brands">Footwear brands that don't use any animal-derived materials or ingredients</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eatright.org/About/Content.aspx?id=8357">Position statement on vegetarian diets from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/C004833/health_en.shtml">Health Benefits of Veganism</a> — Vegan 2000: Life style of the millennium</li> <li>Need some cooking lessons? Let <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eovuIfeH2k4">Vegan Black Metal Chef</a> show you how it's done. Warning: hilarious, and may be offensive to <a href="/wiki/Godbotherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Godbotherer">godbotherers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a> types.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecologos.org">Ecologos</a> — What happens when a vegan moves sharply into <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> territory.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepticalvegan.com">Veganism from a scientist's perspective</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/vegan-youtube-is-imploding-as-stars-like-rawvana-bonny-rebecca-and-stella-rae-change-diets">The Weird World of Vegan YouTube Stars Is Imploding: Rawvana, Bonny Rebecca and Stella Rae are eating animal products, triggering outrage and an identity crisis.</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6Kj17oVHAk">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6Kj17oVHAk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherwin.2C_2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sherwin.2C_2001_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSherwin.2C_C.M.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sherwin, C.M. (2001). "Can invertebrates suffer? Or, how robust is argument-by-analogy?". <i>Animal Welfare (Supplement)</i>. <b>10</b>: 103–S118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Welfare+%28Supplement%29&rft.atitle=Can+invertebrates+suffer%3F+Or%2C+how+robust+is+argument-by-analogy%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=103-S118&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Sherwin%2C+C.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AVeganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://askentomologists.com/2016/08/29/do-insects-feel-pain/">https://askentomologists.com/2016/08/29/do-insects-feel-pain/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://relaximanentomologist.tumblr.com/post/51301520453/do-insects-feel-pain">https://relaximanentomologist.tumblr.com/post/51301520453/do-insects-feel-pain</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" class="extiw" title="wp:Pain in invertebrates" rel="nofollow">Pain in invertebrates</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emily Main. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organicgardening.com/living/grossest-bugs-you-don-t-know-you-re-eating">"The Grossest Bugs You Don’t Know You’re Eating: Find out which foods contain the most bugs and how to avoid eating them."</a>, <i>Rodale's Organic Life</i>, Apr 10, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/ucm056174.htm">FDA: The Food Defect Action Levels Levels of natural or unavoidable defects in foods that present no health hazards for humans</a>, May 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/12/25/18127863/vegan-beyond-impossible-burger">https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/12/25/18127863/vegan-beyond-impossible-burger</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Esselstyn CB Jr, Ellis SG, Medendorp SV, Crowe TD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7500065">"A strategy to arrest and reverse coronary artery disease: a 5-year longitudinal study of a single physician's practice"</a>, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Dec 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343%2805%2900279-2/abstract">"The effects of a low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harriet Hall, MD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/bill-clintons-diet/">"Bill Clinton’s Diet""</a>, <i>Science-Based Medicine</i>, Nov 23, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tina H. T. Chiu, Hui-Ya Huang, Yen-Feng Chiu, Wen-Harn Pan, Hui-Yi Kao, Jason P. C. Chiu, Ming-Nan Lin, Chin-Lon Lin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0088547">"Taiwanese Vegetarians and Omnivores: Dietary Composition, Prevalence of Diabetes and IFG"</a>, Feb 11, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Castro, Dr. Regina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/expert-answers/diabetes/faq-20058117">Vegetarian diet: Can it help me control my diabetes?</a>, The Mayo Clinic, Sept. 23, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Larsson SC, Orsini N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24148709">"Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis."</a>, Feb 01, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">An Pan, PhD, Qi Sun, MD, ScD, Adam M. Bernstein, MD, ScD, Matthias B. Schulze, DrPH, JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH, Meir J. Stampfer, MD, DrPH, Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPH, and Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712342/">"Red Meat Consumption and Mortality: Results from Two Prospective Cohort Studies"</a>, Mar 12, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabine RohrmannEmail, Kim Overvad, H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Marianne U Jakobsen, Rikke Egeberg, Anne Tjønneland, Laura Nailler, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Vittorio Krogh, Domenico Palli, Salvatore Panico, Rosario Tumino, Fulvio Ricceri, Manuela M Bergmann, Heiner Boeing, Kuanrong Li, Rudolf Kaaks, Kay-Tee Khaw, Nicholas J Wareham, Francesca L Crowe, Timothy J Key, Androniki Naska, Antonia Trichopoulou, Dimitirios Trichopoulos, Max Leenders, Petra HM Peeters, Dagrun Engeset, Christine L Parr, Guri Skeie, Paula Jakszyn, María-José Sánchez, José M Huerta, M Luisa Redondo, Aurelio Barricarte, Pilar Amiano, Isabel Drake, Emily Sonestedt, Göran Hallmans, Ingegerd Johansson, Veronika Fedirko, Isabelle Romieux, Pietro Ferrari, Teresa Norat, Anne C Vergnaud, Elio Riboli and Jakob Linseisen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/63/abstract">"Meat consumption and mortality — results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition"</a>, Mar 07, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashmi Sinha, Amanda J. 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Leitzmann, and Arthur Schatzkin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803089/">"Meat intake and mortality: a prospective study of over half a million people"</a>, Mar 23, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandair, Rossi, Pericleous, Whyand, Caplin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24976856">"Prostate cancer and the influence of dietary factors and supplements: a systematic review."