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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chromosomy płci</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 47 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschlechtschromosom" title="Geschlechtschromosom – szwajcarski niemiecki" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geschlechtschromosom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="szwajcarski niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="صبغي جنسي – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صبغي جنسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE" title="লিঙ্গ ক্রোমোজোম – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিঙ্গ ক্রোমোজোম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-ji%C3%A1m-sek-th%C3%A9" title="Sèng-jiám-sek-thé – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng-jiám-sek-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Ганасомы – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ганасомы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Ганасомы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ганасомы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spolni_hromosom" title="Spolni hromosom – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spolni hromosom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C2%B7losoma" title="Al·losoma – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al·losoma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlavn%C3%AD_chromozom" title="Pohlavní chromozom – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pohlavní chromozom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B8nskromosom" title="Kønskromosom – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kønskromosom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonosom" title="Gonosom – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gonosom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonosoom" title="Gonosoom – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gonosoom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%87%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Φυλετικό χρωμόσωμα – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυλετικό χρωμόσωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sex chromosome" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alosoma" title="Alosoma – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alosoma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexu-kromosoma" title="Sexu-kromosoma – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sexu-kromosoma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کروموزوم جنسی – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کروموزوم جنسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonosome" title="Gonosome – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gonosome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%A9aschr%C3%B3mas%C3%B3m" title="Gnéaschrómasóm – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gnéaschrómasóm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma_sexual" title="Cromosoma sexual – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cromosoma sexual" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%97%BC%EC%83%89%EC%B2%B4" title="성염색체 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성염색체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynlitningur" title="Kynlitningur – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kynlitningur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eterosoma" title="Eterosoma – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eterosoma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="כרומוזומי מין – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרומוזומי מין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Жыныс хромосомалары – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жыныс хромосомалары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonosz%C3%B3ma" title="Gonoszóma – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gonoszóma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geslachtschromosoom" title="Geslachtschromosoom – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geslachtschromosoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="性染色体 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="性染色体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%B8nnskromosom" title="Kjønnskromosom – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjønnskromosom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%B8nnskromosom" title="Kjønnskromosom – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjønnskromosom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinsiy_xromosomalar" title="Jinsiy xromosomalar – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jinsiy xromosomalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromossomo_sexual" title="Cromossomo sexual – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cromossomo sexual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozom" title="Heterozom – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Heterozom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Половые хромосомы – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Половые хромосомы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sex chromosome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85" title="توخمی کرۆمۆسۆم – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="توخمی کرۆمۆسۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Полни хромозом – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полни хромозом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukupuolikromosomi" title="Sukupuolikromosomi – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukupuolikromosomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nskromosom" title="Könskromosom – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Könskromosom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="பால்குறி நிறப்புரி – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால்குறி நிறப்புரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A8" title="โครโมโซมเพศ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครโมโซมเพศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fey_kromozomlar%C4%B1" title="Eşey kromozomları – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eşey kromozomları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Статеві