Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems , Research & Development, Science Publishing Group

<!doctype html> <html> <head> <title>Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems , Research & Development, Science Publishing Group</title> <meta name="description" content="The integration of research evidence into healthcare decision-making is essential for improving health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. This study investigates the perspectives of public health professionals on research utilization within the Nigerian health system, identifying barriers and facilitators to the application of evidence-based practices. Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected from public health professionals and policymakers through a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Survey. The findings reveal a significant gap in the dissemination and utilization of research findings, with many professionals unaware of existing systems to facilitate this process. Despite recognizing the importance of research utilization for enhancing health and quality of life, barriers such as limited access to quality research publications and inadequate collaboration between researchers and policymakers impede effective implementation. Capacity-building initiatives, such as workshops and continuous professional development programs, were identified as key facilitators for promoting evidence-based practices. The study underscores the need for improved communication and tailored dissemination strategies to bridge the gap between research and practice, ensuring that findings are accessible and applicable to the specific needs of different professional groups. These results align with existing literature that highlights the crucial role of evidence-based practice in public health and the necessity of robust dissemination and implementation frameworks. Addressing these barriers and leveraging facilitators can significantly enhance the utilization of research findings, leading to better health outcomes and more effective healthcare policies in Nigeria. "> <meta name="Keywords" content="Research Utilization, Evidence-Based Practices, Nigerian Health System, Public Health Professionals, Barriers and Facilitators, Capacity-Building Initiatives"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/js/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css?v=20241017114704"> <meta name="dc.title" content="Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems "> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Michael Avwerhota"><meta name="dc.creator" content="Ebenezer Obi Daniel"><meta name="dc.creator" content="Oladayo Olarinre Avwerhota"><meta name="dc.creator" content="Israel Olukayode Popoola"><meta name="dc.creator" content="Taiwo Aderemi Popoola"><meta name="dc.creator" content="Adebanke Adetutu Ogun"><meta name="dc.creator" content="Ahmed Mamuda Bello"><meta name="dc.creator" content="Michael Olabode Tomori"><meta name="dc.creator" content="Aisha Oluwakemi Salami"><meta name="dc.creator" content="Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo"><meta name="dc.creator" content="Olukayode Oladeji Alewi"><meta name="dc.creator" content="Aremu Bukola Janet"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Research Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Research & Development 2024, Volume 5, Page 86"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-09-11"> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Science Publishing Group"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2024 The Author(s)"> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2024 The Author(s)"> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="service@sciencepublishinggroup.com"> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/pdf"> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"> <meta name="dc.description" content="The integration of research evidence into healthcare decision-making is essential for improving health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. This study investigates the perspectives of public health professionals on research utilization within the Nigerian health system, identifying barriers and facilitators to the application of evidence-based practices. Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected from public health professionals and policymakers through a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Survey. The findings reveal a significant gap in the dissemination and utilization of research findings, with many professionals unaware of existing systems to facilitate this process. Despite recognizing the importance of research utilization for enhancing health and quality of life, barriers such as limited access to quality research publications and inadequate collaboration between researchers and policymakers impede effective implementation. Capacity-building initiatives, such as workshops and continuous professional development programs, were identified as key facilitators for promoting evidence-based practices. The study underscores the need for improved communication and tailored dissemination strategies to bridge the gap between research and practice, ensuring that findings are accessible and applicable to the specific needs of different professional groups. These results align with existing literature that highlights the crucial role of evidence-based practice in public health and the necessity of robust dissemination and implementation frameworks. Addressing these barriers and leveraging facilitators can significantly enhance the utilization of research findings, leading to better health outcomes and more effective healthcare policies in Nigeria. "> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Research Utilization"><meta name="dc.subject" content="Evidence-Based Practices"><meta name="dc.subject" content="Nigerian Health System"><meta name="dc.subject" content="Public Health Professionals"><meta name="dc.subject" content="Barriers and Facilitators"><meta name="dc.subject" content="Capacity-Building Initiatives"> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2994-7057"> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Research & Development"> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-09-11"> <meta name="prism.volume" content="5"> <meta name="prism.number" content="3"> <meta name="prism.section" content="Research Article"> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="86"> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="93"> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2024 The Author(s)"> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="service@sciencepublishinggroup.com"> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://www.sciencepg.com/article/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12"> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2994-7057"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Research & Development"> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Res. Dev."> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Science Publishing Group"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems "> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/09"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/09/11"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="5"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="86"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="93"> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research Article"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""> <meta name="citation_language" content="En"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Michael Avwerhota"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Public Health, Atlantic International University, Hawaii, United States of America"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ebenezer Obi Daniel"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Public Health, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Oladayo Olarinre Avwerhota"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Israel Olukayode Popoola"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Taiwo Aderemi Popoola"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Research, Smartnovation Limited, Birmingham, United Kingdom"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Adebanke Adetutu Ogun"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Policy, Governance, Liaison, and Support, International Organization for Migration, Abuja, Nigeria"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ahmed Mamuda Bello"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Michael Olabode Tomori"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Aisha Oluwakemi Salami"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Health and Nutrition Sector, International Medical Corps, Kyiv, Ukraine"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Olukayode Oladeji Alewi"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Aremu Bukola Janet"> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="doi:10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12"> <meta name="citation_id" content="6310198"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.rd.20240503.12"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Lavis JN, Ross SE, Hurley JE, Hohenadel JM, Stoddart GL, Woodward CA, et al. 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Makerere J High Educ. 2011; 3(1): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v3i1.8"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="http://article.sciencepg.com/pdf/j.rd.20240503.12"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Science Publishing Group"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.sciencepg.com/article/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12"> <meta property="og:title" content="Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems "> <meta property="og:description" content="The integration of research evidence into healthcare decision-making is essential for improving health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. This study investigates the perspectives of public health professionals on research utilization within the Nigerian health system, identifying barriers and facilitators to the application of evidence-based practices. Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected from public health professionals and policymakers through a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Survey. The findings reveal a significant gap in the dissemination and utilization of research findings, with many professionals unaware of existing systems to facilitate this process. Despite recognizing the importance of research utilization for enhancing health and quality of life, barriers such as limited access to quality research publications and inadequate collaboration between researchers and policymakers impede effective implementation. Capacity-building initiatives, such as workshops and continuous professional development programs, were identified as key facilitators for promoting evidence-based practices. The study underscores the need for improved communication and tailored dissemination strategies to bridge the gap between research and practice, ensuring that findings are accessible and applicable to the specific needs of different professional groups. These results align with existing literature that highlights the crucial role of evidence-based practice in public health and the necessity of robust dissemination and implementation frameworks. Addressing these barriers and leveraging facilitators can significantly enhance the utilization of research findings, leading to better health outcomes and more effective healthcare policies in Nigeria. 