</a>, Jun 16, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Cancer_and_food">"Cancer and food"</a>, <i>Better Health Channel</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pham NM, Mizoue T, Tanaka K, Tsuji I, Tamakoshi A, Matsuo K, Wakai K, Nagata C, Inoue M, Tsugane S, Sasazuki S; Research Group for the Development and Evaluation of Cancer Prevention Strategies in Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24842864">"Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population."</a>, Jul 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woo HD, Park S, Oh K, Kim HJ, Shin HR, Moon HK, Kim J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25339056">"Diet and cancer risk in the Korean population: a meta-analysis."</a>, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphaëlle L. Santarelli, Fabrice Pierre, and Denis E. Corpet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2661797/">"Processed meat and colorectal cancer: a review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence."</a>, Mar 27, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002096.htm">"Diet and cancer"</a>, Medline Plus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Choi WJ, Kim J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25136535">"Dietary factors and the risk of thyroid cancer: a review."</a>, Jul 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Choi Y, Song S, Song Y, Lee JE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23467465">"Consumption of red and processed meat and esophageal cancer risk: meta-analysis."</a>, Feb 21, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhu HC, Yang X, Xu LP, Zhao LJ, Tao GZ, Zhang C, Qin Q, Cai J, Ma JX, Mao WD, Zhang XZ, Cheng HY, Sun XC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24395380">"Meat consumption is associated with esophageal cancer risk in a meat- and cancer-histological-type dependent manner."</a>, Mar 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salehi M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Salehi MH, Nojomi M, Kolahdooz F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23590703">"Meat, fish, and esophageal cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis."</a>, May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huang W, Han Y, Xu J, Zhu W, Li Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23179661">"Red and processed meat intake and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies."</a>, Jan 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Namiranian N, Moradi-Lakeh M, Razavi-Ratki SK, Doayie M, Nojomi M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25422252">"Risk factors of breast cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review and meta-analysis."</a>, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nci-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nci_30-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nci_30-1">30.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/cooked-meats-fact-sheet#q3">"Chemicals in Meat Cooked at High Temperatures and Cancer Risk"</a>, National Cancer Institute, Oct 19, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831992/">"Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis."</a>, Oct 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Micha R, Michas G, Mozaffarian D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23001745">"Unprocessed red and processed meats and risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes — an updated review of the evidence."</a>, Dec 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen GC, Lv DB, Pang Z, Liu QF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23169473">"Red and processed meat consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies."</a>, Jan 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Micha R, Wallace SK, Mozaffarian D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20479151">"Red and processed meat consumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis."</a>, Jun 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rouhani MH, Salehi-Abargouei A, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24815945">"Is there a relationship between red or processed meat intake and obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies."</a>, Sep 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, Mouw T, May AM, Travier N, Luan J, Wareham N, Slimani N, Rinaldi S, Couto E, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Cottet V, Palli D, Agnoli C, Panico S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Agudo A, Rodriguez L, Sanchez MJ, Amiano P, Barricarte A, Huerta JM, Key TJ, Spencer EA, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Büchner FL, Orfanos P, Naska A, Trichopoulou A, Rohrmann S, Hermann S, Boeing H, Buijsse B, Johansson I, Hellstrom V, Manjer J, Wirfält E, Jakobsen MU, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Halkjaer J, Lund E, Braaten T, Engeset D, Odysseos A, Riboli E, Peeters PH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592131">"Meat consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study."</a>, Aug 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison Wein, Ph.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/march2012/03262012meat.htm">"Risk in Red Meat?"</a>, National Institute of Health, Mar 26, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald zur Hausen, Ethel-Michel de Villiers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.29466/abstract;jsessionid=21267B9FAFBF6B7DFED45C49AF419D0B.f03t02">"Dairy cattle serum and milk factors contributing to the risk of colon and breast cancers."</a>, <i>Internation Journal of Cancer</i>, Feb 20, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aune D, Chan DS, Vieira AR, Rosenblatt DA, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Norat T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22706630">" Fruits, vegetables and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies."</a>, Jul 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hu FB, Stampfer MJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11122711">"Nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a review of epidemiologic evidence."</a>, Nov 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesca L Crowe, Paul N Appleby, Ruth C Travis, and Timothy J Key. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/97/3/597.full.pdf">"Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: results from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study"</a>, <i>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huang T, Yang B, Zheng J, Li G, Wahlqvist ML, Li D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22677895">"Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-analysis and systematic review."