CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <!DOCTYPE html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.extension.org:80/pages/31521/annual-cycle-of-the-grapevine","20151015052537","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1444886737"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/31521/annual-cycle-of-the-grapevine"/> <title>Annual Cycle of the Grapevine - eXtension</title> <meta name="description" content="Dormancy Bud break Bloom &amp; fruit set Veraison and fruit maturation Post-harvest More Info William..."> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/31521/annual-cycle-of-the-grapevine"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Annual Cycle of the Grapevine - eXtension"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Dormancy Bud break Bloom &amp; fruit set Veraison and fruit maturation Post-harvest More Info William..."/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Annual Cycle of the Grapevine - eXtension"> <meta property="twitter:description" content="Dormancy Bud break Bloom &amp; fruit set Veraison and fruit maturation Post-harvest More Info William..."/> <link href="/web/20151015052537cs_/http://www.extension.org/assets/application-e8534246f2962d7edb14ac258af52d68.css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="/web/20151015052537cs_/http://www.extension.org/assets/print-for-screen-8b7d2062ae6cae8d79eeb18b010de9e6.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="/web/20151015052537cs_/http://www.extension.org/assets/print-b7a375cd708b367e901ba29d0a221941.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script src="/web/20151015052537js_/http://www.extension.org/assets/application-e7cfea1b577822cf3ed6ecd9b65a7341.js" type="text/javascript"></script>  <link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Sanchez" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> </head> <body> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537js_/https://assets.extension.org/javascripts/global_nav_public.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <div id="body_wrapper"> <div id="preview_wrapper" class="production"></div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="navbar"> <div class="navbar-inner"> <a class="btn btn-navbar" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".search-collapse"><i class="fa fa-search icon-white"></i></a> <a class="btn btn-navbar" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse">MENU</a> <a class="brand" href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/"><img class="nonmobile hidden-phone" src="/web/20151015052537im_/http://www.extension.org/assets/frontporch/ex_logo_i-three_tagline.png" alt="eXtension"/><img class="visible-phone" src="/web/20151015052537im_/http://www.extension.org/assets/frontporch/logo_mobile.gif" alt="eXtension"/></a> <div class="nav-collapse collapse"> <ul class="nav"> <li class="active"><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/main/communities">Resource Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/main/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/main/donate">Support Us</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/main/blog">Recent </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="search-collapse collapse">  <form id="searchbox_002594610894210374936:hggphannnzi" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/main/search" class="navbar-form form-search pull-right"> <div class="input-append"> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="002594610894210374936:hggphannnzi"/> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="FORID:11"/> <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search eXtension" class="span2 search-query"/> <input type="submit" value="Go" class="btn"/> </div> </form>   </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row">  <div class="span9"> <h1 id="article_title">Annual Cycle of the Grapevine</h1> <div class="infobar bordered clearfix"> <span class="label label-tag"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/grapes">Grapes</a></span> <span class="page_timestamp"><abbr class="updated" title="20150907">September 07, 2015</abbr></span><span class="divider hidden-phone noprint"></span> <script>var pfHeaderImgUrl = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/assets/eX_ARLN_logo_PF_1800x180.png';var pfHeaderTagline = 'eXtension';var pfdisableClickToDel = 1;var pfHideImages = 0;var pfImageDisplayStyle = 'right';var pfDisablePDF = 0;var pfDisableEmail = 0;var pfDisablePrint = 0;var pfCustomCSS = '';var pfCustomCSS = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/assets/printfriendly.css';var pfBtVersion='1';(function(){var js, pf;pf = document.createElement('script');pf.type = 'text/javascript';if('https:' == document.location.protocol){js='https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/https://pf-cdn.printfriendly.com/ssl/main.js'}else{js='https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://cdn.printfriendly.com/printfriendly.js'}pf.src=js;document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(pf)})();</script><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.printfriendly.com/" style="color:#6D9F00;text-decoration:none;" class="printfriendly" onclick="window.print();return false;" title="Printer Friendly and PDF"><img style="border:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537im_/http://cdn.printfriendly.com/button-print-gry20.png" alt="Print Friendly and PDF"/></a>  <div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style visible-desktop noprint"> <a class="addthis_button_facebook_like" fb:like:layout="button_count"></a> <a class="addthis_button_tweet"></a> <a class="addthis_button_pinterest_pinit"></a> <a class="addthis_button_google_plusone" g:plusone:size="medium"></a> </div> <script type="text/javascript">var addthis_config = {"data_track_addressbar":true};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20151015052537js_/http://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-51d4654b1c82f32e"></script>   <div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_32x32_style hidden-desktop noprint"> <a class="addthis_button_facebook"></a> <a class="addthis_button_twitter"></a> <a class="addthis_button_pinterest_share"></a> <a class="addthis_button_google_plusone_share"></a> </div>  </div> <div id="article_content"> <p style="margin-left: 40px; "><a href="#Dormancy" style="line-height: 1.6;">Dormancy</a><span style="line-height: 1.6;"> 聽聽聽 </span><a href="#Bud_break" style="line-height: 1.6;">Bud break</a><span style="line-height: 1.6;"> 聽聽聽 </span><a href="#Bloom_and_fruit_set" style="line-height: 1.6;">Bloom & fruit set</a><span style="line-height: 1.6;"> 聽聽聽 </span><a href="#Veraison_and_fruit_maturation" style="line-height: 1.6;">Veraison and fruit maturation</a><span style="line-height: 1.6;"> 聽聽聽 </span><a href="#Post-harvest" style="line-height: 1.6;">Post-harvest</a><span style="line-height: 1.6;"> 聽聽聽 </span><a href="#Recommended_Links" style="line-height: 1.6;">More Info</a></p> <p><i>William Nail, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station</i></p> <p><a id="Annual_Growth_Stages" name="Annual_Growth_Stages"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Annual Growth Stages</span></h2> <p>Grapevines are deciduous, woody perennial plants, and their annual cycle is, in many ways, similar to other such plants. There are, however, some differences in managing grapevines cultivated for commercial production. Annual growth of grapevines is frequently described using <a class="external_link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/hortfacts/hf905020/elstage.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/hortfacts/hf905020/elstage.htm">Eichorn-Lorenz stages</a>.</p> <p><a id="Dormancy" name="Dormancy"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Dormancy</span></h3> <p>From leaf fall to the beginning of growth in spring, grapevines are dormant and consist entirely of woody tissue. Relatively little activity occurs during this period. Root growth can still occur unless soil temperatures are too cold to support growth. Cold hardiness within cultivars can vary depending on genetics, temperature, and temperature fluctuations. Many of the hybrid grape varieties are created to address the lack of hardiness in varieties of grapes in the species <i>Vitis vinifera</i>. As a result, hardiness varies considerably across varieties. In cold climates, hardy hybrid varieties are necessary for grape production.</p> <p><a id="Bud_break" name="Bud_break"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Bud break</span></h3> <p>As temperatures warm in the spring, stored starch is converted to sugar and sap begins to move in the vine. This can be seen on warm spring days when pruning wounds begin to 鈥渂leed". As temperatures warm, <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/31940/bud" title="Bud" class="internal_link"> buds</a> begin to swell, then burst (break). The newly emerged <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/32198/shoot" title="Shoot" class="internal_link"> shoots</a> grow very rapidly, and will continue to do so for several weeks in the absence of stress. Soon <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/31947/cluster" title="Cluster" class="internal_link"> cluster</a> <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/32074/inflorescence" title="Inflorescence" class="internal_link"> inflorescences</a> become visible, usually opposite the third and fourth <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/32084/leaf" title="Leaf" class="internal_link"> leaves</a> on a shoot.</p> <p><a id="Bloom_and_fruit_set" name="Bloom_and_fruit_set"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Bloom and fruit set</span></h3> <p>After a few weeks, depending on weather conditions, inflorescences begin to swell, and soon flowers open. The flowering period can be as short as a day or two under warm, dry conditions, or as long as a month under very cool, wet weather conditions. Most commercial grape cultivars are self-pollinating, so do not need a separate pollenizer cultivar. Grapevines are still mostly reliant on stored carbohydrates from the previous season for their energy at this point. After pollination, the flowers abscise and the newly-formed berries go through a rapid period of development due to cell division. Flower <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/31947/cluster" title="Cluster" class="internal_link">cluster</a> primordia for the following season begin to originate in <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/31940/bud" title="Bud" class="internal_link">buds</a> at this time, and will continue to develop until <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/32252/veraison" title="Veraison" class="internal_link"> veraison</a>. Leaves well exposed to sunlight during this time will result in more <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/32024/fruitful-bud" title="Fruitful bud" class="internal_link"> fruitful buds</a> in the following growing season. Once the berries are well formed, cell division largely ceases and further berry growth is mostly due to cell expansion. Many leaves on each shoot are fully expanded, and the vine no longer depends on stored carbohydrates for its energy source. For the next few weeks, shoots and berries grow very rapidly.