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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosc_secundari" title="Bosc secundari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bosc secundari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druhotn%C3%BD_les" title="Druhotný les – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhotný les" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekund%C3%A4rwald" title="Sekundärwald – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sekundärwald" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renoval" title="Renoval – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renoval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekundara_arbaro" title="Sekundara arbaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sekundara arbaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جنگل رشد دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگل رشد دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%AAt_secondaire" title="Forêt secondaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forêt secondaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque_secundario" title="Bosque secundario – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bosque secundario" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan_sekunder" title="Hutan sekunder – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hutan sekunder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoka_(ala)" title="Savoka (ala) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Savoka (ala)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan_sekunder" title="Hutan sekunder – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hutan sekunder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundair_bos" title="Secundair bos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Secundair bos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_wt%C3%B3rny" title="Las wtórny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Las wtórny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floresta_secund%C3%A1ria" title="Floresta secundária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Floresta secundária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Вторичный лес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторичный лес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Secondary forest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Вторинні ліси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вторинні ліси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%ABng_th%E1%BB%A9_sinh" title="Rừng thứ sinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rừng thứ sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E7%94%9F%E6%9E%97" title="次生林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="次生林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2140056#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Stanley_tree.jpg/300px-Stanley_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Stanley_tree.jpg/450px-Stanley_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Stanley_tree.jpg/600px-Stanley_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The forest in <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Park" title="Stanley Park">Stanley Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>, Canada, is generally considered to have second and third growth characteristics. This photo shows regeneration, a tree growing out of the stump of another tree that was felled in 1962 by the remnants of <a href="/wiki/1962_Pacific_typhoon_season#Typhoon_Freda" title="1962 Pacific typhoon season">Typhoon Freda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>secondary forest</b> (or <b>second-growth forest</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a> or <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> area which has regenerated through largely natural processes after human-caused <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">disturbances</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">timber harvest</a> or agriculture clearing, or equivalently disruptive natural phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinguished from an <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth forest</a> (primary or primeval forest), which has not recently undergone such disruption, and complex early <a href="/wiki/Seral_community" title="Seral community">seral</a> forest, as well as third-growth forests that result from harvest in second growth forests. Secondary forest regrowing after timber harvest differs from forest <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">regrowing</a> after natural <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">disturbances</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">fire</a>, insect infestation, or <a href="/wiki/Windthrow" title="Windthrow">windthrow</a> because the dead trees remain to provide nutrients, structure, and water retention after natural disturbances. Secondary forests are notably different from primary forests in their composition and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>; however, they may still be helpful in providing habitat for native species, preserving watersheds, and restoring <a href="/wiki/Landscape_connectivity" title="Landscape connectivity">connectivity</a> between ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal definition of what constitutes a secondary forest vary between countries.<sup id="cite_ref-bosq_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosq-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some legal systems allows certain degree of subjectivity in assigning a forest as secondary.<sup id="cite_ref-bosq_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosq-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_forest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secondary forestation is common in areas where forests have been degraded or destroyed by agriculture or timber harvesting; this includes abandoned pastures or fields that were once forests.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, secondary forestation can be seen in regions where forests have been lost by the <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash-and-burn</a> method, a component of some <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a> systems of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many definitions of secondary forests limit the cause of degradation to human activities, other definitions include forests that experienced similar degradation under natural phenomena like fires or landslides.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondary forests re-establish by the process of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">succession</a>. Openings created in the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (forest)">forest canopy</a> allow sunlight to reach the forest floor. An area that has been cleared will first be colonized by <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a><b>,</b> followed by shrubs and bushes. Over time, trees that were characteristic of the original forest begin to dominate the forest again.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically takes a secondary forest 40 to 100 years to begin to resemble the original old-growth forest; however, in some cases a secondary forest will not succeed, due to <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">soil nutrient loss</a> in certain <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the forest, the development of primary characteristics that mark a successful secondary forest may take anywhere from a century to several millennia. <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Hardwood forests</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">eastern United States</a>, for example, can develop primary characteristics in one or two generations of <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, or 150–500 years. Today<b>,</b> most of the forests of the United States – especially those in the eastern part of the country – as well as forests of Europe consist of secondary forest.