</a>, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Michael J. Orlich, MD, Dr. Pramil N Singh, DrPH, Dr. Joan Sabaté, MD, DrPH, Dr. KarenJaceldo-Siegl, DrPH, Ms. Jing Fan, MS, Dr. Synnove Knutsen, MD, PhD, Dr. W. LawrenceBeeson, DrPH, and Dr. Gary E. Fraser, MBchB, PhD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4191896/pdf/nihms632677.pdf">"Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Mortality in Adventist Health Study 2"</a>, Jul 08, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David G. Popovich, David J. A. Jenkins, Cyril W. C. Kendall, Ellen S. Dierenfeld, Richard W. 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Innis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899308021033">"Dietary omega 3 fatty acids and the developing brain"</a>, "Brain Research", Volume 1237, 27 October 2008, Pages 35-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26485478">Nutritional Supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa Lowers Serum Methylmalonic Acid in Vegans and Vegetarians with a Suspected Vitamin B12 Deficiency</a> by R. E. Merchant et al. <i>J. Med. Food.</i> 2015 Dec;18(12):1357-62. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2015.0056. Epub 2015 Oct 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vegansocietyb12-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-vegansocietyb12_57-0">57.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-vegansocietyb12_57-1">57.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">The Vegan Society: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/nutrition-health/vitamins-minerals-and-more/vitamin-b12-your-key-facts/what-every-vegan-should-know-about-vitamin-b12">What Every Vegan Should Know About Vitamin B12</a>, Oct 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Warner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/baby/news/20090302/birth-defects-linked-to-low-vitamin-b12">Birth Defects Linked to Low Vitamin B12: Study Shows B12 Deficiency May Raise Risk of Spina Bifida and Other Neural Tube Defects</a>, <i>WebMD</i>, Mar 02, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://stijnbruers.wordpress.com/2015/03/24/waarom-de-milieubeweging-het-ggo-dossier-mag-loslaten/">https://stijnbruers.wordpress.com/2015/03/24/waarom-de-milieubeweging-het-ggo-dossier-mag-loslaten/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://veganhealth.org/vitamin-b12-plant-foods/">B12 in Plant Foods</a>, Vegan Health, Jack Norris</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_yeast" class="extiw" title="wp:Nutritional yeast" rel="nofollow">Nutritional yeast</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://veganhealth.org/vitamin-b12/vitamin-b12-vegan-sources/">Vitamin B12: Vegan Sources</a>, veganhealth.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marmite.co.uk/faq.html">Marmite FAQ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marmite.co.nz/dig-deep/nutrition/">Marmite nutritional information</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vegandeath.bandcamp.com/">Baby Green</a> by Vegan Death</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1542293.stm">Baby death parents spared jail</a> (Friday, 14 September, 2001, 17:34 GMT 18:34) <i>BBC</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/14/childprotection.uk">Adventist sect parents jailed for manslaughter</a> (Thursday 13 June 2002 20.43 EDT) <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/01/joel-sergine-le-moaligou-convicted">Joel and Sergine Le Moaligou convicted of causing child's death: French couple who refused to take their sick and undernourished daughter to hospital were sentenced to five years in jail</a> by Kim Willsher (Friday 1 April 2011 16.11 EDT) <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24507712">Safety of soya-based infant formulas in children</a> by Y. Vandenplas, <i>Br. J. Nutr.</i> 2014 Apr 28;111(8):1340-60. doi: 10.1017/S0007114513003942. Epub 2014 Feb 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Diet/vegans-life-starving-week-son/story?id=14508628">Atlanta Couple Gets Life for Starving 6-Week-Old Son</a> by Katie Moisse (September 13, 2011) <i>ABC News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rawstory.com/2014/12/toddler-dies-from-malnutrition-caused-by-radical-christian-parents-faith-based-vegan-diet/">Toddler dies from malnutrition caused by radical Christian parents’ faith-based vegan diet</a> by David Ferguson (19 Dec 2014 at 11:54 ET) <i>Raw Story</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/jennifer-jeromie-john-clark-calgary-starve-malnutrition-1.3308588">Jennifer and Jeromie Clark to stand trial in Calgary toddler's starving death: Judge rules Calgary couple can be ID'd in son's death from staph infection and malnutrition</a> by Meghan Grant (Nov 17, 2015 11:05 AM MT) <i>CBC</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/5354719/jennifer-and-jeromie-clark-sentencing/">Calgary couple Jennifer and Jeromie Clark sentenced 32 months in toddler’s infection death</a> by Lauren Krugel (Jun 5, 2019) <i>Global News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ottawasun.com/2015/04/10/parents-of-toddler-whose-vegan-diet-led-to-death-sentenced-to-30-months">Parents of toddler whose vegan diet led to death sentenced to 30 months</a> by Michele Mandel (First posted: Friday, April 10, 2015 12:44 PM EDT | Updated: Friday, April 10, 2015 01:04 PM EDT) <i>Ottawa Sun</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/10/07/mom-fed-her-11-month-old-only-fruit-and-nuts-now-she-faces-child-endangerment-charges/">A mom fed her 11-month-old only fruit and nuts. Now she faces child endangerment charges</a> by Ben Guarino (October 7, 2016) <i>Washington Post</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/baby-gluten-free-diet-dies-undeweight-less-10-pound-lbs-lucas-beveren-belgium-a7740161.html">Baby fed 'alternative' diet weighed less than 10lbs when he died with a totally empty stomach. Mother and father tried to give baby son products like quinoa milk despite warnings it was unsuitable</a> by May Bulman (17 May 2017 11:14) <i>The Independent</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18454811">Effect of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency on neurodevelopment in infants: current knowledge and possible mechanisms</a> by D.K. Dror & L. H. Allen, <i>Nutr. 