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id="toc-Programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadcast_schedule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_schedule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Broadcast schedule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_schedule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast_routine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_routine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Broadcast routine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_routine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather_radio_receivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather_radio_receivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Weather radio receivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather_radio_receivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_frequencies_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_frequencies_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Radio frequencies used</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Radio_frequencies_used-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Radio frequencies used subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Radio_frequencies_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Channel_designations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channel_designations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Channel designations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channel_designations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alerting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alerting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alerting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alerting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_alert_test_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_alert_test_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Emergency alert test procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_alert_test_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Voices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System_upgrades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_upgrades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>System upgrades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_upgrades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990s_Console_Replacement_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_Console_Replacement_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>1990s Console Replacement System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_Console_Replacement_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002_Voice_Improvement_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002_Voice_Improvement_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>2002 Voice Improvement Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002_Voice_Improvement_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast_Message_Handler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_Message_Handler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Broadcast Message Handler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_Message_Handler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_voices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_voices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Human voices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_voices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcasting_in_Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcasting_in_Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Broadcasting in Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcasting_in_Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live_streaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_streaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Live streaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_streaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NOAA_Weather_Radio_brochure_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NOAA_Weather_Radio_brochure_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>NOAA Weather Radio brochure evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NOAA_Weather_Radio_brochure_evolution-sublist" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Weather radio network in the United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">NOAA Weather Radio</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noaa_all_hazards.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Noaa_all_hazards.svg/200px-Noaa_all_hazards.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Noaa_all_hazards.svg/300px-Noaa_all_hazards.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Noaa_all_hazards.svg/400px-Noaa_all_hazards.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="305" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Weather_radio" title="Weather radio">Weather radio/civil emergency</a> services</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Branding</th><td class="infobox-data">NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline;" class="country-name"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Availability</th><td class="infobox-data">National (through radio transmitters, some commercial radio and television outlets, and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> availability via <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming audio</a> from other organizations)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1954 (<a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> weather) first station KWO35 New York City, NY.</li> <li>1958 (general/<a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> weather)</li></ul> </div> <br />by <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Radio stations</th><td class="infobox-data">5-1,000W <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a>-<a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> transmitters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Launch date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1950s (in selected cities)</li> <li>1967 (nationwide)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1.0em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official website</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/nwr/">www<wbr />.weather<wbr />.gov<wbr />/nwr<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>NOAA Weather Radio</b> (<b>NWR</b>), also known as <b>NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards</b>, is an automated 24-hour network of <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> <a href="/wiki/Weather_radio" title="Weather radio">weather radio</a> stations in the United States which broadcast weather information directly from a nearby <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> office. Its routine programming cycle includes local or regional weather forecasts, synopsis, climate summaries or zone/lake/coastal waters forecasts, and can be shortened to specifically include hazardous weather outlooks, short-term forecasts, special weather statements or tropical weather summaries during hazardous weather events. It occasionally broadcasts other non-weather related events such as national security statements, natural disaster information, environmental and public safety statements such as <a href="/wiki/AMBER_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="AMBER Alert">AMBER Alerts</a>, civil emergencies, fires, evacuation orders, and other hazards sourced from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>'s (FCC) <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a>. NOAA Weather Radio uses automated broadcast technology that allows for the recycling of segments featured in one broadcast cycle into another and for consistent regular updating of segments to each of the transmitters. </p><p>Weather radios are widely sold online and in retail stores that specialize in consumer electronics in Canada and the US. They are available in many supermarkets and drugstores in the southern and midwestern US, which are particularly susceptible to severe weather—large portions of these regions are commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a>". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA-WR120EZ_Weather_Radio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/NOAA-WR120EZ_Weather_Radio.jpg/220px-NOAA-WR120EZ_Weather_Radio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/NOAA-WR120EZ_Weather_Radio.jpg/330px-NOAA-WR120EZ_Weather_Radio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/NOAA-WR120EZ_Weather_Radio.jpg/440px-NOAA-WR120EZ_Weather_Radio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>NOAA WR-120 EZ Weather Radio</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="126" data-mwtitle="NOAA_Radio_Station_in_Robinson,_TX_(November_23,_2021).wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:NOAA_Radio_Station_in_Robinson,_TX_(November_23,_2021).wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/NOAA_Radio_Station_in_Robinson%2C_TX_%28November_23%2C_2021%29.wav/NOAA_Radio_Station_in_Robinson%2C_TX_%28November_23%2C_2021%29.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/NOAA_Radio_Station_in_Robinson%2C_TX_%28November_23%2C_2021%29.wav/NOAA_Radio_Station_in_Robinson%2C_TX_%28November_23%2C_2021%29.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/NOAA_Radio_Station_in_Robinson%2C_TX_%28November_23%2C_2021%29.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANOAA_Radio_Station_in_Robinson%2C_TX_%28November_23%2C_2021%29.wav&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>NOAA Radio Station in <a href="/wiki/Robinson,_Texas" title="Robinson, Texas">Robinson, TX</a> (November 23, 2021)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Weather Bureau first began broadcasting <a href="/wiki/Marine_weather_forecasting" title="Marine weather forecasting">marine weather</a> information in Chicago and New York City on two VHF radio stations in 1960 as an experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-wrdirect_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrdirect-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noaa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proving to be successful, the broadcasts expanded to serve the general public in coastal regions in the 1960s and early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early 1970, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration" title="Environmental Science Services Administration">ESSA</a> listed 20 U.S. cities using 162.55 MHz and one using 163.275 "ESSA VHF Radio Weather."<sup id="cite_ref-PI680033_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI680033-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the U.S. Weather Bureau adopted its current name, <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> (NWS), and was operating 29 VHF-FM weather-radio transmitters under the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) which replaced ESSA in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-wrdirect_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrdirect-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service was designed with boaters, fishermen, travelers and more in mind, allowing listeners to quickly receive a "life-saving" weather bulletin from their local weather forecast office (WFO), along with routinely updated forecasts and other climatological data in a condensed format at any time of the day or night. The general public could have the latest weather updates when they needed them, and the benefit of more lead-time to prepare during severe conditions. In 1974, NOAA Weather Radio (NWR), as it was now called, reached about 44 percent of the U.S. population over 66 nationwide transmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NWR grew to over 300 stations by the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-noaa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local NWS staff were the voices heard on NWR stations from its inception until the late 1990s when "Paul" was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Voices_Used_on_NOAA_Weather_Radio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voices_Used_on_NOAA_Weather_Radio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nws_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nws-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The messages were recorded on tape, and later by digital means, then placed in the broadcast cycle. This technology limited the programming variability and locked it into a repetitive sequential order. It also slowed down the speed of warning messages when severe weather happened, because each NWS office could have up to eight transmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-Voices_Used_on_NOAA_Weather_Radio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voices_Used_on_NOAA_Weather_Radio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Paul" was a computerized voice using the <a href="/wiki/DECtalk" title="DECtalk">DECtalk</a> text-to-speech system.<sup id="cite_ref-Voices_Used_on_NOAA_Weather_Radio_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voices_Used_on_NOAA_Weather_Radio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Paul's" voice was dissatisfactory and difficult to understand; thus "Craig", "Tom," "Donna" and later "Javier" were introduced in 2002 using the Speechify text-to-speech system from <a href="/wiki/SpeechWorks" title="SpeechWorks">SpeechWorks</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Speechify" title="Speechify">iOS app of the same name</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Voices_Used_on_NOAA_Weather_Radio_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voices_Used_on_NOAA_Weather_Radio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nws_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nws-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A completely new voice from the VoiceText text-to-speech system, also named "Paul", was introduced in 2016 and implemented nationwide by late in the year. Live human voices are still used occasionally for weekly tests of the <a href="/wiki/Specific_Area_Message_Encoding" title="Specific Area Message Encoding">Specific Area Message Encoding</a> (SAME) and 1,050 Hz tone alerting systems, <a href="/wiki/Station_identification" title="Station identification">station IDs</a>, and in the event of system failure or computer upgrades. They will also be used on some stations for updates on the time and radio frequency. </p><p>In the 1990s, the National Weather Service adopted plans to implement SAME technology nationwide; the roll-out moved slowly until 1995, when the U.S. government provided the budget needed to develop the SAME technology across the entire radio network. Nationwide implementation occurred in 1997 when the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) adopted the SAME standard as part of its new <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a> (EAS).