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The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, ... | Article | H1 Connect
<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><title>The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, ... | Article | H1 Connect</title><meta name="description" content="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Alongside "/><link rel="canonical" href="https://connect.h1.co/article/737834640"/><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","headline":"The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.","abstract":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Alongside investigations into the virology of SARS-CoV-2, understanding the fundamental physiological and immunological processes underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is vital for the identification and rational design of effective therapies. Here, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We describe the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the immune system and the subsequent contribution of dysfunctional immune responses to disease progression. From nascent reports describing SARS-CoV-2, we make inferences on the basis of the parallel pathophysiological and immunological features of the other human coronaviruses targeting the lower respiratory tract - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Finally, we highlight the implications of these approaches for potential therapeutic interventions that target viral infection and/or immunoregulation.","hasPart":{"type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".paywalled-content"},"isAccessibleForFree":false,"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://connect.h1.co/article/737834640"}}</script><meta name="next-head-count" content="6"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/static-assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/static-assets/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/static-assets/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"/><link rel="manifest" href="/static-assets/favicons/site.webmanifest"/><link rel="mask-icon" href="/static-assets/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#7c003d"/><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static-assets/favicons/favicon.ico"/><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" 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var(--tw-shadow-color);box-shadow:var(--tw-ring-offset-shadow, 0 0 #0000),var(--tw-ring-shadow, 0 0 #0000),var(--tw-shadow);margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:-1.25rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-nf70xr{border-radius:0.25rem;padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem;}}.css-nf70xr >:not([hidden])~:not([hidden]){--tw-space-y-reverse:0;margin-top:calc(0.75rem * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-y-reverse)));margin-bottom:calc(0.75rem * var(--tw-space-y-reverse));}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-nf70xr{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}}</style><article id="article-summary" data-nav-class="article-section" data-nav-title="Article Summary" data-nav-empty="false" class="css-nf70xr e1qa43d83" aria-labelledby="article-title"><style data-emotion="css 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var(--tw-text-opacity));}</style><p class="css-c5wlyr e1u7yjy30">[<!-- -->Review / Commentary<!-- -->]</p></div><style data-emotion="css 1164m7o">@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1164m7o{margin-left:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-column-gap:0.5rem;column-gap:0.5rem;}}</style><span class="css-1164m7o"><style data-emotion="css 10s0txy">.css-10s0txy{display:none;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-10s0txy{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><style data-emotion="css jfbyxt">.css-jfbyxt{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;display:none;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-jfbyxt{margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-jfbyxt{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><div title="The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention." class="css-jfbyxt ev3c9on2"><button aria-label="Share" class="css-106kv05"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="css-uvdlj2" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Share icon</title><path d="M13.1202 17.0228L8.92129 14.7324C8.19135 15.5125 7.15261 16 6 16C3.79086 16 2 14.2091 2 12C2 9.79086 3.79086 8 6 8C7.15255 8 8.19125 8.48746 8.92118 9.26746L13.1202 6.97713C13.0417 6.66441 13 6.33707 13 6C13 3.79086 14.7909 2 17 2C19.2091 2 21 3.79086 21 6C21 8.20914 19.2091 10 17 10C15.8474 10 14.8087 9.51251 14.0787 8.73246L9.87977 11.0228C9.9583 11.3355 10 11.6629 10 12C10 12.3371 9.95831 12.6644 9.87981 12.9771L14.0788 15.2675C14.8087 14.4875 15.8474 14 17 14C19.2091 14 21 15.7909 21 18C21 20.2091 19.2091 22 17 22C14.7909 22 13 20.2091 13 18C13 17.6629 13.0417 17.3355 13.1202 17.0228ZM6 14C7.10457 14 8 13.1046 8 12C8 10.8954 7.10457 10 6 10C4.89543 10 4 10.8954 4 12C4 13.1046 4.89543 14 6 14ZM17 8C18.1046 8 19 7.10457 19 6C19 4.89543 18.1046 4 17 4C15.8954 4 15 4.89543 15 6C15 7.10457 15.8954 8 17 8ZM17 20C18.1046 20 19 19.1046 19 18C19 16.8954 18.1046 16 17 16C15.8954 16 15 16.8954 15 18C15 19.1046 15.8954 20 17 20Z"></path></svg></button></div></span></header><h1 id="article-title">The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.