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id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beefarmers.co.uk/pollination-of-crops/">Pollination of crops</a>, Bee Farmers Association (UK)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism">https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.peta.org/about-peta/faq/its-almost-impossible-to-avoid-using-all-animal-products-if-youre-still-causing-animal-suffering-without-realizing-it-whats-the-point/">http://www.peta.org/about-peta/faq/its-almost-impossible-to-avoid-using-all-animal-products-if-youre-still-causing-animal-suffering-without-realizing-it-whats-the-point/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peta.org/about-peta/why-peta/pets/">Pets</a>, PETA website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/more.php?id=1596">UC Davis — Labor: US Fruits and Vegetables</a>, <i>Rural Migration News</i>, Jan 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduardo González, Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.org/pages/9960/migrant-farm-workers:-our-nations-invisible-population#.VQG_fNg5Cic">"Migrant Farm Workers: Our Nation's Invisible Population"</a>, Oct 05, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Harris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/28/undocumented-migrants-worker-abuse-deportation">Undocumented workers' grim reality: speak out on abuse and risk deportation</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, Mar 28, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism">https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/definition-veganism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whyanimalsdothething.com/why-a-vegan-diet-will-kill-your-cat-and-sicken-your-dog">Why a Vegan diet will Kill Your Cat (and Sicken Your Dog)</a>, <i>Why Animals Do The Thing</i>, Dec. 17, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carroll, Rory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/29/los-angeles-vegan-dog-diet-animal-shelters-moby">Health mutt: proposal to put shelter dogs on vegan diet divides Los Angeles</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, Dec. 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Solon, Olivia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/feb/02/the-owners-putting-pets-on-vegan-diets-we-feed-our-animals-without-exploiting-others">The owners putting pets on vegan diets: 'We feed our animals without exploiting others'</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, Feb. 2, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/24/kitten-vegan-diet-nearly-dies_n_3644213.html">Kitten Nearly Dies On Vegan Diet, Gets Healed With Meat</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></i>, July 24, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Khuky, Patti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vetstreet.com/our-pet-experts/one-vets-advice-dont-force-your-pet-to-be-vegan">One Vet's Advice: Don't Force Your Pet to Be Vegan</a>. <i>Vetstreet</i>, July 15, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whittaker, Domínguez-Oliva, Mota-Rojas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/are-vegan-pet-diets-as-unhealthy-as-theyre-claimed-to-be-heres-what-the-evidence-says-197409">Are vegan pet diets as unhealthy as they’re claimed to be? Here’s what the evidence says</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Conversation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Conversation (page does not exist)">The Conversation</a></i>, Jan. 12, 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nutritionfacts.org/video/dairy-and-cancer/">https://nutritionfacts.org/video/dairy-and-cancer/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pcrm.org/good-nutrition/nutrition-information/health-concerns-about-dairy">https://www.pcrm.org/good-nutrition/nutrition-information/health-concerns-about-dairy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.vegancanada.org/news/article/2019/08/03/review-dairy-health-risks.html">https://www.vegancanada.org/news/article/2019/08/03/review-dairy-health-risks.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://viva.org.uk/health/healthy-vegan-diet/why-veganism-is-healthy/diet-and-cancer/igf-1-diet-and-cancer">https://viva.org.uk/health/healthy-vegan-diet/why-veganism-is-healthy/diet-and-cancer/igf-1-diet-and-cancer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.veganlifestylecoach.com/news/2017/5/27/dairy-igf-1-insulin-like-growth-factor-1">https://www.veganlifestylecoach.com/news/2017/5/27/dairy-igf-1-insulin-like-growth-factor-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(06)72104-X/pdf">https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(06)72104-X/pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096637417300370">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096637417300370</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.7/No.2/14.pdf">https://www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.7/No.2/14.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31089868/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31089868/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-022-02954-4">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-022-02954-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261561421002132">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261561421002132</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Meat-fish-and-dairy-products.pdf">https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Meat-fish-and-dairy-products.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aicr.org/research/the-continuous-update-project/meat-fish-dairy/">https://www.aicr.org/research/the-continuous-update-project/meat-fish-dairy/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-016-0210-9">https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-016-0210-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18000020/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18000020/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/143/2/189/4615253">https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/143/2/189/4615253</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8255404/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8255404/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2019.00062/full">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2019.00062/full</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102203808/http://211.76.170.15/server/APJCN/16/3/467.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20230102203808/http://211.76.170.15/server/APJCN/16/3/467.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/803092/COC_2018_S01_IGF-1_Non-technical_summary.pdf">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/803092/COC_2018_S01_IGF-1_Non-technical_summary.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/803090/COC_2018_S01_IGF-1_COC_Statement.pdf">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/803090/COC_2018_S01_IGF-1_COC_Statement.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dairy.osu.edu/newsletter/buckeye-dairy-news/volume-10-issue-2/safety-insulin-growth-factor-i-igf-i">https://dairy.osu.edu/newsletter/buckeye-dairy-news/volume-10-issue-2/safety-insulin-growth-factor-i-igf-i</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nutritionstudies.org/is-raw-milk-better-for-you-what-about-goat-milk">https://nutritionstudies.org/is-raw-milk-better-for-you-what-about-goat-milk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://vegsource.com/dr-mcdougall-and-insulin-like-growth-factor-1/">https://vegsource.com/dr-mcdougall-and-insulin-like-growth-factor-1/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28434035/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28434035/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sniglobal.org/soy-protein-does-not-lower-testosterone-or-raise-igf-1-levels-in-men/">https://sniglobal.org/soy-protein-does-not-lower-testosterone-or-raise-igf-1-levels-in-men/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labante.com/blogs/news/which-shoes-are-vegan">Which Shoes Are Vegan? LaBante's Guide to Ethical Footwear</a>, LaBante</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpgelatin-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wpgelatin_121-0">121.