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id="articleUniqueID" value="j.rd.20240503.12"> <div class="article_header"> <div class="article_header_top"> Research Article <span>|</span> <a href="/journal/631/open-access" target="_blank"><img src="/img/oa.png" class="oa"></a> <span>|</span> <a href="/journal/631/peer-review-at-sciencepg" style="color: #00599c; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank">Peer-Reviewed</a> </div> <h3 class="ArticleTitle">Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems </h3> <div class="article_author"> <span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author0" class="AuthorName" >Michael Avwerhota</a><sup>*</sup><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7955-2072" target="_blank"><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"></a>,  <div class="author_item person-info" id="author0" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Michael Avwerhota</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Public Health, Atlantic International University, Hawaii, United States of America</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719009"> <p><img src="/img/email_icon.png"><a href="javascript:;" class="EmailAddress btn-email" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#emailModalScrollable">Contact Email</a></p> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7955-2072" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7955-2072<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </span><span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author1" class="AuthorName" >Ebenezer Obi Daniel</a><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7286-7904" target="_blank"><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"></a>,  <div class="author_item person-info" id="author1" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Ebenezer Obi Daniel</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Public Health, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719010"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7286-7904" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7286-7904<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </span><span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author2" class="AuthorName" >Oladayo Olarinre Avwerhota</a>,  <div class="author_item person-info" id="author2" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Oladayo Olarinre Avwerhota</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</p> </div> </span><span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author3" class="AuthorName" >Israel Olukayode Popoola</a><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-8576" target="_blank"><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"></a>,  <div class="author_item person-info" id="author3" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Israel Olukayode Popoola</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719012"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-8576" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-8576<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </span><span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author4" class="AuthorName" >Taiwo Aderemi Popoola</a><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4111-2191" target="_blank"><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"></a>,  <div class="author_item person-info" id="author4" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Taiwo Aderemi Popoola</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Research, Smartnovation Limited, Birmingham, United Kingdom</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719013"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4111-2191" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4111-2191<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </span><span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author5" class="AuthorName" >Adebanke Adetutu Ogun</a><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9741-5514" target="_blank"><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"></a>,  <div class="author_item person-info" id="author5" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Adebanke Adetutu Ogun</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Policy, Governance, Liaison, and Support, International Organization for Migration, Abuja, Nigeria</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719014"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9741-5514" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9741-5514<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </span><span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author6" class="AuthorName" >Ahmed Mamuda Bello</a><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0193-1160" target="_blank"><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"></a>,  <div class="author_item person-info" id="author6" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Ahmed Mamuda Bello</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719015"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0193-1160" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0193-1160<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </span><span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author7" class="AuthorName" >Michael Olabode Tomori</a><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-531X" target="_blank"><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"></a>,  <div class="author_item person-info" id="author7" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Michael Olabode Tomori</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719016"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-531X" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-531X<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </span><span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author8" class="AuthorName" >Aisha Oluwakemi Salami</a><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-6070" target="_blank"><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"></a>,  <div class="author_item person-info" id="author8" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Aisha Oluwakemi Salami</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719017"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-6070" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-6070<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </span><span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author9" class="AuthorName" >Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo</a><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0153-5475" target="_blank"><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"></a>,  <div class="author_item person-info" id="author9" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Health and Nutrition Sector, International Medical Corps, Kyiv, Ukraine</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719018"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0153-5475" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0153-5475<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </span><span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author10" class="AuthorName" >Olukayode Oladeji Alewi</a><a href="http://orcid.org/0009-0002-4674-2483" target="_blank"><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"></a>,  <div class="author_item person-info" id="author10" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Olukayode Oladeji Alewi</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719019"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0009-0002-4674-2483" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0009-0002-4674-2483<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </span><span class="author"> <a href="javascript:;" data-target="#author11" class="AuthorName" >Aremu Bukola Janet</a><a href="http://orcid.org/0009-0008-0270-0429" target="_blank"><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"></a> <div class="author_item person-info" id="author11" style="display: none;"> <p class="author_name">Aremu Bukola Janet</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719020"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0009-0008-0270-0429" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0009-0008-0270-0429<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </span> </div> <div class="published"> <span>Published in </span> <a href="/journal/631/home" target="_blank"><i>Research & Development</i></a> (<a href="/journal/631/archive/6310503" target="_blank">Volume 5, Issue 3</a>) </div> <div class="article_time"> <span>Received: </span>26 July 2024     <span>Accepted: </span>21 August 2024     <span>Published: </span>11 September 2024 </div> <div class="vd"> <input type="hidden" id="downloadTotalizationUrl" value="https://w.sciencepublishinggroup.com/"> <span>Views:</span> <span class="spanViews"></span>      <span>Downloads:</span> <span class="spanDownloads"></span> </div> <div class="operation clearfix"> <div class="view_more left"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="downLoadArticle(10091226, "https:\/\/w.sciencepublishinggroup.com\/", '.spanDownloads', "https:\/\/article.sciencepg.com\/", "pdf\/j.rd.20240503.12", true)" > <i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i>Download PDF </a> </div>  <div class="add_ope share_btn left"> <a href="javascript:;" id="toggleButton"> <img src="/img/share_icon.png">Share This Article </a> <div class="share_item toggle-div" id="myDiv"> <div class="s-popup__arrow"></div> <div class="share_list"> <ul> <li> <a id="twitterUrl" target="_blank"><img src="/img/twitter_icon.png">Twitter</a> </li> <li> <a id="linkedInUrl" target="_blank"><img src="/img/LinkedIn_icon.png">Linked In</a> </li> <li> <a id="facebookUrl" target="_blank"><img src="/img/facebook_icon.png">Facebook</a> </li> </ul> <script type="text/javascript"> var twitterUrl = "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + twitterUrlEncode("Public Health Professionals\u2019 Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems\r\n"); twitterUrl += "&hashtags=" + twitterUrlEncode("Science Publishing Group"); twitterUrl += "&url=" + twitterUrlEncode(location.origin + "/" + "article\/10.11648\/j.rd.20240503.12"); var linkedInUrl = "http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&title=" + encodeURIComponent("Public Health Professionals\u2019 Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems\r\n"); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent("&source=" + location.origin + "&summary=" + getMoreContentShow("The integration of research evidence into healthcare decision-making is essential for improving health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. This study investigates the perspectives of public health professionals on research utilization within the Nigerian health system, identifying barriers and facilitators to the application of evidence-based practices. Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected from public health professionals and policymakers through a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Survey. The findings reveal a significant gap in the dissemination and utilization of research findings, with many professionals unaware of existing systems to facilitate this process. Despite recognizing the importance of research utilization for enhancing health and quality of life, barriers such as limited access to quality research publications and inadequate collaboration between researchers and policymakers impede effective implementation. Capacity-building initiatives, such as workshops and continuous professional development programs, were identified as key facilitators for promoting evidence-based practices. The study underscores the need for improved communication and tailored dissemination strategies to bridge the gap between research and practice, ensuring that findings are accessible and applicable to the specific needs of different professional groups. These results align with existing literature that highlights the crucial role of evidence-based practice in public health and the necessity of robust dissemination and implementation frameworks. Addressing these barriers and leveraging facilitators can significantly enhance the utilization of research findings, leading to better health outcomes and more effective healthcare policies in Nigeria.\r\n", 200)) linkedInUrl += "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(location.origin + "/" + "article\/10.11648\/j.rd.20240503.12"); var facebookUrl = "https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=" + location.origin + "/" + "article\/10.11648\/j.rd.20240503.12"; </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article_body"> <div class="section" id="abstract"> <div class="Abatract">Abstract</div> <p class="AbatractContent">The integration of research evidence into healthcare decision-making is essential for improving health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. This study investigates the perspectives of public health professionals on research utilization within the Nigerian health system, identifying barriers and facilitators to the application of evidence-based practices. Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected from public health professionals and policymakers through a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Survey. The findings reveal a significant gap in the dissemination and utilization of research findings, with many professionals unaware of existing systems to facilitate this process. Despite recognizing the importance of research utilization for enhancing health and quality of life, barriers such as limited access to quality research publications and inadequate collaboration between researchers and policymakers impede effective implementation. Capacity-building initiatives, such as workshops and continuous professional development programs, were identified as key facilitators for promoting evidence-based practices. The study underscores the need for improved communication and tailored dissemination strategies to bridge the gap between research and practice, ensuring that findings are accessible and applicable to the specific needs of different professional groups. These results align with existing literature that highlights the crucial role of evidence-based practice in public health and the necessity of robust dissemination and implementation frameworks. Addressing these barriers and leveraging facilitators can significantly enhance the utilization of research findings, leading to better health outcomes and more effective healthcare policies in Nigeria. </p> </div> <div class="article_basic_info"> <table> <tr> <td> <span>Published in</span> </td> <td> <a href="/journal/631/home" target="_blank"><i>Research & Development</i></a> (<a href="/journal/631/archive/6310503" target="_blank">Volume 5, Issue 3</a>) </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span>DOI</span> </td> <td> <a href="https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12" target="_blank">10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span>Page(s)</span> </td> <td>86-93</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span>Creative Commons</span> </td> <td> <p class="basic_copyright"><img src="/img/copyright_icon2.png"></p> <p>This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span>Copyright</span> </td> <td> <p>Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="pre_next_article clearfix"> <div class="pre"> <a href="/article/10.11648/rd.20240501.14"><i class="fas fa-chevron-circle-left"></i><span>Previous article</span></a> </div> <div class="next"> <a href="/article/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.13"><span>Next article</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-circle-right"></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="keywords"> <div class="Keywords">Keywords</div> <p class="KeywordsContent">Research Utilization, Evidence-Based Practices, Nigerian Health System, Public Health Professionals, Barriers and Facilitators, Capacity-Building Initiatives</p> </div> <div class="section" id="section1"><div class="Heading1">1. Introduction</div><div class="Text">The utilization of research evidence in healthcare decision-making is crucial for the enhancement of health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Nigeria. Public health professionals play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between research findings and their application in healthcare policies and practices. Understanding their perspectives on research utilization can shed light on the barriers and facilitators that impact the integration of evidence-based practices in Nigerian health systems.