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_forest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_plantings_in_secondary_woodland,_Tilgate_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Oak_plantings_in_secondary_woodland%2C_Tilgate_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587683.jpg/250px-Oak_plantings_in_secondary_woodland%2C_Tilgate_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587683.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Oak_plantings_in_secondary_woodland%2C_Tilgate_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587683.jpg/375px-Oak_plantings_in_secondary_woodland%2C_Tilgate_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Oak_plantings_in_secondary_woodland%2C_Tilgate_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587683.jpg/500px-Oak_plantings_in_secondary_woodland%2C_Tilgate_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Oak plantings in a secondary woodland, <a href="/wiki/Tilgate_Forest" title="Tilgate Forest">Tilgate Forest</a>. This mixed <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> and broadleaf woodland is located in <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>, United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Secondary forests tend to have trees closer spaced than primary forests and contain less <a href="/wiki/Undergrowth" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergrowth">undergrowth</a> than primary forests. Usually, secondary forests have only one <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (forest)">canopy</a> layer, whereas primary forests have several.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species composition in the canopy of secondary forests is usually markedly different, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondary forests can also be classified by the way in which the original forest was disturbed; examples of these proposed categories include post-extraction secondary forests, rehabilitated secondary forests, and post-abandonment secondary forests.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_forest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When forests are harvested, they either regenerate naturally or artificially (by planting and seeding select tree species). The result is often a second growth forest which is less biodiverse than the old growth forest.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patterns of regeneration in secondary forests show that species richness can quickly recover to pre-disturbance levels via secondary succession; however, <a href="/wiki/Relative_abundance_distribution" title="Relative abundance distribution">relative abundances</a> and identities of species can take much longer to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artificially restored forests, in particular, are highly unlikely to compare to their old-growth counterparts in species composition.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successful recovery of biodiversity is also dependent upon local conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a>, water availability, forest size, existing vegetation and seed sources, edge effect stressors, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">toxicity</a> (resulting from human operations like mining), and management strategies (in assisted restoration scenarios).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Low to moderate disturbances have been shown to be extremely beneficial to increase in biodiversity in secondary forests.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These secondary disturbances can clear the canopies to encourage lower canopy growth as well as provide habitats for small organisms such as insects, bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> which may feed on the decaying plant material. Additionally, forest restoration techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> and intentionally planting/seeding native species can be combined with natural regeneration to restore biodiversity more effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has also been shown to improve <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem service</a> functionality, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">rural independence</a> and livelihoods.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these techniques are less successful at restoring original plant-soil interactions. In certain cases (as in <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a> tropical ecosystems), agroforestry practices have led to <a href="/wiki/Soil_microbiology" title="Soil microbiology">soil microbiomes</a> that favor bacterial communities rather than the fungal communities seen in old-growth forests or naturally regenerated secondary forests.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_mitigation">Climate change mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_forest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate change mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deforestation is one of the main causes of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, making it one of the largest contributors to climate change. Though preserving old-growth forests is most effective at maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functionality, secondary forests may play a role in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the species loss that occurs with primary forest removal, secondary forests can still be beneficial to ecological and anthropogenic communities. They protect the watershed from further erosion and provide habitat; secondary forests may also buffer <a href="/wiki/Edge_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge effect">edge effects</a> around <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">mature forest fragments</a> and increase connectivity between them.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondary forests may also be a source of wood and other forest products for rural communities. </p><p>Though not as effective as primary forests, secondary forests store more <a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">soil carbon</a> than other land-uses, such as tree plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Land-use conversions from secondary forests to <a href="/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">rubber plantations</a> in Asia are expected to rise by millions of hectares by 2050; as such, the carbon stored within the <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> and soil of secondary forests is anticipated to be released into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other places, forest restoration – namely the development of secondary forests – has been a governmental priority in order to meet national and international targets on biodiversity and carbon emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recommendations from the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC), <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD+</a> have led to efforts to reduce and combat deforestation in places like Panama and Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural and human-assisted growth of secondary forests can offset carbon emissions and help countries meet <a href="/wiki/Climate_target" title="Climate target">climate