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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="طراز لويس الرابع عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طراز لويس الرابع عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-quatorze" title="Louis-quatorze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis-quatorze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CE%94%CE%84" title="Ρυθμός Λουδοβίκου ΙΔ΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρυθμός Λουδοβίκου ΙΔ΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_Luis_XIV" title="Estilo Luis XIV – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estilo Luis XIV" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_Louis_XIV" title="Style Louis XIV – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Style Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_Lois_XIV" title="Estilo Lois XIV – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estilo Lois XIV" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franskur_gullaldarst%C3%ADll" title="Franskur gullaldarstíll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Franskur gullaldarstíll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stile_Luigi_XIV" title="Stile Luigi XIV – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stile Luigi XIV" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="סגנון לואי הארבעה עשר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סגנון לואי הארבעה עשר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_XIV-stijl" title="Lodewijk XIV-stijl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lodewijk XIV-stijl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styl_Ludwika_XIV" title="Styl Ludwika XIV – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Styl Ludwika XIV" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_Lu%C3%ADs_XIV" title="Estilo Luís XIV – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estilo Luís XIV" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_XIV" title="Стиль Людовика XIV – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стиль Людовика XIV" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B0_XIV" title="Стил Луја XIV – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стил Луја XIV" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_XIV:n_tyyli" title="Ludvig XIV:n tyyli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ludvig XIV:n tyyli" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Style_Louis_XIV&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XIV">Style Louis XIV</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style of Louis XIV period; baroque style with classical elements</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Versailles_chateau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Versailles_chateau.jpg/310px-Versailles_chateau.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Versailles_chateau.jpg/465px-Versailles_chateau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Versailles_chateau.jpg/620px-Versailles_chateau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> (1661–1710)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Louis XIV style</b> or <i><b>Louis Quatorze</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LOO</span>-ee ka-<span style="font-size:90%">TORZ</span>, -⁠ kə-</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lwi<span class="wrap"> </span>katɔʁz]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e0\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Louis_XIV.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Louis_XIV.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Louis XIV.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Louis_XIV.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Louis_XIV.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Jules78120-Louis_XIV.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Louis XIV.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), also called <b>French classicism</b>, was the style of architecture and decorative arts intended to glorify King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> and his reign. It featured majesty, harmony and regularity. It became the official style during the reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715), imposed upon artists by the newly established <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_peinture_et_de_sculpture" title="Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture">Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture</a></i></span> (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_d%27architecture" title="Académie royale d'architecture">Académie royale d'architecture</a></i></span> (Royal Academy of Architecture). It had an important influence upon the architecture of other European monarchs, from <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. Major architects of the period included <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mansart" title="François Mansart">François Mansart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotte" title="Robert de Cotte">Robert de Cotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Muet" title="Pierre Le Muet">Pierre Le Muet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Perrault" title="Claude Perrault">Claude Perrault</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a>. Major monuments included the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> at Versailles, and the Church of <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a> (1675–1691). </p><p>The Louis XIV style had three periods. During the first period, which coincided with the youth of the King (1643–1660) and the regency of <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a>, architecture and art were strongly influenced by the earlier style of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style imported from Italy. The early period saw the beginning of French classicism, particularly in the early works of Francois Mansart, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chateau_de_Maisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau de Maisons">Chateau de Maisons</a> (1630–1651). During the second period (1660–1690), under the personal rule of the King, the style of architecture and decoration became more classical, triumphant and ostentatious, expressed in the building of the Palace of Versailles, first by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> and then Jules Hardouin-Mansart.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1680, furniture was massive, decorated with a profusion of sculpture and gilding. In the later period, thanks to the development of the craft of <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a>, the furniture was decorated with different colors and different woods. The most prominent creator of furniture in the later period was <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Charles_Boulle" class="mw-redirect" title="André Charles Boulle">André Charles Boulle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final period of Louis XIV style, from about 1690 to 1715, is called the period of transition; it was influenced by Hardouin-Mansart and by the King's designer of fetes and ceremonies, <a href="/wiki/Jean_B%C3%A9rain_the_Elder" title="Jean Bérain the Elder">Jean Bérain the Elder</a>. The new style was lighter in form, and featured greater fantasy and freedom of line, thanks in part to the use of <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> decoration, and greater use of <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a> and coquille designs, which continued into the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988120_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988120-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_architecture">Civil architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Civil architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The model of civil architecture in the early part of the reign was <a href="/wiki/Vaux_le_Vicomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaux le Vicomte">Vaux le Vicomte</a> (1658), by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a>, built for the King's <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finances" title="Superintendent of Finances">Superintendent of Finances</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Nicolas Fouquet</a> and completed in 1658. Louis XIV charged Fouquet with theft, put him prison, and took the building for himself. The design was strongly influenced by the classicism of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mansart" title="François Mansart">François Mansart</a>. It combined a façade dominated and rhymed by colossal classical columns, beneath a dome, imported from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian Baroque architecture</a>, along with a number of original features, such as a semicircular salon which looked out on the vast <a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">French formal garden</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988122_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988122-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the success of Vaux le Vicomte, Louis XIV selected Le Vau to construct an immense new palace at Versailles, to augment a smaller palace transformed from a hunting lodge by Louis XIII. This gradually became, over the decades, the master work of the Louis XIV style. Following the death of Le Vau in 1680, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a> took over the Versailles project; he broke away from the picturesque projections and dome and made a more sober and uniform façade of columns, with a flat roof topped by a balustrade and row of columns (1681). He used the same style to harmonize the other new buildings he created at Versailles, including the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Orangerie" title="Versailles Orangerie">Orangerie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%89curie" title="Grande Écurie">Stables</a>. Hardouin-Mansart constructed the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> (completed 1687), single-story royal retreat with arched windows alternating with pairs of columns, and a flat roof and balustrade. </p><p>Another major new project undertaken by Louis was the construction of a new façade for the <a href="/wiki/East_side_of_the_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="East side of the Louvre">east side of the Louvre</a>. In 1665 Louis invited the most famous sculptor architect of the Italian Baroque, <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>, to submit a design, but in 1667 rejected it in favor of a more sober and classical <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a>, designed by a committee of three, comprising Louis Le Vau, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Perrault" title="Claude Perrault">Claude Perrault</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaux-le-Vicomte_Front2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vaux le Vicomte by Louis Le Vau (1658)"><img alt="Vaux le Vicomte by Louis Le Vau (1658)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Vaux-le-Vicomte_Front2.jpg/306px-Vaux-le-Vicomte_Front2.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Vaux-le-Vicomte_Front2.jpg/459px-Vaux-le-Vicomte_Front2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Vaux-le-Vicomte_Front2.jpg/611px-Vaux-le-Vicomte_Front2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="713" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vaux_le_Vicomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaux le Vicomte">Vaux le Vicomte</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> (1658)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_Kolonnaden.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Louvre Colonnade by Louis Le Vau, Charles Le Brun, and Claude Perrault (1667–1678)"><img alt="The Louvre Colonnade by Louis Le Vau, Charles Le Brun, and Claude Perrault (1667–1678)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Louvre_Kolonnaden.JPG/301px-Louvre_Kolonnaden.JPG" decoding="async" width="201" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Louvre_Kolonnaden.JPG/452px-Louvre_Kolonnaden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Louvre_Kolonnaden.JPG/601px-Louvre_Kolonnaden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2049" data-file-height="1534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Louvre Colonnade</a> by Louis Le Vau, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Perrault" title="Claude Perrault">Claude Perrault</a> (1667–1678)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trianon2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Trianon by Jules Hardouin-Mansart (1680–1687)"><img alt="The Grand Trianon by Jules Hardouin-Mansart (1680–1687)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trianon2.jpg/300px-Trianon2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trianon2.jpg/451px-Trianon2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trianon2.jpg/600px-Trianon2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a> (1680–1687)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soubise.