</h1><style data-emotion="css 1231aty">.css-1231aty{margin-bottom:0.5rem;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1231aty{margin-bottom:0.75rem;}}</style><p aria-description="article authors" class="css-1231aty e1qa43d82">Tay MZ et al.</p><style data-emotion="css re3hkp">.css-re3hkp{margin-bottom:0.75rem;line-height:1.25rem;--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(100 120 134 / var(--tw-text-opacity));}</style><p aria-description="article citation details" class="css-re3hkp e1qa43d81">Nature Reviews. Immunology. 2020 06; 20(6):363-374</p><style data-emotion="css 1vesmdj">.css-1vesmdj{margin-bottom:0.5rem;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1rem;--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(124 0 61 / var(--tw-text-opacity));text-decoration-line:underline;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1vesmdj{margin-bottom:0.75rem;}}</style><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8" aria-label="DOI" class="css-1vesmdj e1qa43d80">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8</a><span><span id="pmid-label">PMID</span>:<!-- --> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32346093/" aria-labelledby="pmid-label" class="css-1vesmdj e1qa43d80">32346093</a></span><style data-emotion="css u9i5t9">.css-u9i5t9{margin-bottom:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-flex-direction:column-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:column-reverse;flex-direction:column-reverse;}</style><div data-test-id="accordion-test-id" class="css-u9i5t9 e1j3q2sr2"><style data-emotion="css 2n5b2q">.css-2n5b2q{position:relative;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:left;}</style><button type="button" role="button" id="react-collapsed-toggle-:Rf9jblad56:" aria-controls="react-collapsed-panel-:Rf9jblad56:" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" class="css-2n5b2q e1j3q2sr1"><style data-emotion="css 1oge37b">.css-1oge37b{margin-bottom:0;width:100%;border-top-width:1px;border-style:dotted;padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;}</style><h4 class="css-1oge37b ey1jafc1">Show Details</h4><style data-emotion="css 9fnzvt">.css-9fnzvt{-webkit-transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y));-moz-transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y));-ms-transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y));transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y));cursor:pointer;transition-duration:150ms;position:absolute;right:0;}</style><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="10" size="18" class="css-9fnzvt"><path d="M0 0h20L10 10z" fill="#415463"></path></svg></button><style data-emotion="css k38mov">.css-k38mov{margin:0;overflow:hidden;--tw-border-opacity:1;border-color:rgb(217 224 225 / var(--tw-border-opacity));transition-duration:150ms;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);}</style><div id="react-collapsed-panel-:Rf9jblad56:" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing:border-box;display:none;height:0px;overflow:hidden" class="css-k38mov e1j3q2sr0"><div><style data-emotion="css 8dk3vg">.css-8dk3vg{margin-bottom:1rem;}</style><style data-emotion="css taunnq">.css-taunnq{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;overflow-x:auto;overscroll-behavior:contain;margin-bottom:1rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-taunnq{width:auto;border-bottom-width:1px;--tw-border-opacity:1;border-color:rgb(100 120 134 / var(--tw-border-opacity));}.css-taunnq >:not([hidden])~:not([hidden]){--tw-space-x-reverse:0;margin-right:calc(0.5rem * var(--tw-space-x-reverse));margin-left:calc(0.5rem * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-x-reverse)));}}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-taunnq >:not([hidden])~:not([hidden]){--tw-space-x-reverse:0;margin-right:calc(1px * var(--tw-space-x-reverse));margin-left:calc(1px * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-x-reverse)));}}</style><div class="css-taunnq ey1jafc0"><style data-emotion="css 937yet">.css-937yet{white-space:nowrap;}.css-937yet:first-of-type{border-top-left-radius:0.25rem;}.css-937yet:last-of-type{border-top-right-radius:0.25rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-937yet{border-radius:0px;font-size:1rem;}}</style><style data-emotion="css 1bj1mbp">.css-1bj1mbp{white-space:nowrap;}.css-1bj1mbp:first-of-type{border-top-left-radius:0.25rem;}.css-1bj1mbp:last-of-type{border-top-right-radius:0.25rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1bj1mbp{border-radius:0px;font-size:1rem;}}</style><style data-emotion="css 1wf1ys6">.css-1wf1ys6{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;cursor:pointer;background-color:transparent;padding-top:0.625rem;padding-bottom:0.625rem;padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem;font-weight:500;text-transform:capitalize;line-height:1.25rem;transition-property:color,background-color,border-color,text-decoration-color,fill,stroke,opacity,box-shadow,transform,filter,backdrop-filter;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);transition-duration:75ms;--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(100 120 134 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(255 255 255 / var(--tw-text-opacity));white-space:nowrap;}.css-1wf1ys6:focus{outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1wf1ys6{-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;border-top-left-radius:0.25rem;border-top-right-radius:0.25rem;padding-top:0.75rem;padding-bottom:0.75rem;padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem;font-size:1.125rem;}}.css-1wf1ys6:hover{--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(148 166 174 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(255 255 255 / var(--tw-text-opacity));}.css-1wf1ys6:hover{--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(100 120 134 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));}.css-1wf1ys6:first-of-type{border-top-left-radius:0.25rem;}.css-1wf1ys6:last-of-type{border-top-right-radius:0.25rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1wf1ys6{border-radius:0px;font-size:1rem;}}</style><button role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" id="abstract-tab" class="css-1wf1ys6 e164eq70">Abstract</button><style data-emotion="css 1wjvmxb">.css-1wjvmxb{--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(217 224 225 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));white-space:nowrap;}.css-1wjvmxb:first-of-type{border-top-left-radius:0.25rem;}.css-1wjvmxb:last-of-type{border-top-right-radius:0.25rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1wjvmxb{border-radius:0px;font-size:1rem;}}</style><style data-emotion="css 12sx4ed">.css-12sx4ed{-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;cursor:pointer;background-color:transparent;padding-top:0.625rem;padding-bottom:0.625rem;padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem;font-weight:500;text-transform:capitalize;line-height:1.25rem;transition-property:color,background-color,border-color,text-decoration-color,fill,stroke,opacity,box-shadow,transform,filter,backdrop-filter;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);transition-duration:75ms;--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(217 224 225 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));white-space:nowrap;}.css-12sx4ed:focus{outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-12sx4ed{-webkit-box-flex:0;-webkit-flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;border-top-left-radius:0.25rem;border-top-right-radius:0.25rem;padding-top:0.75rem;padding-bottom:0.75rem;padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem;font-size:1.125rem;}}.css-12sx4ed:hover{--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(148 166 174 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(255 255 255 / var(--tw-text-opacity));}.css-12sx4ed:first-of-type{border-top-left-radius:0.25rem;}.css-12sx4ed:last-of-type{border-top-right-radius:0.25rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-12sx4ed{border-radius:0px;font-size:1rem;}}</style><button role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-disabled="false" id="authors-tab" class="css-12sx4ed e164eq70">Authors</button></div><style data-emotion="css acwcvw">.css-acwcvw{margin-bottom:1rem;}</style><div role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="abstract-tab" class="css-acwcvw"><style data-emotion="css 1l0p3iw">.css-1l0p3iw{white-space:pre-line;}</style><div class="css-1l0p3iw">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Alongside investigations into the virology of SARS-CoV-2, understanding the fundamental physiological and immunological processes underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is vital for the identification and rational design of effective therapies. Here, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We describe the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the immune system and the subsequent contribution of dysfunctional immune responses to disease progression. From nascent reports describing SARS-CoV-2, we make inferences on the basis of the parallel pathophysiological and immunological features of the other human coronaviruses targeting the lower respiratory tract - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Finally, we highlight the implications of these approaches for potential therapeutic interventions that target viral infection and/or immunoregulation.</div></div><style data-emotion="css 5axrr1">.css-5axrr1{display:none;margin-bottom:1rem;}</style><div role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="authors-tab" class="css-5axrr1"><style data-emotion="css 1yhyy3h">.css-1yhyy3h{margin-bottom:0.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}</style><ul class="css-1yhyy3h e16gkotx2"><style data-emotion="css qqykjf">.css-qqykjf{margin-right:0.25rem;}</style><li class="css-qqykjf">Tay MZ<!-- --> <sup>1</sup>, </li><li class="css-qqykjf">Poh CM<!-- --> <sup>1</sup>, </li><li class="css-qqykjf">Rénia L<!-- --> <sup>2<!-- -->, </sup><sup>3</sup><a href="mailto:renia_laurent@immunol.a-star.edu.sg"><style data-emotion="css f031lu">.css-f031lu{display:inline-block;--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(65 84 99 / var(--tw-text-opacity));}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="css-f031lu" height="22" width="22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M20 4H4c-1.1 0-1.99.9-1.99 2L2 18c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h16c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V6c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 4l-8 5-8-5V6l8 5 8-5v2z"></path></svg></a>, </li><li class="css-qqykjf">MacAry PA<!