</p> <p><a id="Veraison_and_fruit_maturation" name="Veraison_and_fruit_maturation"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Veraison and fruit maturation</span></h3> <p>Approximately five to seven weeks after fruit set, veraison begins. Berries expand further, begin to soften, and accumulate sugar. The color on red cultivars is readily apparent, while the visual indicators of maturity on white cultivars are more subtle. During the next four to six weeks, sugar, pigments, and other flavor compounds increase in the maturing fruit, while organic acids decrease and change forms. Unless there is an excess of water or fertility, shoot growth slows greatly or ceases. The <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/31918/bark" title="Bark" class="internal_link">bark</a> of green <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/32198/shoot" title="Shoot" class="internal_link">shoots</a> begins to turn brown from the base, becoming woody by the end of the period. This process is called lignification. On managed plantings, the veraison period ends with harvest.</p> <p><a id="Post-harvest" name="Post-harvest"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Post-harvest</span></h3> <p>After harvest, grapevine leaves continue to photosynthesize until frost if temperatures are warm enough. This is a very important period for the vines to accumulate carbohydrates for future growth. As temperatures fall, vines gradually become more cold hardy, and sugars are converted to starch to be stored for the winter, mostly in perennial structures such as roots and <a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/32233/trunk" title="Trunk" class="internal_link"> trunks</a>. After leaf fall, vines continue to acclimate to cold weather, but no more carbohydrate accumulation occurs.</p> <p><a id="Recommended_Links" name="Recommended_Links"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Recommended Resources</span></h2> <p><a class="external_link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/hortfacts/hf905020/elstage.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/hortfacts/hf905020/elstage.htm">Eichorn-Lorenz Stages in Shoot Development of the Grapevine</a></p> <p><a class="internal_link" href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/31096/stages-of-grape-berry-development" rel="nofollow" title="http://cop.extension.org/wiki/Stages_of_Grape_Berry_Development">Stages of Grape Berry Development</a></p> <p>Mullins, Michael G., Alain Bouquet, and Larry E. Williams. 1992. <a class="external_link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://books.google.com/books?id=wnNvmRjfxgQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=biology+of+the+grapevine&source=bl&ots=LZl5aIjv8u&sig=eWe24j8vHFXhqarhn_JCWSWqDQQ&hl=en&ei=nETUTOipD8nBnAfssdDrBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="nofollow" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=wnNvmRjfxgQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=biology+of+the+grapevine&source=bl&ots=LZl5aIjv8u&sig=eWe24j8vHFXhqarhn_JCWSWqDQQ&hl=en&ei=nETUTOipD8nBnAfssdDrBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Biology of the Grapevine.</i></a> Cambridge University Press, UK.</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/pub360/6stages.htm#figure6-1" class="external_link">Growth Stages of Grapevines (diagrams),</a> <em>Canadian Ministry of Agriculture</em></p> <p><i>Reviewed by William Shoemaker, University of Illinois<br> and Eric Stafne, Mississippi State University</i></p> </div> <div class="backtotop span9 noprint"><a href="#top"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>Back to Top</a></div> <div class="row noprint"> <div class="article-info span6"> <h3 class="bordered">Browse related by Tag</h3> <p class="caption publictags"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/category/grapes">grapes</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/category/grapes_canopy_management">grapes canopy management</a> </p> </div> <div class="article-info span3"> <h3 class="bordered">Share this post</h3> <div class="share">  <div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_32x32_style"> <a class="addthis_button_twitter"></a> <a class="addthis_button_facebook"></a> <a class="addthis_button_google_plusone_share"></a> <a class="addthis_button_pinterest_share"></a> <a class="addthis_button_email"></a> </div>  </div> <div class="callout orange"> <h4>Have a Question?</h4> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/https://ask.extension.org/groups/1710/ask" class="aae_form_link">Try asking one of our Experts</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="span3 noprint"> <div class="row"> <div class="connect-with-us span3 home"> <h3>Connect with us</h3> <ul class="inline"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/https://twitter.com/eViticulture"><img alt="Twitter" src="/web/20151015052537im_/http://www.extension.org/assets/frontporch/icon_twitter.gif"/></a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/https://www.facebook.com/eViticulture"><img alt="Facebook" src="/web/20151015052537im_/http://www.extension.org/assets/frontporch/icon_facebook.gif"/></a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.youtube.com/eViticulture"><img alt="YouTube" src="/web/20151015052537im_/http://www.extension.org/assets/frontporch/icon_youtube.gif"/></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="local-extension-office span3"> <div id="institutional_branding"> <h3>Welcome</h3> <p>eXtension is an interactive learning environment delivering research-based information emerging from America's land-grant university system.</p> </div> <div id="institution_picker"> <label for="zip_or_state">Select a different institution</label> <div class="input-append"> <input id="zip_or_state" name="zip_or_state" type="text" class="span2 search-query" placeholder="State or Zip"/> <span id="submit_zip" class="btn">LOCATE</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="callout orange span3"> <h4>Donate to Grapes</h4> <p>Your donation keeps eXtension growing.