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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Education performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> 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society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="List of central European countries by development indexes">List of central European countries by development indexes</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HDI2022Incrimental.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HDI2022Incrimental.svg/433px-HDI2022Incrimental.svg.png" decoding="async" width="433" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HDI2022Incrimental.svg/650px-HDI2022Incrimental.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HDI2022Incrimental.svg/866px-HDI2022Incrimental.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>World map of countries by <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> categories in increments of 0.050 (based on 2022 data, published 2024): <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003C00; color:white;"> </span> ≥ 0.900</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007F00; color:white;"> </span> 0.850–0.899</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00C400; color:black;"> </span> 0.800–0.849</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00F900; color:black;"> </span> 0.750–0.799</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3FF00; color:black;"> </span> 0.700–0.749</div> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> 0.650–0.699</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD215; color:black;"> </span> 0.600–0.649</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFA83C; color:black;"> </span> 0.550–0.599</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF852F; color:black;"> </span> 0.500–0.549</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF5B00; color:black;"> </span> 0.450–0.499</div> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> 0.400–0.449</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A70000; color:white;"> </span> ≤ 0.399</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D9D9D9; color:black;"> </span> Data unavailable</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2018_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg/430px-2018_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg.png" decoding="async" width="430" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2018_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg/645px-2018_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2018_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg/860px-2018_UN_Human_Development_Report.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>World map representing <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> categories (based on 2017 data, published in 2018):<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00023a; color:white;"> </span> 0.800–1.000 (very high)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000074; color:white;"> </span> 0.700–0.799 (high)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0010c0; color:white;"> </span> 0.555–0.699 (medium)</div> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aabdef; color:black;"> </span> 0.350–0.554 (low)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a0a0a0; color:black;"> </span> Data unavailable</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>This is a partial <b>list of Central European countries by development indexes</b> such as the <a href="/wiki/Globalisation_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation index">Globalisation index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">Legatum Prosperity Index</a>, <a href="/wiki/EF_English_Proficiency_Index" title="EF English Proficiency Index">EF English Proficiency Index</a>, and other statistical measures and rankings. </p><p>The concept of what countries belong to <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> is not well-defined, so tables or lists below may show different countries listed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_Development_Index">Human Development Index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Human Development Index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg/300px-2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg/450px-2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg/600px-2013_UN_Human_Development_Report_Quartiles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>World map by quartiles of Human Development Index in 2013: <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> Very High</div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E6EDFF; color:black;"> </span> Low</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3072D9; color:white;"> </span> High</div></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#858585; color:black;"> </span> Data unavailable</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A8C3FF; color:black;"> </span> Medium</div></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>Countries in descending order of <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (2022 data): </p> <ul><li>Switzerland: 0.967 (ranked 1)</li> <li>Germany: 0.950 (ranked 7)</li> <li>Liechtenstein: 0.942 (ranked 12)</li> <li>Austria: 0.926 (ranked 22)</li> <li>Slovenia: 0.926 (ranked 22)</li> <li>Czech Republic: 0.895 (ranked 32)</li> <li>Poland: 0.881 (ranked 36)</li> <li>Croatia: 0.878 (ranked 39)</li> <li>Türkiye: 0.855 (ranked 45)</li> <li>Slovakia: 0.855 (ranked 45)</li> <li>Hungary: 0.851 (ranked 47)</li> <li>Romania: 0.827 (ranked 53)</li> <li>Serbia: 0.805 (ranked 65)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalisation">Globalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Globalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Globalization_Index.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Globalization_Index.svg/300px-Globalization_Index.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Globalization_Index.svg/450px-Globalization_Index.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Globalization_Index.svg/600px-Globalization_Index.