-- --> <sup>4</sup><a href="mailto:micpam@nus.edu.sg"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="css-f031lu" height="22" width="22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M20 4H4c-1.1 0-1.99.9-1.99 2L2 18c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h16c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V6c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 4l-8 5-8-5V6l8 5 8-5v2z"></path></svg></a>, </li><li class="css-qqykjf">Ng LFP<!-- --> <sup>5<!-- -->, </sup><sup>6<!-- -->, </sup><sup>7</sup><a href="mailto:lisa_ng@immunol.a-star.edu.sg"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="css-f031lu" height="22" width="22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M20 4H4c-1.1 0-1.99.9-1.99 2L2 18c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h16c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V6c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 4l-8 5-8-5V6l8 5 8-5v2z"></path></svg></a></li></ul><h3>Affiliations</h3><ul><style data-emotion="css 1hl83va">.css-1hl83va{margin-bottom:0.75rem;}</style><li class="css-1hl83va"><sup>1</sup> <!-- -->Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore</li><li class="css-1hl83va"><sup>2</sup> <!-- -->Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore. renia_laurent@immunol.a-star.edu.sg</li><li class="css-1hl83va"><sup>3</sup> <!-- -->Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. renia_laurent@immunol.a-star.edu.sg</li><li class="css-1hl83va"><sup>4</sup> <!-- -->Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. micpam@nus.edu.sg</li><li class="css-1hl83va"><sup>5</sup> <!-- -->Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore. lisa_ng@immunol.a-star.edu.sg</li><li class="css-1hl83va"><sup>6</sup> <!-- -->Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. lisa_ng@immunol.a-star.edu.sg</li><li class="css-1hl83va"><sup>7</sup> <!-- -->Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. lisa_ng@immunol.a-star.edu.sg</li></ul></div></div></div></div></article><style data-emotion="css 1895mr1">.css-1895mr1{position:relative;}</style><section aria-labelledby="classifications-heading" id="classifications" data-nav-class="article-section" data-nav-title="Classifications" data-nav-empty="false" class="css-1895mr1"><h2 id="classifications-heading">Classifications</h2><style data-emotion="css 1wiriwp">.css-1wiriwp{margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:-1.25rem;padding-bottom:1.25rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1wiriwp{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}}</style><style data-emotion="css 1gmwcnt">.css-1gmwcnt{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:auto;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(255 255 255 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;padding-top:1.25rem;--tw-shadow:0 1px 3px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1),0 1px 2px -1px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);--tw-shadow-colored:0 1px 3px 0 var(--tw-shadow-color),0 1px 2px -1px var(--tw-shadow-color);box-shadow:var(--tw-ring-offset-shadow, 0 0 #0000),var(--tw-ring-shadow, 0 0 #0000),var(--tw-shadow);margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:-1.25rem;padding-bottom:1.25rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1gmwcnt{border-radius:0.25rem;padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1gmwcnt{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}}</style><div class="css-1gmwcnt erxbzd21"><style data-emotion="css 1sgcjym">.css-1sgcjym{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0.75rem;}</style><ul class="css-1sgcjym"><li><style data-emotion="css apb9rk">.css-apb9rk{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;border-radius:0.25rem;--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(244 246 246 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));padding-left:0.625rem;padding-right:0.625rem;padding-top:0.125rem;padding-bottom:0.125rem;font-size:0.875rem;--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(100 120 134 / var(--tw-text-opacity));}</style><span role="term" class="css-apb9rk">Good for Teaching</span></li></ul></div></section><style data-emotion="css ktox15">.css-ktox15 >:not([hidden])~:not([hidden]){--tw-space-y-reverse:0;margin-top:calc(1.5rem * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-y-reverse)));margin-bottom:calc(1.5rem * var(--tw-space-y-reverse));}</style><div class="paywalled-content css-ktox15"><section aria-labelledby="evaluations-heading" id="evaluations" data-nav-class="article-section" data-nav-title="Evaluations" data-nav-empty="false" class="css-1895mr1"><h2 id="evaluations-heading">Evaluations</h2><style data-emotion="css 1mhpxab">.css-1mhpxab{margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:-1.25rem;padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;padding-bottom:0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 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var(--tw-space-y-reverse)));margin-bottom:calc(1.5rem * var(--tw-space-y-reverse));}}</style><div class="css-pmhxim e2sou6t5"><style data-emotion="css cn44k">.css-cn44k{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}</style><article class="css-cn44k e1pfc8y514"><style data-emotion="css 1jhrn13">.css-1jhrn13{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:1.25rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1jhrn13{padding-bottom:0;}}</style><style