</div><div class="Text">Research utilization in health systems involves the application of scientific evidence to improve health policies, programs, and practices. It is a critical component for advancing healthcare quality and effectiveness. According to Lavis et al. <div class="references_link" data-target="#references1"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references1"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[1]</td><td>Lavis JN, Ross SE, Hurley JE, Hohenadel JM, Stoddart GL, Woodward CA, et al. How can research organizations more effectively transfer research knowledge to decision makers? Milbank Q. 2003; 81(2): 221–48, 171–2. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00052" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00052<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00052" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[1]</div>, effective research utilization can lead to better health outcomes, more efficient use of resources, and improved patient care. In Nigeria, where the health system faces significant challenges such as inadequate funding, insufficient healthcare infrastructure, and a high burden of diseases, the integration of research findings into practice is essential for addressing these issues <div class="references_link" data-target="#references2"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references2"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[2]</td><td>Uneke CJ, Ezeoha AE, Ndukwe CD, Oyibo PG, Onwe FD. Promotion of evidence-informed health policymaking in Nigeria: bridging the gap between researchers and policymakers. Glob Public Health. 2012; 7(7): 750–65. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2012.666255" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2012.666255<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2012.666255" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[2]</div>.</div><div class="Text">Despite the recognized importance, several barriers hinder the effective utilization of research in Nigerian health systems. One major challenge is the lack of access to quality research and scientific publications. Many public health professionals in Nigeria do not have access to the latest research findings due to limited availability of journals and databases <div class="references_link" data-target="#references3"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references3"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[3]</td><td>Ezeh A, Oyebode O, Satterthwaite D, Chen YF, Ndugwa R, Sartori J, et al. The history, geography, and sociology of slums and the health problems of people who live in slums. Lancet. 2017; 389(10068): 547–58. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31650-6" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31650-6<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31650-6" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[3]</div>. This lack of access impedes their ability to stay updated with current evidence, thereby affecting their capacity to implement evidence-based interventions.</div><div class="Text">Another significant barrier is the insufficient collaboration between researchers and policymakers. Studies have shown that the disconnect between those who produce research and those who use it in policymaking leads to underutilization of research findings <div class="references_link" data-target="#references4"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references4"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[4]</td><td>Haines A, Kuruvilla S, Borchert M. Bridging the implementation gap between knowledge and action for health. Bull World Health Organ. 2004 Oct; 82(10): 724-31; discussion 732. PMID: 15643791; PMCID: PMC2623035.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[4]</div>. In Nigeria, this gap is often exacerbated by differences in priorities, language, and the perceived relevance of research to policy needs <div class="references_link" data-target="#references5"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references5"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[5]</td><td>Langer L, Tripney J, Gough D. The science of using science: Researching the use of research evidence in decision-making. EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London; 2016.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[5]</div>.</div><div class="Text">Despite these challenges, there are several factors that facilitate research utilization in Nigerian health systems. Capacity building and training programs aimed at improving the research literacy of public health professionals can significantly enhance their ability to apply research findings. Workshops, seminars, and continuous professional development programs have been identified as effective means of fostering a culture of evidence-based practice <div class="references_link" data-target="#references6"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references6"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[6]</td><td>Adeleye OA, Adebamowo CA. Factors associated with research wrongdoing in Nigeria. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics. 2012; 7(5): 15–24. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2012.7.5.15" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2012.7.5.15<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2012.7.5.15" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[6]</div>.</div><div class="Text">Institutional support also plays a crucial role in promoting research utilization. Health organizations that prioritize research and provide resources for its implementation are more likely to see a positive impact on healthcare outcomes. According to El-Jardali et al. <div class="references_link" data-target="#references7"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references7"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[7]</td><td>El-Jardali F, Lavis JN, Ataya N, Jamal D. Use of health systems evidence by policymakers in eastern Mediterranean countries: views, practices, and contextual influences. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012; 12: 200. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-200" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-200<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-200" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[7]</div>, organizations with dedicated research departments or units, as well as those that encourage collaborations between researchers and practitioners, tend to have higher rates of research utilization.</div><div class="Text">Understanding the perspectives of public health professionals on research utilization is key to addressing the existing barriers and enhancing the facilitators. Public health professionals often perceive the integration of research into practice to improve patient care and healthcare delivery. However, they also express concerns about the practical challenges associated with this process, such as time constraints, resource limitations, and the complexity of translating research findings into actionable policies <div class="references_link" data-target="#references8"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references8"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[8]</td><td>Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci. 2009; 4: 50. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-4-50" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-4-50<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-4-50" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[8]</div>.</div><div class="Text">In Nigeria, public health professionals highlight the need for more context-specific research that addresses local health issues and is directly applicable to their practice settings. They also emphasize the importance of stakeholder engagement in the research process to ensure that the findings are relevant and can be easily implemented <div class="references_link" data-target="#references9"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references9"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[9]</td><td>Orem JN, Marchal B, Ssengooba F, Macq J, Ferrinho P. Perspectives on the role of stakeholders in knowledge translation in health policy development in Uganda. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014; 14(1): 1–10. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-324" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-324<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-324" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[9]</div>. Additionally, professionals advocate for stronger policy frameworks that support the use of research in decision-making and allocate adequate funding for research activities <div class="references_link" data-target="#references10"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references10"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[10]</td><td>Uneke CJ, Ezeoha AE, Ndukwe CD, Oyibo PG, Onwe FD. Enhancing leadership and governance competencies to strengthen health systems in Nigeria: assessment of organizational human resources development. Healthc Policy. 2012; 7: 73–84. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.12927/hcpol.2013.22749" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.12927/hcpol.2013.22749<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.12927/hcpol.2013.22749" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[10]</div>.</div><div class="Text">The perspectives of public health professionals on research utilization are critical for understanding how to enhance the integration of evidence-based practices in Nigerian health systems. Addressing the barriers and leveraging the facilitators can significantly improve health outcomes in Nigeria. Efforts should be made to increase access to quality research, foster collaboration between researchers and policymakers, and build the capacity of public health professionals to use research effectively. By prioritizing research utilization, Nigerian health systems can become more responsive, efficient, and capable of meeting the health needs of their population.</div></div><div class="section" id="section2"><div class="Heading1">2. Method</div><div class="Text" id="section2_1"><span class='Heading2'>2.1. Study Design</span></div><div class="Text">The study utilized a cross-sectional descriptive design aimed at gathering data on the utilization of research findings in health within Nigeria, identifying perceived barriers, and suggesting recommendations for improvement.</div><div class="Text" id="section2_2"><span class='Heading2'>2.2. Sampling Technique</span></div><div class="Text">Purposive sampling was employed to recruit participants from public health professional and health policy maker platforms. This approach was chosen to target individuals with specific characteristics relevant to the study, namely those involved in public health research and policy development. Given the unknown and uneven distribution of the population, this method ensured focused and relevant data collection.</div><div class="Text" id="section2_3"><span class='Heading2'>2.3. Data Collection </span></div><div class="Text">Data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered through a Google survey. The questionnaire, designed to capture quantitative data, included sections on demographic characteristics, the current situation of research findings utilization, systems for dissemination and utilization, the importance of utilizing research findings, perceived barriers, and recommendations for improvement. The instrument was pre-tested for validity and reliability before deployment. Respondents accessed the survey link shared on various public health and related social media and email platforms and participated voluntarily after providing informed consent.</div><div class="Text" id="section2_4"><span class='Heading2'>2.4. Ethical Considerations</span></div><div class="Text">Ethical guidelines were strictly followed throughout the study. No personal identifiers were collected from participants to ensure anonymity. Informed consent was obtained, clearly explaining the study's purpose in an understandable language. Participation was voluntary, with participants free to withdraw at any stage. Collected data was kept confidential and securely stored, accessible only to the research team using password-protected computers.