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wpgelatin_121-1">121.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin" class="extiw" title="wp:Gelatin" rel="nofollow">Gelatin</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_glue" class="extiw" title="wp:Animal glue" rel="nofollow">Animal glue</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/hypefoodie/does-your-wine-contain-eg_b_8861952.html">Does Your Wine Contain Eggs, Milk Or Fish?</a>, Huffington Post, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/StNLj">Empathy, Education, and Violence: A Time for Everything</a>, Gary Yourofsky, <i>ADAPTT</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/dec/04/abuse-intimidation-death-threats-the-vicious-backlash-facing-fomer-vegans">Abuse, intimidation, death threats: the vicious backlash facing former vegans</a>. Ellie Abraham, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> Dec. 4, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/03/vegan-protest-berkeley-butcher-local-shop-animals-rights">Vegan activists force California butcher to hang animal rights sign in window</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, Aug. 3, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haas, Benjamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/sep/26/guggenheim-museum-artworks-animals-threats-violence">Guggenheim Museum pulls three artworks featuring animals after threats of violence</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>, Sept. 26, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leigh, Meredith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mereleighfood.com/blog/2016/11/14/vegan-bullying-and-the-new-world"><i>Vegan Bullying and the New World</i></a>, Nov. 14, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyt3AGug0Y4">Vegan Cringe Compilation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Hook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://7news.com.au/news/vic/country-cafe-closes-after-vile-threats-and-harassment-by-vegan-activists-c-46929">Country cafe closes after 'vile' threats and harassment' by vegan activists</a>. <i>7news.com</i>, Apr. 6, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayley Dixon and Jonathan Pearlman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/09/peaceful-vegan-activist-joey-carbstrong-compared-dairy-farmers/">'Peaceful vegan activist' Joey Carbstrong compared dairy farmers to Hitler and told them to kill themselves</a>. The Telegraph, 9 February 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karlsten, Stian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethicalvegan.net/read/animal-holocaust">Is it offensive to compare the holocaust with the meat industry?</a>. <i>The Ethical Vegan</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Naomi Darom, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Lv95mDOp?url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/is-vegan-superstar-gary-yourofsky-an-animal-savior-or-a-mad-militant-1.463267">Is vegan superstar Gary Yourofsky an animal savior or a mad militant?</a> <i>Haaretz</i> (archive)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Deni Kirkova, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metro.co.uk/2015/09/28/how-animal-rights-activist-gary-yourofsky-turned-8-of-israels-population-vegan-after-comparing-slaughterhouses-to-the-holocaust-5361205/">Gary Yourofsky ‘turned 8% of Israel vegan’ after comparing slaughterhouses to the Holocaust</a> <i>Metro</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pat Mullen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://povmagazine.com/articles/view/review-angry-inuk">Review: ‘Angry Inuk’</a> <i>POV Magazine</i>, May 11, 2016.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="food_woo-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#47374a; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte 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href="/wiki/Pete_Evans" title="Pete Evans">Pete Evans</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raw_honey" title="Raw honey">Raw honey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omega-3" title="Omega-3">Omega-3</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burusho" title="Burusho">Burusho</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chris_Beat_Cancer" title="Chris Beat Cancer">Chris Beat Cancer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a> • <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Tripe" title="Fun:Tripe">Tripe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> • <a href="/wiki/Water_woo" title="Water woo">Water woo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Chocolate" title="Fun:Chocolate">Chocolate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_water_treatment" title="Magnetic water treatment">Magnetic water treatment</a> • <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_meat" title="In vitro meat">In vitro meat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Agaricus" title="Agaricus">Agaricus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Locavore" title="Locavore">Locavore</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cyclamate" title="Cyclamate">Cyclamate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Freedom_fries" title="Freedom fries">Freedom fries</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:RationalWiki_diet" title="Fun:RationalWiki diet">RationalWiki diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spot_reduction" title="Spot reduction">Spot reduction</a> • <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">Bottled water</a> • <a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pseudovitamin" title="Pseudovitamin">Pseudovitamin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dietary_cholesterol" title="Dietary cholesterol">Dietary cholesterol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Humans_are_herbivores" title="Humans are herbivores">Humans are herbivores</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_water" title="Hydrogen water">Hydrogen water</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Eden_School_of_Natural_Health" title="New Eden School of Natural Health">New Eden School of Natural Health</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irina_Ermakova" title="Irina Ermakova">Irina Ermakova</a> • <a href="/wiki/Airborne" title="Airborne">Airborne</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Li" title="William Li">William Li</a> • <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Center for Science in the Public Interest">Center for Science in the Public