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Façade of the Hôtel de Soubise by Pierre-Alexis Delamair (1704–1708)"><img alt="Façade of the Hôtel de Soubise by Pierre-Alexis Delamair (1704–1708)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Soubise.JPG/168px-Soubise.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Soubise.JPG/253px-Soubise.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Soubise.JPG/337px-Soubise.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2042" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Façade of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Soubise" title="Hôtel de Soubise">Hôtel de Soubise</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Alexis_Delamair" title="Pierre-Alexis Delamair">Pierre-Alexis Delamair</a> (1704–1708)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_architecture">Religious architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early period of his reign, Louis began building the church of <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce_(church)" title="Val-de-Grâce (church)">Val-de-Grâce</a> (1645–1710), the chapel of the <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce" title="Val-de-Grâce">Val-de-Grâce</a> hospital. The design was worked on successively by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Muet" title="Pierre Le Muet">Pierre Le Muet</a> before being completed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Leduc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Leduc (page does not exist)">Gabriel Leduc</a>. Its picturesque tripartite façade, peristyle, detached columns, statues, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(art)" title="Tondo (art)">tondi</a></i>, make it the most Italianate and Baroque of Paris churches. It served as the prototype for the later domes of <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988124_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988124-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next major church built under Louis XIV was the church of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></span></span> (1680–1706). The nave of the church, by <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ral_Bruant" title="Libéral Bruant">Libéral Bruant</a>, was comparable to those of other churches of the period, with ionic pilasters and penetrating vaults, and an interior that resembled the high baroque style. The dome, by Hardouin-Mansart, was more revolutionary, sitting upon a structure with the plan of a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Cross">Greek Cross</a>. The design used superimposed orders of columns, in the classical style, but the dome achieved greater height, by resting on a double <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tambour</i></span> or drum, and the façade and dome itself were richly decorated with sculptures, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">entablements</i></span> in niches, and ornaments of gilded bronze alternating with the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">nervures</i></span>, or ribs of the dome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988124_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988124-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The finest church interior of the late Louis XIV period is the chapel of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, created between 1697 and 1710 by Hardouin-Mansart and his successor as court architect, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotte" title="Robert de Cotte">Robert de Cotte</a>. The decor was carefully restrained, with light colors and sculptural detail in slight relief on the columns. The interior of the chapel opened up and lightened by the use of classical columns placed on the tribune, one level above the ground floor, to support the weight of the vaulted ceiling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988124_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988124-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris,_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Val de Grace by Louis Le Vau (1645–1710)"><img alt="Church of Val de Grace by Louis Le Vau (1645–1710)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Paris%2C_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_03.jpg/169px-Paris%2C_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Paris%2C_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_03.jpg/253px-Paris%2C_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Paris%2C_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_03.jpg/337px-Paris%2C_Val_de_Gr%C3%A2ce_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce_(church)" title="Val-de-Grâce (church)">Church of Val de Grace</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> (1645–1710)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_Saint-Roch_@_Paris_(31685084012).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eglise Saint-Roch, Paris, by Jacques Lemercier (1653–1690)"><img alt="Eglise Saint-Roch, Paris, by Jacques Lemercier (1653–1690)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%C3%89glise_Saint-Roch_%40_Paris_%2831685084012%29.jpg/150px-%C3%89glise_Saint-Roch_%40_Paris_%2831685084012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%C3%89glise_Saint-Roch_%40_Paris_%2831685084012%29.jpg/225px-%C3%89glise_Saint-Roch_%40_Paris_%2831685084012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%C3%89glise_Saint-Roch_%40_Paris_%2831685084012%29.jpg/300px-%C3%89glise_Saint-Roch_%40_Paris_%2831685084012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eglise_Saint-Roch" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglise Saint-Roch">Eglise Saint-Roch</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lemercier" title="Jacques Lemercier">Jacques Lemercier</a> (1653–1690)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Invalides_2007_03_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Les Invalides by Jules Hardouin-Mansart (1680–1706)"><img alt="Les Invalides by Jules Hardouin-Mansart (1680–1706)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Invalides_2007_03_11.jpg/220px-Invalides_2007_03_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Invalides_2007_03_11.jpg/331px-Invalides_2007_03_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Invalides_2007_03_11.jpg/441px-Invalides_2007_03_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4650" data-file-height="4746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a> (1680–1706)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 99.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 97.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chapel of the Palace of Versailles by Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Robert de Cotte (1689–1710)"><img alt="Chapel of the Palace of Versailles by Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Robert de Cotte (1689–1710)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg/146px-Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg/219px-Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg/292px-Versailles_Chapel_-_July_2006_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chapel of the Palace of Versailles by Jules Hardouin-Mansart and <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotte" title="Robert de Cotte">Robert de Cotte</a> (1689–1710)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Grand_Style:_Paris">The Grand Style: Paris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Grand Style: Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Louis XIV was later accused of having ignored Paris, his reign saw several massive architectural projects which opened up space and ornamented the center of the city. The idea of monumental urban squares surrounded by uniform architecture had begun in Italy, like many architectural ideas of Baroque period. The first such square in Paris was the Place Royal (now <a href="/wiki/Place_des_Vosges" title="Place des Vosges">Place des Vosges</a>) begun by <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>, completed later with an equestrian statue of Louis XIII; then the <a href="/wiki/Place_Dauphine" title="Place Dauphine">Place Dauphine</a> on the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a></span></span>, which featured, adjacent to it, an equestrian statue of Henry IV. The initial grand Paris projects of Louis XIV were new façades on the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a>, especially the Colonnade, facing to the east. These were showcases of the new monumental style of Louis XIV. The old brick and stone of the Henry IV squares was replaced by the Grand Style of monumental columns, which usually were part of the façade itself, rather than standing separately. All the buildings around the square were connected and built to the same height, in the same style. The ground floor featured a covered arcade for pedestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first such complex of buildings built under Louis XIV was the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Quatre-Nations" title="Collège des Quatre-Nations">Collège des Quatre-Nations</a></span></span> (now the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a></span></span>) (1662–1668), facing the Louvre. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orbay" title="François d'Orbay">François d'Orbay</a>, and combined the new college donated by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a>, a chapel, and the library of Mazarin. (Later, as the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a>, it would become the headquarters of the academies founded by the King.) The <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Hôtel Royal des Invalides</a></span></span> – a complex for war veterans consisting of residences, a hospital, and a chapel – was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ral_Bruant" title="Libéral Bruant">Libéral Bruant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a> (1671–1679). Louis XIV then commissioned Hardouin-Mansart to construct a separate private royal chapel featuring a striking dome, the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Église du Dôme</span></span>, which was added to complete the complex in 1708. </p><p>The next major project was the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Victoires" title="Place des Victoires">Place des Victoires</a></span></span> (1684–1697), a real estate development of seven large buildings in three segments around a circular square, with a standing figure statue of Louis XIV (later replaced with an equestrian statue) planned for the centerpiece. This was built by an enterprising entrepreneur and nobleman of the court, Jean-Baptiste Prédot, combined with the architect Jules Haroudin-Mansart. The final urban project became the best-known, the <a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a>, also by Hardouin-Mansart, between 1699 and 1702. Its centerpiece was an equestrian statue of Louis XIV (later replaced with a statue of Napoleon atop the Vendome Column). In another innovation, this project was partially financed by the sale of lots around the square. All of these projects featured monumental façades in the Louis XIV style, giving a particular harmony to the squares.