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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ethical oversight of human scientific research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_oversight_of_human_scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>COVID-19</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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neuroscientist and writer.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Pacholczyk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pacholczyk grew up in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father Andrzej Pacholczyk<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a professor of <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>. He earned his <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> where he determined the gene sequence for the human <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">norepinephrine transporter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which demonstrated significant amino-acid identity with the <a href="/wiki/GABA_transporter" title="GABA transporter">GABA transporter</a>, thus identifying a new gene family for <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">neurotransmitter transporter</a> proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did <a href="/wiki/Post-doctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-doctoral">post-doctoral</a> research at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> where his work focused on structural studies of the <a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93potassium_pump" title="Sodium–potassium pump">Na,K-ATPase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbcenter.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbcenter.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, he was ordained a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, after studying in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. He quickly became a church spokesman on what he calls beginning-of-life and end-of-life issues. He is a proponent of the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in opposition to human cloning and embryonic stem cell research.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells.) He has testified before state legislatures and been quoted in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pacholczyk writes a nationally-syndicated column, titled "Making Sense of Bioethics," that appears in numerous Catholic diocesan newspapers in the United States and has been reprinted in newspapers in Canada, England, Poland, and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has written on a broad range of medical ethical issues,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including ethical prescription and use of opioids,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use of performance-enhancing drugs in professional athletics,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> animal/human hybrids,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> artificial nutrition and hydration,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conscience rights for health care providers and patients,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>in vitro</i> fertilization,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> palliative and hospice care,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and physician-assisted suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2001, he has given several hundred presentations<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and invited lectures,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to speak widely on contemporary bioethical themes throughout the U.S., Canada, and Europe. In July 2020, he was appointed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">United States Secretary of Health and Human Services</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Azar" title="Alex Azar">Alex Azar</a> to serve on the National Institute of Health Human Fetal Tissue Research Ethics Advisory Board.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Pacholczyk&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Pacholczyk is a priest of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Fall_River" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Fall River">Diocese of Fall River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ncbcenter.org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbcenter.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. He served as the <a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">director</a> of education from 2003 to 2023, and currently serves as senior ethicist at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbcenter.org">The National Catholic Bioethics Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose long-time president, John Haas (retired 2019), served as an ordinary member of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_for_Life" title="Pontifical Academy for Life">Pontifical Academy for Life</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposing_physician-assisted_suicide">Opposing physician-assisted suicide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Pacholczyk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opposing physician-assisted suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 7, 2012, Pacholczyk wrote a piece in the <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> titled "Please Step Back From the Assisted-Suicide Ledge"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he notes, "If physician-assisted suicide really represents a good choice, we need to ask: Why should only physicians be able to participate?" He follows the rhetorical question to its conclusion by noting, "Why should doctors have a monopoly on undermining public trust? Police and lifeguards could help out too." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_Orientation_Change_Efforts">Sexual Orientation Change Efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Pacholczyk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sexual Orientation Change Efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 22, 2018, Pacholczyk wrote a piece in the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></i> titled "Sexual Orientation: Hope for restoration and healing with SOCE" (Sexual Orientation Change Efforts).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He describes the measured conclusion of a review by Peter Sprigg, Senior Fellow for Policy Studies at the Family Research Council in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> of six studies published between 2000 and 2018 which concludes that SOCE "can be effective for some clients in bringing about significant change in some components of sexual orientation", and that "few harms were reported". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_oversight_of_human_scientific_research">Ethical oversight of human scientific research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Pacholczyk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethical oversight of human scientific research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2001, Pacholczyk testified before the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">Massachusetts Senate</a> that "embryonic human life is inviolable and deserving of unconditional respect."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 10, 2020, he wrote a piece in <i>The Boston Pilot</i> titled "The Foxes and the Henhouse" <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he discusses the production of two gene-edited human babies in China, and the apparent inability of the scientific establishment to provide adequate ethical regulation and oversight of research involving embryonic humans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Pacholczyk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: COVID-19"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pacholczyk has written and commented about the ethics of COVID-19 vaccines and COVID-19 treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His writings and comments have addressed issues such as the rationing of medical care (such as ventilators),<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether and when prisoners should be given priority to receive vaccinations for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether public health officials can make it mandatory for people to receive a vaccine,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whether medical treatments and vaccines derived from cell lines derived from aborted fetuses are ethical.