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the score for the KOF Globalization Index</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Globalisation_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation index">index of globalization</a> in Central European countries (2016 data):<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Switzerland: 91.17 (ranked 1)</li> <li>Austria: 88.95 (ranked 7)</li> <li>Germany: 88.17 (ranked 8)</li> <li>Czech Republic: 85.19 (ranked 13)</li> <li>Hungary: 85.13 (ranked 14)</li> <li>Slovakia: 82.89 (ranked 21)</li> <li>Slovenia: 81.28 (ranked 25)</li> <li>Poland: 81.20 (ranked 26)</li> <li>Croatia: 80.90 (ranked 28)</li> <li>Romania: 79.99 (ranked 29)</li> <li>Serbia 78.34 (ranked 37)</li> <li>Liechtenstein: 54.37 (ranked 121)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosperity_Index">Prosperity Index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prosperity Index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">Legatum Prosperity Index</a> demonstrates an average and high level of prosperity in Central Europe (2018 data)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Switzerland (ranked 4)</li> <li>Germany (ranked 11)</li> <li>Luxembourg (ranked 12)</li> <li>Austria (ranked 15)</li> <li>Slovenia (ranked 18)</li> <li>Czech Republic (ranked 27)</li> <li>Slovakia (ranked 32)</li> <li>Poland (ranked 33)</li> <li>Croatia (ranked 41)</li> <li>Hungary (ranked 46)</li> <li>Romania (ranked 47)</li> <li>Serbia (ranked 56)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transparency_international_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Transparency_international_2015.png/300px-Transparency_international_2015.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Transparency_international_2015.png/450px-Transparency_international_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Transparency_international_2015.png/600px-Transparency_international_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2015: <table border="0" style="width: 100%; background: #f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#0000ff; color:#0000ff;">    </span> 90–100</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ffce63; color:#ffce63;">    </span> 60–69</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ff0000; color:#ff0000;">    </span> 30–39</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#2b0000; color:#2b0000;">    </span> 0–9</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#287fff; color:#287fff;">    </span> 80–89</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ffa552; color:#ffa552;">    </span> 50–59</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#c60000; color:#c60000;">    </span> 20–29</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#e0e0e0;">    </span> No information</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#00ffff; color:#00ffff;">    </span> 70–79</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ff6b6b; color:#ff6b6b;">    </span> 40–49</span> </td> <td><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#800000; color:#800000;">    </span> 10–19</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p>Most countries in Central Europe tend to score above the average in the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> (2018 data):<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Switzerland (ranked 3, tied)</li> <li>Germany (ranked 11, tied)</li> <li>Austria (ranked 14, tied)</li> <li>Poland (ranked 36, tied)</li> <li>Slovenia (ranked 36, tied)</li> <li>Czech Republic (ranked 38, tied)</li> <li>Slovakia (ranked 57)</li> <li>Croatia (ranked 60)</li> <li>Hungary (ranked 64, tied)</li> <li>Romania (ranked 66)</li> <li>Serbia (ranked 87, tied)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central European countries are very literate. All of them have the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">literacy rate</a> of 96% or over (for both sexes): </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country</th> <th colspan="3">Literacy rate</th> <th rowspan="2">Criteria </th></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-type="number">All</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Male</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Female </th></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>-9e99</td> <td>-9e99</td> <td>!a</td> <td>-9e99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td><b>84.1%</b></td> <td><b>88.6%</b></td> <td><b>79.7%</b></td> <td>age 15 and over can read and write (2010 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liechtenstein</td> <td>100%</td> <td>100%</td> <td>100%</td> <td>age 10 and over can read and write </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland</td> <td>99.7%</td> <td>99.9%</td> <td>99.6%</td> <td>age 15 and over can read and write (2011 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovenia</td> <td>99.7%</td> <td>99.7%</td> <td>99.7%</td> <td>(2010 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovakia</td> <td>99.6%</td> <td>99.7%</td> <td>99.6%</td> <td>age 15 and over can read and write (2004) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czech Republic</td> <td>99%</td> <td>99%</td> <td>99%</td> <td>(2011 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td>99%</td> <td>99%</td> <td>99%</td> <td>age 15 and over can read and write (2003 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary</td> <td>99%</td> <td>99.2%</td> <td>98.9%</td> <td>age 15 and over can read and write (2011 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland</td> <td>99%</td> <td>99%</td> <td>99%</td> <td>age 15 and over can read and write (2003 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Croatia</td> <td>98.9%</td> <td>99.5%</td> <td>98.3%</td> <td>age 15 and over can read and write (2011 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria</td> <td>98%</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>age 15 and over can read and write </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbia </td> <td>97.9% </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>age 15 and over can read and write </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Languages taught as the first language in Central Europe are: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovenian</a>. The most popular language taught at schools in Central Europe as foreign languages are: <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proficiency in English is ranked as high or moderate, according to the <a href="/wiki/EF_English_Proficiency_Index" title="EF English Proficiency Index">EF English Proficiency Index</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Slovenia (position 6)</li> <li>Luxembourg (position 8)</li> <li>Poland (position 9)</li> <li>Austria (position 10)</li> <li>Germany (position 11)</li> <li>Serbia (position 18)</li> <li>Hungary (position 21)</li> <li>Czech Republic (position 18)</li> <li>Switzerland (position 19)</li> <li>Slovakia (position 25)</li> <li>Croatia (not ranked)</li> <li>Liechtenstein (not ranked)</li></ul> <p>Other languages, also popular (spoken by over 5% as a second language):<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> in Slovenia (61%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> in Romania (17%), Germany (14%) and Austria (11%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> in Slovenia (42%), Croatia (34%), Slovakia (22%), Poland (20%), Hungary (18%), the Czech Republic (15%) and Romania (5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> in Romania (9%), Serbia (7%) Slovakia (12%)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> in Croatia (14%), Slovenia (12%), Austria (9%) and Romania (7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> in Poland (28%), Slovakia (17%), the Czech Republic (13%) and Germany (6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> in Slovakia (5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> in the Czech Republic (16%), Serbia (2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> in Romania (5%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_performance">Education performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Student performance has varied across Central Europe, according to the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a>. In the last study, countries scored medium, below or over the average scores in three fields studied.