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Institut_France_Paris_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Institut de France by Louis Le Vau and François d'Orbay (1662–1668)"><img alt="Institut de France by Louis Le Vau and François d'Orbay (1662–1668)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Institut_France_Paris_13.jpg/338px-Institut_France_Paris_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Institut_France_Paris_13.jpg/507px-Institut_France_Paris_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Institut_France_Paris_13.jpg/675px-Institut_France_Paris_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a></span></span> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orbay" title="François d'Orbay">François d'Orbay</a> (1662–1668)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_des_Victoires,_Paris_20_August_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Place des Victoires (1684–1697) by Jules Hardouin-Mansart"><img alt="Place des Victoires (1684–1697) by Jules Hardouin-Mansart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Place_des_Victoires%2C_Paris_20_August_2015.jpg/338px-Place_des_Victoires%2C_Paris_20_August_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Place_des_Victoires%2C_Paris_20_August_2015.jpg/507px-Place_des_Victoires%2C_Paris_20_August_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Place_des_Victoires%2C_Paris_20_August_2015.jpg/675px-Place_des_Victoires%2C_Paris_20_August_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4117" data-file-height="2744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Place_des_Victoires" title="Place des Victoires">Place des Victoires</a></span></span> (1684–1697) by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansart</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_Vend%C3%B4me,_Paris_August_11,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Place Vendôme (1699–1702) by Jules Hardouin-Mansart"><img alt="Place Vendôme (1699–1702) by Jules Hardouin-Mansart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Place_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_Paris_August_11%2C_2011.jpg/300px-Place_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_Paris_August_11%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Place_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_Paris_August_11%2C_2011.jpg/451px-Place_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_Paris_August_11%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Place_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_Paris_August_11%2C_2011.jpg/600px-Place_Vend%C3%B4me%2C_Paris_August_11%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Place Vendôme</a></span></span> (1699–1702) by Jules Hardouin-Mansart</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_d%27honneur_des_Invalides,_Paris_April_2011_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of Honor of Les Invalides (1671–1706)"><img alt="Court of Honor of Les Invalides (1671–1706)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cour_d%27honneur_des_Invalides%2C_Paris_April_2011_002.jpg/338px-Cour_d%27honneur_des_Invalides%2C_Paris_April_2011_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cour_d%27honneur_des_Invalides%2C_Paris_April_2011_002.jpg/507px-Cour_d%27honneur_des_Invalides%2C_Paris_April_2011_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cour_d%27honneur_des_Invalides%2C_Paris_April_2011_002.jpg/675px-Cour_d%27honneur_des_Invalides%2C_Paris_April_2011_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Court of Honor of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></span></span> (1671–1706)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior_decoration">Interior decoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interior decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early Louis XIV style, the principle characteristics of decor were a richness of materials and an effort to achieve a monumental effect. The materials used included marble, often combined with multicolor stones, bronze, paintings, and mirrors. These were inserted into an extremely framework<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (December 2019)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of columns, pilasters, niches, which extended up the walls and up upon the ceiling. The doors were surrounded with medallions, frontons and bas-reliefs. The fireplaces were smaller than those during the Louis XIII era, but more ornate, with a marble shelf supporting vases, below a carved frame with a painting or mirrors, all surrounded by a thick border of carved leaves or flowers. </p><p>Decorative elements on the walls of the early Louis XIV style were usually intended to celebrate the military success, majesty and cultural achievements of the King. They often featured military trophies, with helmets, oak leaves symbolizing victory, and masses of weapons, usually made of glided bronze or sculpted wood, in relief surrounded by marble. Other decorative elements celebrated the King personally: the head of the King was often represented as the sun god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, surrounded by palm leaves or gilded rays of light. An eagle usually represented <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>. Other ornamental details included gilded numbers, royal batons, and crowns. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> of the Palace of Versailles (1678–1684) was the summit of the early Louis XIV style. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, it combined a richness of materials (marble, gold, and bronze) which reflected in the mirrors. </p><p>In the late Louis XIV period, after 1690, new elements began to appear, that were less militaristic and more fantastic; particularly seashells, surrounded by elaborate sinuous lines and curves; and exotic designs, including <a href="/wiki/Arabesques" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesques">arabesques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988126–129_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988126–129-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salon_de_V%C3%A9nus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Louis XIV style; the Salon de Vénus at the Palace of Versailles by Charles Le Brun"><img alt="Early Louis XIV style; the Salon de Vénus at the Palace of Versailles by Charles Le Brun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Salon_de_V%C3%A9nus.jpg/227px-Salon_de_V%C3%A9nus.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Salon_de_V%C3%A9nus.jpg/342px-Salon_de_V%C3%A9nus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Salon_de_V%C3%A9nus.jpg/455px-Salon_de_V%C3%A9nus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early Louis XIV style; the Salon de Vénus at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hall of Mirrors at Palace of Versailles by Charles Le Brun (1678–1684)"><img alt="Hall of Mirrors at Palace of Versailles by Charles Le Brun (1678–1684)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/339px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/509px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/678px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="2584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hall of Mirrors at Palace of Versailles by Charles Le Brun (1678–1684)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bedchamber of the Queen, Palace of Versailles"><img alt="Bedchamber of the Queen, Palace of Versailles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg/286px-Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg/430px-Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg/573px-Versailles_Queen%27s_Chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="786" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bedchamber of the Queen, Palace of Versailles</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Furniture">Furniture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Furniture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_furniture" title="Louis XIV furniture">Louis XIV furniture</a></div> <p>During the first period of the reign of Louis XIV, furniture followed the previous style of Louis XIII, and was massive, and profusely decorated with sculpture and gilding. After 1680, thanks in large part to the furniture designer <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Charles_Boulle" class="mw-redirect" title="André Charles Boulle">André Charles Boulle</a>, a more original and delicate style appeared, sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Boulle_work" title="Boulle work">Boulle work</a>. It was based on the inlay of <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a> and other rare woods, a technique first used in Florence in the 15th century, which was refined and developed by Boulle and others working for Louis XIV. Furniture was inlaid with plaques of ebony, copper, and exotic woods of different colors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New and often enduring types of furniture appeared; the <a href="/wiki/Commode" title="Commode">commode</a>, with two to four drawers, replaced the old <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">coffre</span></span>, or chest. The <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">canapé</span></span>, or sofa, appeared, in the form of a combination of two or three armchairs. New kinds of armchairs appeared, including the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">fauteuil en confessionale</span></span> or "confessional armchair", which had padded cushions on either side of the back of the chair. The console table also made its first appearance; it was designed to be placed against a wall. Another new type of furniture was the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">table à gibier</span></span>, a marble-topped table for holding dishes. Early varieties of the desk appeared; the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_Mazarin" title="Bureau Mazarin">Mazarin desk</a> had a central section set back, placed between two columns of drawers, with four feet on each column.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9-Charles_Boulle,_Commode_Mazarin_(Mazarin_Cabinet),_1708,_Grand_Trianon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commode by André Charles Boulle for the Grand Trianon (1710)"><img alt="Commode by André Charles Boulle for the Grand Trianon (1710)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Andr%C3%A9-Charles_Boulle%2C_Commode_Mazarin_%28Mazarin_Cabinet%29%2C_1708%2C_Grand_Trianon.jpg/295px-Andr%C3%A9-Charles_Boulle%2C_Commode_Mazarin_%28Mazarin_Cabinet%29%2C_1708%2C_Grand_Trianon.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Andr%C3%A9-Charles_Boulle%2C_Commode_Mazarin_%28Mazarin_Cabinet%29%2C_1708%2C_Grand_Trianon.jpg/443px-Andr%C3%A9-Charles_Boulle%2C_Commode_Mazarin_%28Mazarin_Cabinet%29%2C_1708%2C_Grand_Trianon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Andr%C3%A9-Charles_Boulle%2C_Commode_Mazarin_%28Mazarin_Cabinet%29%2C_1708%2C_Grand_Trianon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commode by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Charles_Boulle" class="mw-redirect" title="André Charles Boulle">André Charles Boulle</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> (1710)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabinet-Mazarin_-_Epoque-Louis-XIV.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Mazarin desk"><img alt="Early Mazarin desk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cabinet-Mazarin_-_Epoque-Louis-XIV.JPG/185px-Cabinet-Mazarin_-_Epoque-Louis-XIV.JPG" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cabinet-Mazarin_-_Epoque-Louis-XIV.JPG/278px-Cabinet-Mazarin_-_Epoque-Louis-XIV.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cabinet-Mazarin_-_Epoque-Louis-XIV.JPG/369px-Cabinet-Mazarin_-_Epoque-Louis-XIV.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early <a href="/wiki/Bureau_Mazarin" title="Bureau Mazarin">Mazarin desk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Grand_bureau_de_Nicolas_Fouquet_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Desk of Nicolas Fouquet at the Chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte"><img alt="Desk of Nicolas Fouquet at the Chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/0_Grand_bureau_de_Nicolas_Fouquet_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte.JPG/341px-0_Grand_bureau_de_Nicolas_Fouquet_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte.JPG" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/0_Grand_bureau_de_Nicolas_Fouquet_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte.JPG/513px-0_Grand_bureau_de_Nicolas_Fouquet_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/0_Grand_bureau_de_Nicolas_Fouquet_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte.JPG/682px-0_Grand_bureau_de_Nicolas_Fouquet_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5136" data-file-height="3388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Desk of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Nicolas Fouquet</a> at the Chateau of <a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Un_canap%C3%A9_et_quatre_fauteuils_%22%C3%A0_la_reine%22_(OA_1280).