<sup id="cite_ref-wrdirect_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrdirect-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOAA Weather Radio's public alerting responsibilities expanded from hazardous weather-only events to "all hazards" being broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1965_Palm_Sunday_tornado_outbreak" title="1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak">1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak</a>, one of the key recommendations from the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">U.S. Weather Bureau's</a> storm survey team, was the establishment of a nationwide radio network that could be used to broadcast weather warnings to the general public, hospitals, key institutions, news media, schools, and the public safety community. Starting in 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration" title="Environmental Science Services Administration">Environmental Science Services Administration</a> (ESSA) started a nationwide program known as "ESSA <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> Weather Radio Network." In the early 1970s, this was changed to NOAA Weather Radio.<sup id="cite_ref-BirthNWR_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BirthNWR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PI680033_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI680033-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service was expanded to coastal locations during the 1970s in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Camille" title="Hurricane Camille">Hurricane Camille</a> based upon recommendations made by the Department of Commerce after the storm in September 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-CamilleReport_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamilleReport-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, a proliferation of stations have been installed and activated to ensure near-complete geographical coverage and "weather-readiness", many of which have been funded by state <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">emergency management</a> agencies in cooperation with the NOAA to expand the network, or state public broadcasting networks. To avoid interference and allow for more specific area coverage, the number of frequencies in use by multiple stations grew to two with the addition of 162.400 MHz in 1970 followed by the third (162.475) in 1975 with the remaining four (162.425, 162.450, 162.500 & 162.525) coming into use by 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-PI70035_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI70035-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162.475MHz_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162.475MHz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEEpaper_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEEpaper-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WVbluebook_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WVbluebook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the Weather Bureau started with KWO35 in New York City and later added KWO39 in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-BirthNWR_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BirthNWR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1965 it had added KID77 in Kansas City, home to the <a href="/wiki/Storm_Prediction_Center" title="Storm Prediction Center">Severe Local Storms Center</a>, as the third continuous VHF radio transmitter with the fourth, KBA99 in Honolulu, operating by January 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Denver became the 60th NWR station in September 1972 and by December 1976 there were roughly 100 stations transmitting on three channels in December 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growth accelerated in the mid-1970s with NWR reaching 200 radio stations in May 1978 with WXK49 in Memphis, Tennessee; 300 in September 1979 with WXL45 in Columbia, Missouri; and by 1988, the NWS operated about 380 stations covering approximately 90 percent of the nation's population.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PA76015rev1988_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA76015rev1988-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This grew to over 500 radio stations by May 1999, and over 800 by the end of 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-PA96070_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA96070-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wrdirect_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrdirect-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2020, there were about 1,032 stations in operation in fifty states, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and Saipan, with over 95% effective coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-PA94062_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA94062-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NOAA Weather Radio network is provided as a public service by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA also provides secondary weather information, usually limited to marine <a href="/wiki/Storm_warning" title="Storm warning">storm warnings</a> for sea vessels navigating the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Oceans</a>, to <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> band "time stations" <a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">WWV</a> and <a href="/wiki/WWVH" title="WWVH">WWVH</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">shortwave radio</a> stations continuously broadcast <a href="/wiki/Time_signal" title="Time signal">time signals</a> and disseminate the "official" U.S. Government time, and are operated by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The radio service transmits weather and marine forecasts (where applicable) and other related information, without any interruptions. In addition, NWR works in cooperation with the FCC's <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a> (EAS), providing comprehensive severe weather alerts and civil emergency information. In conjunction with federal, state and local <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">emergency managers</a> and other public officials, NWR has the ability to broadcast alerts and post-event information for all types of hazards, including natural (such as <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanches</a>), human-made (such as chemical releases or <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>), technological (such as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a> emergencies) and other public safety (such as "<a href="/wiki/AMBER_alert" class="mw-redirect" title="AMBER alert">AMBER alerts</a>" or <a href="/wiki/9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1">9-1-1</a> telephone outages). Listening to a NOAA Weather Radio station requires a VHF radio receiver or <a href="/wiki/Scanner_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanner (radio)">scanner</a> capable of receiving at least one of seven specific VHF-FM channels within the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> range of 162.400 through 162.550 MHz, collectively known as the "Weather Band". For example, a receiver that only tunes in standard <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> broadcast stations will not suffice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> systems and some commercial <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television stations</a> will, during <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">EAS activation</a>, rebroadcast the audio of a warning message first heard on their local NWR station, to alert viewers of a severe weather event or civil emergency, usually with the issuance of a <a href="/wiki/Tornado_warning" title="Tornado warning">tornado warning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tornado_emergency" title="Tornado emergency">tornado emergency</a>, especially in tornado-prone areas of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming">Programming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_schedule">Broadcast schedule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Broadcast schedule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local NOAA offices update the content broadcast over NOAA Weather Radio transmitters on a regular basis, according to the following schedule: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Local time </th> <th>Update </th></tr> <tr> <td>01:00–12:00 </td> <td>Area climate summary (played in 15-minute intervals during this period) </td></tr> <tr> <td>04:30 </td> <td>Regional forecast (updated) </td></tr> <tr> <td>05:00–07:00 </td> <td>Regional weather synopsis (updated at least once during this period) </td></tr> <tr> <td>07:00 </td> <td>Hazardous weather outlook and call for action for NWS-trained <a href="/wiki/SKYWARN" class="mw-redirect" title="SKYWARN">SKYWARN</a> volunteer <a href="/wiki/Weather_spotting" title="Weather spotting">weather spotters</a> (if warranted) </td></tr> <tr> <td>07:00 </td> <td>Regional climate summary (recorded sometime between 18:00 the previous night and 07:00 each day) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10:30 </td> <td>Regional forecast (updated) </td></tr> <tr> <td>12:00 </td> <td>Hazardous weather outlook and call for action for NWS-trained <a href="/wiki/SKYWARN" class="mw-redirect" title="SKYWARN">SKYWARN</a> volunteer <a href="/wiki/Weather_spotting" title="Weather spotting">weather spotters</a> (if warranted) </td></tr> <tr> <td>13:00–15:00 </td> <td>Three- to five-day extended forecast (updated twice a day during this period) </td></tr> <tr> <td>15:30 </td> <td>Regional forecast (updated) </td></tr> <tr> <td>16:00–22:00 </td> <td>Regional weather synopsis (updated at least once during this period) </td></tr> <tr> <td>17:00–21:00 </td> <td>Area climate summary (played in 15-minute intervals during specific days of the week) </td></tr> <tr> <td>20:30 </td> <td>Regional forecast (updated) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Updates to routine observational products are typically recorded once per hour, and are broadcast at five or 10, and at 15 minutes past the hour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_routine">Broadcast routine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Broadcast routine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_Weather_Radio_KIH35_2023-09-08.ogg" title="File:NOAA Weather Radio KIH35 2023-09-08.ogg">New Typical National Weather Service Forecast</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="453" data-mwtitle="NOAA_Weather_Radio_KIH35_2023-09-08.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/NOAA_Weather_Radio_KIH35_2023-09-08.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/NOAA_Weather_Radio_KIH35_2023-09-08.ogg/NOAA_Weather_Radio_KIH35_2023-09-08.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">for <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:NWS_forecast_Columbus_OH_2007-06-03.ogg" title="File:NWS forecast Columbus OH 2007-06-03.ogg">Old Typical National Weather Service Forecast</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="215" data-mwtitle="NWS_forecast_Columbus_OH_2007-06-03.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/NWS_forecast_Columbus_OH_2007-06-03.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/NWS_forecast_Columbus_OH_2007-06-03.ogg/NWS_forecast_Columbus_OH_2007-06-03.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">for <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_Weather_Radio_WXL40.ogg" title="File:NOAA Weather Radio WXL40.ogg">NOAA Weather Radio station WXL40's programming.</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="476" data-mwtitle="NOAA_Weather_Radio_WXL40.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/NOAA_Weather_Radio_WXL40.ogg/NOAA_Weather_Radio_WXL40.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/NOAA_Weather_Radio_WXL40.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Hazardous Weather Outlook for <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a> and vicinity. The product also includes a tropical update.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="Special:EditPage/NOAA Weather Radio">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a continuous spoken weather service, NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards maintains a multi-tier concept for relaying meteorological observations, routine forecasts and weather hazards to the general public. Actual forecasts and offered products vary by the area serviced by the transmitter. During severe weather situations, Watch Information Statements for government-designated jurisdictions served by the local NWR station are typically inserted within the station's normal <a href="/wiki/Playlist" title="Playlist">playlist</a> of routine products; a special severe weather playlist temporarily suspends most regularly scheduled routine products in the event National Weather Service-issued warnings (mainly <a href="/wiki/Severe_thunderstorm_warning" title="Severe thunderstorm warning">severe thunderstorm</a>, tornado or <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood_warning" title="Flash flood warning">flash flood warnings</a>) are in effect for the station's broadcast area, which solely incorporate watch, warning and Special Weather Statements, and any active Short-Term Forecasts and Hazardous Weather Outlooks. </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Segment </th> <th>On-air updates </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Hourly Weather Roundup</b> </td> <td>:05/:10/:15 past the hour </td> <td>A one- to two-minute segment outlining the current weather conditions for the NWR station's service region, detailing the most recent hourly observation for the main reporting station (consisting of current sky condition, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">air temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind speed/direction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barometric_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Barometric pressure">barometric pressure</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Apparent_temperature" title="Apparent temperature">apparent temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_gust" title="Wind gust">gusts</a> when applicable), current observations within 40 miles, then current observations within 80 miles of the WFO's area of responsibility, and finally an abbreviated observation summary for the main reporting station.<br />If no report is available from the main reporting station, the report from the closest observation site will be substituted. In some locales, if a regularly-reported station has no available report, the message "the report from [city] was not available" will be broadcast. The regional portion may be condensed to a roundup format if the temperatures are within a 5 °F range or if sky conditions are the same or differ limitedly at each given reporting site.<br />Occasionally, due to technical or other problems, the previous hour's observations segment may be included in the product playlist as long as 15 minutes into the next hour, after which it is removed until updated information is available. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Hazardous Weather Outlook</b> </td> <td>7:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. (if needed) </td> <td>This segment overviews the information about potential <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm</a> activity (including any areas forecast to be under threat of severe thunderstorms), heavy rain or <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winter_weather" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter weather">winter weather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a>, extremes of heat or cold, or other conditions that may pose a hazard or threat to travel, life or property over the next seven days. Occasionally, a NWS WFO may update the Hazardous Weather Outlook while an event is ongoing or if forecast models denote changes from previous forecasts. Depending on the NWS office, it may either state all weather hazards from Day 1–7 or Day 1 separately from Day 2–7. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Regional Weather Synopsis/Summary</b> </td> <td>Every 5–6 hours (starting from 3:00 or 5:00 a.m. depending on the station) </td> <td>A report that provides a brief overview of weather events from the previous or current day within the region, followed by an outlook of expected weather from the current time to the next few days. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Regional Climate Summary</b> </td> <td>Every 15 minutes (overnights, mornings and evenings) </td> <td>A summary includes information on the minimum and maximum temperatures recorded the previous day; 30-year temperature averages and historical temperature extremes. It also includes wind speed data, sky cover data, historical humidity extremes, humidity averages, the day's recorded weather conditions and heating with(out) cooling <a href="/wiki/Degree_day" title="Degree day">degree day</a> data. Depending on the areas, the sunrise and sunset times for the next two days are stated within the summary or as a separate report.<br />Some stations broadcast this first report as early as 1:00 a.m. and the last report as late as 12:00 p.m. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Regional Forecast</b> </td> <td>4:00 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. (more if needed) </td> <td>A report that provides the forecasts for the next seven days for all the counties across the station's coverage area. In case the time for the updates on another segment has not come yet, this forecast will typically be broadcast on a looped format. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Short Term Forecast</b> </td> <td rowspan="3">Randomized times </td> <td>A localized, event-driven report used to provide the public with detailed weather information during significant or rapidly changing weather conditions during the next 3–6 hours. This forecast will often mention the position of precipitation as detected by radar. In most areas, this forecast product is not included during routine programming, but will be included when severe weather threatens the listening area. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Special Weather Statement</b> </td> <td>A regional event-driven report using to provide the public with details of the upcoming significant weather event, such as a major winter storm, a heat wave, or potential flooding. A <a href="/wiki/Significant_weather_advisory" title="Significant weather advisory">significant weather advisory</a> may be issued within a Special Weather Statement, often if thunderstorm activity whether severe or not is occurring in, or approaching an area. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Record Information Announcement</b> </td> <td>A segment providing newly set records for coldest/warmest maximum or minimum temperature and maximum precipitation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Zone Forecast</b> </td> <td>Depending on the office </td> <td>A text forecast for local beaches issued by coastal stations, including coastal hazard information such as that pertaining to rip currents. In more coastal offices, this forecast is scheduled to play every cycle, compared to every half hour in more inland offices. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>River Forecast</b> </td> <td>If needed </td> <td>This forecast is only broadcast if there is a potential for flooding or it is occurring, which would then be included with the hazardous weather outlook. Daily river forecasts are issued by the 13 river forecast centers using hydrologic models based on variables such as rainfall, soil characteristics and precipitation forecasts. Some forecasts, especially those in mountainous regions, also provide seasonal snow pack and peak flow forecasts. A separate forecast, <i>River and Small Stream Observations</i>, is broadcast in areas in and outside the 13 river forecast centers and is only broadcast following a significant hydrological event featuring information on crests, and present and forecasted <a href="/wiki/Flood_stage" title="Flood stage">flood stages</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lake Forecast</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>A forecast that is issued by most stations in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region to explicitly state expected weather conditions within the marine forecast area through the next five days. The report addresses expected wave heights and <a href="/wiki/Small_craft_advisory" title="Small craft advisory">small-craft advisories</a> currently in effect. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Coastal Waters Forecast</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>A forecast stating expected weather conditions and wave heights within the marine forecast area through the next five days. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Tropical Weather Summary</b> </td> <td>Every three hours (only if needed) </td> <td>An event-driven report provides an information summary on any active tropical cyclones. Activity summaries for the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Basin">Atlantic Basin</a> are typically included with stations located in states near the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, while stations along the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> receive summaries concerning the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. Depending on the station and associated Weather Forecast Office, listeners can hear this report every half hour. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ultraviolet Index</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>A daily exposure index played on some NOAA stations. The ultraviolet (UV) index is categorized by the maximum exposure of the sun's rays during the peak hours of sunlight. It ranges in the following numbers/categories:<br /> <p>1-2 (Low), 3-5 (Moderate), 6-7 (High), 8-10 (Very High), and 11+ (Extreme) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These are additional products that are included in the broadcast cycle occasionally (but are broadcast at randomized times, depending on the individual transmitter[s]): </p> <ul><li>Air Quality Index Statement</li> <li>Agricultural Forecast</li> <li>Area Forecast Discussion</li> <li>Area Weather Update</li> <li>Daily/Monthly Hydrometeorological Products</li> <li>Heat Index Forecast</li> <li>High Seas Forecast</li> <li>Hydro-Met Data Report</li> <li>Miscellaneous Hydrologic Data</li> <li>Miscellaneous Local Product</li> <li>Miscellaneous River Product</li> <li>Public Information Statement</li> <li>Offshore Forecast</li> <li>Quantitative Precipitation Forecast</li> <li>State Forecast</li> <li>Suppression Forecast</li> <li>Tabular State Forecast</li> <li>Terminal Aerodrome Forecast</li> <li>Travellers Forecast</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weather_radio_receivers">Weather radio receivers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Weather radio receivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weatheradio.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Weatheradio.gif/288px-Weatheradio.gif" decoding="async" width="288" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Weatheradio.gif/432px-Weatheradio.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Weatheradio.gif/576px-Weatheradio.gif 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SAMEWXRadio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SAMEWXRadio.jpg/142px-SAMEWXRadio.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SAMEWXRadio.jpg/213px-SAMEWXRadio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SAMEWXRadio.jpg/284px-SAMEWXRadio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="816" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangean_DT-400W_(10711375244).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sangean_DT-400W_%2810711375244%29.jpg/142px-Sangean_DT-400W_%2810711375244%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sangean_DT-400W_%2810711375244%29.jpg/213px-Sangean_DT-400W_%2810711375244%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sangean_DT-400W_%2810711375244%29.jpg/284px-Sangean_DT-400W_%2810711375244%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_ICF-36_portable_radio_-_overview.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sony_ICF-36_portable_radio_-_overview.JPG/142px-Sony_ICF-36_portable_radio_-_overview.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sony_ICF-36_portable_radio_-_overview.JPG/213px-Sony_ICF-36_portable_radio_-_overview.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sony_ICF-36_portable_radio_-_overview.JPG/284px-Sony_ICF-36_portable_radio_-_overview.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clockwork_Radio.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Clockwork_Radio.JPG/142px-Clockwork_Radio.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Clockwork_Radio.JPG/213px-Clockwork_Radio.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Clockwork_Radio.JPG/284px-Clockwork_Radio.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from top: rack-mountable Gorman-Redlich CRW-S, yellow handheld Sangean DT-400W*, hand-crank BayGen Freeplay, portable Sony ICF-36, and white Midland WR100* base station weather radios<br /> *Public Alert-certified</div></div></div></div> <p>There are a variety of different types of weather radio receivers available in the U.S., including: </p> <ul><li>Professional-grade receivers, typically rack-mounted, for use by broadcast radio and television stations and public agencies who are responsible for acting on or retransmitting weather and emergency alert broadcasts.</li> <li>Base-station consumer radios powered by commercial AC power (often with a battery backup).</li> <li>Hand-held battery powered radios, suitable for use by hikers, boaters, and in emergency preparedness kits.</li> <li>Hand-crank portable radios that do not require AC or battery power, especially designed for use in emergency preparedness kits.</li> <li>Weather radio receivers integrated as an auxiliary function into other devices, such as <a href="/wiki/General_Mobile_Radio_Service" title="General Mobile Radio Service">GMRS</a> radios, portable televisions, FM radios, etc.</li> <li>Radio receiver modules, such as the <a href="/wiki/File:Si4707_weather_band_receiver_breakout.jpg" title="File:Si4707 weather band receiver breakout.jpg">Si4707</a> from <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Labs" title="Silicon Labs">Silicon Labs</a>, designed for electronics experimenters and project builders have in the past been available.</li></ul> <p>Historically, it was not uncommon to sell portable radios that featured AM, FM, and TV audio (VHF channels 2–13), with the weather band included some distance down the dial from TV channel 7 (after the <a href="/wiki/DTV_transition_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="DTV transition in the United States">U.S. digital TV conversion</a>, the television sound function of these radios became obsolete). </p><p>One of the early consumer weather alert radios (model KH6TY) was designed and manufactured by Howard (Skip) Teller, who was issued a patent on the alerting mechanism<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was instrumental in the design of the <a href="/wiki/PSK31" title="PSK31">PSK31</a> Digipan software and hardware,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a> NBEMS emergency communications system. </p><p>Since April 2004, radio models marketed as "Public Alert-certified" must include these features and meet certain performance criteria, as specified in electronics industry standard CEA-2009.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The price of a consumer-grade weather radio varies depending on the model and its extra features.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_frequencies_used">Radio frequencies used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Radio frequencies used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align: center"> <caption>National Weather Radio frequencies<br />for U.S., Canada, and Mexico (et al.) </caption> <caption style="caption-side:bottom;"><i><span style="font-size:85%;"># WX8-WX12 frequency order and inclusion varies</span></i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Frequency </th> <th>WX <sup id="cite_ref-mtvhf_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtvhf-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Channel </th> <th>Marine<br />channel </th> <th>Radio<br />preset </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>162.400 MHz</b> </td> <td>WX2 </td> <td>36B </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>162.425 MHz</b> </td> <td>WX4 </td> <td>96B </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>162.450 MHz</b> </td> <td>WX5 </td> <td>37B </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>162.475 MHz</b> </td> <td>WX3 </td> <td>97B </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>162.500 MHz</b> </td> <td>WX6 </td> <td>38B </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>162.525 MHz</b> </td> <td>WX7 </td> <td>98B </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>162.550 MHz</b> </td> <td>WX1 </td> <td>39B </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>161.650 MHz </td> <td><i>WX8</i> </td> <td>21B </td> <td style="color: white">blank </td></tr> <tr> <td>161.750 MHz </td> <td><i>WX#</i> </td> <td>23B </td> <td style="color: white">blank </td></tr> <tr> <td>161.775 MHz </td> <td><i>WX9</i> </td> <td>83B </td> <td style="color: white">blank </td></tr> <tr> <td>162.000 MHz </td> <td><i>WX#</i> </td> <td>28B </td> <td>ASM 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>163.275 MHz </td> <td><i>WX#</i> </td> <td>113B </td> <td style="color: white">blank </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The United States' <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">NWS</a>, Canada's <a href="/wiki/Weatheradio_Canada" title="Weatheradio Canada">Weatheradio</a>, Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Weather_radio#Mexico" title="Weather radio">SARMEX</a> and Bermuda operate their government weather <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a> on the same <a href="/wiki/Marine_VHF_radio" title="Marine VHF radio">marine VHF radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Band_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Band (radio)">band</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> transmitters, and the same seven frequencies (162.400 – 162.550 MHz) as NOAA Weather Radio (NWR).