Interest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Baby_eating" title="Fun:Baby eating">Baby eating</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">Cannibalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Super_Size_Me" title="Super Size Me">Super Size Me</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Sandwich" title="Fun:Sandwich">Sandwich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_miracle_of_honey_as_an_alternative_medicine" title="The miracle of honey as an alternative medicine">The miracle of honey as an alternative medicine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy boy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Heart_Attack_Grill" title="Heart Attack Grill">Heart Attack Grill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Probiotics" title="Probiotics">Probiotics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Udo_Pollmer" title="Udo Pollmer">Udo Pollmer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Passwater" title="Richard A. Passwater">Richard A. Passwater</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_woo" title="Food woo">Food woo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insect</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jilly_Juice" title="Jilly Juice">Jilly Juice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spam" title="Spam">Spam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo_promoters" title="Category:Food woo promoters"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Promoters:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Nutritional_Consultants" title="American Association of Nutritional Consultants">American Association of Nutritional Consultants</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Fagan" title="John Fagan">John Fagan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_Babe" title="Food Babe">Food Babe</a> • <a href="/wiki/GreenMedInfo" title="GreenMedInfo">GreenMedInfo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Organic_Consumers_Association" title="Organic Consumers Association">Organic Consumers Association</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gym" title="Anti-Gym">Anti-Gym</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_diet" title="Bulletproof diet">Bulletproof diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joel_Fuhrman" title="Joel Fuhrman">Joel Fuhrman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harmonized_H2O" title="Harmonized H2O">Harmonized H2O</a> • <a href="/wiki/Errol_Denton" title="Errol Denton">Errol Denton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gerson_Therapy" title="Gerson Therapy">Gerson Therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/MonaVie" title="MonaVie">MonaVie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Purity_Products" title="Purity Products">Purity Products</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Young" title="Robert Young">Robert Young</a> • <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cahill" title="Matt Cahill">Matt Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Life_Extension_Foundation" title="Life Extension Foundation">Life Extension Foundation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Rick Scott</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Wolfe" title="David Wolfe">David Wolfe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods Market</a> • <a href="/wiki/PETA" title="PETA">PETA</a> • <a href="/wiki/THINCS" title="THINCS">THINCS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abd_ul-Rahman_Lomax" title="Abd ul-Rahman Lomax">Abd ul-Rahman Lomax</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Smith" title="Jeffrey Smith">Jeffrey Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bakker" title="Jim Bakker">Jim Bakker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Essene_Gospel_of_Peace" title="Essene Gospel of Peace">Essene Gospel of Peace</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Heinerman" title="John Heinerman">John Heinerman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Natural_Healing" title="Institute for Natural Healing">Institute for Natural Healing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aseem_Malhotra" title="Aseem Malhotra">Aseem Malhotra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Monastyrsky" title="Konstantin Monastyrsky">Konstantin Monastyrsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marika_Sboros" title="Marika Sboros">Marika Sboros</a> • <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Kendrick" title="Malcolm Kendrick">Malcolm Kendrick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Taubes" title="Gary Taubes">Gary Taubes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Health_Digest" title="Consumer Health Digest">Consumer Health Digest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joel_D._Wallach" title="Joel D. Wallach">Joel D. Wallach</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_DiNicolantonio" title="James DiNicolantonio">James DiNicolantonio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Lundell" title="Dwight Lundell">Dwight Lundell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kresser" title="Chris Kresser">Chris Kresser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lipman" title="Frank Lipman">Frank Lipman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Dean" title="Carolyn Dean">Carolyn Dean</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Davis" title="William Davis">William Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anthony_William" title="Anthony William">Anthony William</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_Axe" title="Josh Axe">Josh Axe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nasha_Winters" title="Nasha Winters">Nasha Winters</a> • <a href="/wiki/H._L._Newbold" title="H. L. Newbold">H. L. Newbold</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Noakes" title="Tim Noakes">Tim Noakes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Harcombe" title="Zoë Harcombe">Zoë Harcombe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Annee_de_Mamiel" title="Annee de Mamiel">Annee de Mamiel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Weston_A._Price_Foundation" title="Weston A. Price Foundation">Weston A. Price Foundation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Savage" title="Michael Savage">Michael Savage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Null" title="Gary Null">Gary Null</a> • <a href="/wiki/H2Om" title="H2Om">H2Om</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Appleton" title="Nancy Appleton">Nancy Appleton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Tortorich" title="Vinnie Tortorich">Vinnie Tortorich</a> • <a href="/wiki/MeMe_Roth" title="MeMe Roth">MeMe Roth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Working_Group" title="Environmental Working Group">Environmental Working Group</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Berg" title="Eric Berg">Eric