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sofa and chairs à la reine (1710–1720), Louvre Museum"><img alt="Sofa and chairs à la reine (1710–1720), Louvre Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Un_canap%C3%A9_et_quatre_fauteuils_%22%C3%A0_la_reine%22_%28OA_1280%29.jpg/300px-Un_canap%C3%A9_et_quatre_fauteuils_%22%C3%A0_la_reine%22_%28OA_1280%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Un_canap%C3%A9_et_quatre_fauteuils_%22%C3%A0_la_reine%22_%28OA_1280%29.jpg/451px-Un_canap%C3%A9_et_quatre_fauteuils_%22%C3%A0_la_reine%22_%28OA_1280%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Un_canap%C3%A9_et_quatre_fauteuils_%22%C3%A0_la_reine%22_%28OA_1280%29.jpg/600px-Un_canap%C3%A9_et_quatre_fauteuils_%22%C3%A0_la_reine%22_%28OA_1280%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sofa and chairs <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">à la reine</span></span> (1710–1720), Louvre Museum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After about 1650, <a href="/wiki/Nevers_faience" title="Nevers faience">Nevers faience</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin-glazed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin-glazed">tin-glazed</a> <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a>), which had long made wares in the Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maiolica" title="Maiolica">maiolica</a> istoriato</span></span> style, adopted the new French Court style, borrowing from metalwork and other decorative arts, and using prints after the new generation of court painters such as <a href="/wiki/Simon_Vouet" title="Simon Vouet">Simon Vouet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lebrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lebrun">Charles Lebrun</a> for the images, which were also painted in many colours. The pieces were often extremely large and ornate, and apart from garden vases and wine-coolers, no doubt decorative rather than practical.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1663 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a>, recently made <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a>, made a note that the other leading centre of French faience, <a href="/wiki/Rouen_faience" title="Rouen faience">Rouen faience</a>, should be protected and encouraged, sent designs, and given commissions by the king.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1670 the Poterat family of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> received part of the large and prestigious commissions for Louis XIV's <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trianon_de_porcelaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Trianon de porcelaine">Trianon de porcelaine</a></i></span>, a small palace whose walls were largely covered in painted tiles, in fact of faience rather than <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, which was demolished not long after. <a href="/wiki/Nevers" title="Nevers">Nevers</a> and other centres shared these commissions, and others for large fittings and decorations for Louis's other palaces. Nevers garden vases in blue and white were prominently used in the gardens of the Château de Versailles.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French faience industry received another huge boost when, late in Louis's reign in 1709, the king pressured the wealthy to donate their silver plate, previously what they normally used to dine, to his treasury to help pay for his wars. There was an "overnight frenzy" as the elite rushed to get faience replacements of the best quality.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reign also saw the earliest <a href="/wiki/French_porcelain" title="French porcelain">French porcelain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rouen_porcelain" title="Rouen porcelain">Rouen porcelain</a>, although production was only of <a href="/wiki/Soft-paste_porcelain" title="Soft-paste porcelain">soft-paste porcelain</a> and on a tiny scale; only nine small pieces are thought to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next factory, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Cloud_porcelain" title="Saint-Cloud porcelain">Saint-Cloud porcelain</a>, from perhaps 1695 onwards, was more successful,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it was only in the following reign that French porcelain was produced in quantity. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_plat_circulaire_avec_d%C3%A9cor_de_l%27Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_-_Manufacture_de_Nevers_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_OA_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nevers faience; central dish is 58 cm across, the main scene is the Rape of Europa, after an illustration of Ovid by François Chauveau, published in 1674"><img alt="Nevers faience; central dish is 58 cm across, the main scene is the Rape of Europa, after an illustration of Ovid by François Chauveau, published in 1674" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Grand_plat_circulaire_avec_d%C3%A9cor_de_l%27Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_-_Manufacture_de_Nevers_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_OA_2019.jpg/226px-Grand_plat_circulaire_avec_d%C3%A9cor_de_l%27Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_-_Manufacture_de_Nevers_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_OA_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Grand_plat_circulaire_avec_d%C3%A9cor_de_l%27Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_-_Manufacture_de_Nevers_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_OA_2019.jpg/340px-Grand_plat_circulaire_avec_d%C3%A9cor_de_l%27Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_-_Manufacture_de_Nevers_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_OA_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Grand_plat_circulaire_avec_d%C3%A9cor_de_l%27Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_-_Manufacture_de_Nevers_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_OA_2019.jpg/453px-Grand_plat_circulaire_avec_d%C3%A9cor_de_l%27Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_-_Manufacture_de_Nevers_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Objets_d%27Art_OA_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nevers_faience" title="Nevers faience">Nevers faience</a>; central dish is 58 cm across, the main scene is the <i><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of Europa">Rape of Europa</a></i>, after an illustration of <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chauveau" title="François Chauveau">François Chauveau</a>, published in 1674 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bassin_%C3%A0_rafraichir_-_L%27Ivresse_de_Bacchus_-_Cooling_Basin_-_The_Drunkenness_of_Bacchus_-_Nevers_-_vers_1680_-_Louvre_-_OA_11315_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nevers wine-cooler with The Drunkenness of Bacchus, c. 1680"><img alt="Nevers wine-cooler with The Drunkenness of Bacchus, c. 1680" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bassin_%C3%A0_rafraichir_-_L%27Ivresse_de_Bacchus_-_Cooling_Basin_-_The_Drunkenness_of_Bacchus_-_Nevers_-_vers_1680_-_Louvre_-_OA_11315_%28cropped%29.jpg/357px-Bassin_%C3%A0_rafraichir_-_L%27Ivresse_de_Bacchus_-_Cooling_Basin_-_The_Drunkenness_of_Bacchus_-_Nevers_-_vers_1680_-_Louvre_-_OA_11315_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bassin_%C3%A0_rafraichir_-_L%27Ivresse_de_Bacchus_-_Cooling_Basin_-_The_Drunkenness_of_Bacchus_-_Nevers_-_vers_1680_-_Louvre_-_OA_11315_%28cropped%29.jpg/537px-Bassin_%C3%A0_rafraichir_-_L%27Ivresse_de_Bacchus_-_Cooling_Basin_-_The_Drunkenness_of_Bacchus_-_Nevers_-_vers_1680_-_Louvre_-_OA_11315_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bassin_%C3%A0_rafraichir_-_L%27Ivresse_de_Bacchus_-_Cooling_Basin_-_The_Drunkenness_of_Bacchus_-_Nevers_-_vers_1680_-_Louvre_-_OA_11315_%28cropped%29.jpg/714px-Bassin_%C3%A0_rafraichir_-_L%27Ivresse_de_Bacchus_-_Cooling_Basin_-_The_Drunkenness_of_Bacchus_-_Nevers_-_vers_1680_-_Louvre_-_OA_11315_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4178" data-file-height="2633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nevers wine-cooler with <i>The Drunkenness of Bacchus</i>, c. 1680</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_jug_(one_of_a_pair)_MET_DT8115_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nevers pair of wine jugs, c. 1685, 56 cm high. François Chauveau's Rape of Europa is again used (left)."><img alt="Nevers pair of wine jugs, c. 1685, 56 cm high. François Chauveau's Rape of Europa is again used (left)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wine_jug_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT8115_%28cropped%29.jpg/294px-Wine_jug_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT8115_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wine_jug_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT8115_%28cropped%29.jpg/442px-Wine_jug_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT8115_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wine_jug_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT8115_%28cropped%29.jpg/588px-Wine_jug_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT8115_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3671" data-file-height="2810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nevers pair of wine jugs, c. 1685, 56 cm high. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chauveau" title="François Chauveau">François Chauveau</a>'s <i>Rape of Europa</i> is again used (left).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vase_avec_sc%C3%A8nes_de_bacchanales_(Louvre,_INV_5013).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large Nevers ewer with dancing bacchantes and satyrs, 1685"><img alt="Large Nevers ewer with dancing bacchantes and satyrs, 1685" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vase_avec_sc%C3%A8nes_de_bacchanales_%28Louvre%2C_INV_5013%29.jpg/169px-Vase_avec_sc%C3%A8nes_de_bacchanales_%28Louvre%2C_INV_5013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vase_avec_sc%C3%A8nes_de_bacchanales_%28Louvre%2C_INV_5013%29.jpg/253px-Vase_avec_sc%C3%A8nes_de_bacchanales_%28Louvre%2C_INV_5013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vase_avec_sc%C3%A8nes_de_bacchanales_%28Louvre%2C_INV_5013%29.jpg/337px-Vase_avec_sc%C3%A8nes_de_bacchanales_%28Louvre%2C_INV_5013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large Nevers ewer with dancing bacchantes and satyrs, 1685</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potpourri_jar_MET_DP156491_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rouen porcelain, pot pourri jar, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 5 in (12.7 cm) tall.[17]"><img alt="Rouen porcelain, pot pourri jar, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 5 in (12.7 cm) tall.[17]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Potpourri_jar_MET_DP156491_%28cropped%29.jpg/224px-Potpourri_jar_MET_DP156491_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Potpourri_jar_MET_DP156491_%28cropped%29.jpg/336px-Potpourri_jar_MET_DP156491_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Potpourri_jar_MET_DP156491_%28cropped%29.jpg/448px-Potpourri_jar_MET_DP156491_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="2099" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rouen_porcelain" title="Rouen porcelain">Rouen porcelain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pot_pourri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pot pourri">pot pourri</a> jar, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, 5 in (12.7 cm) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first part of the reign, French painters were largely influenced by the Italians, particularly <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>. Notable French painters included <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>, who was living in Rome; <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a>, who specialized in landscapes and spent most of his career in Rome; <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Nain" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Le Nain">Louis Le Nain</a>, who, along with his brothers, did mostly genre works; <a href="/wiki/Eustache_Le_Sueur" title="Eustache Le Sueur">Eustache Le Sueur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, who studied with Poussin in Rome and were influenced by him. </p><p>With the death in 1661 of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a>, the King's <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France" title="Chief minister of France">chief minister</a>, Louis decided to take personal charge of all aspects of government, including the arts. His chief advisor on the arts was <a href="/wiki/Jean_Colbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Colbert">Jean Colbert</a> (1619–1683), who was also his finance minister. In 1663 Colbert reorganized the Royal furniture workshops, which made a wide variety of luxury goods, and added to it the <a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins tapestry workshops</a>. At the same time, with the assistance of Le Brun, Colbert took charge of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Painting_and_Sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture">Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture</a>, which