data-emotion="css d7v3zr">.css-d7v3zr{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:auto;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:flex-start;--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(255 255 255 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem;padding-top:1.25rem;--tw-shadow:0 1px 3px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1),0 1px 2px -1px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);--tw-shadow-colored:0 1px 3px 0 var(--tw-shadow-color),0 1px 2px -1px var(--tw-shadow-color);box-shadow:var(--tw-ring-offset-shadow, 0 0 #0000),var(--tw-ring-shadow, 0 0 #0000),var(--tw-shadow);padding-top:0;padding-bottom:1.25rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-d7v3zr{border-radius:0.25rem;padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-d7v3zr{padding-bottom:0;}}</style><div aria-label="Recommendation" id="eval793574210" class="css-d7v3zr erxbzd21"><style data-emotion="css 1msp8kf">.css-1msp8kf{margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:-1.25rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;border-top-left-radius:0.25rem;border-top-right-radius:0.25rem;--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(124 0 61 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));padding-left:1.5rem;padding-right:1.5rem;padding-top:0.75rem;padding-bottom:0.75rem;line-height:1.25;--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(255 255 255 / var(--tw-text-opacity));}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1msp8kf{margin-left:-1.5rem;margin-right:-1.5rem;}}</style><div class="css-1msp8kf e1pfc8y512"><style data-emotion="css 6k2f26">.css-6k2f26{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-column-gap:0.5rem;column-gap:0.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1rem;}</style><div aria-label="Rating - Exceptional" class="css-6k2f26 e1pfc8y511"><span>Exceptional</span><style data-emotion="css 1apzffk">.css-1apzffk{fill:rgb(124, 0, 61);--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(255 255 255 / var(--tw-text-opacity));width:18px;height:18px;}</style><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 18 17.249" aria-label="Star" class="css-1apzffk e1pfc8y510"><path 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14.435l4.48 2.679a.957.957 0 001.42-1.034l-1.158-5.1 3.928-3.444a.958.958 0 00.283-1.018zm-8.867 7.865"></path></svg></div><style data-emotion="css f3vz0n">.css-f3vz0n{font-weight:500;}</style><span class="css-f3vz0n e1pfc8y59">07 May 2020</span></div><style data-emotion="css y4576f">.css-y4576f{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding-top:0.75rem;padding-bottom:0.75rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-y4576f{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}</style><div class="css-y4576f e1pfc8y57"><style data-emotion="css 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#0000),var(--tw-ring-shadow, 0 0 #0000),var(--tw-shadow);height:120px!important;display:none;}.css-1yee51f:hover{--tw-shadow:0px 3px 6px #00000067;--tw-shadow-colored:0px 3px 6px var(--tw-shadow-color);box-shadow:var(--tw-ring-offset-shadow, 0 0 #0000),var(--tw-ring-shadow, 0 0 #0000),var(--tw-shadow);}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1yee51f{display:none;}}</style><article class="group css-1yee51f ezkcmmb11" aria-labelledby="faculty-member-1127958813558245-name"><style data-emotion="css 8p8l4l">.css-8p8l4l{min-width:5rem;}</style><style data-emotion="css 1v2guxc">.css-1v2guxc{position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:9999px;height:5rem;width:5rem;min-width:5rem;}</style><div class="css-1v2guxc eh4lgz81"><style data-emotion="css 1059tbt">.css-1059tbt{border-radius:9999px;object-fit:cover;min-width:5rem;}</style><img alt="Hans van Beek" id="1127958813558245" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="ezkcmmb10 css-1059tbt" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/thefaculty/memberphotos/1127958813558245.jpg"/></div><style data-emotion="css 1az2bs0">.css-1az2bs0{margin-left:0.75rem;-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}</style><div class="css-1az2bs0 ezkcmmb5"><style data-emotion="css 7dx0jo">.css-7dx0jo{margin:0;overflow-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:1.5rem;--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(36 55 69 / var(--tw-text-opacity));text-decoration-line:none;overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:2;}.group:hover .css-7dx0jo{text-decoration-line:underline;}</style><a href="/member/1127958813558245" id="faculty-member-1127958813558245-name" class="css-7dx0jo ezkcmmb9">Hans van Beek</a><style data-emotion="css vbg47w">.css-vbg47w{overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:2;}</style><style data-emotion="css pckp55">.css-pckp55{margin:0;overflow-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;font-size:0.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5rem;--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(36 55 69 / var(--tw-text-opacity));overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:2;}</style><p class="css-pckp55 ezkcmmb3"></p><style data-emotion="css 1mg1foo">.css-1mg1foo{margin:0;overflow-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;font-size:0.