Berg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Baker" title="Shawn Baker">Shawn Baker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Avallone" title="Hunter Avallone">Hunter Avallone</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Perlmutter" title="David Perlmutter">David Perlmutter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jake_Angeli" title="Jake Angeli">Jake Angeli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Trudeau" title="Kevin Trudeau">Kevin Trudeau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Saxon" title="Kurt Saxon">Kurt Saxon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Pavlina" title="Steve Pavlina">Steve Pavlina</a> • <a href="/wiki/TruthWiki" title="TruthWiki">TruthWiki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> • <a href="/wiki/NaturalNews" title="NaturalNews">NaturalNews</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Kloss" title="Jethro Kloss">Jethro Kloss</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jason_Fung" title="Jason Fung">Jason Fung</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vegan_Artbook" title="Vegan Artbook">Vegan Artbook</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Saladino" title="Paul Saladino">Paul Saladino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Peat" title="Ray Peat">Ray Peat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Truthstream_Media" title="Truthstream Media">Truthstream Media</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Moore" title="Jimmy Moore">Jimmy Moore</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Lugavere" title="Max Lugavere">Max Lugavere</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vegan_Gains" title="Vegan Gains">Vegan Gains</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Naughton" title="Tom Naughton">Tom Naughton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Diet_woo" title="Category:Diet woo"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Diet woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Blood_type_diet" title="Blood type diet">Blood type diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Breatharianism" title="Breatharianism">Breatharianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jesus_diet" title="Jesus diet">Jesus diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lemonade_diet" title="Lemonade diet">Lemonade diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Inedia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Macrobiotics" title="Macrobiotics">Macrobiotics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">Organic food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Doughism" title="Fun:Doughism">Doughism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Self_help" title="Self help">Self help</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paleo_diet" title="Paleo diet">Paleo diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_supplement" title="Nutritional supplement">Nutritional supplement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gerson_Therapy" title="Gerson Therapy">Gerson Therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbalife" title="Herbalife">Herbalife</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raw_milk_movement" title="Raw milk movement">Raw milk movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free" title="Gluten-free">Gluten-free</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anti-oxidants" title="Anti-oxidants">Anti-oxidants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Squirrel_diet" title="Fun:Squirrel diet">Squirrel diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_and_mineral_supplements" title="Vitamin and mineral supplements">Vitamin and mineral supplements</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soy" title="Soy">Soy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Errol_Denton" title="Errol Denton">Errol Denton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">Glycemic index</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isagenix" title="Isagenix">Isagenix</a> • <a href="/wiki/Subway_diet" title="Subway diet">Subway diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Agave_nectar" title="Agave nectar">Agave nectar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sweeteners" title="Sweeteners">Sweeteners</a> • <a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neti_pot" title="Neti pot">Neti pot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_diet" title="Bulletproof diet">Bulletproof diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pro-ana" title="Pro-ana">Pro-ana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geophagia" title="Geophagia">Geophagia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Barrett" title="Holland & Barrett">Holland & Barrett</a> • <a href="/wiki/Weigh_down_diet" title="Weigh down diet">Weigh down diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Clean_living_movement" title="Clean living movement">Clean living movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Howell" title="Edward Howell">Edward Howell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bone_broth" title="Bone broth">Bone broth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">Carrot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diet_soda" title="Diet soda">Diet soda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_dye" title="Food dye">Food dye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Low-carb_diet" title="Low-carb diet">Low-carb diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carnivore_diet" title="Carnivore diet">Carnivore diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Pavlina" title="Steve Pavlina">Steve Pavlina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Winterson" title="Jeanette Winterson">Jeanette Winterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Onion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Helminthic_therapy" title="Helminthic therapy">Helminthic therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_supplement_woo" title="Category:Food supplement woo"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Supplement woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">Ellagic acid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">Apple cider vinegar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" title="Canola oil">Canola oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chlorella" title="Chlorella">Chlorella</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a> • <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rooibos_tea" title="Rooibos tea">Rooibos tea</a> • <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_berry" title="Açaí berry">Açaí berry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> • <a href="/wiki/Salt_woo" title="Salt woo">Salt woo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cahill" title="Matt Cahill">Matt Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_and_mineral_supplements" title="Vitamin and mineral supplements">Vitamin and mineral