had been founded by Cardinal Mazarin. Colbert also took a dominant role in architecture, taking the title of Superintendent of buildings in 1664. In 1666, the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_in_Rome" title="French Academy in Rome">French Academy in Rome</a> was founded, to take advantage of Rome's position as the leading art center of Europe, and to assure a stream of well-trained painters. Le Brun became the dean of French painters under Louis XIV, involved in architectural projects and interior design. His notable decorative works included the ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> in the Palace of Versailles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerPrater201616_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerPrater201616-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major painters of the later reign of Louis XIV included <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud" title="Hyacinthe Rigaud">Hyacinthe Rigaud</a> (1659–1743) who came to Paris in 1681, and attracted the attention of Le Brun. Le Brun oriented him toward portrait painting, and he made a celebrated portrait of Louis XIV in 1701, surrounded by all the attributes of power, from the crown on the table to the red heels of his shoes. Rigaud soon had an elaborate workshop in place for making portraits of the nobility; he employed specialized artists to create the costumes and draperies, and others to paint the backgrounds, ranging from battlefields to gardens to salons, while he concentrated on the composition, colors and especially the faces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerPrater201616_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerPrater201616-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Georges_de_La_Tour" title="Georges de La Tour">Georges de La Tour</a> (1593–1652) was another important figure in the Louis XIV style; he was given a title, named court painter of the King, and received high payments for his portraits, though he rarely ever came to Paris, preferring to work in his home town of <a href="/wiki/Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Lunéville">Lunéville</a>. His paintings, with their unusual light and dark effects, were unusually somber, the figures barely seen in the darkness, lit by torchlight, evoking meditation and pity. In addition to religious scenes, he did genre paintings, including the famous <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tricheur</i></span> or card cheat, showing a young noble being cheated at cards while others look on passively. The writer and later French culture minister <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> wrote in 1951, "No other painter, not even Rembrandt, ever suggested such a vast and mysterious silence. La Tour is the only interpreter of the serene aspect of shadows."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his final years, Louis XIV's tastes changed again, under the influence of his morganic wife, <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Maintenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame de Maintenon">Madame de Maintenon</a>, toward more religious and meditative themes. He had all the paintings in his private room removed and replaced by a single canvas, <i>Saint Sebastien being tended by Saint Irene</i> (c. 1649) by Georges de La Tour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerPrater201686_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerPrater201686-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_de_La_Tour_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Sebastian tended by Saint Irene by Georges de La Tour (1649)"><img alt="Saint Sebastian tended by Saint Irene by Georges de La Tour (1649)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Georges_de_La_Tour_003.jpg/175px-Georges_de_La_Tour_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Georges_de_La_Tour_003.jpg/263px-Georges_de_La_Tour_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Georges_de_La_Tour_003.jpg/350px-Georges_de_La_Tour_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sebastian_Tended_by_Saint_Irene_(Georges_de_La_Tour,_Louvre)" title="Saint Sebastian Tended by Saint Irene (Georges de La Tour, Louvre)">Saint Sebastian tended by Saint Irene</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Georges_de_La_Tour" title="Georges de La Tour">Georges de La Tour</a> (1649)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_de_La_Tour_-_The_Cheat_with_the_Ace_of_Clubs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Card Sharp with the Ace of Diamonds by Georges de La Tour (late 1630s)"><img alt="The Card Sharp with the Ace of Diamonds by Georges de La Tour (late 1630s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Georges_de_La_Tour_-_The_Cheat_with_the_Ace_of_Clubs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/362px-Georges_de_La_Tour_-_The_Cheat_with_the_Ace_of_Clubs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Georges_de_La_Tour_-_The_Cheat_with_the_Ace_of_Clubs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/544px-Georges_de_La_Tour_-_The_Cheat_with_the_Ace_of_Clubs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Georges_de_La_Tour_-_The_Cheat_with_the_Ace_of_Clubs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/725px-Georges_de_La_Tour_-_The_Cheat_with_the_Ace_of_Clubs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5401" data-file-height="3356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Card_Sharp_with_the_Ace_of_Diamonds" title="The Card Sharp with the Ace of Diamonds">The Card Sharp with the Ace of Diamonds</a></i> by Georges de La Tour (late 1630s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Le_Brun_-_Prise_de_la_ville_et_de_la_citadelle_de_Gand_en_six_jours,_1678_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Section of the ceiling of the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles, representing capture of fortress of Ghent by Louis XIV, by Charles Le Brun (1678)"><img alt="Section of the ceiling of the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles, representing capture of fortress of Ghent by Louis XIV, by Charles Le Brun (1678)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_Le_Brun_-_Prise_de_la_ville_et_de_la_citadelle_de_Gand_en_six_jours%2C_1678_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/214px-Charles_Le_Brun_-_Prise_de_la_ville_et_de_la_citadelle_de_Gand_en_six_jours%2C_1678_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_Le_Brun_-_Prise_de_la_ville_et_de_la_citadelle_de_Gand_en_six_jours%2C_1678_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/321px-Charles_Le_Brun_-_Prise_de_la_ville_et_de_la_citadelle_de_Gand_en_six_jours%2C_1678_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_Le_Brun_-_Prise_de_la_ville_et_de_la_citadelle_de_Gand_en_six_jours%2C_1678_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/428px-Charles_Le_Brun_-_Prise_de_la_ville_et_de_la_citadelle_de_Gand_en_six_jours%2C_1678_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3799" data-file-height="3994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section of the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors#Ceiling_paintings" title="Hall of Mirrors">ceiling of the Hall of Mirrors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, representing capture of fortress of Ghent by Louis XIV, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a> (1678)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Louis_XIV,_roi_de_France_(1638-1715)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Louis XIV by Hyacinthe Rigaud, (1701)"><img alt="Portrait of Louis XIV by Hyacinthe Rigaud, (1701)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Louis_XIV%2C_roi_de_France_%281638-1715%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/161px-Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Louis_XIV%2C_roi_de_France_%281638-1715%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Louis_XIV%2C_roi_de_France_%281638-1715%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/242px-Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Louis_XIV%2C_roi_de_France_%281638-1715%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Louis_XIV%2C_roi_de_France_%281638-1715%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/322px-Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Louis_XIV%2C_roi_de_France_%281638-1715%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3758" data-file-height="5250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Louis XIV by <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud" title="Hyacinthe Rigaud">Hyacinthe Rigaud</a>, (1701)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most influential sculptor of the period was the Italian <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>, whose work in Rome inspired sculptors all over Europe. He traveled to France; his proposal for a new façade of the Louvre was rejected by the King, who wanted a more specifically French style, but Bernini did make a <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Louis_XIV_(Bernini)" title="Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)">bust of Louis XIV</a> in 1665 which was greatly admired and imitated in France. </p><p>One of the most prominent sculptors under Louis XIV was <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coysevox" title="Antoine Coysevox">Antoine Coysevox</a> (pronounced "quazevo") (1640–1720) from Lyon. He studied sculpture under <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lerambert" title="Louis Lerambert">Louis Lerambert</a> and copied in marble ancient Roman works, including the <a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus de Medici">Venus de Medici</a>. In 1776, his bust of the King's official painter <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a> won him admission to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. He was soon producing monumental sculpture to accompany the new buildings constructed by Louis XIV; he made a <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> for the royal chapel at <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></span></span>, and then a large number of statues for the new Park at Versailles and then at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Marly" title="Château de Marly">Château de Marly</a>. He originally made the outdoor statues in weather-resistant stucco, then replaced them with marble works when they were finished in 1705. His work of Neptune from Marly is now in the Louvre, and his statues of Pan and a Flora and Dryad are now found in the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuileries Gardens">Tuileries Gardens</a>. His statue of <i>The King's Fame riding Pegasus</i> was originally made for the Château of Marly. After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a> it was moved to the Tuileries Gardens, and is now inside the Louvre. He also made a series of greatly admired portrait sculptures of the leading statesmen and artists of the time; Louis XIV at Versailles, Colbert (for his tomb at the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris" title="Saint-Eustache, Paris">Church of Saint Eustache</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a> in the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Quatre-Nations" title="Collège des Quatre-Nations">Collège des Quatre-Nations</a></span></span> (now the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a>) in Paris; the playwright <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>; the architect <a href="/wiki/Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a> and the garden designer <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Sarazin" title="Jacques Sarazin">Jacques Sarazin</a> was another notable sculptor working on projects for Louis XIV. He made many statues and decorations for the Palace of Versailles, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Caryatids" class="mw-redirect" title="Caryatids">Caryatids</a> for the eastern façade of the Pavilion du Horloge of the Louvre, facing the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Cour Carré</span></span>, which were based both on a study of the original Greek models, and on the work of <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>. </p><p>Another notable sculptor of the Style Louis XV was <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Puget" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Puget">Pierre Paul Puget</a> (1620–1694), who was a sculptor, painter, engineer and architect. He was born in Marseille, and first sculpted ornaments for ships under construction. He then travelled to Italy, where he worked as an apprentice on the Baroque ceilings of the <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini" title="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a></span></span> and <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a></span></span>. He travelled back and forth between Italy and France, painting, sculpting and wood-carving. He made his celebrated statue of <a href="/wiki/Caryatids" class="mw-redirect" title="Caryatids">caryatids</a> for the city hall of Toulon in 1665–1667, then was employed by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Nicolas Fouquet</a> to make a statue of Hercules for his château at <a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a>. He continued to live in the south of France, making notable statues of <a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a> (now in the Louvre).