</div></div><div class="section" id="section3"><div class="Heading1">3. Result</div><div class="Text" id="section3_1"><span class='Heading2'>3.1. Participants Awareness of Any System in Place for Dissemination and Utilization of Research Findings</span></div><div class="Text">In <a class='a_link' href='javascript:;' data='figure_1'>figure 1</a>, very small proportion of the total respondents (14.2%), indicated to be aware of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings in heath in Nigeria. Majority (85.8%) comprising of those who indicated No and Not sure, appear not to be aware of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings in heath in Nigeria.</div><div class="Text">In <a class='a_link' href='javascript:;' data='table_1'>table 1</a>., More proportion of male (20.6%) than female (9.3%) respondents, indicated to be aware of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings. And more proportion of female (65.6%) than male (50.3%) respondents, indicated not to be aware of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings. Chi square value is 13.480 and p value is 0.001, showing significant relationship between gender and awareness of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings.</div><div class="Text">More proportion of age group 61 years & above (36.4%) indicated awareness of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings more than those of aged 51-60 years (17.3%), 21-30 years (15.8%), 31-40 years (15.0%) and 41-50 years (8.3%). Chi square value is 14.627 and p value is 0.067, showing no significant relationship between age group and awareness of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings in heath in Nigeria.</div><div class="Text">Also In <a class='a_link' href='javascript:;' data='table_1'>table 1</a>, More proportion of respondents with Doctorate in Public Health (20.0%) indicated awareness of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings in heath in Nigeria than those with Non-Public Health Degree (18.8%), Master’s in Public Health (11.9%) and those with Bachelor Public Health (7.4%). Chi square value is 13.400 and p value is 0.037, showing a significant relationship between Educational Qualification and awareness of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings in heath in Nigeria.</div><div class="Text">More respondents in the work area of Public Health Professional (15.3%) indicated awareness of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings in heath in Nigeria. than those in the work area of Health Policy Maker (10.2%). And more proportion of Public Health Professional work area (61.5%) indicated not to be aware of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings in heath in Nigeria than those in the Health Policy Maker (50.0%). Chi square value is 9.760 and p value is 0.008, showing again a significant relationship between work area and awareness of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings in heath in Nigeria.</div><div class="TableCaption_SingleLine" id="table_1">Table 1. <i>Participants awareness of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings.</i></div><div class="article_table"><table frame="hsides" rules="all" cellpadding="0.0" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="7" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 100.0%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Participants awareness of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings</p></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Demographic Variables</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Yes</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>No</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Not Sure</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"><p>X<sup>2</sup></p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"><p>P-value</p></th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Sex</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Male</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>36 (20.6%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>88 (50.3%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>51 (29.1%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>175 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"><p>13.480</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.001</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Female</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>21 (9.3%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>149 (65.6%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>57 (25.1%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>227 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>57</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>237</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>108</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Age</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>21-30 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>12 (15.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>48 (63.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>16 (21.1%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>76 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"><p>14.627</p></td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.067</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>31-40 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>17 (15.0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>68 (60.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>28 (24.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>113 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>41-50 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>10 (8.3%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>78 (64.5%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>33 (27.3%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>121 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>51-60 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>14 (17.3%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>38 (46.9%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>29 (35.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>81 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>61 yrs & above</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>4 (36.4%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5 (45.5%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>2 (18.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>11 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>57</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>237</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>108</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Educational Qualification</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Bachelor Public Health</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>2 (7.4%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>17 (63.0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>8 (29.6%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>27 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"><p>13.400</p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.037</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Master’s in Public Health</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>28 (11.9%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>146 (62.1%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>61 (26.0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>235 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Doctorate -Public Health</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>11 (20.0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>22 (40.0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>22 (40.0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>55 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Non-Public Health Degree</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>16 (18.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>52 (61.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>17 (20.0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>85 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>57</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>237</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>108</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Work Area</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Yes</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>No</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Not Sure</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Public Health Professional</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>48 (15.3%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>193 (61.5%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>73 (23.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>314 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"><p>9.760</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.008</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Health Policy Maker</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>9 (10.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>44 (50.0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>35 (39.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>88 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.24615685890532%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.88426515225693%; vertical-align: middle"><p>57</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.874473709977478%; vertical-align: middle"><p>237</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.27464995593851%; vertical-align: middle"><p>108</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.264858513659062%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.85019093312445%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.605404876138255%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> </tbody> </table></div><div class="Text"> <div class="Figure" id="figure_1"><img src="https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/figure/6310198/6310198_Figure_1.png"><p class="article_figures_download"><a href="https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/figure/6310198/6310198_Figure_1.png"><i class="fas fa-arrow-alt-circle-down"></i>Download: Download full-size image</a></p></div><div class="FigureCaption_SingleLine" id='figure_'1>Figure 1. <i>Participants awareness of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings in heath in Nigeria.</i></div> </div><div class="Text" id="section3_2"><span class='Heading2'>3.2. Participants Seeing Utilization of Research Findings in Health as Important</span></div><div class="Text">From <a class='a_link' href='javascript:;' data='figure_1'>Figure 1</a>, vast majority of respondents, (97.5%) indicated seeing utilization of research findings in health as important.</div><div class="Text">In <a class='a_link' href='javascript:;' data='table_2'>table 2</a>, more proportion of female (97.8%) than male (97.1%) respondents, indicated seeing utilization of research findings in health as important.</div><div class="Text">Chi square value is 3.836 and p value is 0.147, showing no significant relationship between gender and seeing utilization of research findings in health as important.</div><div class="Text">More proportion of age group 61 years & above (100.0%) and 21-30 years (100.0%) alike, indicated seeing utilization of research findings in health as important than those of aged 41-50 years (99.2%), 51-60 years (96.3%) and 31-40 years (94.7%). Chi square value is 8.629 and p value is 0.375, showing no significant relationship between age group and seeing utilization of research findings in health as important.</div><div class="Text">In same <a class='a_link' href='javascript:;' data='table_2'>table 2</a>, more proportion of respondents with Non-Public Health Degree (100.0%) indicated seeing utilization of research findings in health as important, than those with Doctorate in Public Health (98.2%), Master’s in Public Health (96.6%) and those with Bachelor Public Health (96.3%). Chi square value is 5.468 and p value is 0.485 therefore showing no significant relationship between Educational Qualification and seeing utilization of research findings in health as important.</div><div class="Text">More respondents in the work area of Public Health Professional (98.7%) indicated seeing utilization of research findings in health as important than those in the work area of Health Policy Maker (93.2%). Chi square value is 18.068 and p value is 0.000, therefore showing a significant relationship between work area and seeing utilization of research findings in health as important.</div><div class="Text"><a class='a_link' href='javascript:;' data='figure_2'>Figure 2</a> shows that vast majority of respondents (98.3%) indicated that it is when research findings are utilized to improve health and quality of life of people, that is when research is said to be successful.</div><div class="TableCaption_SingleLine" id="table_2">Table 2. <i>Participants seeing utilization of research findings in health as important.</i></div><div class="article_table"><table frame="hsides" rules="all" cellpadding="0.0" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"/> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="5" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 68.20718691863311%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Participants Seeing Utilization of research findings in health as important</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Demographic Variables</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Yes</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>No</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Not Sure</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"><p>X<sup>2</sup></p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"><p>P-value</p></th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Sex</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Male</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>170 (97.1%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>4 (2.3%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1 (0.6%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>175 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"><p>3.836</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.147</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Female</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>222 (97.