<sup id="cite_ref-WeatheradioCE_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeatheradioCE-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SARMEX_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SARMEX-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bermuda only uses 162.550 (land) and 162.400 (marine).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NWR transmitters operate VHF-FM between 5–1,000 watts. NWR channels operating in the range of 162.3625–162.5875 MHz (162.4–.55 ± 37.5 kHz) have a band spacing of 25 kHz and may have bandwidths up to 16 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original "weather" frequency used by multiple stations was 162.550 MHz, followed by 162.400 in 1970, 162.475 in 1975, and the last four (162.425, 162.450, 162.500 & 162.525 MHz) in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-PI70035_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI70035-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162.475MHz_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162.475MHz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEEpaper_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEEpaper-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WVbluebook_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WVbluebook-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>163.275 MHz was used by KHB47 in New London, Connecticut initially in 1969 until switching to 162.400 in 1970 to avoid overlapping with KWO35 in New York, and internally by NWS in case of power outage, but is no longer in active use.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PI680033_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI680033-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PI70035_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI70035-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 169.075 MHz was initially used by WWG75 transmitting from Mt. Haleakala on Maui in 1970 before also switching to 162.400 by 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-PI70035_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI70035-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PA70029rev1972_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA70029rev1972-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PA70035rev1972_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA70035rev1972-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channel_designations">Channel designations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Channel designations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NOAA Weather Radio, <a href="/wiki/Weatheradio_Canada" title="Weatheradio Canada">Weatheradio Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather_radio#Mexico" title="Weather radio">SARMEX</a> all refer to the seven stations by their frequencies (MHz):<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PA94062_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA94062-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WeatheradioCE_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeatheradioCE-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SARMEX_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SARMEX-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>162.400</td> <td>162.425</td> <td>162.450</td> <td>162.475</td> <td>162.500</td> <td>162.525</td> <td>162.550 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other channel designations such as WX1 through WX7 "have no special significance but are often designated this way in consumer equipment" and "other channel numbering schemes are also prevalent/possible" according to NOAA and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">USCG</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mtvhf_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtvhf-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordering channels by when they were established (WX1, WX2, ...) is "becoming less 'popular' over time than a numerical ordering of channels."<sup id="cite_ref-mtvhf_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtvhf-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather radios may list stations in the order of their WX#, or by a "Preset Channel" number 1 through 7 in ascending frequency order.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "WX#" format is continued from WX8 up to WX12 on some lists and radios to include 163.275 MHz and or one or more of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Continuous_marine_broadcast" title="Continuous marine broadcast">continuous marine broadcast</a> (CMB) frequencies 161.650, 161.775, 161.750, 162.000. Unlike WX1-WX7 typically ordered by frequency adoption by NWS, there is no consistent frequency inclusion nor assignment for WX8-WX12.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effective January 1, 2019, channels 2027 (161.950 MHz, 27B) and 2028 (162.000 MHz, 28B) are designated as ASM 1 and ASM 2 respectively for application specific messages (ASM) as described in Recommendation ITU-R M.2092.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "WX" arose from the <a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Morse code prosign</a> shorthand for weather reports (WX) combined with the order number that the seven frequencies were adopted for use nationally. More frequencies helped prevent <a href="/wiki/RF_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="RF interference">interference</a> from other nearby transmitters, growing in use in the 1990s in less populated <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a>, areas and as fill-in <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast translator">broadcast translators</a> relaying an existing station or sending a separate, more localized broadcast into remote or <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountainous</a> areas, or those areas with reception trouble.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As with conventional broadcast television and radio signals, it may be possible to receive more than one of the seven weather channels at a given location, dependent on factors such as the location, transmitter power, <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_range" title="Broadcast range">range</a> and designated coverage area of each station. The NWS suggests that users determine which frequency (as opposed to channel) is intended for their specific location so that they are assured of receiving correct and timely information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day">Present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Trail_NOAA_Weather_Radio.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mark_Trail_NOAA_Weather_Radio.JPG/190px-Mark_Trail_NOAA_Weather_Radio.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mark_Trail_NOAA_Weather_Radio.JPG/285px-Mark_Trail_NOAA_Weather_Radio.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mark_Trail_NOAA_Weather_Radio.JPG/380px-Mark_Trail_NOAA_Weather_Radio.JPG 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Public service announcement featuring comic strip character <a href="/wiki/Mark_Trail" title="Mark Trail">Mark Trail</a> promoting NOAA Weather Radio</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_weather_radio_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NOAA_weather_radio_map.jpg/220px-NOAA_weather_radio_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NOAA_weather_radio_map.jpg/330px-NOAA_weather_radio_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/NOAA_weather_radio_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Example NOAA weather radio coverage for eastern Michigan</figcaption></figure> <p>All seven NWR channels are available on stand-alone weather radio receivers that are sold online and in retail stores (available for prices ranging from US$20 and up), as well as on most <a href="/wiki/Marine_VHF_radio" title="Marine VHF radio">marine VHF radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radios</a> and digital scanners. In addition, more mainstream consumer electronics, such as <a href="/wiki/Clock_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock radio">clock radios</a>, portable multi-band receivers and two-way radios (such as <a href="/wiki/Family_Radio_Service" title="Family Radio Service">FRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/GMRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GMRS">GMRS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizens_band_radio" title="Citizens band radio">CB radio</a>), now feature the ability to also receive NWR channels. Many of the aforementioned devices also incorporate automatic alerting capabilities. Many American television stations offer discounted pricing for radios to viewers as a public courtesy (especially in highly tornado-prone areas), where they are often marketed as an essential safety device on par with a <a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">smoke alarm</a> for home fires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coverage">Coverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to NOAA, reliable signal reception typically extends in about 40 miles radius from a full-power (1,000 W) transmitter, depending on level terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, signal blockages can occur, especially in mountainous areas. As of 2016, there are over a thousand NWR transmitters across the U.S., covering 95% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because each transmitter can cover several counties, typically a person will program their weather radio to receive only the alerts for their county or nearby surrounding counties where weather systems are most likely to move in from.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alerting">Alerting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alerting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="131" data-mwtitle="Avalanche_Warning.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Avalanche_Warning.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Avalanche_Warning.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Avalanche_Warning.ogg/Avalanche_Warning.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Audio from NOAA Weather Radio and the Forest Service Sawtooth Avalanche Center broadcasting of a Backcountry Avalanche Warning issued for <a href="/wiki/Elmore_County,_Idaho" title="Elmore County, Idaho">Elmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boise_County,_Idaho" title="Boise County, Idaho">Boise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valley_County,_Idaho" title="Valley County, Idaho">Valley, Idaho</a> on January 11, 2024. Weather Radio stations will carry alerts when dangerous weather threatens a location within their listening area.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whenever a weather or civil emergency alert is issued for any part of a NWR station's coverage area, many radios with an alert feature will sound an alarm or turn on upon detection of a <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7d\/1050Hz_Tone.ogg\/1050Hz_Tone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"1,050 Hz attention tone"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"1050Hz Tone.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/1050Hz_Tone.ogg/1050Hz_Tone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">1,050 Hz attention tone</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:1050Hz_Tone.ogg" title="File:1050Hz Tone.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> that sounds just before the voice portion of an alert message. The specification calls for the NWS transmitter to sound the alert <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">tone</a> for ten <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a> and for the receiver to react to it within five seconds. This system simply triggers the alarm or turns on the radio of every muted receiver within reception range of that NWR station (in other words, any receiver located <i>anywhere</i> within the transmitter's broadcast area). Generally, receivers with this functionality are either older or basic models. </p><p>Many newer or more sophisticated alerting receivers can detect, decode and react to a digital signal called <a href="/wiki/Specific_Area_Message_Encoding" title="Specific Area Message Encoding">Specific Area Message Encoding</a> (SAME), which allows users to program their radios to receive alerts only for specific geographical areas of interest and concern, rather than for an entire broadcast area. These advanced models may also have colored <a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting diode">LED</a> status lights which indicate the level of the alert as an "advisory"/"statement", "watch" or "warning" (either amber or green for advisories and statements, orange or yellow for watches, red for warnings). </p><p>When an alert is transmitted, the <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/25\/Same.wav\/Same.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"SAME header\/data signal"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Same.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Same.wav/Same.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">SAME header/data signal</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Same.wav" title="File:Same.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span> is broadcast first (heard as three repeated audio "bursts"), followed by the 1,050 Hz attention tone, then the voice message, then the end-of-message (EOM) data signal (repeated quickly three times). This encoding/decoding technology has the advantage of avoiding "false alarms" triggered by the 1,050 Hz tone itself in locations outside the intended warning area. Broadcast areas are generally divided into SAME locations by county or marine zone using the standard U.S. Government <a href="/wiki/FIPS_county_code" title="FIPS county code">FIPS county codes</a>. </p><p>NOAA's SAME alert protocol was later adopted and put into use by the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a> (EAS) in 1997 – the replacement for the earlier <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Broadcast_System" title="Emergency Broadcast System">Emergency Broadcast System</a> (EBS) and even earlier <a href="/wiki/CONELRAD" title="CONELRAD">CONELRAD</a> – now required by the FCC for standard broadcast TV and radio stations. <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a> eventually integrated SAME alerting capability into its <a href="/wiki/Weatheradio_Canada" title="Weatheradio Canada">Weatheradio Canada</a> network in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations are able to disseminate and coordinate emergency alerts and warning messages through NOAA Weather Radio and other public systems by means of the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Public_Alert_and_Warning_System" title="Integrated Public Alert and Warning System">Integrated Public Alert and Warning System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2008, <a href="/wiki/Walgreens" title="Walgreens">Walgreens</a> announced that it would utilize SAME technology to deliver local weather alerts via a system of LED <a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">billboards</a> located outside its drugstore locations to provide an additional avenue of weather information.