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_caryatids_Pavillon_Horloge_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caryatids of Louvre by Jacques Sarazin"><img alt="Caryatids of Louvre by Jacques Sarazin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Left_caryatids_Pavillon_Horloge_Louvre.jpg/101px-Left_caryatids_Pavillon_Horloge_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Left_caryatids_Pavillon_Horloge_Louvre.jpg/152px-Left_caryatids_Pavillon_Horloge_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Left_caryatids_Pavillon_Horloge_Louvre.jpg/202px-Left_caryatids_Pavillon_Horloge_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="3333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Caryatids" class="mw-redirect" title="Caryatids">Caryatids</a> of Louvre by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Sarazin" title="Jacques Sarazin">Jacques Sarazin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles,_salon_de_Diane,_buste_de_Louis_XIV,_Bernin_(1665)_03_black_bg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1665), now in Palace of Versailles"><img alt="Bust of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1665), now in Palace of Versailles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_buste_de_Louis_XIV%2C_Bernin_%281665%29_03_black_bg.jpg/322px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_buste_de_Louis_XIV%2C_Bernin_%281665%29_03_black_bg.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_buste_de_Louis_XIV%2C_Bernin_%281665%29_03_black_bg.jpg/483px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_buste_de_Louis_XIV%2C_Bernin_%281665%29_03_black_bg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_buste_de_Louis_XIV%2C_Bernin_%281665%29_03_black_bg.jpg/643px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_buste_de_Louis_XIV%2C_Bernin_%281665%29_03_black_bg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="2334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Louis_XIV_(Bernini)" title="Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)">Bust of Louis XIV</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> (1665), now in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The King's Fame riding Pegasus, by Antoine Coysevox, made for Marly, now in the Louvre. (1702)"><img alt="The King's Fame riding Pegasus, by Antoine Coysevox, made for Marly, now in the Louvre. (1702)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg/214px-Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg/321px-Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg/428px-Fame_riding_Pegasus_Coysevox_Louvre_MR1824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The King's Fame riding Pegasus</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coysevox" title="Antoine Coysevox">Antoine Coysevox</a>, made for Marly, now in the Louvre. (1702)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Louis_XIV,_H%C3%B4tel_Carnavalet,_Paris,_2016_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XIV by Antoine Coysevox, now at Musée Carnavalet"><img alt="Louis XIV by Antoine Coysevox, now at Musée Carnavalet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Statue_of_Louis_XIV%2C_H%C3%B4tel_Carnavalet%2C_Paris%2C_2016_%28crop%29.jpg/135px-Statue_of_Louis_XIV%2C_H%C3%B4tel_Carnavalet%2C_Paris%2C_2016_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Statue_of_Louis_XIV%2C_H%C3%B4tel_Carnavalet%2C_Paris%2C_2016_%28crop%29.jpg/204px-Statue_of_Louis_XIV%2C_H%C3%B4tel_Carnavalet%2C_Paris%2C_2016_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Statue_of_Louis_XIV%2C_H%C3%B4tel_Carnavalet%2C_Paris%2C_2016_%28crop%29.jpg/271px-Statue_of_Louis_XIV%2C_H%C3%B4tel_Carnavalet%2C_Paris%2C_2016_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="2823" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Louis XIV by Antoine Coysevox, now at <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Musée Carnavalet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colbert_sculpture_par_Coysevox.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean Baptiste Colbert by Antoine Coysevox"><img alt="Jean Baptiste Colbert by Antoine Coysevox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Colbert_sculpture_par_Coysevox.JPG/150px-Colbert_sculpture_par_Coysevox.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Colbert_sculpture_par_Coysevox.JPG/225px-Colbert_sculpture_par_Coysevox.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Colbert_sculpture_par_Coysevox.JPG/300px-Colbert_sculpture_par_Coysevox.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Colbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Colbert">Jean Baptiste Colbert</a> by Antoine Coysevox</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perseus and Andromeda by Pierre Puget (Louvre)"><img alt="Perseus and Andromeda by Pierre Puget (Louvre)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg/135px-Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg/203px-Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg/270px-Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Perseus and Andromeda by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Puget" title="Pierre Puget">Pierre Puget</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tapestries">Tapestries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tapestries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1662 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Colbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Colbert">Jean Baptiste Colbert</a> purchased the tapestry workshop of a family of Flemish artisans and transformed it into a royal workshop for the manufacture of furniture and tapestries, under the name of <a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins Manufactory</a>. Colbert placed the workshop under the direction of the royal court painter, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, who served in that position from 1663 until 1690. The workshop worked closely with the major painters of the court, who produced the designs. After 1697 the enterprise was reorganized, and thereafter was devoted entirely to the production of tapestries for the King.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The themes and styles of the tapestry were largely similar to the themes in the paintings of the period, celebrating the majesty of the King and triumphal scenes of military victories, mythological and pastoral scenes. While at first they were made only for use of the King and nobility, the factory soon began exporting its products to the other courts of Europe. </p><p>The royal Gobelins manufactory had competition from two private enterprises, the <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Manufactory" title="Beauvais Manufactory">Beauvais Manufactory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry" title="Aubusson tapestry">Aubusson tapestry</a> workshop, which produced works in the same style but with a low-warp process, with slightly lesser quality. <a href="/wiki/Jean_B%C3%A9rain_the_Elder" title="Jean Bérain the Elder">Jean Bérain the Elder</a>, the royal draftsman and designer of the King, created a series of grotesque carpets for Aubusson. These tapestries sometimes celebrated contemporary themes, such as a late 17th to early 18th century tapestry done by Aubusson depicting Chinese astronomers at the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Ancient_Observatory" title="Beijing Ancient Observatory">Beijing Ancient Observatory</a> using new more accurate instruments brought to them by Europeans (<a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>) which were installed in 1644. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis14-H.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XIV visits the Gobelins with Colbert, design by Charles Le Brun (between 1667 and 1672)"><img alt="Louis XIV visits the Gobelins with Colbert, design by Charles Le Brun (between 1667 and 1672)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Louis14-H.jpg/177px-Louis14-H.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Louis14-H.jpg/267px-Louis14-H.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Louis14-H.jpg/355px-Louis14-H.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1347" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> visits the Gobelins with Colbert, design by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a> (between 1667 and 1672)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Bataille_de_Zama_Jules_Romain_1688_1690.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Zama, Gobelins after painting by Giulio Romano (1688–1690). Louvre Museum."><img alt="Battle of Zama, Gobelins after painting by Giulio Romano (1688–1690). Louvre Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/La_Bataille_de_Zama_Jules_Romain_1688_1690.jpg/380px-La_Bataille_de_Zama_Jules_Romain_1688_1690.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/La_Bataille_de_Zama_Jules_Romain_1688_1690.jpg/570px-La_Bataille_de_Zama_Jules_Romain_1688_1690.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/La_Bataille_de_Zama_Jules_Romain_1688_1690.jpg/759px-La_Bataille_de_Zama_Jules_Romain_1688_1690.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="3644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">Battle of Zama</a>, Gobelins after painting by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano" title="Giulio Romano">Giulio Romano</a> (1688–1690). <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Elephant_from_a_set_of_five_Grotesques_MET_DT1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of a set of five "Grotesques" by Jean Bérain the Elder from the Beauvais Manufactory (woven 1690–1711)"><img alt="One of a set of five "Grotesques" by Jean Bérain the Elder from the Beauvais Manufactory (woven 1690–1711)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Elephant_from_a_set_of_five_Grotesques_MET_DT1843.jpg/347px-The_Elephant_from_a_set_of_five_Grotesques_MET_DT1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Elephant_from_a_set_of_five_Grotesques_MET_DT1843.jpg/521px-The_Elephant_from_a_set_of_five_Grotesques_MET_DT1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Elephant_from_a_set_of_five_Grotesques_MET_DT1843.jpg/693px-The_Elephant_from_a_set_of_five_Grotesques_MET_DT1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="2476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of a set of five "Grotesques" by <a href="/wiki/Jean_B%C3%A9rain_the_Elder" title="Jean Bérain the Elder">Jean Bérain the Elder</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Manufactory" title="Beauvais Manufactory">Beauvais Manufactory</a> (woven 1690–1711)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BeijingObservatoryUpdateTapestry.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aubusson tapestry celebrating Jesuit mission to China (1697–1705)"><img alt="Aubusson tapestry celebrating Jesuit mission to China (1697–1705)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BeijingObservatoryUpdateTapestry.png/172px-BeijingObservatoryUpdateTapestry.