хромосоми – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Статеві хромосоми" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%85m_s%E1%BA%AFc_th%E1%BB%83_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_t%C3%ADnh" title="Nhiễm sắc thể giới tính – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiễm sắc thể giới tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="性染色體 – chiński klasyczny" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="性染色體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chiński klasyczny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="性染色體 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="性染色體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="性染色體 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="性染色體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q667636#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja:Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony (strona nie istnieje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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> <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Strony_specjalne" title="Lista wszystkich stron specjalnych [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Strony specjalne</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci&oldid=74089327" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><p><b>Chromosomy płci</b>, <b>heterochromosomy</b><sup id="cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zielona_Sowa-1">[1]</a></sup>, <b>allosomy</b><sup id="cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zielona_Sowa-1">[1]</a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Chromosom" title="Chromosom">chromosomy</a> <a href="/wiki/Determinacja_p%C5%82ci" title="Determinacja płci">determinujące płeć</a> u rozdzielnopłciowych organizmów <a href="/wiki/Eukarionty" title="Eukarionty">eukariotycznych</a>. Płeć osobnika determinuje ich obecność lub ich liczba w stosunku do liczby <a href="/wiki/Autosomy" title="Autosomy">autosomów</a>. </p><p>U człowieka występują 22 pary <a href="/wiki/Autosomy" title="Autosomy">chromosomów autosomalnych</a> i jedna para chromosomów płci, która odpowiada za determinację płci. Łącznie <a href="/wiki/Kariotyp" title="Kariotyp">kariotyp</a> człowieka tworzą 23 pary <a href="/wiki/Chromosom" title="Chromosom">chromosomów</a>. Osobnik posiadający chromosomy XX jest płci żeńskiej, natomiast osobnik z jednym <a href="/wiki/Chromosom_X" title="Chromosom X">chromosomem X</a> i jednym <a href="/wiki/Chromosom_Y" title="Chromosom Y">chromosomem Y</a> – będzie płci męskiej<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>. X jest większy od Y i zawiera więcej genów. Y zawiera gen <i><a href="/wiki/SRY" title="SRY">SRY</a></i> determinujący płeć męską. Płeć determinowana jest zatem przez chromosom otrzymany od ojca. W tej sytuacji samce są płcią heterogametyczną, bo mogą wytwarzać dwa rodzaje <a href="/wiki/Gameta" title="Gameta">gamet</a>, a samice płcią homogametyczną<sup id="cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zielona_Sowa-1">[1]</a></sup>. Gen <i>SRY</i> powoduje tworzenie się <a href="/wiki/J%C4%85dro_(anatomia)" title="Jądro (anatomia)">jąder</a>, a one <a href="/wiki/Testosteron" title="Testosteron">testosteronu</a>, który z kolei warunkuje drugorzędowe <a href="/wiki/Cechy_p%C5%82ciowe" title="Cechy płciowe">cechy płciowe</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%85cie" title="Prącie">prącie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasieniow%C3%B3d" title="Nasieniowód">nasieniowody</a> i inne<sup id="cite_ref-wiż_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiż-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p><p>Czasem zdarza się, że powstaje chromosom Y bez genu <i>SRY</i>, wtedy rozwija się kobieta XY. Analogicznie rodzą się także mężczyźni z chromosomami XX, w których to gen <i>SRY</i> przeniósł się na jeden z chromosomów X<sup id="cite_ref-wiż_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiż-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p><p>Czasami jednak, mimo że istnieje gen <i>SRY</i>, a organizm wytworzy u <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82%C3%B3d" title="Płód">płodu</a> jądra, ciało nie różnicuje się dalej w kierunku męskim. Dzieje się tak, gdyż testosteron wyprodukowany przez jądra nie dostaje wiążącego go <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ka" title="Białka">białka</a>. Skutkiem tego pojawiają się u tych osób zewnętrzne cechy kobiety, ale nie mają nadal <a href="/wiki/Jajnik" title="Jajnik">jajników</a> i <a href="/wiki/Macica" title="Macica">macicy</a>, a jądra. Takie fizyczne kobiety są jednak bezpłodne<sup id="cite_ref-wiż_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiż-3">[3]</a></sup>. </p><p>System XY występuje też u innych <a href="/wiki/Ssaki" title="Ssaki">ssaków</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zielona_Sowa-1">[1]</a></sup> oraz u <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%9Bliny" title="Rośliny">roślin</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwupienno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Dwupienność">dwupiennych</a><sup id="cite_ref-michalik_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michalik-4">[4]</a></sup>. U ptaków<sup id="cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zielona_Sowa-1">[1]</a></sup>, żab<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> i motyli<sup id="cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zielona_Sowa-1">[1]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Determinacja_p%C5%82ci" title="Determinacja płci">system determinacji płci</a> jest odwrotny. Samice mają dwa różne chromosomy płci (ZW), a samce dwa jednakowe (ZZ). Płeć determinowana jest zatem przez chromosom otrzymany od matki (zob. <a href="/wiki/System_determinacji_p%C5%82ci_ZW" title="System determinacji płci ZW">system determinacji płci ZW</a>). </p><p>U <a href="/wiki/Wywil%C5%BCna_kar%C5%82owata" title="Wywilżna karłowata">muszki owocowej</a> <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> samice mają dwa chromosomy X, a samce chromosom X i chromosom Y, ale płeć osobnika zależy od stosunku liczby chromosomów X do autosomów<sup class="noprint" title="Te informacje wymagają podania przypisów bibliograficznych od 2021-06">[<a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Przypisy" title="Pomoc:Przypisy">potrzebny