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many national billboard companies (such as <a href="/wiki/Outfront_Media" title="Outfront Media">Outfront Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Channel_Outdoor" title="Clear Channel Outdoor">Clear Channel Outdoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Advertising_Company" title="Lamar Advertising Company">Lamar</a>, among others) also use their color LED billboard networks to display weather warnings to drivers, while state-owned <a href="/wiki/Variable-message_sign" title="Variable-message sign">freeway notification boards</a>, which utilize the EAS/NOAA infrastructure for AMBER Alerts, also display weather warnings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergency_alert_test_procedure">Emergency alert test procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Emergency alert test procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Required_Weekly_Test_NOAA.ogg" title="File:Required Weekly Test NOAA.ogg">Modern-day NOAA Weather Radio WXM99 Required Weekly Test voiced by current Paul</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="87" data-mwtitle="Required_Weekly_Test_NOAA.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Required_Weekly_Test_NOAA.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Required_Weekly_Test_NOAA.ogg/Required_Weekly_Test_NOAA.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The required weekly test issued by the National Weather Service in Grand Forks, ND on May 17, 2023 at 10:00 AM. This alert is conducted every Wednesday between 10 AM and noon.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_Weather_Radio_MKE-KEC60_Weekly_Test.ogg" title="File:NOAA Weather Radio MKE-KEC60 Weekly Test.ogg">NOAA Weather Radio MKE-KEC60 Required Weekly Test voiced by former "Perfect Paul"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="NOAA_Weather_Radio_MKE-KEC60_Weekly_Test.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/NOAA_Weather_Radio_MKE-KEC60_Weekly_Test.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/NOAA_Weather_Radio_MKE-KEC60_Weekly_Test.ogg/NOAA_Weather_Radio_MKE-KEC60_Weekly_Test.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANOAA_Weather_Radio_MKE-KEC60_Weekly_Test.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The weekly alert system test, usually conducted between 10:00 a.m. and noon local time every Wednesday, as heard on <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KEC60" class="mw-redirect" title="KEC60">KEC60</a> on November 24, 2010.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Every local National Weather Service weather forecast office is required to conduct a scheduled weekly test of the NOAA Weather Radio public alert system, generally occurring every Wednesday between 10:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. (noon). Certain Weather Forecast Offices conduct this twice a week, usually testing two time on Wednesday, usually between 10:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. (noon) and then again between 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. Other offices test once on Wednesday, and then again on Saturday. Some NOAA Weather Radio stations also broadcast tests of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a> on predetermined days and times. </p><p>If there is a threat of severe weather that day in a NWR station's listening area, the weekly test is postponed until the next available fair-weather day (sometimes, a short message stating the reason for the test's cancellation is broadcast). The required weekly test (SAME event code "RWT") interrupts regular NWR programming — during the test, a SAME data header is sent, followed by a 1050 Hz attention tone, the voice test message, then a SAME end-of-message (EOM) signal. The text of the test message used by most NWS offices, with variations depending on the office, is typically as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"This is the National Weather Service office in [city]. The preceding signal was a test of the NOAA Weather Radio warning alarm system on station [call sign of radio station] in [location]. During potential or actual dangerous weather situations, specially built receivers are automatically activated by this signal to warn of the impending hazard. Tests of this signal and receivers' performance are usually conducted by this National Weather Service office on Wednesdays at [time of day]. When there is a threat of severe weather, or existing severe weather is in the area on Wednesday, the test will be postponed until the next available good-weather day. Reception of this broadcast, and especially the warning alarm signal, will vary at any given location. The variability, normally more noticeable at greater distances from the transmitter, will occur even though you are using a good quality receiver in perfect working order. To provide the most consistent warning service possible, the warning alarm will be activated only for selected watches and warnings affecting the following counties: [list of counties]. This concludes the test of the warning alarm system on NOAA Weather Radio station [call sign]. We now return to normal programming."<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_Weather_Radio_Alarm_Test_Procedures_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Weather_Radio_Alarm_Test_Procedures-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Or, for other offices which test on Wednesday: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"This is the National Weather Service forecast office in [City, State]. The preceding signal was a test of the public warning alarm system for NOAA All Hazards Radio Station [NWR Transmitter Callsign]. During potentially dangerous weather situations, specially built receivers can be automatically activated by this signal to warn of the impending hazard. Tests of this signal and receivers' performance are normally conducted each Wednesday between the hours of 11 AM and 1 PM. If there is a threat of severe weather the test will be postponed until the next available good-weather day. Reception of this broadcast, and especially the warning alarm, will vary at any given location. The variability, normally noticeable at greater distances from the transmitter, can occur even though you are using a good quality receiver in good working order. To provide the most consistent and dependable warning service possible, the warning alarm will be activated for watches and warnings affecting the following counties: [list of counties]. This concludes the test of NOAA Weather Radio station [NWR Transmitter Callsign]. We now return to the normal broadcast."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voices">Voices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Voices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the introduction of NOAA Weather Radio until the late 1990s, nearly all the voices heard in the broadcasts were those of the staff at local <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> (NWS) offices. The messages were manually recorded, first on tape cartridges and later digitally, and then placed in the broadcast cycle. As the NWS added more transmitters to provide broader radio coverage, the staff had difficulty keeping broadcast cycles updated in a timely fashion, especially during major severe weather outbreaks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_upgrades">System upgrades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: System upgrades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s_Console_Replacement_System">1990s Console Replacement System</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1990s Console Replacement System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To manage the increasing number of transmitters for each office and to speed the overall delivery of warning messages to the public, the Console Replacement System (CRS) was deployed at NWS weather forecast offices in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CRS introduced a computerized voice nicknamed "Paul", using a <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">text-to-speech</a> system which was based on the <a href="/wiki/DECtalk" title="DECtalk">DECtalk</a> technology. This system was chosen over more readily available <a href="/wiki/Concatenative_synthesis" title="Concatenative synthesis">concatenative synthesis</a> because each forecast, watch and warning requires unique wording to relay the most accurate and relevant information. Concatenation is typically used by telephone companies, banks and other service businesses where a limited vocabulary of recorded words can easily take the place of specific, repetitive phrases and sentences. NOAA Weather Radio broadcasts contain a wide variety of information which changes with the weather. Forecasters need to have many words to choose from when writing their forecasts and warnings for the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Voices_Used_on_NOAA_Weather_Radio_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voices_Used_on_NOAA_Weather_Radio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although CRS greatly enhanced the delivery speed and scheduling of Weather Radio messages, some listeners disliked Paul's voice, as it was very monotone and did not resemble a normal speaking voice due to CRS not having the technological advances at the time to resemble human speech patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Voice </th> <th>Type of weather message </th> <th>File size </th></tr> <tr> <td>CRS Paul </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126025101/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/Paul_SYN.wav">Weather Synopsis</a> </td> <td>191 KB </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2002_Voice_Improvement_Program">2002 Voice Improvement Program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2002 Voice Improvement Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, the National Weather Service contracted with <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens Information and Communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpeechWorks" title="SpeechWorks">SpeechWorks</a> to introduce improved, more natural voices. The Voice Improvement Plan (VIP) was implemented, involving a separate computer processor linked into CRS that fed digitized sound files to the broadcast suite. The improvements involved one male voice ("Craig"), and one female voice ("Donna"). Additional upgrades in 2003 improved "Donna" and introduced an improved male voice nicknamed "Tom", which had variable intonation based on the urgency of the report. As part of this upgrade, a Spanish voice, "Javier", was added at a few sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the superior quality of the "Tom" voice, most NWS offices used it for the majority of broadcasts and announcements. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Voice </th> <th>Type of weather message </th> <th>File size </th></tr> <tr> <td>VIP Tom </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925001634/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/Tom_CWF.mp3">Coastal Waters Forecast</a> </td> <td>481 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td>VIP Tom </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510120704/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/Tom_LFP.mp3">Local Forecast</a> </td> <td>498 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td>VIP Tom </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925001629/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/Tom_SYN.mp3">Weather Synopsis</a> </td> <td>125 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td>VIP Donna </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510120704/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/Donna_GLF.mp3">Great Lakes Marine Forecast</a> </td> <td>220 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td>VIP Donna </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510120704/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/Donna_HWO.mp3">Hazardous Weather Outlook</a> </td> <td>127 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td>VIP Donna </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510120704/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/Donna_HWR.mp3">Hourly Weather Observation</a> </td> <td>268 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td>VIP Javier </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510120704/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/Javier_CLI.mp3">Climate Summary</a> </td> <td>112 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td>VIP Javier </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510120704/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/Javier_HWR.mp3">Hourly Weather Observation</a> </td> <td>292 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td>VIP Javier </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510120704/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/Javier_LFP.mp3">Local Forecast</a> </td> <td>285 KB </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Broadcast_Message_Handler">Broadcast Message Handler</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Broadcast Message Handler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, the NWS replaced almost all of the CRS systems in operation at its Weather Forecast Offices—which had been in use for over 20 years and were approaching the end of the system's expected service life—with the Broadcast Message Handler (BMH). The new system is more closely integrated with the <a href="/wiki/AWIPS" class="mw-redirect" title="AWIPS">AWIPS</a> software and intended to be more reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BMH units replaced "Donna" and "Tom" with an improved "Paul" voice (its classification from new voice partner <a href="/wiki/NeoSpeech" title="NeoSpeech">NeoSpeech</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Many stations have dubbed him "Paul II" or "Paul Jr" to avoid confusion with CRS "Perfect Paul". For the NWS offices that incorporate Spanish programming into the NWR broadcast cycle, VIP "Javier" was replaced with a much improved female voice named "Violetta" (another voice from NeoSpeech). The upgrade initially began at six offices: <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina" title="Greenville, South Carolina">Greenville</a>-<a href="/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina" title="Spartanburg, South Carolina">Spartanburg, South Carolina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>; <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage">Anchorage, Alaska</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Tiyan,_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiyan, Guam">Tiyan, Guam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the stations saw an initial negative reaction primarily due to many mispronunciations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most local NWS Offices provide a method of reporting these problems, and have the ability to reprogram the voices accordingly. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Voice </th> <th>Type of weather message </th> <th>File size </th></tr> <tr> <td>BMH Paul </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510120704/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/BMH_Paul.mp3">Local Forecast</a> </td> <td>280 KB </td></tr> <tr> <td>BMH Violetta </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510120704/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/audio/BMH_Violetta.mp3">Marine Forecast</a> </td> <td>1,196 KB </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_voices">Human voices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Human voices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human voices are still heard on occasion, but sparingly, mainly during station identifications, public forecasts, <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> messages, public information statements, <a href="/wiki/Public_service_announcement" title="Public service announcement">public service announcements</a>, required weekly tests, and severe weather events. The capability exists for a meteorologist to broadcast live on any transmitter if computer problems occur or added emphasis is desired, or to notify listeners who are concerned about a <a href="/wiki/Silent_(broadcasting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent (broadcasting)">silent</a> station on another frequency whether that station is dark due to technical errors, prolonged <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outage</a>, or a weather event has forced it off the air.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcasting_in_Spanish">Broadcasting in Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Broadcasting in Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some weather forecast offices will issue a secondary report in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> during severe weather events or warnings. Few NWR stations broadcast weather information in Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four offices use dedicated stations which broadcast in the Spanish language, separate from their corresponding English-language channels: <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> (WNG712 in <a href="/wiki/Coachella,_California" title="Coachella, California">Coachella</a>/<a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside</a>), <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> (WNG652), <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> (WZ2531 in <a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a>, since 2012), and <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a> (WZ2541 in <a href="/wiki/Pharr,_Texas" title="Pharr, Texas">Pharr</a> and WZ2542 in <a href="/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas" title="Harlingen, Texas">Harlingen</a>, since 2014). These stations originally used a synthesized Spanish male voice named "Javier" for all broadcasts, but have since been upgraded with the BMH female voice "Violetta". The <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a> WFO often repeats weather alerts in Spanish after their initial dissemination in English. Station <a href="/wiki/WXJ69" class="mw-redirect" title="WXJ69">WXJ69</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a> broadcasts all information, including forecasts, in the same manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Live_streaming">Live streaming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Live streaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several websites provide internet audio streaming of a subset of the NOAA Weather radio stations. The most prominent of these, the Wunderadio section of weather information website <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a>, discontinued live streams of NWR broadcasts in April 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Wunderadio internet streaming service dissolved, many sources such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noaaweatherradio.org">noaaweatherradio.org</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcastify.com">broadcastify.com</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherusa.net/radio">weatherusa.net/radio</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planoweather.com/">PlanoWeather</a> developed, allowing previous users of the service to continue monitoring live streams from Wunderadio, as well as newer broadcasts from different locations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NOAA_Weather_Radio" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radio</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAVTEX" title="NAVTEX">NAVTEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Severe weather terminology (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_radio" title="Weather radio">Weather radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatheradio_Canada" title="Weatheradio Canada">Weatheradio Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wrdirect-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wrdirect_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrdirect_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrdirect_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrdirect_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093323/http://weatherradios.com/blog/the-history-of-noaa-weather-radio">"The History of NOAA Weather Radio"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Weather+Service+Heritage&rft.atitle=Birth+of+NOAA+Weather+Radio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvlab.ncep.noaa.gov%2Fweb%2Fnws-heritage%2Fexplore-nws-history%23event-birth-of-noaa-weather-radio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CamilleReport-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CamilleReport_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NWS/Assessments/Hurricane-Camille.pdf"><i>Hurricane Camille: A Report to the Administrator</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Administration. September 1969<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2020</span>. <q>it is further recommended that the VHF-FM Weather Broadcasts, an extremely effective means of communication with the general public and responsible authority, be installed as planned on the Gulf and Atlantic coasts</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hurricane+Camille%3A+A+Report+to+the+Administrator&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+Environmental+Science+Services+Administration&rft.date=1969-09&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.library.noaa.gov%2Fnoaa_documents.lib%2FNWS%2FAssessments%2FHurricane-Camille.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PI70035-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PI70035_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PI70035_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PI70035_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PI70035_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NOAA_historic_documents/NOAA_historical_brochures/Weather/NWS-WeatherRadio1970.pdf">"NOAA VHF Radio Weather, NOAA/PI 70035 1970"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Brochure). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+VHF+Radio+Weather%2C+NOAA%2FPI+70035+1970&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+National+Weather+Service&rft.date=1970&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.library.noaa.gov%2Fnoaa_documents.lib%2FNOAA_historic_documents%2FNOAA_historical_brochures%2FWeather%2FNWS-WeatherRadio1970.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162.475MHz-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-162.475MHz_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-162.475MHz_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenson1975" class="citation book cs1">Jenson, Clayton E.; et al. (April 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalplanf00unit/page/21"><i>The Federal Plan for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research, Fiscal Year 1976</i></a>. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. pp. 21 & 62<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2020</span>. <q>The NOAA Weather Radio, operating at 162.4, 162.475, or 162.55 MHz provides continuous radio broadcasts" & "These broadcasts, transmitted on frequencies of 162.40 MHZ, 162.475 MHz, and 162.55 MHz, provide continuous weather forecasts and warnings</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Plan+for+Meteorological+Services+and+Supporting+Research%2C+Fiscal+Year+1976&rft.pages=21+%26+62&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.date=1975-04&rft.aulast=Jenson&rft.aufirst=Clayton+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffederalplanf00unit%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEEpaper-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEEEpaper_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEEpaper_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnegie1981" class="citation book cs1">Carnegie, Samuel (April 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1282717"><i>Conference record of papers presented at the thirty-first annual conference, Washington, DC, April 6, 7, 8, 1981, "Status of NOAA Weather Radio Program"</i></a>. National Weather Service. Washington, DC: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1981. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FVTC.1981.1622917">10.1109/VTC.1981.1622917</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39769334">39769334</a>. <q>FREQUENCY ADDITIONS: In addition to 162.40, 162.475 and 162.55 MHz, NWS has received 4 additional frequencies for use in NWR. These additional frequencies are 162.425, 162.45, 162.5 and 162.525MHz. With these additional frequencies, we are hopeful that Co-channel interference can be eliminated and expansion of NWR can result, but the net effect will be tighter specifications for NWR receiver selectivity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conference+record+of+papers+presented+at+the+thirty-first+annual+conference%2C+Washington%2C+DC%2C+April+6%2C+7%2C+8%2C+1981%2C+%22Status+of+NOAA+Weather+Radio+Program%22&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+1981&rft.date=1981-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FVTC.1981.1622917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39769334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carnegie&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1282717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WVbluebook-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WVbluebook_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WVbluebook_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jf3vAAAAMAAJ"><i>"West Virginia Blue Book", Volume 67</i></a>. Original from Pennsylvania State University: Tribune Company. 1981. p. 535<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Hinton 162.425 MHz" "Sutton 162.45 MHz" "Flat Top 162.50 MHz" "Gilbert 162.525 MHz</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22West+Virginia+Blue+Book%22%2C+Volume+67&rft.place=Original+from+Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=Tribune+Company&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djf3vAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TLN8bCSGnrwC">"A Proposed Nationwide Natural Disaster Warning System (NADWARN): Report with Background Information"</a>. 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Proposed+Nationwide+Natural+Disaster+Warning+System+%28NADWARN%29%3A+Report+with+Background+Information&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTLN8bCSGnrwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/palmsunday65.pdf">"Report of Palm Sunday Tornadoes of 1965"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. April 11, 1965<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+Palm+Sunday+Tornadoes+of+1965&rft.date=1965-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fmedia%2Fpublications%2Fassessments%2Fpalmsunday65.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/journals/essa_world/QC851U461967jan.pdf">ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/journals/essa_world/QC851U461967jan.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/journals/noaa_week/GC1N581972v3no43.pdf">"VHF Weather Radio Broadcasts Dedicated at Denver, Sacramento"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NOAA Week</i>. Vol. 3, no. 43. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. October 20, 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2020</span>. <q>The sixtieth National Weather Service continuous transmission weather radio station was dedicated at Denver, Colo., Sept 28</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOAA+Week&rft.atitle=VHF+Weather+Radio+Broadcasts+Dedicated+at+Denver%2C+Sacramento&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=43&rft.date=1972-10-20&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.library.noaa.gov%2Fdocs.lib%2Fhtdocs%2Frescue%2Fjournals%2Fnoaa_week%2FGC1N581972v3no43.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMogilGroper1977" class="citation journal cs1">Mogil, H. Michael; Groper, Herbert S. (April 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281977%29058%3C0318%3ANSLSWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"NWS's Servere Local Storm Warning and Disaster Preparedness Programs" National Weather Service Headquarters, NOAA"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</i>. <b>58</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">318–</span>329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281977%29058%3C0318%3ANSLSWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0477(1977)058<0318:NSLSWA>2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=%22NWS%27s+Servere+Local+Storm+Warning+and+Disaster+Preparedness+Programs%22+National+Weather+Service+Headquarters%2C+NOAA&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.date=1977-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0477%281977%29058%3C0318%3ANSLSWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Mogil&rft.aufirst=H.+Michael&rft.au=Groper%2C+Herbert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0477%25281977%2529058%253C0318%253ANSLSWA%253E2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/journals/noaa/QC851U461978jul.pdf">"Weather Radio Network Passes 200 Goal Is 340"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NOAA Magazine</i>. Vol. 8, no. 3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. July 1978. p. 59<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2020</span>. <q>On 2 May 1978, the WXK84 in Memphis, TN became the 200th NOAA Weather Radio station to go into service followed by WXK47 in Bristol, TN three days later as part of a goal of 340 stations reaching 90 percent of the nation's population by 1979.