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BeijingObservatoryUpdateTapestry.png/258px-BeijingObservatoryUpdateTapestry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BeijingObservatoryUpdateTapestry.png/344px-BeijingObservatoryUpdateTapestry.png 2x" data-file-width="3178" data-file-height="4159" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry" title="Aubusson tapestry">Aubusson tapestry</a> celebrating <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> mission to China (1697–1705)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_spectacle">Design and spectacle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Design and spectacle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early years of the King's reign, the most important public royal ceremony was the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Carrousel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrousel">carrousel</a></i></span>, a series of exercises and games on horseback. These events were designed to replace the tournament, which had been banned after 1559 when King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> was killed in a jousting accident. In the new, less dangerous version, riders usually had to pass their lance through the interior of a ring, or strike mannequins with the heads of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>, Moors and Turks. A grand <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">carrousel</i></span> was held on June 5–6, 1662 to celebrate the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Dauphin</a>, the son of Louis XIV. It was held on the square separating the Louvre from the Tuileries Palace, which afterwards became known as the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Place_du_Carrousel" title="Place du Carrousel">Place du Carrousel</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFierro1996754_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996754-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ceremonial entry of the King into Paris also became an occasion for festivities. The return of Louis XIV and Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa</a> to Paris after his coronation in 1660 was celebrated by a grand event on a fairground at the gates of the city, where large thrones were constructed for the new monarchs. After the ceremony the site became known as the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Place du Trône</span></span>, or place of the Throne, until it became the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Nation" title="Place de la Nation">Place de la Nation</a></span></span> in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dictionnaire_historique_de_Paris''2013272_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dictionnaire_historique_de_Paris''2013272-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An office existed in the royal household of Louis XIV called <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Menus-Plaisirs_du_Roi" title="Menus-Plaisirs du Roi">Menus-Plaisirs du Roi</a></span></span>, which was responsible the decoration at royal ceremonies and spectacles, including ballets, masques, illuminations, fireworks, theater performances and other entertainments. This office was held from 1674 to 1711 by <a href="/wiki/Jean_B%C3%A9rain_the_Elder" title="Jean Bérain the Elder">Jean Bérain the Elder</a> (1640–1711). He was also designer of the King's bedchamber and offices, and had an enormous influence upon what became known as Louis XIV style; his studio was located in the Grand Gallery of the Louvre, along with those of the royal furniture designer <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Charles_Boulle" class="mw-redirect" title="André Charles Boulle">André Charles Boulle</a>. He was particularly responsible for introducing the a modified version of the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a> style of ornament, originally created in Italy by Raphael, into French interior design. He used the grotesque stele not only on wall panels, but also on tapestries made by the <a href="/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry" title="Aubusson tapestry">Aubusson tapestry</a> workshops. His many varied other designs included the highly-ornate design of transom of the warship <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Soleil_Royal_(1669)" title="French ship Soleil Royal (1669)">Soleil Royal</a></i></span> (1669), named for the King.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to interior decoration, he designed the costumes and scenery for the royal theaters, including for the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Amadis_(Lully)" title="Amadis (Lully)">Amadis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> performed at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Palais-Royal_(rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9)" title="Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)">Theater of the Palais Royal</a> (1684), and for the opera-ballet <i>Les Saisons</i> by Lully's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Colasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal Colasse">Pascal Colasse</a>, in 1695.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 334.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 332.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_-_Grand_Cavalcade_Given_in_Paris_in_1662_-_WGA21319.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XIV in the Grand Carousel of 1662"><img alt="Louis XIV in the Grand Carousel of 1662" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_-_Grand_Cavalcade_Given_in_Paris_in_1662_-_WGA21319.jpg/499px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_-_Grand_Cavalcade_Given_in_Paris_in_1662_-_WGA21319.jpg" decoding="async" width="333" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_-_Grand_Cavalcade_Given_in_Paris_in_1662_-_WGA21319.jpg/749px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_-_Grand_Cavalcade_Given_in_Paris_in_1662_-_WGA21319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_-_Grand_Cavalcade_Given_in_Paris_in_1662_-_WGA21319.jpg/997px-Isra%C3%ABl_Silvestre_-_Grand_Cavalcade_Given_in_Paris_in_1662_-_WGA21319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Louis XIV in the Grand <a href="/wiki/Carousel" title="Carousel">Carousel</a> of 1662</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabesque_de_Jean_B%C3%A9rain_p%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabesque designs by Jean Bérain the Elder"><img alt="Arabesque designs by Jean Bérain the Elder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Arabesque_de_Jean_B%C3%A9rain_p%C3%A8re.jpg/153px-Arabesque_de_Jean_B%C3%A9rain_p%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Arabesque_de_Jean_B%C3%A9rain_p%C3%A8re.jpg/231px-Arabesque_de_Jean_B%C3%A9rain_p%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Arabesque_de_Jean_B%C3%A9rain_p%C3%A8re.jpg/307px-Arabesque_de_Jean_B%C3%A9rain_p%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arabesque designs by <a href="/wiki/Jean_B%C3%A9rain_the_Elder" title="Jean Bérain the Elder">Jean Bérain the Elder</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armide_portada_libreto.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bérain Set design for opera Amadis by Jean-Baptiste Lully (1684)"><img alt="Bérain Set design for opera Amadis by Jean-Baptiste Lully (1684)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Armide_portada_libreto.JPG/178px-Armide_portada_libreto.JPG" decoding="async" width="119" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Armide_portada_libreto.JPG/267px-Armide_portada_libreto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Armide_portada_libreto.JPG/356px-Armide_portada_libreto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="566" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bérain Set design for opera <i><a href="/wiki/Amadis_(Lully)" title="Amadis (Lully)">Amadis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> (1684)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poupe-soleil-royal-berain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bérain design for transom of the warship Soleil Royal named for Louis XIV (1670)"><img alt="Bérain design for transom of the warship Soleil Royal named for Louis XIV (1670)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Poupe-soleil-royal-berain.jpg/149px-Poupe-soleil-royal-berain.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Poupe-soleil-royal-berain.jpg/225px-Poupe-soleil-royal-berain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Poupe-soleil-royal-berain.jpg/299px-Poupe-soleil-royal-berain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1218" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bérain design for transom of the warship <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Soleil_Royal_(1669)" title="French ship Soleil Royal (1669)">Soleil Royal</a></i></span> named for Louis XIV (1670)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_garden_à_la_française"><span id="The_garden_.C3.A0_la_fran.C3.A7aise"></span>The garden <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">à la française</span></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The garden à la française"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most enduring and popular forms of the Louis XIV style is the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">jardin à la française</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">French formal garden</a>, a style based on <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a> and the principle of imposing order on nature. The most famous example is the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">Gardens of Versailles</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a>, which inspired copies all across Europe. The first important garden <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">à la française</i></span> was the Château of <a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a>, created for <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Nicolas Fouquet</a>, the superintendent of finances to Louis XIV, beginning in 1656. Fouquet commissioned <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a> to design the château, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a> to design statues for the garden, and André Le Nôtre to create the gardens. For the first time the garden and the château were perfectly integrated. A grand perspective of 1500 meters extended from the foot of the château to a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Farnese_Hercules" title="Farnese Hercules">Farnese Hercules</a>; and the space was filled with <a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">parterres</a> of evergreen shrubs in ornamental patterns, bordered by colored sand, and the alleys were decorated at regular intervals by statues, basins, fountains, and carefully sculpted <a href="/wiki/Topiary" title="Topiary">topiaries</a>. "The symmetry attained at Vaux achieved a degree of perfection and unity rarely equalled in the art of classic gardens. The château is at the center of this strict spatial organization which symbolizes power and success."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gardens of Versailles, created by André Le Nôtre between 1662 and 1700, were the greatest achievement of the French formal garden. They were the largest gardens in Europe, with an area of 15,000 hectares, and were laid out on an east–west axis followed the course of the sun: the sun rose over the Court of Honor, lit the Marble Court, crossed the Château and lit the bedroom of the King, and set at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_Versailles" title="Grand Canal of Versailles">Grand Canal</a>, reflected in the mirrors of the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast with the grand perspectives, reaching to the horizon, the garden was full of surprises: fountains, small gardens filled with statuary, which provided a more human scale and intimate spaces. The central symbol of the garden was the sun; the emblem of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, illustrated by the statue of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> in the central <a href="/wiki/Bassin_d%27Apollon" title="Bassin d'Apollon">fountain of the garden</a>. "The views and perspectives, to and from the palace, continued to infinity. The king ruled over nature, recreating in the garden not only his domination of his territories, but over the court and his subjects."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VauxleVicomte21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="17th-century engraving of gardens of Vaux-le-Vicomte"><img alt="17th-century engraving of gardens of Vaux-le-Vicomte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/VauxleVicomte21.jpg/340px-VauxleVicomte21.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/VauxleVicomte21.jpg/510px-VauxleVicomte21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/VauxleVicomte21.jpg/679px-VauxleVicomte21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">17th-century engraving of gardens of <a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_092.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gardens of Versailles"><img alt="Gardens of Versailles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_092.jpg/300px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_092.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_092.jpg/451px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_092.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_092.jpg/600px-Vue_a%C3%A9rienne_du_domaine_de_Versailles_par_ToucanWings_-_Creative_Commons_By_Sa_3.0_-_092.