</p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=WE92HR9YBZ57C&item_name=Grapes" class="btn orange lg"> <i class="fa fa-heart icon-white"></i> Give Now </a> </div> </div> <br/> <div class="row"> <div class="upcoming_learn_events span3 clearfix"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537js_/https://learn.extension.org/widgets/upcoming.js?tags=grapes&showdate_on_past_events=false"></script> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="community-resources span3 clearfix"> <h2>Resources</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/60308/growing-grapes-starting-a-vineyard" title="Grapes Production - Starting a Vineyard" class="internal_link">Starting a Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/54499/growing-grapes-managing-the-vineyard" title="Grapes Production - Managing the Vineyard" class="internal_link">Managing the Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/54498/growing-grapes-vineyard-ipm" title="Grapes Production - Vineyard IPM" class="internal_link">Vineyard IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/32446/the-business-of-growing-grapes" title="Grapes Production - The Business of Growing Grapes" class="internal_link">The Business of Growing Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/32441/growing-muscadine-grapes" title="Grapes Production - Muscadines" class="internal_link">Muscadines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/32440/growing-table-grapes" title="Grapes Production - Table Grapes" class="internal_link">Table grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/58545/grapes-more-about-grapes-and-eviticulture" title="Grapes - More about Grapes and eViticulture" class="internal_link">More about Grapes and eViticulture</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/69910/wine" class="local_link">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/63206/viticulture-research" class="local_link">Viticulture Research and Videos</a></li> </ul><hr><ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://northerngrapesproject.org/" class="external_link">Northern Grapes Project</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.vitisgen.org/" class="external_link">VitisGen</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/63263/grape-webinars" class="local_link">Webinars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/54332/grapes-cop-state-newsletters" title="Grapes CoP State Newsletters" class="internal_link">State Newsletters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/33764/viticulture-discussion-list" title="Viticulture Discussion List" class="internal_link">Viticulture Discussion List</a></li> </ul><hr><ul> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/32277/grape-glossary" title="Grape Glossary" class="internal_link">Grape Glossary Terms</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pages/71059/glosario-de-uvas" class="local_link">Glosario de Uvas</a></li> </ul><p>eViticulture and the Grape Community of Practice are funded by the NIFA-USDA Specialty Crops Research Initiative (SCRI) and eXtension.</p> <p>聽</p> <p>聽</p> <p>聽</p> <p>聽</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="pagelinks"> <p><i class="fa fa-list"></i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/pageinfo/31521">View publishing information about this page.</a></p> </div> <hr/> <div class="row noprint"> <div class="span3 resource-areas"> <h3>Resource Areas</h3> <h4>Community</h4> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/ag_law">Agricultural and Food Law</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/community_planning_and_zoning">Community Planning and Zoning</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/community_and_regional_food_systems">Community, Local and Regional Food Systems</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/cooperatives">Cooperatives</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/creating_healthy_communities">Creating Healthy Communities</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/diversity">Diversity, Equity and Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/community_development">Enhancing Rural Community Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurs & Their Communities</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/geospatial_technology">Geospatial Technology</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/internationalizing_extension">Internationalizing Extension</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/network_literacy">Network Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/program_evaluation">Program Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/volunteer_administration">Volunteer Administration </a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/womeninag">Women in Agriculture</a></li> </ul> <h4>Disaster Issues</h4> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/disasters">Agricultural Disaster Preparedness and Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/drought_resources">Drought Resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/floods">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/surviving_wildfire">Wildfire</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="span3 resource-areas"> <h4>Energy</h4> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/ag_energy">Farm Energy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/home_energy">Home Energy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/wood_energy">Wood Energy</a></li> </ul> <h4>Environment</h4> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/prescribed_fire">Prescribed Fire</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/trees_for_energy_conservation">Trees for Energy Conservation</a></li> </ul> <h4>Family</h4> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/childandfamily">Child and Family Learning Network</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/child_care">Child Care</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/companion_animals">Companion Animals</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/drinking_water">Drinking Water and Human Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/family_caregiving">Family Caregiving</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/food_safety">Food