przypis</a>]</sup>. </p><p>Niektóre z <a href="/wiki/Choroby_genetyczne" title="Choroby genetyczne">chorób genetycznych</a> powstają poprzez <a href="/wiki/Mutacja" title="Mutacja">mutacje</a> w <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">genach</a>, znajdujących się w chromosomach płci (<a href="/wiki/Choroby_sprz%C4%99%C5%BCone_z_p%C5%82ci%C4%85" title="Choroby sprzężone z płcią">choroby sprzężone z płcią</a>). Są to między innymi: <a href="/wiki/Deuteranopia" title="Deuteranopia">daltonizm</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hemofilia" title="Hemofilia">hemofilia</a>, powodowane mutacjami genów położonych na chromosomie X<sup class="noprint" title="Te informacje wymagają podania przypisów bibliograficznych od 2021-06">[<a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Przypisy" title="Pomoc:Przypisy">potrzebny przypis</a>]</sup>. </p><p>Rolę chromosomów płci odkryli niezależnie od siebie i opisali w maju 1905 r. <a href="/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone" title="Stany Zjednoczone">amerykańscy</a> biolodzy <a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-6">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_Institution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnegie Institution (strona nie istnieje)">Carnegie Institution</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043963#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q1043963">(inne języki)</a></span> w <a href="/wiki/Waszyngton" title="Waszyngton">Waszyngtonie</a>) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Beecher_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Beecher Wilson (strona nie istnieje)">Edmund Beecher Wilson</a><span class="noprint link-interwiki" style="position:relative;top:-.4em; white-space: nowrap; font-size:x-small;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1285960#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Q1285960">(inne języki)</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-7">[7]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Columbia" title="Uniwersytet Columbia">Uniwersytet Columbia</a> w <a href="/wiki/Nowy_Jork" title="Nowy Jork">Nowym Jorku</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Brush_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brush-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carey_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey-9">[9]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosomy_p%C5%82ci&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zielona_Sowa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zielona_Sowa_1-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Marzena</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Marzena" style="display:none">M.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Popielarska-Konieczna</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Marzena</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Marzena">M.</span></span>, <i>Słownik szkolny. Biologia</i>, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Zielona Sowa, 2003, s. 84, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8373890963" title="Specjalna:Książki/8373890963">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-7389-096-3</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.aufirst=Marzena&rft.aulast=Popielarska-Konieczna&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=83-7389-096-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+szkolny.+Biologia&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Zielona+Sowa" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl">Praca zbiorowa, <i>Biologia: jedność i różnorodność</i>, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Szkolne PWN, 2008, s. 89–90, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788374461344" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788374461344">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-7446-134-4</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.au=Praca+zbiorowa&rft.isbn=978-83-7446-134-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Biologia%3A+jedno%C5%9B%C4%87+i+r%C3%B3%C5%BCnorodno%C5%9B%C4%87&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Szkolne+PWN&rft.date=2008&rft.gengre=book" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiż-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wiż_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wiż_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wiż_3-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Marek</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Marek" style="display:none">M.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Maleszewski</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Marek</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Marek">M.</span></span>, <i>Tajemnice płci</i>, „<a href="/wiki/Wiedza_i_%C5%BBycie" title="Wiedza i Życie">Wiedza i Życie</a>”, 926, 2, <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3szy%C5%84ski_Media" title="Prószyński Media">Prószyński Media</a>, luty 2012, s. 54–57<span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0137-8929">0137-8929</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.pub=%5B%5BPr%C3%B3szy%C5%84ski+Media%5D%5D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2012-02&rft.issn=0137-8929&rft.jtitle=Wiedza+i+%C5%BBycie&rft.volume=2&rft.atitle=Tajemnice+p%C5%82ci" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michalik-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-michalik_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Barbara</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Barbara" style="display:none">B.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Michalik</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Barbara</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Barbara">B.</span></span> (red.), <i>Hodowla roślin</i>, Poznań: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 2009, s. 230, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788309010562" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788309010562">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-09-01056-2</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Hodowla+ro%C5%9Blin&rft.isbn=978-83-09-01056-2&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Rolnicze+i+Le%C5%9Bne&rft.date=2009" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal nourl c"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">David</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="David" style="display:none">D.