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Pacholczyk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbcenter.org/publications/making-sense-out-bioethics/">The National Catholic Bioethics Center</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141645/http://www.polishclub.org/2012/11/20/ks-dr-tadeusz-pacholczyk-komrki-zarodka-nie-sa-tylko-zbitka-komrek-ale-zywa-kwintesencja-czlowieczenstwa/">"Ks. dr Tadeusz Pacholczyk: Komórki zarodka nie są "tylko" zbitką komórek, ale żywą kwintesencją człowieczeństwa…"</a>. <i>www.polishclub.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishclub.org/2012/11/20/ks-dr-tadeusz-pacholczyk-komrki-zarodka-nie-sa-tylko-zbitka-komrek-ale-zywa-kwintesencja-czlowieczenstwa/">the original</a> on 2014-04-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polishclub.org&rft.atitle=Ks.+dr+Tadeusz+Pacholczyk%3A+Kom%C3%B3rki+zarodka+nie+s%C4%85+%22tylko%22+zbitk%C4%85+kom%C3%B3rek%2C+ale+%C5%BCyw%C4%85+kwintesencj%C4%85+cz%C5%82owiecze%C5%84stwa%E2%80%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polishclub.org%2F2012%2F11%2F20%2Fks-dr-tadeusz-pacholczyk-komrki-zarodka-nie-sa-tylko-zbitka-komrek-ale-zywa-kwintesencja-czlowieczenstwa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATadeusz+Pacholczyk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Pacholczyk&oldid=69409068">"Andrzej Pacholczyk"</a>, <i>Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia</i> (in Polish), 2023-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia%2C+wolna+encyklopedia&rft.atitle=Andrzej+Pacholczyk&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAndrzej_Pacholczyk%26oldid%3D69409068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATadeusz+Pacholczyk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacholczykBlakelyAmara1991" class="citation journal cs1">Pacholczyk, Tadeusz; Blakely, Randy D.; Amara, Susan G. (1991-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/350350a0">"Expression cloning of a cocaine-and antidepressant-sensitive human noradrenaline transporter"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>350</b> (6316): 350–354. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.350..350P">1991Natur.350..350P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F350350a0">10.1038/350350a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2008212">2008212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Expression+cloning+of+a+cocaine-and+antidepressant-sensitive+human+noradrenaline+transporter&rft.volume=350&rft.issue=6316&rft.pages=350-354&rft.date=1991-03-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F350350a0&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2008212&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Natur.350..350P&rft.aulast=Pacholczyk&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft.au=Blakely%2C+Randy+D.&rft.au=Amara%2C+Susan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F350350a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATadeusz+Pacholczyk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelernterKrugerPakstisPacholczyk1993" class="citation journal cs1">Gelernter, Joel; Kruger, Susan; Pakstis, Andrew J.; Pacholczyk, Tadeusz; Sparkes, Robert S.; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Amara, Susan (1993-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0888754305803751/pdf">"Assignment of the Norepinephrine Transporter Protein (NET1) Locus to Chromosome 16"</a>. <i>Genomics</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 690–692. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0888-7543%2805%2980375-1">10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80375-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7905857">7905857</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genomics&rft.atitle=Assignment+of+the+Norepinephrine+Transporter+Protein+%28NET1%29+Locus+to+Chromosome+16&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=690-692&rft.date=1993-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0888-7543%2805%2980375-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7905857&rft.aulast=Gelernter&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=Kruger%2C+Susan&rft.au=Pakstis%2C+Andrew+J.&rft.au=Pacholczyk%2C+Tadeusz&rft.au=Sparkes%2C+Robert+S.&rft.au=Kidd%2C+Kenneth+K.&rft.au=Amara%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0888754305803751%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATadeusz+Pacholczyk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmaraPacholczyk1991" class="citation journal cs1">Amara, Susan G.; Pacholczyk, Tadeusz (1991-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388%2891%2990014-X">"Sodium-dependent neurotransmitter reuptake systems"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Neurobiology</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 84–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0959-4388%2891%2990014-X">10.1016/0959-4388(91)90014-X</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-4388">0959-4388</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1688010">1688010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=Sodium-dependent+neurotransmitter+reuptake+systems&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-90&rft.date=1991-06-01&rft.issn=0959-4388&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1688010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0959-4388%2891%2990014-X&rft.aulast=Amara&rft.aufirst=Susan+G.&rft.au=Pacholczyk%2C+Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0959-4388%252891%252990014-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATadeusz+Pacholczyk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncbcenter.org-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncbcenter.org_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncbcenter.org_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacholczykSweadner1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pacholczyk, Tadeusz; Sweadner, Kathleen J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=Bioethics+questions+emerge+from+experimental+drug+used+in+COVID-19+treatment&rft.date=2020-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fcoronavirus%2Fbioethics-questions-emerge-experimental-drug-used-covid-19-treatment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATadeusz+Pacholczyk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbcenter.org/making-sense-of-bioethics-cms/column-183-is-mandating-a-covid-19-vaccine-ethical">"Making Sense of Bioethics: Column 183: Is Mandating a COVID-19 Vaccine Ethical?"</a>. <i>The National Catholic Bioethics Center</i>. 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Catholic+Bioethics+Center&rft.atitle=Making+Sense+of+Bioethics%3A+Column+183%3A+Is+Mandating+a+COVID-19+Vaccine+Ethical%3F&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbcenter.org%2Fmaking-sense-of-bioethics-cms%2Fcolumn-183-is-mandating-a-covid-19-vaccine-ethical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATadeusz+Pacholczyk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbcenter.org/making-sense-of-bioethics-cms/column-177-thinking-through-the-rationing-of-ventilators">"Making Sense of Bioethics: Column 177: Thinking Through the Rationing of Ventilators"</a>. <i>The National Catholic Bioethics Center</i>. 30 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Catholic+Bioethics+Center&rft.atitle=Making+Sense+of+Bioethics%3A+Column+177%3A+Thinking+Through+the+Rationing+of+Ventilators&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbcenter.org%2Fmaking-sense-of-bioethics-cms%2Fcolumn-177-thinking-through-the-rationing-of-ventilators&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATadeusz+Pacholczyk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Pacholczyk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbcenter.org/">National Catholic Bioethics Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1940202/">Tadeusz Pacholczyk</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://FatherTad.com">Official Website of Father Pacholczyk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/@FatherTad/videos">Lectures and Presentations of Father Pacholczyk</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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