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOAA+Magazine&rft.atitle=Weather+Radio+Network+Passes+200+Goal+Is+340&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1978-07&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.library.noaa.gov%2Fdocs.lib%2Fhtdocs%2Frescue%2Fjournals%2Fnoaa%2FQC851U461978jul.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/journals/noaa/QC851U461979oct.pdf">"300th Station on the Air"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NOAA Magazine</i>. Vol. 9, no. 4. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. October 1979. p. 63<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Nation's 300th NOAA Weather Radio station (WXL-S7[invalid station#, is WXL45]) went on the air in September in Columbia, Mo., ... the latest in a 350-station network of NOAA Weather Radios slated to be in operation by the end of the year</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOAA+Magazine&rft.atitle=300th+Station+on+the+Air&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1979-10&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.library.noaa.gov%2Fdocs.lib%2Fhtdocs%2Frescue%2Fjournals%2Fnoaa%2FQC851U461979oct.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PA76015rev1988-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PA76015rev1988_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwU_Ce7B8KwC"><i>NOAA Weather Radio, NOAA/PA 76015</i></a> (Brochure). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. 1988 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NOAA+Weather+Radio%2C+NOAA%2FPA+76015&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+National+Weather+Service&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpwU_Ce7B8KwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PA96070-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PA96070_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928035828/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/resources/nwr.pdf">"NOAA Weather Radio – The Voice of NOAA's National Weather Service, NOAA/PA 96070, Rev May 1999"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Brochure). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. May 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/resources/nwr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+Weather+Radio+%E2%80%93+The+Voice+of+NOAA%27s+National+Weather+Service%2C+NOAA%2FPA+96070%2C+Rev+May+1999&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+National+Weather+Service&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nws.noaa.gov%2Fnwr%2Fresources%2Fnwr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PA94062-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PA94062_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PA94062_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/media/nwr/NWR_Brochure_NOAA_PA_94062.pdf">"NOAA Weather Radio – The Voice of NOAA's National Weather Service, NOAA/PA 94062, Rev January 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Brochure). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+Weather+Radio+%E2%80%93+The+Voice+of+NOAA%27s+National+Weather+Service%2C+NOAA%2FPA+94062%2C+Rev+January+2020&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+National+Weather+Service&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fmedia%2Fnwr%2FNWR_Brochure_NOAA_PA_94062.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeller" class="citation web cs1">Teller, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4158148">"Latching detector circuit US 4158148 A"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Consumer Electronics Association® (CEA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ce.org/CorporateSite/media/Standards-Media/PA_Whitepaper_9-3-08.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NOAA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erh.noaa.gov/okx/pdf/NWRfactsheet0307.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+Weather+Radio+All+Hazards%3A+On+Alert+For+All+Emergencies&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erh.noaa.gov%2Fokx%2Fpdf%2FNWRfactsheet0307.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mtvhf-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mtvhf_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mtvhf_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mtvhf_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/us-vhf-channel-information">"U.S. VHF CHANNEL INFORMATION"</a>. 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Wideband Operations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/manual_sept_2009.pdf">Manual Of Regulations And Procedures For Federal Radio Frequency Management – January 2008 Edition, September 2009 Revision</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE – National Telecommunications and Information Administration. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>180<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Manual+Of+Regulations+And+Procedures+For+Federal+Radio+Frequency+Management+%E2%80%93+January+2008+Edition%2C+September+2009+Revision&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.pub=U.S.+DEPARTMENT+OF+COMMERCE+%E2%80%93+National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Flegacy%2Fosmhome%2Fredbook%2F4d_5_10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/journals/essa_news/QC801E71969v5no48.pdf">"21st VHF-FM System Dedicated in Conn"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ESSA News</i>. 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November 28, 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESSA+News&rft.atitle=21st+VHF-FM+System+Dedicated+in+Conn.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=48&rft.date=1969-11-28&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.library.noaa.gov%2Fdocs.lib%2Fhtdocs%2Frescue%2Fjournals%2Fessa_news%2FQC801E71969v5no48.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111004852/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/wxradio.htm">"National Weather Service Marine Products Via NOAA Weather Radio"</a>. <i>NOAA's National Weather Service Marine Forecasts</i>. 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The first two frequencies are used by Canada for marine weather broadcasts. 163.275 MHz was used by the National Weather Service for earlier weather broadcasts and later for internal coordination in the event of a power outage but is no longer in active use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA%27s+National+Weather+Service+Marine+Forecasts&rft.atitle=National+Weather+Service+Marine+Products+Via+NOAA+Weather+Radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nws.noaa.gov%2Fom%2Fmarine%2Fwxradio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PA70029rev1972-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PA70029rev1972_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NOAA_historic_documents/NOAA_historical_brochures/Weather/NWS-MarineWeather-1972.pdf">"Marine Weather Services, NOAA/PA 70029 (Rev. 1972)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Brochure). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Weather+Service&rft.atitle=NOAA+Weather+Radio&rft.date=2020-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fnwr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/marine/nws_dissemination">"Dissemination of Marine Weather by the NWS"</a>. <i>www.weather.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.weather.gov&rft.atitle=Dissemination+of+Marine+Weather+by+the+NWS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fmarine%2Fnws_dissemination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/media/ind/nwr/NOAA_Weather_Radio.pdf">"All Hazards NOAA Weather Radio, Page 11"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Hazards+NOAA+Weather+Radio%2C+Page+11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fmedia%2Find%2Fnwr%2FNOAA_Weather_Radio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/ohx/nwrhelp">"NOAA All-Hazards Weather Radio Help"</a>. <i>www.weather.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.weather.gov&rft.atitle=NOAA+All-Hazards+Weather+Radio+Help&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fohx%2Fnwrhelp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://midlandusa.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/GXT1000-Owners-Manual1.pdf">"Midland X-Tra Talk GXT1000//1050 Series GMRS/FRS Radio Owner's Manual, Page 21"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Midland+X-Tra+Talk+GXT1000%2F%2F1050+Series+GMRS%2FFRS+Radio+Owner%27s+Manual%2C+Page+21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmidlandusa.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F02%2FGXT1000-Owners-Manual1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|title=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorolasolutions.com/content/dam/msi/docs/products/two-way-radios/consumer/user-guides/sx-series/sx700_userguide.pdf">"Two-Way Radio User's Guide, Model SX700 series, "WX8-WX12"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Motorola Solutions</i>. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=Part+80+VHF+Transceivers+and+Marine+Radars%2C+Andy+Leimer%2C+Equipment+Authorization+Branch+Equipment%2C+Federal+Communications+Commission+Office+of+Engineering+and+Technology+Laboratory+Division%2C+page+10+%22WX+10+163.725%22&rft.date=2005-05&rft.aulast=Leimer&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransition.fcc.gov%2Foet%2Fea%2Fpresentations%2Ffiles%2Fmay05%2FPT_80_VHF_Transmitters.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorolasolutions.com/content/dam/msi/docs/products/two-way-radios/consumer/T480/T480-User-Guide.pdf">"Talkabout Emergency Preparedness Two-Way Radio T480 MN001399A01-AA "WX10 161.750"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Motorola Solutions</i>. 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U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/info/newvoice.html">the original</a> on July 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA+Weather+Radio+All+Hazards&rft.atitle=Voices+Used+on+NOAA+Weather+Radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nws.noaa.gov%2Fnwr%2Finfo%2Fnewvoice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/ddc/BMHDDC">"New NOAA Weather Radio Management Platform is Coming Soon"</a>. <i>National Weather Service</i>. Dodge City, KS: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Weather+Service&rft.atitle=New+NOAA+Weather+Radio+Management+Platform+is+Coming+Soon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fddc%2FBMHDDC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/mkx/bmh">"New All Hazards NOAA Weather Radio Now Operational"</a>. <i>National Weather Service</i>. Milwaukee/Sullivan, WI: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. May 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Weather+Service&rft.atitle=New+All+Hazards+NOAA+Weather+Radio+Now+Operational&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fmkx%2Fbmh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuttner2016" class="citation news cs1">Huttner, Paul (June 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.mprnews.org/updraft/2016/06/noaa-weather-radio-has-a-new-voice-and-his-name-is-paul/">"NOAA Weather Radio has a new voice, and his name is Paul"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">Minnesota Public Radio</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NOAA+Weather+Radio+has+a+new+voice%2C+and+his+name+is+Paul&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.aulast=Huttner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.mprnews.org%2Fupdraft%2F2016%2F06%2Fnoaa-weather-radio-has-a-new-voice-and-his-name-is-paul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/gsp/new-nwr-voice">"A New Voice for NOAA Weather Radio"</a>. <i>National Weather Service</i>. Greenville-Spartanburg, SC: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Weather+Service&rft.atitle=A+New+Voice+for+NOAA+Weather+Radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fgsp%2Fnew-nwr-voice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/nwr/spanish">"NOAA Weather Spanish Voice"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+Weather+Spanish+Voice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fnwr%2Fspanish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://help.wunderground.com/knowledgebase/articles/1143553-wu-feature-and-product-updates">"WU feature and product updates – Customer Feedback for Weather Underground"</a>. <i>help.wunderground.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=help.wunderground.com&rft.atitle=WU+feature+and+product+updates+%E2%80%93+Customer+Feedback+for+Weather+Underground&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelp.wunderground.com%2Fknowledgebase%2Farticles%2F1143553-wu-feature-and-product-updates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANOAA+Weather+Radio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/organization">NWS Organization</a> (shows all NOAA offices)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/nwr/">U.S. NOAA Weather Radio page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/info/nwrrcvr.html">NWR Receiver Consumer Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/coverage/county_coverage.html">NOAA county-by-county coverage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/journals/essa_news/QC801E71970v6no38.pdf">ESSA News September 11, 1970</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NOAA_Weather_Radio_brochure_evolution">NOAA Weather Radio brochure evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Weather_Radio&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: NOAA Weather Radio brochure evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1969.9932865">"ESSA VHF Weather Radio Stations" Weatherwise magazine, August 1969</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NOAA_historic_documents/ESSA/ESSA_PI/PI_680033.pdf">Marine Weather Services: ESSA VHF Radio Weather, ESSA/PI 680033 1969</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O8gHZbsIc04C">Marine Weather Services: ESSA VHF Radio Weather, ESSA/PI 680033 1970</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NOAA_historic_documents/NOAA_historical_brochures/Weather/NWS-WeatherRadio1970.pdf">NOAA VHF Radio Weather, NOAA/PI 70035, 1970</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvljJyX4J-sC">NOAA VHF Radio Weather, NOAA/PA 70035, Rev. 1972</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NOAA_historic_documents/NOAA_historical_brochures/Weather/NWS-MarineWeather-1972.pdf">Marine Weather Services: NOAA VHF Radio Weather, NOAA/PA 70029, Rev. 1972</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NOAA_historic_documents/NOAA_historical_brochures/Weather/NWS-MarineWeatherServices-1974.pdf">Marine Weather Services: NOAA VHF Radio Weather, NOAA/PA 70029, Rev. 1974</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NOAA_historic_documents/NOAA_historical_brochures/Weather/NWS-WeatherRadio-1975.pdf">NOAA