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1 (0.4%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>4 (1.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>227 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>392</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Age</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>21-30 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>76 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>76 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"><p>8.629</p></td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.375</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>31-40 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>107 (94.7%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>3 (2.7%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>3 (2.7%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>113 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>41-50 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>120 (99.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1 (0.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>121 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>51-60 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>78 (96.3%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1 (1.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>2 (2.5%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>81 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>61 years & above</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>11 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>11 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>392</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Educational Qualification</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Bachelor Public Health</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>26 (96.3%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1 (3.7%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>27 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5.468</p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.485</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Master’s in Public Health</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>227 (96.6%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>4 (1.7%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>4 (1.7%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>235 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Doctorate -Public Health</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>54 (98.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1 (1.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>55 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Non-Public Health Degree</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>85 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>85 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>392</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Work Area</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Public Health Professional</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>310 (98.7%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>4 (1.3%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>314 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"><p>18.068</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.000</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Health Policy Maker</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>82 (93.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1 (1.1%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5 (5.7%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>88 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 20.86556349750318%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.35170860667776%; vertical-align: middle"><p>392</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.639479095270735%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 15.00048957211397%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 13.64927053755018%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 9.566239107020463%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 10.927249583863702%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> </tbody> </table></div><div class="Text"> <div class="Figure" id="figure_2"><img src="https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/figure/6310198/6310198_Figure_2.png"><p class="article_figures_download"><a href="https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/figure/6310198/6310198_Figure_2.png"><i class="fas fa-arrow-alt-circle-down"></i>Download: Download full-size image</a></p></div><div class="FigureCaption_SingleLine" id='figure_'2>Figure 2. <i>Participants seeing utilization of research findings in health as important.</i></div> </div><div class="Text" id="section3_3"><span class='Heading2'>3.3. Participants Perception of When to Say Research is Successful</span></div><div class="Text">In <a class='a_link' href='javascript:;' data='table_3'>table 3</a>, more proportion of male (99.4%) than female (97.4%) respondents perceived that it is when research findings are utilized that is when research is said to be successful. Chi square value is 2.479 and p value is 0.115, showing no significant relationship between gender and Perception of when to say research is successful.</div><div class="Text">More proportion of age group 41-50 years (100.0%) and 61 years & above (100.0%) alike, indicated that it is when research findings are utilized that is when research is said to be successful, than those of aged 51-60 years (98.8%), 31-40 years (97.3%) and 21-30 years (96.1%). Chi square value is 5.174 and p value is 0.270, also showing no significant relationship between age group and Perception of when to say research is successful.</div><div class="Text">More proportion of respondents with Bachelor Public Health (100.0%) indicated that it is when research findings are utilized that is when research is said to be successful, than those with Non-Public Health Degree (98.8%), Doctorate -Public Health (98.2%) and those with Master’s in Public Health (97.9%). Chi square value is 0.844 and p value is 0.839 therefore showing no significant relationship between Educational Qualification and Perception of when to say research is successful.</div><div class="Text">More respondents in the work area of Health Policy Maker (100.0%) indicated that it is when research findings are utilized that is when research is said to be successful, than those in the work area of Public Health Professional (97.8%). Chi square value is 1.997 and p value is 0.158, Also no significant relationship between work area and perception of when to say research is successful.</div><div class="TableCaption_SingleLine" id="table_3">Table 3. <i>Participants Perception of when to say research is successful.</i></div><div class="article_table"><table frame="hsides" rules="all" cellpadding="0.0" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"/> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="5" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 76.3634583374131%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Participants Perception of when to say research is successful</p></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Demographic Variables</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Research Findings Published</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Research findings utilized</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"><p>X2</p></th> <th class="TableHead" rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: #DAEEF3; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"><p>P-value</p></th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Sex</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Male</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1 (0.6%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>174 (99.4%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>175 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"><p>2.479</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.115</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Female</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>6 (2.6%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>221 (97.4%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>227 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>7</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>395</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Age</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>21-30 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>3 (3.9%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>73 (96.1%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>76 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5.174</p></td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.270</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>31-40 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>3 (2.7%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>110 (97.3%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>113 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>41-50 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>121 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>121 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>51-60 years</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1 (1.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>80 (98.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>81 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>61 years & above</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>11 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>11 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>7</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>395</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Educational Qualification</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Bachelor Public Health</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>27 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>27 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.844</p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.839</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Master’s in Public Health</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>5 (2.1%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>230 (97.9%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>235 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Doctorate -Public Health</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1 (1.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>54 (98.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>55 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Non-Public Health Degree</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1 9 (1.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>84 (98.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>85 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>7</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>395</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Work Area</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Public Health Professional</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>7 (2.2%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>307 (97.8%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>314 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"><p>1.997</p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0.158</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Health Policy Maker</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>0 (0%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>88 (100%)</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>88 (100%)</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 23.6365416625869%; vertical-align: middle"><p>Total</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 26.368354058552825%; vertical-align: middle"><p>7</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 22.206991089787525%; vertical-align: middle"><p>395</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 12.493880348575345%; vertical-align: middle"><p>402</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 6.942132576128465%; vertical-align: middle"/> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="middle" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 1.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 8.352100264368941%; vertical-align: middle"/> </tr> </tbody> </table></div><div class="Text"> <div class="Figure" id="figure_3"><img src="https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/figure/6310198/6310198_Figure_3.png"><p class="article_figures_download"><a href="https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/figure/6310198/6310198_Figure_3.png"><i class="fas fa-arrow-alt-circle-down"></i>Download: Download full-size image</a></p></div><div class="FigureCaption_SingleLine" id='figure_'3>Figure 3. <i>Participants Perception of when to say research is successful.