Safety</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/militaryfamilies">Military Families</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/personal_finance">Personal Finance</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="span3 resource-areas"> <h4>Farm</h4> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/farm_safety_and_health">Ag Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/animal_manure_management">Animal Manure Management</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/animal_welfare">Animal Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/apples">Apples</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/bee_health">Bee Health</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/beef_cattle">Beef Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/blueberries">Blueberries</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/climate_forests_woodlands">Climate, Forests and Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/dairy_cattle">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/forest_farming">Forest Farming</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/freshwater_aquaculture">Freshwater Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/goat">Goats</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/grapes">Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/horses">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/marine_aquaculture">Marine Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/organic_production">Organic Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/plant_breeding_genomics">Plant Breeding and Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/sheep">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/poultry">Small and Backyard Flocks</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/small_meat_processors">Small Meat Processors</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/sustainable_marine_fisheries">Sustainable Marine Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/wood_products">Wood Products</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="span3 resource-areas"> <h4>Health and Nutrition</h4> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/low_income_nutrition_education">Community Nutrition Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/families_food_fitness">Families, Food and Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/healthy_food_choices_in_schools">Healthy Food Choices in Schools</a></li> </ul> <h4>Lawn and Garden</h4> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/mastergardener">Extension Master Gardener</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/horticulture">Gardens & Landscapes</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/garden_science">The Garden Professors</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/landscape_water_conservation">Water Conservation for Lawn and Landscape</a></li> </ul> <h4>Pest Management</h4> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/feral_hogs">Feral Hogs</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/fire_ants">Imported Fire Ants</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/invasive_species">Invasive Species</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/urban_integrated_pest_management">Pest Management In and Around Structures</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/wildlife_damage_management">Wildlife Damage Management</a></li> </ul> <h4>Youth</h4> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/youth_agriculture">Ag Zone</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/science_for_youth">Science for Youth</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <hr class="noprint"/> <footer> <span id="extension_icon_512" class="pull-left noprint"><img id="extension_logo" src="/web/20151015052537im_/http://www.extension.org/assets/extension_logo.jpg" alt="eXtension"/></span> <ul class="inline noprint"> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/feeds" class="feeds">Feeds</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/main/partners">Institutional Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/main/privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/main/contact_us">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/main/disclaimer">Disclaimer</a></li> <li class="last"><a href="/web/20151015052537/http://www.extension.org/main/termsofuse">Terms of Use</a></li> </ul> <p>© 2015 eXtension. All rights reserved.</p> </footer> </div>  <script class="code" type="text/javascript"> $('.carousel').carousel({ interval: 6000 }) $("#article_content table.table").wrap("<div class='table-wrapper'></div>"); function change_institution() { var ZipOrState = $('#zip_or_state').val(); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "/main/show_institution_list", cache: false, data: {zip_or_state: ZipOrState} }) .done(function() { }) .fail(function() { alert("change institution error"); }) } $('#zip_or_state').keypress(function (e) { if (e.which == 13) { change_institution(); } }); $("#submit_zip").click(function () { change_institution(); }); $("#preview_wrapper").height($("body").height()); $("#select_from_tags li").click(function() { $tags = $('#widget_tags').val(); if ($tags != "" ) { $tags += ", " } $('#widget_tags').val($tags +$(this).html()); }); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-155321-2']); _gaq.push(['_setDomainName', '.extension.org']); _gaq.push(['_setCustomVar', 1, 'rat', 'grapes', 3]); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/pages/31521/annual-cycle-of-the-grapevine?content_types=article&tags=grapes%2Cgrapes_canopy_management']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageLoadTime']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/https://ssl' : 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151015052537/http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </body> </html>