Weather Radio NOAA/PA 74035, 1975</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NOAA_historic_documents/NOAA_historical_brochures/Weather/NWS-MarineWeatherServices-1976.pdf">Marine Weather Services: NOAA Weather Radio, NOAA/PA 74034, Rev. 1976</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NOAA_historic_documents/NOAA_historical_brochures/Weather/NWS-WeatherRadio-1976.pdf">NOAA Weather Radio, NOAA/PA 76015, 1976</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwU_Ce7B8KwC">NOAA Weather Radio, NOAA/PA 76015, Rev. July 1988</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NWS/Brochures/NOAA_weather_radio_May_1999.pdf">NOAA Weather Radio, NOAA/PA 96070 (station list), May 1999</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo1660/NwrBrochure.pdf">NOAA Weather Radio, NOAA/PA 200356 (maps), October 2002</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NWS/Brochures/NWR_all_hazards_Oct_2007.pdf">All Hazards NOAA Weather Radio (NWR), NOAA/PA 96070 (no list), October 2007</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NWS/Brochures/NOAA_weather_radio_April_2014.pdf,">NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards (NWR), NOAA/PA 200352 Poster, April 2014</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/media/nwr/NWR_Brochure_NOAA_PA_94062.pdf">All Hazards NOAA Weather Radio, NOAA/PA 94062, Rev. January 2020</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Tornado_emergency" title="Tornado emergency">Emergency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Marine thunderstorm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_marine_warning" title="Special marine warning">Special marine warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Winter<br />weather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Advisories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_weather_advisory" title="Winter weather advisory">Winter weather advisory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">Winter storm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm_watch" title="Winter storm watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm_warning" title="Winter storm warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard/blowing snow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_snow_advisory" title="Blowing snow advisory">Blowing snow advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard_watch" title="Blizzard watch">Blizzard watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard_warning" title="Blizzard warning">Blizzard warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Heavy snow</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_snow_warning" title="Heavy snow warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">Lake-effect snow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_effect_snow_advisory" title="Lake effect snow advisory">Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_effect_snow_watch" title="Lake effect snow watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_effect_snow_warning" title="Lake effect snow warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall_warning" title="Snow squall warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain_advisory" title="Freezing rain advisory">Freezing rain advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm_warning" title="Ice storm warning">Ice storm warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Non-meteorological_hazards_and_administrative_messages" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Non-meteorological_hazards_and_administrative_messages" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Non-meteorological_hazards_and_administrative_messages" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Advisory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches" title="Tropical cyclone warnings and watches">Tropical<br />cyclones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical storm">Tropical storms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_storm_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical storm watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_storm_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical storm warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">Hurricanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_force_wind_warning" title="Hurricane force wind warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclone watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclone warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm surge watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm surge warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_local_statement" title="Hurricane local statement">Hurricane local statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_storm_local_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical storm local statement">Tropical storm local statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_depression_local_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical depression local statement">Tropical depression local statement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_warning" title="Flood warning">Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Flooding" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Advisory</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood_watch" title="Flash flood watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particularly_dangerous_situation" title="Particularly dangerous situation">PDS watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood_warning" title="Flash flood warning">Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood_warning" title="Flash flood warning">Emergency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal flood">Coastal flood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flood_advisory" title="Coastal flood advisory">Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flood_watch" title="Coastal flood watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flood_warning" title="Coastal flood warning">Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Coastal/lakeshore_hazards" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Statement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lakeshore flood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Coastal/lakeshore_hazards" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Coastal/lakeshore_hazards" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Coastal/lakeshore_hazards" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Coastal/lakeshore_hazards" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Statement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">River flood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_flood_advisory" title="River flood advisory">Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_flood_watch" title="River flood watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_flood_warning" title="River flood warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Urban and small stream flood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_and_small_stream_flood_advisory" title="Urban and small stream flood advisory">Advisory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_temperature" title="Apparent temperature">Apparent<br />temperature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">Heat index</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heat_advisory" title="Heat advisory">Heat advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessive_heat_watch" title="Excessive heat watch">Excessive heat watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessive_heat_warning" title="Excessive heat warning">Excessive heat warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">Wind chill</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_weather_advisory" title="Cold weather advisory">Cold Weather Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cold_watch" title="Extreme cold watch">Extreme Cold Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cold_warning" title="Extreme cold warning">Extreme Cold Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particularly_dangerous_situation" title="Particularly dangerous situation">PDS warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Extreme cold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cold_warning" title="Extreme cold warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Freeze</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_watch" title="Freeze watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_warning" title="Freeze warning">Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_freeze_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard freeze warning">Hard freeze warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_advisory" class="mw-redirect" title="Frost advisory">Frost advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Deprecated" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Hard freeze watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Maritime<br />and<br />coastal<br />weather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Marine winds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_craft_advisory" title="Small craft advisory">Small craft advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisk_wind_advisory" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisk wind advisory">Brisk wind advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_wind_advisory" title="Lake wind advisory">Lake wind advisory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gale_watch" title="Gale watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_warning" title="Gale warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Storm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storm_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_warning" title="Storm warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Hurricane-force wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_force_wind_warning" title="Hurricane force wind warning">Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_force_wind_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane force wind watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Hazardous seas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_seas_watch" title="Hazardous seas watch">Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_seas_warning" title="Hazardous seas warning">Warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Freezing spray</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_spray_advisory" title="Freezing spray advisory">Freezing spray advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_freezing_spray_watch" title="Heavy freezing spray watch">Heavy freezing spray watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_freezing_spray_warning" title="Heavy freezing spray warning">Heavy freezing spray warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_weather_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine weather statement">Marine weather statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current_statement" title="Rip current statement">Rip current statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Coastal/lakeshore_hazards" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Beach hazards statement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">High surf</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/High_surf_advisory" class="mw-redirect" title="High surf advisory">High surf advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_surf_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="High surf warning">High surf warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Coastal/lakeshore_hazards" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">High surf watch</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Advisory-force winds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_advisory" title="Wind advisory">Wind advisory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a>-force winds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_wind_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="High wind watch">High wind watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_wind_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="High wind warning">High wind warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Major hurricane-force winds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_wind_warning" title="Extreme wind warning">Extreme wind warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Airborne<br />particulates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Dust/sand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_dust_advisory" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowing dust advisory">Blowing dust advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Other_hazards" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Blowing dust warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Other_hazards" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Dust advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm_warning" title="Dust storm warning">Dust storm warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a>/<a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dense_fog_advisory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dense fog advisory">Dense fog advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dense_smoke_advisory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dense smoke advisory">Dense smoke advisory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Ash</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfall_advisory" title="Ashfall advisory">Ashfall advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Other_hazards" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Ashfall warning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_stagnation_advisory" class="mw-redirect" title="Air stagnation advisory">Air stagnation advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Other_hazards" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Air quality alert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Fire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_warning" title="Red flag warning">Red flag warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_warning" title="Fire warning">Fire warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_immediate" title="Evacuation immediate">Evacuation immediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)#Fire_weather" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Fire weather watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_meteorology" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation meteorology">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SIGMET" title="SIGMET">SIGMET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Ash_Advisory_Center#Alerts" title="Volcanic Ash Advisory Center">Volcanic ash advisory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Weather scales<br />used by NWS</th><td 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