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5rem;--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(36 55 69 / var(--tw-text-opacity));}</style><p class="css-1mg1foo ezkcmmb3"></p></div><style data-emotion="css wpjyuk">.css-wpjyuk{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;overflow:hidden;font-size:0.875rem;opacity:0;}</style><a href="/member/1127958813558245" aria-hidden="true" class="css-wpjyuk ezkcmmb2">Hans van Beek</a></article><style data-emotion="css 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1hsi7xf">.css-1hsi7xf{margin-left:0.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}.group:hover .css-1hsi7xf{--tw-brightness:brightness(.75);-webkit-filter:var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow);filter:var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow);}</style><div class="css-1hsi7xf e15nu2oc3"><span><a href="/member/1127958813558245" class="css-0 e15nu2oc2">Hans van Beek</a></span></div><style data-emotion="css panwlw">.css-panwlw{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;}</style><a href="/member/1127958813558245" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Hans van Beek" class="css-panwlw e15nu2oc0"></a></div></div><style data-emotion="css v1ygcs">.css-v1ygcs{display:none;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-v1ygcs{display:block;}}</style><style data-emotion="css btkvek">.css-btkvek{display:none;}@media (min-width: 960px){.css-btkvek{display:none;}}</style><style data-emotion="css 1kqcw11">.css-1kqcw11{position:relative;margin-right:0.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(36 55 69 / var(--tw-text-opacity));display:none;}@media (min-width: 960px){.css-1kqcw11{display:none;}}</style><div class="group css-1kqcw11 e15nu2oc4"><div class="css-cqjz2i eh4lgz81"><style data-emotion="css 13wf6t4">.css-13wf6t4{border-radius:9999px;object-fit:cover;}</style><img alt="avatar image" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="css-13wf6t4" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/static-assets/recommendations/no-avatar.svg"/></div><style data-emotion="css 1plqp0w">.css-1plqp0w{margin-left:0.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}</style><div class="css-1plqp0w e15nu2oc3"><span><a class="css-0 e15nu2oc2">+ -1 Evaluators</a></span></div><a aria-hidden="true" aria-label="+ -1 Evaluators" class="css-panwlw e15nu2oc0"></a></div></div><style data-emotion="css 1w9gpcc">.css-1w9gpcc{overflow-wrap:break-word;overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:4;position:relative;max-height:6rem;}.css-1w9gpcc ul,.css-1w9gpcc ol{all:revert;}.css-1w9gpcc::after{content:var(--tw-content);position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;height:4rem;background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--tw-gradient-stops));--tw-gradient-from:transparent;--tw-gradient-to:rgb(255, 255, 255);--tw-gradient-stops:var(--tw-gradient-from),var(--tw-gradient-to);}</style><p class="css-1w9gpcc">This article provides a very clear overview of what is known about the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the course of COVID-19. It describes in considerable detail how the virus infects airway and alveolar epithelia, how the lung cells react with pyroptosis, how the immune system responds and how the immune system overreacts in some patients with a ‘cytokine storm’, which damages the lung and other organs. It even gives an overview of interventional clinical trials. Much appears to be already known, among others by comparisons with the SARS-CoV-1 virus. Hopefully, this may form the basis for new key discoveries to inform effective treatment options.</p><style data-emotion="css 1q5vmyf">.css-1q5vmyf{display:none;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1q5vmyf{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><style data-emotion="css 1ab8aia">.css-1ab8aia{margin-bottom:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-flex-direction:column-reverse;-ms-flex-direction:column-reverse;flex-direction:column-reverse;display:none;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1ab8aia{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><div data-test-id="accordion-test-id" class="css-1ab8aia e1j3q2sr2"><button type="button" role="button" id="react-collapsed-toggle-:R2mlaqj8rjblad56:" aria-controls="react-collapsed-panel-:R2mlaqj8rjblad56:" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" class="css-2n5b2q e1j3q2sr1"><style data-emotion="css 1be0kdk">.css-1be0kdk{margin-bottom:0;display:none;width:100%;border-top-width:1px;border-style:dotted;padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-1be0kdk{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><h3 class="css-1be0kdk e1pfc8y55">More</h3><style data-emotion="css 15r0lc">.css-15r0lc{position:absolute;right:0;display:none;-webkit-transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y));-moz-transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y));-ms-transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y));transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x), var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y));cursor:pointer;transition-duration:150ms;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-15r0lc{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}}</style><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="10" class="css-15r0lc"><path d="M0 0h20L10 10z" fill="#415463"></path></svg></button><div id="react-collapsed-panel-:R2mlaqj8rjblad56:" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing:border-box;display:none;height:0px;overflow:hidden" class="css-k38mov e1j3q2sr0"><style data-emotion="css qxnhs5">.css-qxnhs5{margin-bottom:1rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.css-qxnhs5 >:not([hidden])~:not([hidden]){--tw-space-y-reverse:0;margin-top:calc(1rem * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-y-reverse)));margin-bottom:calc(1rem * var(--tw-space-y-reverse));}</style><div class="css-qxnhs5 e1pfc8y54"><div class="css-0 e1pfc8y52"><style data-emotion="css 26rfcz">.css-26rfcz{margin-bottom:0.5rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.25;margin-bottom:0.25rem;font-weight:700;}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-26rfcz{margin-bottom:0.75rem;font-size:1.