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PISA-Maths-2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PISA-Maths-2012.svg/300px-PISA-Maths-2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PISA-Maths-2012.svg/450px-PISA-Maths-2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PISA-Maths-2012.svg/600px-PISA-Maths-2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>The results for the 2012 "Maths" section on a world map</figcaption></figure> <p>In the following table, positions 23 to 26 are "similar to the OECD average"; 1 to 22 are above, and 27+ are below average. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Positions in various subject groups </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Maths</th> <th>Sciences</th> <th>Reading </th></tr> <tr> <td>Liechtenstein</td> <td>8</td> <td>10</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland</td> <td>9</td> <td>19</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland</td> <td>14</td> <td>9</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td>16</td> <td>12</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria</td> <td>18</td> <td>23</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovenia</td> <td>21</td> <td>20</td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czech Republic</td> <td>24</td> <td>22</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovakia</td> <td>35</td> <td>40</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary</td> <td>39</td> <td>33</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Croatia</td> <td>40</td> <td>35</td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbia</td> <td>43</td> <td>34</td> <td>49 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PISA-Science-2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PISA-Science-2012.svg/300px-PISA-Science-2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PISA-Science-2012.svg/450px-PISA-Science-2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PISA-Science-2012.svg/600px-PISA-Science-2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>The results for the 2012 "Science" section on a world map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PISA-Reading-2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PISA-Reading-2012.svg/300px-PISA-Reading-2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PISA-Reading-2012.svg/450px-PISA-Reading-2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PISA-Reading-2012.svg/600px-PISA-Reading-2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>The results for the 2012 "Reading" section on a world map</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universities">Universities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:156_Univerzita_Karlova,_o_Karolinum_(Universitat_Carolina).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg/300px-156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg/450px-156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg/600px-156_Univerzita_Karlova%2C_o_Karolinum_%28Universitat_Carolina%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karolinum" title="Karolinum">Karolinum</a> of the Charles University in Prague</figcaption></figure> <p>The first university east of France and north of the Alps was the <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Charles University in Prague</a> established in 1347 or 1348 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a> and modeled on the University of Paris, with the full number of faculties (law, medicine, philosophy and theology).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list of Central Europe's oldest universities in continuous operation, established by 1500, include (by their dates of foundation): </p> <ul><li>Czech Republic <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Charles University in Prague</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_University_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_University-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech Republic (1348)</li> <li>Poland <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jagiellonian_University_in_Krakow_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jagiellonian_University_in_Krakow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Kraków, Poland (1364)</li> <li>Austria <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Vienna_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Vienna-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Vienna, Austria (1365)</li> <li>Hungary <a href="/wiki/University_of_P%C3%A9cs" title="University of Pécs">University of Pécs</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Pécs, Hungary (1367)</li> <li>Germany <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a><sup id="cite_ref-Heidelberg_University_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidelberg_University-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Heidelberg, Germany (1386)</li> <li>Germany <a href="/wiki/Cologne_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne University">Cologne University</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cologne_University_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cologne_University-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Cologne, Germany (1388)</li> <li>Croatia <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zadar" title="University of Zadar">University of Zadar</a><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Zadar_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Zadar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Zadar, Croatia (1396)</li> <li>Germany <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Leipzig_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Leipzig-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Leipzig, Germany (1409)</li> <li>Germany <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rostock" title="University of Rostock">University of Rostock</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Rostock, Germany (1419)</li> <li>Germany <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Greifswald_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Greifswald-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Greifswald, Germany (1456)</li> <li>Germany <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Freiburg_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Freiburg-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Freiburg, Germany (1457)</li> <li>Switzerland <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Basel_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Basel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Basel, Switzerland (1460)</li> <li>Germany <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Munich, Germany (1472)</li> <li>Germany <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Tübingen_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Tübingen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Tübingen, Germany (1477)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_exchange_program">Regional exchange program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional exchange program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central European Exchange Program for University Studies (CEEPUS) is an international exchange program for students and teachers teaching or studying in participating countries. Its current members include (year it joined for the first time in brackets):<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Albania (2006)</li> <li>Austria (2005)</li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina (2008)</li> <li>Bulgaria (2005)</li> <li>Croatia (2005)</li> <li>Czech Republic (2005)</li> <li>Hungary (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>*<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2008)</li> <li>Macedonia (2006)</li> <li>Moldova (2011)</li> <li>Montenegro (2006)</li> <li>Poland (2005)</li> <li>Romania (2005)</li> <li>Serbia (2005)</li> <li>Slovakia (2005)</li> <li>Slovenia (2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central European architecture has been shaped by major European styles including but not limited to: <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a> (art) and <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a>. Seven Central European countries are amongst those countries with higher numbers of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>: </p> <ul><li>Germany (position 5th, 42 sites)</li> <li>Poland (position 18th, 16 sites)</li> <li>Czech Republic (position 22nd, 12 sites)</li> <li>Switzerland (position 25th, 12 sites)</li> <li>Austria (position 27th, 10 sites)</li> <li>Croatia (position 29th, 10 sites)</li> <li>Hungary (8 sites)</li> <li>Serbia (position 35th, 6 sites)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press_freedom_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Press_freedom_2021.svg/300px-Press_freedom_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Press_freedom_2021.svg/450px-Press_freedom_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Press_freedom_2021.svg/600px-Press_freedom_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3494" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>2021 Press Freedom Index results</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a whole spectrum of media active in the region: newspapers, television and internet channels, radio channels, internet websites etc. Central European media are regarded as free, according to the Press Freedom Index, although the situation in Poland, Hungary and Croatia is described as "problematic". Some of the top scoring countries in the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> are in Central Europe, and include:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Switzerland (position 7)</li> <li>Austria (position 11)</li> <li>Germany (position 16)</li> <li>Slovakia (position 17)</li> <li>Czech Republic (position 23)</li> <li>Liechtenstein (position 32)</li> <li>Slovenia (position 37)</li> <li>Romania (position 43)</li> <li>Poland (position 54)</li> <li>Hungary (position 71)</li> <li>Croatia (position 74)</li> <li>Serbia (position 76)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy">Democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European countries score very highly in the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Switzerland (position 6)</li> <li>Germany (position 13)</li> <li>Austria (position 14)</li> <li>Czech Republic (position 25)</li> <li>Slovenia (position 37)</li> <li>Poland (position 40)</li> <li>Slovakia (position 45)</li> <li>Croatia (position 50)</li> <li>Hungary (position 51)</li> <li>Serbia (position 57)</li> <li>Romania (position 61)</li> <li>Liechtenstein (not listed)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Peace_Index">Global Peace Index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Global Peace Index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Peace_Index.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Global_Peace_Index.svg/300px-Global_Peace_Index.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Global_Peace_Index.svg/450px-Global_Peace_Index.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Global_Peace_Index.svg/600px-Global_Peace_Index.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Global Peace Index Scores</figcaption></figure> <p>In spite of its turbulent history, Central Europe is currently one of world's safest regions. Most Central European countries are in top 20%:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Austria (position 3)</li> <li>Switzerland (position 5)</li> <li>Czech Republic (position 11)</li> <li>Slovenia (position 14)</li> <li>Germany (position 17)</li> <li>Slovakia (position 19)</li> <li>Poland (position 23)</li> <li>Hungary (position 22)</li> <li>Serbia (position 23)</li> <li>Romania (position 24)</li> <li>Croatia (position 26)</li> <li>Liechtenstein (not listed)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_European_countries_by_development_indexes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Human_Development_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="American Human Development Project">American Human Development Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-Central_Europe" title="East-Central Europe">East-Central Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of African countries by Human Development Index">List of African countries by Human Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Asia_and_Oceania_by_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in Asia and Oceania by Human Development Index">List of sovereign states in Asia and Oceania by Human Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">List of countries by Human Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index_by_region" title="List of countries by Human Development Index by region">List of countries by Human Development Index by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">Organization 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li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UNDP2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNDP2018_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020-22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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