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jQuery(document).ready( function($){ $("img").lazyload({ placeholder : "/static/js/grey.gif", effect : "fadeIn", threshold : 200 }); }); </script> <div id="ct" class="ct2 wp cl"> <div class="mn"> <div class="bm"> <div class="bm_h cl"> <h1 class="mt"><span class="z">博文</span> </h1> </div> <div class="bm_c"> <div class="vw mbm"> <div class="h pbm"> <h1 class="ph"> 河流为什么会转弯？ <a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog.php?mod=recommend"><img src="./static/image/blog/recommendico.gif" width="22px" height="22px" /><font style="font-size:14px; color:#930;" face="宋体">精选</font></a> </h1> <p class="xg2"> <span class="xg1">已有 5972 次阅读</span> <span class="xg1">2024-10-20 00:06</span> <span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">个人分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=39317&do=blog&classid=120297&view=me">地学科普</a></span><span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">系统分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&do=blog&view=all&uid=39317&catid=1">科研笔记</a></span> </p> </div> <div id="blog_article" class="d cl" ><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">    2024年9月21日至9月27日，星球研究所举行了一次穿越大兴安岭的科考旅行，丰富多彩的河流地貌是这次旅行的亮点之一，柴河十大湾以及莫日格勒河的河曲尤其使人着迷。9月27日晚的聚会中，我把“河流为什么要转弯”这个题目交给了对河流地貌非常感兴趣的旅行团成员远帆，要她结合这次科考旅行，交一篇“小作文”出来。没有想到，在9月28日，旅行结束的第二天，她就快速地完成了这篇小作文。远帆很谦虚地说，这篇小文的内容均“来自于资料查询、梳理与整合，没有包含任何个人研究成分”。但是通篇读起来，感觉这是一篇非常流畅且认真加工的科普作品，特别是配合了多张考察时的精美照片。今天借科学网，将这篇小作用分享给大家。特此说明：苏德辰</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;"></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 24px; font-family: 黑体, SimHei;">河流为什么会转弯——张远帆</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, ">    地质学家说，河流的一生是欺软怕硬的一生。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, ">    众所周知，两点之间直线最短。然而，一条河流从源头到入海口，可能会遭遇山地、高原、平原、丘陵、盆地等多种地形，面对从石灰岩到花岗岩各种硬度的山体，遇到森林、草原和荒漠，路过乡村和城市，路过人类修建的道路、桥梁、堤坝。这注定不是一条平凡之路。</span></p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202410/20/103637f61aximimiiiix7i.jpg" title="" alt="乾坤湾_全景图2560.jpg"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">▲位于晋陕边界的黄河乾坤弯</span></p><p>    在崇山峻岭间，河流从高向低奔流。在岩体相对坚硬的地带，河流沿着峡谷的弯曲走势流动，表面上受制于山，但水流会对山体暗中侵蚀；在山体松动、岩石相对较软的地点，河流切开山体，倾泄而下，但松软的山体随时可能大面积崩塌滑坡，堵塞水流形成堰塞湖，或者迫使河流改道。在漫长的岁月里，河水与山岩反复拉锯，每一次较大的流向改变都需要动用洪荒之力，比如板块运动、地表抬升、火山喷发、地震、山崩、洪水等等。</p><p>    在地势相对平缓的地带，河道主要是由河流对土壤的侵蚀而形成的。河床与河岸的构造与成分决定了河流的形状。河床并不是平板一块，有砂有石，有高低起伏，有巨石挡路，导致同一截面水流速度的不同。流速快的一边冲击、侵蚀河岸，形成凹岸；流速慢的一边形成堆积，是为凸岸。在这个凹凸地带，河流转弯了。</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=image.png&id=1344980" title="" alt="image.png"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">▲蜿蜒如蛇的莫日格勒河（王梓轩摄）</span></p><p>    弯道中的水流，流速更不均衡。位于正中的河水流速最快，冲击正前方的河岸，让凹岸的局部水压变大，在河流内部形成螺旋状的环流，进一步侵蚀凹岸，堆积凸岸，让河流越来越弯。</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202410/20/103743plypzsd4ars8fuez.jpg" title="" alt="河流的侧向侵蚀.jpg"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">▲大兴安岭柴河一处弯道的水流示意图</span></p><p>    出弯后的河水带着一定的横向冲击力冲击下游对向水岸，逐渐冲出一个新的凹岸，在另一侧堆积出新的凸岸，一个反向的河弯就出现了。两个河弯形成一个 S 形。如果地形地质条件允许，这个S 可以不断延续。从与河流垂直的方向看，会看到一个正向的 Ω 接着一个反向的 Ω，如同我们在山顶看到的莫日格勒河。（这个过程可以参考 F1 赛车在过S 弯时车速和轮胎的变化）</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=image.png&id=1344982" title="" alt="image.png"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">▲垂直方向看，莫日格勒河有很多个正反连续的“Ω”</span></p><p>    喜欢打洞的小动物们对此亦有贡献。如果它们恰好把洞打在河岸边，又恰好打得有点深，河水就有了从内部突破的机会。水流一刻不停地冲击洞穴，河岸将逐渐被掏空，引起河床倾斜，水流速度变化。一但有了差别，就有了转弯的契机。</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=image.png&id=1344983" title="" alt="image.png"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">▲莫日格勒河（王梓轩摄）</span></p><p>    从外部环境来看，流经地区的地质条件越复杂、生物种类越多样，河流弯曲的可能性就越大。</p><p>    河流自身的天性也在影响它的弯直。流速快、泥沙含量大的河流，更容易形堆积，也更喜欢转弯。泥沙堆积到极端情况，河流甚至会变道。变道的方法也有很多种，要么冲向松软地表重新侵蚀出一条河道，要么洪水漫漶，涌进另一条河的河道里，鹊占鸠巢，借道入海。这方面故事最多的就是黄河，已经不是普通的转弯那么简单了。</p><p>    河流与万物的 PK 就这样进行了很多年，直到人类出现。自此，河流的走向不再只遵循自然规律，还受制于人类对自然的认知水平以及人类社会的运行法则，河生之路从此更加扑朔迷离。</p><p>    出于政权稳定或者经济发展方面的考量（两者通常很难分割），甚至有时仅出于城市景观的需要，人类对河流进行治理、改造和利用，修筑堤坝、开凿水渠、建造水利工程，这些工程不同程度地截弯取直或者改直为弯，“让那河流改变了模样”。</p><p>    弯曲的河流，终极体验在于美学。毕竟在人类眼里，直线固然效率最高，但曲线的韵率、节奏和变化是无可比拟的。哪怕是复杂的数学公式，如果可以化为优美曲线，它的知名度也会比其他纯函数公式更高一些。</p><p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">说明：</span></p><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: disc;"><li><p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">以上内容均来自于资料查询、梳理与整合，没有包含任何个人研究成分。</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">感谢苏老师一路的科普讲解、王以韶的酒后小课以及王梓轩同学的美图。</span></p></li></ul> <br /><br /> <label 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