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 768px){.css-26rfcz{margin-bottom:0.25rem;}}</style><h3 class="css-26rfcz e1pfc8y53">Classifications</h3><ul class="css-1sgcjym"><li><span role="term" class="css-apb9rk">Good for Teaching</span></li></ul></div><style data-emotion="css 1477gyu">.css-1477gyu{margin-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem;width:100%;border-radius:0.25rem;--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(244 246 246 / var(--tw-bg-opacity));padding:1rem;}</style><dl class="css-1477gyu e1pfc8y56"><h3 class="css-26rfcz e1pfc8y53">Cite this Recommendation:</h3><style data-emotion="css 1galg4q">.css-1galg4q >:not([hidden])~:not([hidden]){--tw-space-y-reverse:0;margin-top:calc(0.75rem * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-y-reverse)));margin-bottom:calc(0.75rem * var(--tw-space-y-reverse));}</style><div class="css-1galg4q"><div>van Beek H: H1 Connect Recommendation of [Tay MZ et al., Nat Rev Immunol 2020 20(6:363-374)]. In H1 Connect, 07 May 2020; </div><style data-emotion="css 1qm40h4">.css-1qm40h4{--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(124 0 61 / var(--tw-text-opacity));}</style><div class="css-1qm40h4"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.3410/f.737834640.793574210">https://doi.org/10.3410/f.737834640.793574210</a></div><div><style data-emotion="css gwn7c2">.css-gwn7c2{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(124 0 61 / var(--tw-text-opacity));}</style><button class="css-gwn7c2"><style data-emotion="css z96rr4">.css-z96rr4{fill:rgb(124, 0, 61);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="css-z96rr4" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 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2020</span></span></div></div><ul class="e13egcvq2 css-109gj68"><li><span role="term" class="css-apb9rk">New Finding</span></li></ul></div></div></article><article data-test-id="rec-container" aria-labelledby="evaluated-article-738472488-title" class="css-1wve475 e13egcvq9"><header class="css-79azp8 e13egcvq8"><h3 data-test-id="rec-title" id="evaluated-article-738472488-title"><a href="/article/738472488" class="css-1i9hac6 e13egcvq7">Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans.</a></h3></header><div class="css-12oq07d"><span data-test-id="rec-authors" class="css-velwgn e13egcvq6">Arunachalam PS et al.<span class="css-1xrl2l4 e13egcvq4"></span><span data-test-id="rec-publication-date" class="css-1hrg1fo e13egcvq5">2020 09 04</span></span><div data-test-id="rec-last-recommendation" class="css-lycprl"><div class="css-11izq68"><span class="css-kkoqjh">Latest recommendation by:</span> <div class="css-lkh5er e13egcvq1"><span class="css-s5xdrg 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aria-labelledby="evaluated-article-737654646-title" class="css-1wve475 e13egcvq9"><header class="css-79azp8 e13egcvq8"><h3 data-test-id="rec-title" id="evaluated-article-737654646-title"><a href="/article/737654646" class="css-1i9hac6 e13egcvq7">Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019.</a></h3></header><div class="css-12oq07d"><span data-test-id="rec-authors" class="css-velwgn e13egcvq6">Wölfel R et al.<span class="css-1xrl2l4 e13egcvq4"></span><span data-test-id="rec-publication-date" class="css-1hrg1fo e13egcvq5">2020 05</span></span><div data-test-id="rec-last-recommendation" class="css-lycprl"><div class="css-11izq68"><span class="css-kkoqjh">Latest recommendation by:</span> <div class="css-lkh5er e13egcvq1"><span class="css-s5xdrg e13egcvq0"><div data-test-id="rec-last-recommendation-evaluator" class="e13egcvq3 group css-1fbzyq4 e15nu2oc4"><div class="css-cqjz2i eh4lgz81"><img alt="avatar image" id="6345328152547276" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="css-qlq72y" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/thefaculty/memberphotos/6345328152547276.jpg"/></div><div class="css-1hsi7xf e15nu2oc3"><span><a href="/member/6345328152547276" class="css-0 e15nu2oc2">Doug Dieterich</a></span></div><a href="/member/6345328152547276" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Doug Dieterich" class="css-panwlw e15nu2oc0"></a></div></span><span class="css-s5xdrg e13egcvq0"><div data-test-id="rec-last-recommendation-evaluator" class="e13egcvq3 group css-1fbzyq4 e15nu2oc4"><div class="css-cqjz2i eh4lgz81"><img alt="avatar image" id="1062846" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="css-qlq72y" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/thefaculty/memberphotos/1062846.png"/></div><div class="css-1hsi7xf e15nu2oc3"><span><a href="/member/1062846" class="css-0 e15nu2oc2">Clara Rodriguez Rivas</a></span></div><a