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Biello</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">David</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="David">D.</span></span>, <i>Nieoczekiwana zmiana płci</i>, „<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awiat_Nauki" title="Świat Nauki">Świat Nauki</a>”, 6 (226), czerwiec 2010, s. 16<span class="issn">, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0867-6380">0867-6380</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft.atitle=Nieoczekiwana+zmiana+p%C5%82ci&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2010-06&rft.issn=0867-6380&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Awiat+Nauki&rft.volume=6&rft.edition=226" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book open-access"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">N.M.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">N.M.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Stevens</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">N.M.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">N.M.</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinspermat01stev/mode/2up"><i>Studies in spermatogenesis</i></a>, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1905<span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2024-06-24]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.aufirst=N.M.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Studies+in+spermatogenesis&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Carnegie+Institution+of+Washington&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudiesinspermat01stev%2Fmode%2F2up" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal closed-access doi nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Edmund B.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Edmund B." style="display:none">E.B.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Wilson</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Edmund B.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Edmund B.">E.B.</span></span>, <i>Studies on chromosomes. I. The behavior of the idiochromosomes in Hemiptera</i>, „Journal of Experimental Zoology”, 2 (3), <span title="sierpień 1905">1905</span>, s. 371–405, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjez.1400020305">10.1002/jez.1400020305</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2024-06-24]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1905-08&rft.atitle=Studies+on+chromosomes.+I.+The+behavior+of+the+idiochromosomes+in+Hemiptera&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Zoology&rft.volume=2&rft.edition=3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjez.1400020305" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brush-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brush_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal registered-access doi pmid nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">S.G.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" style="display:none">S.G.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Brush</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">S.G.</span><span class="cite-name-initials">S.G.</span></span>, <i>Nettie M. Stevens and the discovery of sex determination by chromosomes</i>, „Isis”, 69 (247), <span title="czerwiec 1978">1978</span>, s. 163–172, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F352001">10.1086/352001</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/389882">389882</a><span class="jstor">, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/230427">230427</a></span><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2024-06-24]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1978-06&rft.atitle=Nettie+M.+Stevens+and+the+discovery+of+sex+determination+by+chromosomes&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.volume=69&rft.edition=247&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F389882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F352001" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carey-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Carey_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal open-access doi pmid pmc nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Sarah B.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Sarah B." style="display:none">S.B.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Carey</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Sarah B.</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Sarah B.">S.B.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Laramie</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Laramie" style="display:none">L.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Aközbek</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Laramie</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Laramie">L.</span></span>, <span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Alex</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Alex" style="display:none">A.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Harkess</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Alex</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Alex">A.</span></span>, <i>The contributions of Nettie Stevens to the field of sex chromosome biology</i>, „Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences”, 377 (1850), <span title="9 maja 2022">2022</span>, <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2021.0215">10.1098/rstb.2021.0215</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35306894">35306894</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMCID" title="PMCID">PMCID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8941642/">PMC8941642</a><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2024-06-24]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft.atitle=The+contributions+of+Nettie+Stevens+to+the+field+of+sex+chromosome+biology&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.volume=377&rft.edition=1850&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35306894&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F8941642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2021.0215" style="display:none"> </span> 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