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4074" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">Gardens of Versailles</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bassin_Apollon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bassin d'Apollon in the Gardens of Versailles"><img alt="The Bassin d'Apollon in the Gardens of Versailles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bassin_Apollon.jpg/453px-Bassin_Apollon.jpg" decoding="async" width="302" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bassin_Apollon.jpg/680px-Bassin_Apollon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bassin_Apollon.jpg/905px-Bassin_Apollon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Bassin_d%27Apollon" title="Bassin d'Apollon">Bassin d'Apollon</a> in the Gardens of Versailles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Versailles_-_panoramio_-_Patrick_Nouhailler%27s%E2%80%A6_(197).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parterres of the Versailles Orangerie"><img alt="Parterres of the Versailles Orangerie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Versailles_-_panoramio_-_Patrick_Nouhailler%27s%E2%80%A6_%28197%29.jpg/338px-Versailles_-_panoramio_-_Patrick_Nouhailler%27s%E2%80%A6_%28197%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Versailles_-_panoramio_-_Patrick_Nouhailler%27s%E2%80%A6_%28197%29.jpg/507px-Versailles_-_panoramio_-_Patrick_Nouhailler%27s%E2%80%A6_%28197%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Versailles_-_panoramio_-_Patrick_Nouhailler%27s%E2%80%A6_%28197%29.jpg/675px-Versailles_-_panoramio_-_Patrick_Nouhailler%27s%E2%80%A6_%28197%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parterres of the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Orangerie" title="Versailles Orangerie">Versailles Orangerie</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Versailles_Grand_Trianon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gardens of the Grand Trianon at the Palace of Versailles"><img alt="Gardens of the Grand Trianon at the Palace of Versailles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Versailles_Grand_Trianon.jpg/347px-Versailles_Grand_Trianon.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Versailles_Grand_Trianon.jpg/521px-Versailles_Grand_Trianon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Versailles_Grand_Trianon.jpg/693px-Versailles_Grand_Trianon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> at the Palace of Versailles</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_period_styles" title="Louis period styles">Louis period styles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ducher, Robert, <i>Caractéristique des styles</i> (1988), p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renault and Lazé, <i>Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier</i> (2006), Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot, Paris (in French), pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988120-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988120_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher1988">Ducher 1988</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988122-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988122_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher1988">Ducher 1988</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988124-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988124_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988124_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988124_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher1988">Ducher 1988</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Texier, Simon (2012), pp. 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Texier, Simon (2012), pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher1988126–129-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher1988126–129_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher1988">Ducher 1988</a>, pp. 126–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renault and Lazé, <i>Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier</i> (2006), pg. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renault and Lazé, <i>Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier</i> (2006), p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNab, 20–21; Moon; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1156287/jardiniere-unknown/">V&A, Nevers</a> <a href="/wiki/Jardiniere" title="Jardiniere">Jardiniere</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pottier, 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moon; McNab, 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moon; McNab, 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munger & Sullivan, 135–137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munger & Sullivan, 138–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munger & Sullivan, 135–137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerPrater201616-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerPrater201616_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerPrater201616_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauerPrater2016">Bauer & Prater 2016</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cited in Bauer and Prater, <i>Baroque</i> (2016), p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerPrater201686-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerPrater201686_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauerPrater2016">Bauer & Prater 2016</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Coysevox, Charles Antoine". Chisholm, Hugh (ed., 1911). <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 355–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Puget, Pierre". Chisholm, Hugh (ed., 1911). <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (11th ed.). 1911. p. 637</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gobelin". Chisholm, Hugh (ed., 1911). <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (11th ed.). 1911. p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFierro1996754-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFierro1996754_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFierro1996">Fierro 1996</a>, p. 754.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dictionnaire_historique_de_Paris''2013272-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dictionnaire_historique_de_Paris''2013272_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDictionnaire_historique_de_Paris2013"><i>Dictionnaire historique de Paris</i> 2013</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bérain, Jean". Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (11th ed.). 1911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bérain, Jean". Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (11th ed.). 1911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prevot, <i>Histoire des jardins</i>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prevot, <i>Histoire des jardins</i>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucia Impelluso, <i>Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes</i>, p. 64.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV_style&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, <i>L'art des jardins en Europe</i>, Citadelles et Mazenod, Paris, 2006</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBauerPrater2016" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bauer, Hermann; Prater, Andreas (2016), <i>Baroque</i> (in French), Cologne: Taschen, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-4748-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-4748-2"><bdi>978-3-8365-4748-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baroque&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-8365-4748-2&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Prater%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabanne1988" class="citation cs2">Cabanne, Perre (1988), <i>L'Art Classique et le Baroque</i>, Paris: Larousse, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-03-583324-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-03-583324-2"><bdi>978-2-03-583324-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Art+Classique+et+le+Baroque&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-2-03-583324-2&rft.aulast=Cabanne&rft.aufirst=Perre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucher1988" class="citation cs2">Ducher, Robert (1988), <i>Caractéristique des Styles</i>, Paris: Flammarion, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-08-011539-1"><bdi>2-08-011539-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caract%C3%A9ristique+des+Styles&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=2-08-011539-1&rft.aulast=Ducher&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFierro1996" class="citation book cs1">Fierro, Alfred (1996). <i>Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris</i>. Robert Laffont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221--07862-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-221--07862-4"><bdi>2-221--07862-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+et+dictionnaire+de+Paris&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=2-221--07862-4&rft.aulast=Fierro&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Impelluso, Lucia,<i>Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes</i>, Hazan, Paris, 2007.</li> <li>McNab, Jessie, <i>Seventeenth-Century French Ceramic Art</i>, 1987, Metropolitan Museum of Art, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870994905" title="Special:BookSources/0870994905">0870994905</a>, 9780870994906, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAnKFvwSmhwC&pg=PA12">google books</a></li> <li>Moon, Iris, "French Faience", in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 2016, New York: The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ffai/hd_ffai.htm">online</a></li> <li>Munger, Jeffrey, Sullivan Elizabeth, <i>European Porcelain in The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Highlights of the collection</i>, 2018, Metropolitan Museum of Art, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588396436" title="Special:BookSources/1588396436">1588396436</a>, 9781588396433, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAxZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">google books</a></li> <li>Pottier, André, <i>Histoire de la faïence de Rouen</i>, Volume 1, 1870, Le Brument (Rouen), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZNFD1R7hhAC&pg=PA13">google books</a> (in French)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrevot2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prevot, Philippe (2006), <i>Histoire des jardins</i> (in French), Paris: Editions Sud Ouest</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+jardins&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Sud+Ouest&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Prevot&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenault2006" class="citation cs2">Renault, Christophe (2006), <i>Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier</i>, Paris: Gisserot, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-877-4746-58" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-877-4746-58"><bdi>978-2-877-4746-58</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Styles+de+l%27architecture+et+du+mobilier&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gisserot&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-877-4746-58&rft.aulast=Renault&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTexier2012" class="citation cs2">Texier, Simon (2012), <i>Paris- Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours</i>, Paris: Parigramme, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-667-8"><bdi>978-2-84096-667-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris-+Panorama+de+l%27architecture+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Parigramme&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-84096-667-8&rft.aulast=Texier&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wenzler, Claude, <i>Architecture du jardin</i>, Editions Ouest-France, 2003</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDictionnaire_historique_de_Paris2013" class="citation book cs1"><i>Dictionnaire Historique de Paris</i>. Le Livre de Poche. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-253-13140-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-253-13140-3"><bdi>978-2-253-13140-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Historique+de+Paris&rft.pub=Le+Livre+de+Poche&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-253-13140-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV+style" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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