href="/member/1062846" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Clara Rodriguez Rivas" class="css-panwlw e15nu2oc0"></a></div><span class="css-1vl33at">07 Apr 2020</span></span></div></div><ul class="e13egcvq2 css-109gj68"><li><span role="term" class="css-apb9rk">Confirmation</span></li><li><span role="term" class="css-apb9rk">Good for Teaching</span></li><li><span role="term" class="css-apb9rk">Interesting Hypothesis</span></li></ul></div></div></article><article data-test-id="rec-container" aria-labelledby="evaluated-article-740781542-title" class="css-1wve475 e13egcvq9"><header class="css-79azp8 e13egcvq8"><h3 data-test-id="rec-title" id="evaluated-article-740781542-title"><a href="/article/740781542" class="css-1i9hac6 e13egcvq7">Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in the Pathogenesis of Renal Abnormalities Observed in COVID-19 Patients.</a></h3></header><div class="css-12oq07d"><span data-test-id="rec-authors" class="css-velwgn e13egcvq6">Azinheira Nobrega Cruz N et al.<span class="css-1xrl2l4 e13egcvq4"></span><span data-test-id="rec-publication-date" class="css-1hrg1fo e13egcvq5">2021</span></span><div data-test-id="rec-last-recommendation" class="css-lycprl"><div class="css-11izq68"><span class="css-kkoqjh">Latest recommendation by:</span> <div class="css-lkh5er e13egcvq1"><span class="css-s5xdrg e13egcvq0"><div data-test-id="rec-last-recommendation-evaluator" class="e13egcvq3 group css-1fbzyq4 e15nu2oc4"><div class="css-cqjz2i eh4lgz81"><img alt="avatar image" id="499999771097616174" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="css-qlq72y" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" src="/thefaculty/memberphotos/499999771097616174.jpg"/></div><div class="css-1hsi7xf e15nu2oc3"><span><a href="/member/499999771097616174" class="css-0 e15nu2oc2">Tahir Hussain</a></span></div><a href="/member/499999771097616174" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Tahir Hussain" class="css-panwlw 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Immunology","abbreviation":"Nat Rev Immunol"},"articleAbstract":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Alongside investigations into the virology of SARS-CoV-2, understanding the fundamental physiological and immunological processes underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is vital for the identification and rational design of effective therapies. Here, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We describe the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the immune system and the subsequent contribution of dysfunctional immune responses to disease progression. From nascent reports describing SARS-CoV-2, we make inferences on the basis of the parallel pathophysiological and immunological features of the other human coronaviruses targeting the lower respiratory tract - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Finally, we highlight the implications of these approaches for potential therapeutic interventions that target viral infection and/or immunoregulation.","externalArticleUrl":"http://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-020-0311-8","preprint":false,"indications":[{"name":"inflammation","id":"100449594431"},{"name":"pneumonia, viral","id":"978717257236"},{"name":"disease progression","id":"284542866421"},{"name":"coronavirus infections","id":"473675700867"},{"name":"covid19","id":"244172228566"}],"conferences":[],"articleTypes":[{"code":"REVIEW","label":"Review / Commentary"}],"classifications":[{"code":"GOOD_FOR_TEACHING","label":"Good for Teaching"}],"fullTextLink":"http://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-020-0311-8","articleGrants":[],"insFullTextLinkResolverQueryString":"sid=facultyopinions\u0026genre=article\u0026id=doi:10.1038%2Fs41577-020-0311-8\u0026id=pmid:32346093\u0026issn=1474-1733\u0026volume=20\u0026issue=6\u0026pagination=363-374\u0026atitle=The+trinity+of+COVID-19%3A+immunity%2C+inflammation+and+intervention.\u0026title=Nature+Reviews.+Immunology\u0026date=2020"},"initialEvaluations":[{"id":793574210,"publishedDate":"2020-05-07","classifications":[{"code":"GOOD_FOR_TEACHING","label":"Good for Teaching"}],"recommendationText":"This article provides a very clear overview of what is known about the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the course of COVID-19. It describes in considerable detail how the virus infects airway and alveolar epithelia, how the lung cells react with pyroptosis, how the immune system responds and how the immune system overreacts in some patients with a \u0026lsquo;cytokine storm\u0026rsquo;, which damages the lung and other organs. It even gives an overview of interventional clinical trials. Much appears to be already known, among others by comparisons with the SARS-CoV-1 virus. Hopefully, this may form the basis for new key discoveries to inform effective treatment options.","evaluationText":"This article provides a very clear overview of what is known about the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the course of COVID-19. It describes in considerable detail how the virus infects airway and alveolar epithelia, how the lung cells react with pyroptosis, how the immune system responds and how the immune system overreacts in some patients with a \u0026lsquo;cytokine storm\u0026rsquo;, which damages the lung and other organs. 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