</i></div> </div></div><div class="section" id="section4"><div class="Heading1">4. Discussion</div><div class="Text" id="section4_1"><span class='Heading2'>4.1. Participants Awareness of Any System in Place for Dissemination and Utilization of Research Findings</span></div><div class="Text">The result of the research shows that there is likely no avenue or system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings in health in Nigeria. Vast majority of the total respondents appear not to be aware or not sure of any avenue or system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings in health in Nigeria. Meanwhile there is significant relationship between gender, Educational Qualification, work area and awareness of any system in place for dissemination and utilization of research findings. significant heath in Nigeria. These findings underscore the need for improved communication and education regarding research dissemination systems, as also highlighted by Oliver et al. <div class="references_link" data-target="#references11"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references11"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[11]</td><td>Oliver K, Innvar S, Lorenc T, Woodman J, Thomas J. A systematic review of barriers to and facilitators of the use of evidence by policymakers. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014; 14: 2. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-2" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-2<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-2" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[11]</div>, who emphasized the importance of accessible and well-disseminated research for policy and practice improvement. Additionally, Nutley et al. <div class="references_link" data-target="#references12"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references12"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[12]</td><td>Nutley SM, Walter I, Davies HTO. Using evidence: How research can inform public services. Policy Press; 2007.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[12]</div> noted that effective dissemination requires tailored strategies that consider the specific needs and contexts of different professional groups, which is crucial for enhancing research utilization in health systems.</div><div class="Text" id="section4_2"><span class='Heading2'>4.2. Participants Seeing Utilization of Research Findings in Health as Important</span></div><div class="Text">Result of the research shows that researchers and policy makers are aware and see Utilization of research findings in health as important. Vast majority of respondents indicated seeing utilization of research findings in health as important, with the great possibility of improving the health and wellbeing of people. And this is in line with Walugembe et al <div class="references_link" data-target="#references13"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references13"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[13]</td><td>Walugembe DR, Kiwanuka SN, Matovu JKB, Rutebemberwa E. Utilization of research findings for health policy making and practice: evidence from three case studies in Bangladesh. Health Res Policy Sys. 2015; 13: 26. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-015-0015-x" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-015-0015-x<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-015-0015-x" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[13]</div>. Meanwhile, there is a significant relationship between work area and seeing utilization of research findings in health as important. This finding aligns with the broader literature that underscores the critical role of evidence-based practice in public health. For instance, Brownson et al. <div class="references_link" data-target="#references14"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references14"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[14]</td><td>Brownson RC, Baker EA, Deshpande AD, Gillespie KN. Evidence-based public health. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press; 2018.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[14]</div> emphasize that public health professionals are more likely to recognize the importance of applying research findings due to their direct involvement in implementing evidence-based interventions. Similarly, Oliver et al. <div class="references_link" data-target="#references15"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references15"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[11]</td><td>Oliver K, Innvar S, Lorenc T, Woodman J, Thomas J. A systematic review of barriers to and facilitators of the use of evidence by policymakers. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014; 14: 2. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-2" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-2<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-2" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[11]</div> highlight that while policy makers acknowledge the value of research, their utilization often depends on how well research findings are communicated and integrated into policy frameworks. The significant relationship between professional background and perception underscores the need for targeted strategies to enhance the use of research in policy making, as effective health policies are vital for improving public health outcomes <div class="references_link" data-target="#references16"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references16"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[12]</td><td>Nutley SM, Walter I, Davies HTO. Using evidence: How research can inform public services. Policy Press; 2007.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[12]</div>.</div><div class="Text" id="section4_3"><span class='Heading2'>4.3. Participants Perception of When to Say Research Is Successful</span></div><div class="Text">Result of the research shows that there is the awareness and acceptance that it is when research findings are utilized to improve health and quality of life of people, that is when research is said to be successful. The vast majority of respondents indicated that it is when research findings are utilized to improve health and quality of life of people, that is when research is said to be successful. This is in harmony with the research work of Duze <div class="references_link" data-target="#references17"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references17"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[15]</td><td>Duze CO. Awareness, availability and utilization of research findings in building the education sector for sustainable development. Makerere J High Educ. 2011; 3(1): 91–100. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v3i1.8" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v3i1.8<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v3i1.8" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[15]</div>. Studies like those by Lavis et al. <div class="references_link" data-target="#references18"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references18"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[1]</td><td>Lavis JN, Ross SE, Hurley JE, Hohenadel JM, Stoddart GL, Woodward CA, et al. How can research organizations more effectively transfer research knowledge to decision makers? Milbank Q. 2003; 81(2): 221–48, 171–2. <p class="doi_link"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00052" target="_blank" class="normal_link">https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00052<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></p><div class="view_article"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00052" target="_blank" class="normal_link">View Article<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[1]</div> emphasize that for research to impact health outcomes, it must be effectively translated into practice, echoing the respondents' belief in the importance of utilization. Nutley et al. <div class="references_link" data-target="#references19"><div class="references_detail" style="display: none;" id="references19"><div class="references"><table class="normal_table"><tbody><tr><td>[12]</td><td>Nutley SM, Walter I, Davies HTO. Using evidence: How research can inform public services. Policy Press; 2007.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>[12]</div> further reinforce that merely publishing research is insufficient; the findings must be implemented to achieve tangible health improvements. This underscores the critical need for robust dissemination and implementation strategies to bridge the gap between research and practice.</div></div><div class="section" id="section5"><div class="Heading1">5. Conclusion</div><div class="Text">The study highlights a significant gap in the awareness and existence of systems for the dissemination and utilization of health research findings in Nigeria, underscoring the necessity for enhanced communication and education strategies. Despite the general acknowledgment among researchers and policymakers of the importance of utilizing research findings to improve public health, the effective translation of research into practice remains a challenge. The findings suggest a need for tailored dissemination strategies that cater to the specific needs of different professional groups and emphasize the critical role of evidence-based practice in improving health outcomes. Successful research is widely perceived as that which leads to tangible improvements in health and quality of life, underscoring the importance of robust implementation strategies to ensure that research findings are not only published but also effectively applied in real-world settings. It is highly suggested that further research be carried out to find a more holistic way to make research evidence readily available to all stakeholders for ease of utilization for the targeted goal.</div></div><div class="section" id="section6"><div class="Heading1">Abbreviations</div><div class="article_table"><table frame="hsides" rules="all" cellpadding="0.0" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="top" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.65674012308914%; vertical-align: top"><p>WHO</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="top" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 83.34325987691085%; vertical-align: top"><p>World Health Organization</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="top" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.65674012308914%; vertical-align: top"><p>LMICs</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="top" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 83.34325987691085%; vertical-align: top"><p>Low- and Medium-Income Countries</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="top" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.65674012308914%; vertical-align: top"><p>ASPPH</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="top" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 83.34325987691085%; vertical-align: top"><p>Association of Schools and Program of Public Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="top" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.65674012308914%; vertical-align: top"><p>FHI360</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="top" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 83.34325987691085%; vertical-align: top"><p>Family Health International</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="top" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 16.65674012308914%; vertical-align: top"><p>NGO</p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" valign="top" align="left" style="border-style: solid none solid; border-width: 0.0 0 0.0; font-weight: normal; background-color: white; width: 83.34325987691085%; vertical-align: top"><p>Non-Governmental Organization</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div></div><div class="section" id="section7"><div class="Heading1">Conflicts of Interest</div><div class="Text">The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</div></div> <div class="section" id="references"> <div class="Heading1">References</div> <div class="references"> <table class="normal_table"> <tbody> <tr id="ref_1" class="References"> <td>[1] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Lavis JN, Ross SE, Hurley JE, Hohenadel JM, Stoddart GL, Woodward CA, et al. How can research organizations more effectively transfer research knowledge to decision makers? Milbank Q. 2003; 81(2): 221–48, 171–2. <p class="doi_link"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00052" class="normal_link" target="_blank"> https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00052 <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a> </p> </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_2" class="References"> <td>[2] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Uneke CJ, Ezeoha AE, Ndukwe CD, Oyibo PG, Onwe FD. Promotion of evidence-informed health policymaking in Nigeria: bridging the gap between researchers and policymakers. 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Bull World Health Organ. 2004 Oct; 82(10): 724-31; discussion 732. PMID: 15643791; PMCID: PMC2623035. </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_5" class="References"> <td>[5] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Langer L, Tripney J, Gough D. The science of using science: Researching the use of research evidence in decision-making. EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London; 2016. </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_6" class="References"> <td>[6] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Adeleye OA, Adebamowo CA. Factors associated with research wrongdoing in Nigeria. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics. 2012; 7(5): 15–24. <p class="doi_link"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2012.7.5.15" class="normal_link" target="_blank"> https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2012.7.5.15 <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a> </p> </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_7" class="References"> <td>[7] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> El-Jardali F, Lavis JN, Ataya N, Jamal D. Use of health systems evidence by policymakers in eastern Mediterranean countries: views, practices, and contextual influences. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012; 12: 200. <p class="doi_link"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-200" class="normal_link" target="_blank"> https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-200 <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a> </p> </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_8" class="References"> <td>[8] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci. 2009; 4: 50. <p class="doi_link"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-4-50" class="normal_link" target="_blank"> https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-4-50 <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a> </p> </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_9" class="References"> <td>[9] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Orem JN, Marchal B, Ssengooba F, Macq J, Ferrinho P. Perspectives on the role of stakeholders in knowledge translation in health policy development in Uganda. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014; 14(1): 1–10. <p class="doi_link"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-324" class="normal_link" target="_blank"> https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-324 <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a> </p> </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_10" class="References"> <td>[10] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Uneke CJ, Ezeoha AE, Ndukwe CD, Oyibo PG, Onwe FD. Enhancing leadership and governance competencies to strengthen health systems in Nigeria: assessment of organizational human resources development. Healthc Policy. 2012; 7: 73–84. <p class="doi_link"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.12927/hcpol.2013.22749" class="normal_link" target="_blank"> https://doi.org/10.12927/hcpol.2013.22749 <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a> </p> </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_11" class="References"> <td>[11] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Oliver K, Innvar S, Lorenc T, Woodman J, Thomas J. A systematic review of barriers to and facilitators of the use of evidence by policymakers. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014; 14: 2. <p class="doi_link"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-2" class="normal_link" target="_blank"> https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-2 <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a> </p> </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_12" class="References"> <td>[12] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Nutley SM, Walter I, Davies HTO. Using evidence: How research can inform public services. Policy Press; 2007. </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_13" class="References"> <td>[13] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Walugembe DR, Kiwanuka SN, Matovu JKB, Rutebemberwa E. Utilization of research findings for health policy making and practice: evidence from three case studies in Bangladesh. Health Res Policy Sys. 2015; 13: 26. <p class="doi_link"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-015-0015-x" class="normal_link" target="_blank"> https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-015-0015-x <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a> </p> </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_14" class="References"> <td>[14] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Brownson RC, Baker EA, Deshpande AD, Gillespie KN. Evidence-based public health. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press; 2018. </td> </tr> <tr id="ref_15" class="References"> <td>[15] </td> <td style="word-break: break-word;"> Duze CO. Awareness, availability and utilization of research findings in building the education sector for sustainable development. Makerere J High Educ. 2011; 3(1): 91–100. <p class="doi_link"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v3i1.8" class="normal_link" target="_blank"> https://doi.org/10.4314/majohe.v3i1.8 <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> </a> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="cite_this_article" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"> <div class="Heading1">Cite This Article</div> <div class="cite_article"> <div class="mt-tabpage" js-tab="2"> <div class="mt-tabpage-title"> <a class="mt-tabpage-item mt-tabpage-item-cur">Plain Text</a> <a class="mt-tabpage-item">BibTeX</a> <a class="mt-tabpage-item">RIS</a> </div> <div class="mt-tabpage-count"> <ul class="mt-tabpage-cont__wrap"> <li class="mt-tabpage-item"> <div class="tab_div"> <div class="cite_type"> <p class="cite_type_item">APA Style</p> <p class="cite_type_info apa-copy-src">Avwerhota, M., Daniel, E. O., Avwerhota, O. O., Popoola, I. O., Popoola, T. A., et al. (2024). Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems. <i>Research & Development</i>, <i>5</i>(3), 86-93. <a href='https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12'>https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12</a></p> <p class="cite_operation"> <span><a class="apa-copy copy-el" data-clipboard-action="copy" data-clipboard-target=".apa-copy-src" href="javascript:;" ><img src="/img/copy_icon.png">Copy</a></span> <span class="line">|</span> <span><a href="javascript:;" onclick="spgCommon.bindDownloadDataFromEl("10.11648.j.rd.20240503.12.apa.txt", '.apa-copy-src')"><img src="/img/download_icon.png">Download</a></span> </p> </div> <div class="cite_type"> <p class="cite_type_item">ACS Style</p> <p class="cite_type_info acs-copy-src">Avwerhota, M.; Daniel, E. O.; Avwerhota, O. O.; Popoola, I. O.; Popoola, T. A., et al. Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems. <i>Res. Dev.</i> <b>2024</b>, <i>5</i>(3), 86-93. <a href='https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12'>doi: 10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12</a></p> <p class="cite_operation"> <span><a class="acs-copy copy-el" data-clipboard-action="copy" data-clipboard-target=".acs-copy-src" href="javascript:;"><img src="/img/copy_icon.png">Copy</a></span> <span class="line">|</span> <span><a href="javascript:;" onclick="spgCommon.bindDownloadDataFromEl("10.11648.j.rd.20240503.12.acs.txt", '.acs-copy-src')"><img src="/img/download_icon.png">Download</a></span> </p> </div> <div class="cite_type"> <p class="cite_type_item">AMA Style</p> <p class="cite_type_info ama-copy-src">Avwerhota M, Daniel EO, Avwerhota OO, Popoola IO, Popoola TA, et al. Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems. <i>Res Dev</i>. 2024;5(3):86-93. <a href='https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12'>doi: 10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12</a></p> <p class="cite_operation"> <span><a class="ama-copy copy-el" data-clipboard-action="copy" data-clipboard-target=".ama-copy-src" href="javascript:;"><img src="/img/copy_icon.png">Copy</a></span> <span class="line">|</span> <span><a href="javascript:;" onclick="spgCommon.bindDownloadDataFromEl("10.11648.j.rd.20240503.12.ama.txt", '.ama-copy-src')"><img src="/img/download_icon.png">Download</a></span> </p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mt-tabpage-item"> <div class="tab_div"> <pre _ngcontent-anj-c150="" class="text ris-text bib-copy-src main_content_citetext">@article{10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12, author = {Michael Avwerhota and Ebenezer Obi Daniel and Oladayo Olarinre Avwerhota and Israel Olukayode Popoola and Taiwo Aderemi Popoola and Adebanke Adetutu Ogun and Ahmed Mamuda Bello and Michael Olabode Tomori and Aisha Oluwakemi Salami and Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo and Olukayode Oladeji Alewi and Aremu Bukola Janet}, title = {Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems }, journal = {Research & Development}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {86-93}, doi = {10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rd.20240503.12}, abstract = {The integration of research evidence into healthcare decision-making is essential for improving health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. This study investigates the perspectives of public health professionals on research utilization within the Nigerian health system, identifying barriers and facilitators to the application of evidence-based practices. Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected from public health professionals and policymakers through a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Survey. The findings reveal a significant gap in the dissemination and utilization of research findings, with many professionals unaware of existing systems to facilitate this process. Despite recognizing the importance of research utilization for enhancing health and quality of life, barriers such as limited access to quality research publications and inadequate collaboration between researchers and policymakers impede effective implementation. Capacity-building initiatives, such as workshops and continuous professional development programs, were identified as key facilitators for promoting evidence-based practices. The study underscores the need for improved communication and tailored dissemination strategies to bridge the gap between research and practice, ensuring that findings are accessible and applicable to the specific needs of different professional groups. These results align with existing literature that highlights the crucial role of evidence-based practice in public health and the necessity of robust dissemination and implementation frameworks. Addressing these barriers and leveraging facilitators can significantly enhance the utilization of research findings, leading to better health outcomes and more effective healthcare policies in Nigeria. }, year = {2024} } </pre> <p class="cite_operation"> <span><a class="bib-copy copy-el" data-clipboard-action="copy" data-clipboard-target=".bib-copy-src" href="javascript:;"><img src="/img/copy_icon.png">Copy</a></span> <span class="line">|</span> <span><a href="javascript:;" onclick="spgCommon.bindDownloadDataFromEl("10.11648.j.rd.20240503.12.bib", '.bib-copy-src')"><img src="/img/download_icon.png">Download</a></span> </p> </div> </li> <li class="mt-tabpage-item"> <div class="tab_div"> <pre _ngcontent-anj-c150="" class="text ris-text ris-copy-src main_content_citetext">TY - JOUR T1 - Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems AU - Michael Avwerhota AU - Ebenezer Obi Daniel AU - Oladayo Olarinre Avwerhota AU - Israel Olukayode Popoola AU - Taiwo Aderemi Popoola AU - Adebanke Adetutu Ogun AU - Ahmed Mamuda Bello AU - Michael Olabode Tomori AU - Aisha Oluwakemi Salami AU - Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo AU - Olukayode Oladeji Alewi AU - Aremu Bukola Janet Y1 - 2024/09/11 PY - 2024 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12 DO - 10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12 T2 - Research & Development JF - Research & Development JO - Research & Development SP - 86 EP - 93 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2994-7057 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12 AB - The integration of research evidence into healthcare decision-making is essential for improving health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. This study investigates the perspectives of public health professionals on research utilization within the Nigerian health system, identifying barriers and facilitators to the application of evidence-based practices. Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected from public health professionals and policymakers through a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Survey. The findings reveal a significant gap in the dissemination and utilization of research findings, with many professionals unaware of existing systems to facilitate this process. Despite recognizing the importance of research utilization for enhancing health and quality of life, barriers such as limited access to quality research publications and inadequate collaboration between researchers and policymakers impede effective implementation. Capacity-building initiatives, such as workshops and continuous professional development programs, were identified as key facilitators for promoting evidence-based practices. The study underscores the need for improved communication and tailored dissemination strategies to bridge the gap between research and practice, ensuring that findings are accessible and applicable to the specific needs of different professional groups. These results align with existing literature that highlights the crucial role of evidence-based practice in public health and the necessity of robust dissemination and implementation frameworks. Addressing these barriers and leveraging facilitators can significantly enhance the utilization of research findings, leading to better health outcomes and more effective healthcare policies in Nigeria. VL - 5 IS - 3 ER - </pre> <p class="cite_operation"> <span><a class="ris-copy copy-el" data-clipboard-action="copy" data-clipboard-target=".ris-copy-src" href="javascript:;"><img src="/img/copy_icon.png">Copy</a></span> <span class="line">|</span> <span><a href="javascript:;" onclick="spgCommon.bindDownloadDataFromEl("10.11648.j.rd.20240503.12.ris", '.ris-copy-src')"><img src="/img/download_icon.png">Download</a></span> </p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="author_information" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 50px;"> <div class="Heading1">Author Information</div> <div class="author_information"> <ul> <li> <div class="author_info"> <p class="article_author_name">Michael Avwerhota</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Public Health, Atlantic International University, Hawaii, United States of America</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719009"> <p><img src="/img/email_icon.png"><a href="javascript:;" class="EmailAddress btn-email" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#emailModalScrollable">Contact Email</a></p> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7955-2072" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7955-2072<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author_info"> <p class="article_author_name">Ebenezer Obi Daniel</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Public Health, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719010"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7286-7904" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7286-7904<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author_info"> <p class="article_author_name">Oladayo Olarinre Avwerhota</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author_info"> <p class="article_author_name">Israel Olukayode Popoola</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719012"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-8576" target="_blank" class="normal_link">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-8576<i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></a> </p> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author_info"> <p class="article_author_name">Taiwo Aderemi Popoola</p> <p class="Affiliation">Department of Research, Smartnovation Limited, Birmingham, United Kingdom</p> <div class="contact_info"> <input type="hidden" class="person-id" value="10719013"> <p><img src="/img/orcid_icon.png"><a 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class="document_section">Document Sections</p> <ol class="document_section_ol"> <script> var sectionOfBodyList = [{"id":"1","caption":"Introduction","level":1},{"id":"2","caption":"Method","level":1},{"id":"2_1","caption":"2.1. Study Design","level":2},{"id":"2_2","caption":"2.2. Sampling Technique","level":2},{"id":"2_3","caption":"2.3. Data Collection ","level":2},{"id":"2_4","caption":"2.4. Ethical Considerations","level":2},{"id":"3","caption":"Result","level":1},{"id":"3_1","caption":"3.1. Participants Awareness of Any System in Place for Dissemination and Utilization of Research Findings","level":2},{"id":"3_2","caption":"3.2. Participants Seeing Utilization of Research Findings in Health as Important","level":2},{"id":"3_3","caption":"3.3. Participants Perception of When to Say Research is Successful","level":2},{"id":"4","caption":"Discussion","level":1},{"id":"4_1","caption":"4.1. Participants Awareness of Any System in Place for Dissemination and Utilization of Research Findings","level":2},{"id":"4_2","caption":"4.2. Participants Seeing Utilization of Research Findings in Health as Important","level":2},{"id":"4_3","caption":"4.3. Participants Perception of When to Say Research Is Successful","level":2},{"id":"5","caption":"Conclusion","level":1}]; </script> <li class="document_section_nav" data="1"> <a href="javascript:;" data="section1">1. Introduction</a> </li> <li class="document_section_nav" data="2"> <a href="javascript:;" data="section2">2. Method</a> </li> <li class="document_section_nav" data="3"> <a href="javascript:;" data="section3">3. Result</a> </li> <li class="document_section_nav" data="4"> <a href="javascript:;" data="section4">4. Discussion</a> </li> <li class="document_section_nav" data="5"> <a href="javascript:;" data="section5">5. 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<i>Participants awareness of any system in place for di</i><i>s</i><i>semination and utilization of research findings in heath in Nigeria.</i></p> </a> </li> <li> <p class="figure_number"><a href="javascript:;" data="figure_2">Figure 2</a></p> <a href="javascript:;" data="figure_2"> <img src="https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/figure/6310198/6310198_Figure_2.png"> <p class="figure_description">Figure 2. <i>Participants seeing utilization of research findings in health as important.</i></p> </a> </li> <li> <p class="figure_number"><a href="javascript:;" data="figure_3">Figure 3</a></p> <a href="javascript:;" data="figure_3"> <img src="https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/figure/6310198/6310198_Figure_3.png"> <p class="figure_description">Figure 3. <i>Participants Perception of when to say research is su</i><i>c</i><i>cessful.</i></p> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="slider-item overflow-y"> <ul class="table_ul"> <li> <p class="table_number"><a 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O., Avwerhota, O. O., Popoola, I. O., Popoola, T. A., et al. (2024). Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems. <i>Research & Development</i>, <i>5</i>(3), 86-93. <a href='https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12'>https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12</a></p> <p class="cite_operation"> <span><a class="apa-copy-pop copy-el" data-clipboard-action="copy" data-clipboard-target=".apa-copy-pop-src" href="javascript:;"><img src="/img/copy_icon.png">Copy</a></span> <span class="line">|</span> <span><a href="javascript:;" onclick="spgCommon.bindDownloadDataFromEl("10.11648.j.rd.20240503.12.apa.txt", '.apa-copy-pop-src')"><img src="/img/download_icon.png">Download</a></span> </p> </div> <div class="cite_type_puple"> <p class="cite_type_item">ACS Style</p> <p class="cite_type_info acs-copy-pop-src">Avwerhota, M.; Daniel, E. O.; Avwerhota, O. O.; Popoola, I. O.; Popoola, T. A., et al. Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems. <i>Res. Dev.</i> <b>2024</b>, <i>5</i>(3), 86-93. <a href='https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12'>doi: 10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12</a></p> <p class="cite_operation"> <span><a class="acs-copy-pop copy-el" data-clipboard-action="copy" data-clipboard-target=".acs-copy-pop-src" href="javascript:;"><img src="/img/copy_icon.png">Copy</a></span> <span class="line">|</span> <span><a href="javascript:;" onclick="spgCommon.bindDownloadDataFromEl("10.11648.j.rd.20240503.12.acs.txt", '.acs-copy-pop-src')"><img src="/img/download_icon.png">Download</a></span> </p> </div> <div class="cite_type_puple"> <p class="cite_type_item">AMA Style</p> <p class="cite_type_info ama-copy-pop-src">Avwerhota M, Daniel EO, Avwerhota OO, Popoola IO, Popoola TA, et al. Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems. <i>Res Dev</i>. 2024;5(3):86-93. <a href='https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12'>doi: 10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12</a></p> <p class="cite_operation"> <span><a class="ama-copy-pop copy-el" data-clipboard-action="copy" data-clipboard-target=".ama-copy-pop-src" href="javascript:;"><img src="/img/copy_icon.png">Copy</a></span> <span class="line">|</span> <span><a href="javascript:;" onclick="spgCommon.bindDownloadDataFromEl("10.11648.j.rd.20240503.12.ama.txt", '.ama-copy-pop-src')"><img src="/img/download_icon.png">Download</a></span> </p> </div> </div> </li> <li class="mt-tabpage-item puple_cite"> <div class="tab_div"> <pre _ngcontent-anj-c150="" class="text ris-text bib-copy-pop-src">@article{10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12, author = {Michael Avwerhota and Ebenezer Obi Daniel and Oladayo Olarinre Avwerhota and Israel Olukayode Popoola and Taiwo Aderemi Popoola and Adebanke Adetutu Ogun and Ahmed Mamuda Bello and Michael Olabode Tomori and Aisha Oluwakemi Salami and Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo and Olukayode Oladeji Alewi and Aremu Bukola Janet}, title = {Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems }, journal = {Research & Development}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {86-93}, doi = {10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rd.20240503.12}, abstract = {The integration of research evidence into healthcare decision-making is essential for improving health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. This study investigates the perspectives of public health professionals on research utilization within the Nigerian health system, identifying barriers and facilitators to the application of evidence-based practices. Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected from public health professionals and policymakers through a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Survey. The findings reveal a significant gap in the dissemination and utilization of research findings, with many professionals unaware of existing systems to facilitate this process. Despite recognizing the importance of research utilization for enhancing health and quality of life, barriers such as limited access to quality research publications and inadequate collaboration between researchers and policymakers impede effective implementation. Capacity-building initiatives, such as workshops and continuous professional development programs, were identified as key facilitators for promoting evidence-based practices. The study underscores the need for improved communication and tailored dissemination strategies to bridge the gap between research and practice, ensuring that findings are accessible and applicable to the specific needs of different professional groups. These results align with existing literature that highlights the crucial role of evidence-based practice in public health and the necessity of robust dissemination and implementation frameworks. Addressing these barriers and leveraging facilitators can significantly enhance the utilization of research findings, leading to better health outcomes and more effective healthcare policies in Nigeria. }, year = {2024} } </pre> <p class="cite_operation"> <span><a class="bib-copy-pop copy-el" data-clipboard-action="copy" data-clipboard-target=".bib-copy-pop-src" href="javascript:;"><img src="/img/copy_icon.png">Copy</a></span> <span class="line">|</span> <span><a href="javascript:;" onclick="spgCommon.bindDownloadDataFromEl("10.11648.j.rd.20240503.12.bib", '.bib-copy-pop-src')"><img src="/img/download_icon.png">Download</a></span> </p> </div> </li> <li class="mt-tabpage-item puple_cite"> <div class="tab_div"> <pre _ngcontent-anj-c150="" class="text ris-text ris-copy-pop-src">TY - JOUR T1 - Public Health Professionals’ Perspectives on Research Utilization in Nigerian Health Systems AU - Michael Avwerhota AU - Ebenezer Obi Daniel AU - Oladayo Olarinre Avwerhota AU - Israel Olukayode Popoola AU - Taiwo Aderemi Popoola AU - Adebanke Adetutu Ogun AU - Ahmed Mamuda Bello AU - Michael Olabode Tomori AU - Aisha Oluwakemi Salami AU - Celestine Emeka Ekwuluo AU - Olukayode Oladeji Alewi AU - Aremu Bukola Janet Y1 - 2024/09/11 PY - 2024 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12 DO - 10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12 T2 - Research & Development JF - Research & Development JO - Research & Development SP - 86 EP - 93 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2994-7057 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rd.20240503.12 AB - The integration of research evidence into healthcare decision-making is essential for improving health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria. This study investigates the perspectives of public health professionals on research utilization within the Nigerian health system, identifying barriers and facilitators to the application of evidence-based practices. Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected from public health professionals and policymakers through a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Survey. The findings reveal a significant gap in the dissemination and utilization of research findings, with many professionals unaware of existing systems to facilitate this process. Despite recognizing the importance of research utilization for enhancing health and quality of life, barriers such as limited access to quality research publications and inadequate collaboration between researchers and policymakers impede effective implementation. Capacity-building initiatives, such as workshops and continuous professional development programs, were identified as key facilitators for promoting evidence-based practices. The study underscores the need for improved communication and tailored dissemination strategies to bridge the gap between research and practice, ensuring that findings are accessible and applicable to the specific needs of different professional groups. These results align with existing literature that highlights the crucial role of evidence-based practice in public health and the necessity of robust dissemination and implementation frameworks. Addressing these barriers and leveraging facilitators can significantly enhance the utilization of research findings, leading to better health outcomes and more effective healthcare policies in Nigeria. 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