supplements</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Soylent_Green" title="Fun:Soylent Green">Soylent Green</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Rick Scott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplements" title="Dietary supplements">Dietary supplements</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbal_supplement" title="Herbal supplement">Herbal supplement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Health_Digest" title="Consumer Health Digest">Consumer Health Digest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" title="Activated charcoal">Activated charcoal</a> • <a href="/wiki/CEASE_therapy" title="CEASE therapy">CEASE therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Toxins" title="Category:Toxins"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Toxin woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> • <a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" title="Canola oil">Canola oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Broccoli" title="Fun:Broccoli">Broccoli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cleanse" title="Cleanse">Cleanse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chemophobia" title="Chemophobia">Chemophobia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Candida" title="Candida">Candida</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nitrites" title="Nitrites">Nitrites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mercury" title="Mercury">Mercury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a> • <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a> • <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> • <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aristolochia" title="Aristolochia">Aristolochia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">Alcohol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">Median lethal dose</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a> • <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" title="Activated charcoal">Activated charcoal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Botox" title="Botox">Botox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Real_Water" title="Real Water">Real Water</a> • <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxin</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodybuilding_woo" title="Category:Bodybuilding woo"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Bodybuilding woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/ECA_stack" title="ECA stack">ECA stack</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_caveman_movement" title="Urban caveman movement">Urban caveman movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gym" title="Anti-Gym">Anti-Gym</a> • <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotrophin" title="Human chorionic gonadotrophin">Human chorionic gonadotrophin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_woo" title="Bodybuilding woo">Bodybuilding woo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Broscience" title="Broscience">Broscience</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bold_and_Determined" title="Bold and Determined">Bold and Determined</a> • <a href="/wiki/Human_growth_hormone" title="Human growth hormone">Human growth hormone</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_One" title="The Golden One">The Golden One</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Joe Rogan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Baker" title="Shawn Baker">Shawn Baker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carnivore_diet" title="Carnivore diet">Carnivore diet</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:GMO" title="Category:GMO"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">GMO:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/March_Against_Monsanto" title="March Against Monsanto">March Against Monsanto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> • <a href="/wiki/GMO_A_Go_Go" title="GMO A Go Go">GMO A Go Go</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seeds_of_Death" title="Seeds of Death">Seeds of Death</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lynas" title="Mark Lynas">Mark Lynas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pollan" title="Michael Pollan">Michael Pollan</a> • <a href="/wiki/GreenMedInfo" title="GreenMedInfo">GreenMedInfo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Judy_Carman" title="Judy Carman">Judy Carman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Beacon" title="Liberty Beacon">Liberty Beacon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food,_Inc" title="Food, Inc">Food, Inc</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_Babe" title="Food Babe">Food Babe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gilles-Eric_S%C3%A9ralini" title="Gilles-Eric Séralini">Gilles-Eric Séralini</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">Glyphosate</a> • <a href="/wiki/AlterNet" title="AlterNet">AlterNet</a> • <a href="/wiki/FAQ_on_genetically_modified_food" title="FAQ on genetically modified food">FAQ on genetically modified food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Folta" title="Kevin Folta">Kevin Folta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Beppe_Grillo" title="Beppe Grillo">Beppe Grillo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> • <a href="/wiki/TruthWiki" title="TruthWiki">TruthWiki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rice" title="Golden Rice">Golden Rice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Kulinski" title="Kyle Kulinski">Kyle Kulinski</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Non-GMO_Project" title="The Non-GMO Project">The Non-GMO Project</a> • <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Working_Group" title="Environmental Working Group">Environmental Working Group</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lipman" title="Frank Lipman">Frank Lipman</a> • <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Environmental_Medicine" title="American Academy of Environmental Medicine">American Academy of Environmental Medicine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a> • <a href="/wiki/M.S._Swaminathan" title="M.S. Swaminathan">M.S. Swaminathan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a> • <a href="/wiki/Percy_Schmeiser" title="Percy Schmeiser">Percy Schmeiser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Dore" title="Jimmy Dore">Jimmy Dore</a> • <a href="/wiki/Immortal_Technique" title="Immortal Technique">Immortal Technique</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Dees" title="David Dees">David Dees</a> • <a href="/wiki/NaturalNews" title="NaturalNews">NaturalNews</a> • <a href="/wiki/Truthstream_Media" title="Truthstream Media">Truthstream Media</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zachary_K._Hubbard" title="Zachary K. Hubbard">Zachary K. 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