targets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biomes">Biomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_forest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rainforests">Rainforests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_forest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rainforests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koh_Mak_(island),_Thailand,_Secondary_forest_canopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koh_Mak_%28island%29%2C_Thailand%2C_Secondary_forest_canopy.jpg/233px-Koh_Mak_%28island%29%2C_Thailand%2C_Secondary_forest_canopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koh_Mak_%28island%29%2C_Thailand%2C_Secondary_forest_canopy.jpg/350px-Koh_Mak_%28island%29%2C_Thailand%2C_Secondary_forest_canopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koh_Mak_%28island%29%2C_Thailand%2C_Secondary_forest_canopy.jpg/466px-Koh_Mak_%28island%29%2C_Thailand%2C_Secondary_forest_canopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Secondary <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> canopy on <a href="/wiki/Ko_Mak" title="Ko Mak">Ko Mak</a> island in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the case of semi-tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>, where soil <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> levels are characteristically low, the <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a> may be significantly diminished following the removal of <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a>. In addition to soil nutrient levels, two areas of concern with tropical secondary forest restoration are plant biodiversity and carbon storage; it has been suggested that it takes longer for a tropical secondary forest to recover its biodiversity levels than its carbon pools.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, growth of new forests from abandoned farmland exceeded loss of primary rainforest in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the diminished quality of soil, among other factors, the presence of a significant majority of primary forest species fail to recover in these second-growth forests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_forest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use, land-use change and forestry">Land use, land-use change and forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlogging" title="Overlogging">Overlogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">Old-growth forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">Ecological succession</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_forest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChokkalingamde_Jong2001" class="citation web cs1">Chokkalingam, U.; de Jong, W. 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(2019-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13595-019-0891-2">"Secondary disturbances of low and moderate severity drive the dynamics of eastern Canadian boreal old-growth forests"</a>. <i>Annals of Forest Science</i>. <b>76</b> (4): 108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AnFSc..76..108M">2019AnFSc..76..108M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13595-019-0891-2">10.1007/s13595-019-0891-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1297-966X">1297-966X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Forest+Science&rft.atitle=Secondary+disturbances+of+low+and+moderate+severity+drive+the+dynamics+of+eastern+Canadian+boreal+old-growth+forests&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft.issn=1297-966X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13595-019-0891-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AnFSc..76..108M&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Maxence&rft.au=Morin%2C+Hubert&rft.au=Fenton%2C+Nicole+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs13595-019-0891-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlécourtBrummeXuCorre2013" class="citation journal cs1">Blécourt, Marleen de; Brumme, Rainer; Xu, Jianchu; Corre, Marife D.; Veldkamp, Edzo (2013-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3716606">"Soil Carbon Stocks Decrease following Conversion of Secondary Forests to Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) Plantations"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (7): e69357. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...869357D">2013PLoSO...869357D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0069357">10.1371/journal.pone.0069357</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3716606">3716606</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23894456">23894456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Soil+Carbon+Stocks+Decrease+following+Conversion+of+Secondary+Forests+to+Rubber+%28Hevea+brasiliensis%29+Plantations&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e69357&rft.date=2013-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3716606%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...869357D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23894456&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0069357&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Bl%C3%A9court&rft.aufirst=Marleen+de&rft.au=Brumme%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Xu%2C+Jianchu&rft.au=Corre%2C+Marife+D.&rft.au=Veldkamp%2C+Edzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3716606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinNewtonBullock2013" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Philip A.; Newton, Adrian C.; Bullock, James M. (2013-12-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3826225">"Carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in tropical secondary forests"</a>. <i>Proceedings. Biological Sciences</i>. <b>280</b> (1773): 20132236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2013.2236">10.1098/rspb.2013.2236</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2954">1471-2954</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3826225">3826225</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24197410">24197410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Carbon+pools+recover+more+quickly+than+plant+biodiversity+in+tropical+secondary+forests&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=1773&rft.pages=20132236&rft.date=2013-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3826225%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-2954&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24197410&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2013.2236&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rft.au=Newton%2C+Adrian+C.&rft.au=Bullock%2C+James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3826225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+forest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/science/earth/30forest.html">"New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests"</a> article by Elisabeth Rosenthal in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> January 29, 2009</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_forest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/Html/AR-98/Secondary.html">CIFOR Secondary Forest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/J0628E/J0628E17.htm#TopOfPage">FAO Forestry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908013635/http://earthtrends.wri.org/features/view_feature.php?fid=6&theme=9">World Resource Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_forest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>M. van Breugel, 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edepot.wur.nl/121899">Dynamics of secondary forests</a>. PhD Thesis Wageningen University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8504-693-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8504-693-6">978-90-8504-693-6</a></li> <li>Uzay. U Sezen, 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/986776/Parentage_analysis_of_a_regenerating_canopy_palm_population_in_a_tropical_second-growth_forest">Parentage analysis of a regenerating palm tree in a tropical second-growth forest</a>. Ecological Society of America, Ecology 88: 3065-3075.</li> <li>Rozendaal et al., 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aau3114">Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests</a> Science Advances, 2019-03-06</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" 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