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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"><HEAD>  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1"> <TITLE>NIST Fundamental Constants Bibliographic Search</TITLE>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-9SLN1VEEJ2"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-9SLN1VEEJ2'); </script>  <SCRIPT async id="_fed_an_ua_tag" src="https://dap.digitalgov.gov/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=DOC&subagency=NIST&pua=UA-37115410-46&yt=false&exts=ppsx,pps,f90,sch,rtf,wrl,txz,m1v,xlsm,msi,xsd,f,tif,eps,mpg,xml,pl,xlt,c"></script> <script src="/js/clickjack.js"></script> </HEAD> <BODY text="black" bgcolor="#ffffe6" link="#7600ad" vlink="#330099" alink="#ff0099" background="/cuu/Images/BGROUND-GY.gif"> <FORM name="bibliographic database" method="post" action="/cgi-bin/fundconst/Results"> <TABLE BORDER="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="630"> <TR> <TD><A href="../../index.html"><img src="../../Images/cuu.gif" align="left" BORDER="0" width="388" height="80" hspace="12" ALT="The NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty"></A></TD> <TD> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#339606">Information at the foundation of modern science and technology from the <A href="https://nist.gov/pml">Physical Measurement Laboratory</A> of <A href="http://www.nist.gov">NIST</A></FONT></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <P> <img src="/cuu/Images/HEAD-FundCon2.gif" width="550" height="30" ALT="Fundamental Physical Constants" BORDER="0" hspace="15" vspace="4"> <BR clear="all"> <TABLE BORDER="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <TR> <TD width="140" valign="top"> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099"> <TABLE BORDER="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="108"> <TR> <TD align="center" colspan="2"> <TABLE BORDER="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <TR> <TD align="center" bgcolor="#98d8ae" nowrap> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="-1" color="#750b15"><B>Constants<BR> Topics:</B></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD align="center" nowrap bgcolor="#c9edd6"> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="-1" color="#330099"><A href="/cuu/Constants/index.html">Values</A></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD align="center" nowrap bgcolor="#c9edd6"> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="-1" color="#330099"><A href="/cuu/Constants/energy.html">Energy<BR> Equivalents</A></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD align="center" bgcolor="#c9edd6" nowrap> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="-1" color="#330099"><A href="Search.html"><B>Searchable<BR> Bibliography</B></A></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD align="center" bgcolor="#c9edd6"> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="-1" color="#330099"><A href="/cuu/Constants/background.html">Background</A></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD align="center"><HR width="22" SIZE="-1" NOSHADE></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD align="center"> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="-1" color="#330099"><A href="/cuu/Constants/bibliography.html">Constants<BR> Bibliography</A></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD align="center"><HR width="22" SIZE="-1" NOSHADE></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD align="center"> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="-1" color="#330099"><A href="/cuu/index.html">Constants,<BR> Units &<BR> Uncertainty<BR> home page</A></FONT></TD> </TR> </TABLE> </TD></TR></TABLE> </FONT> <img src="/cuu/Images/space126.gif" ALT="" width="141" height="1"></TD> <TD align="left" valign="top"> <TABLE BORDER="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <TR> <TD><FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="+2" color="#9e0011"><B>Searchable bibliography on the constants</B>     </FONT></TD> <TD align="right"> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="-1" color="#9e0011"> <A href="../../Reference/versionbib.shtml">Version history</A></FONT></TD> </TR> </TABLE> <UL> <P> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099" SIZE="-1"><A href="cover.html">Introduction</A>         <A href="Search-notation.html">Detailed search instructions</A>        <A href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/database-disclaimer">Disclaimer</A></FONT> </P> <P> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#006633"><NOBR><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Obtain </B></FONT> <FONT SIZE="+1"><B>bibliographic citations </B> by completing <B> one </B> or <B> more </B> items:</NOBR></FONT></FONT> </P> <UL> <P> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099"><B>Word</B>(s) in title or assigned <A href="keywords.html">keyword(s)</A>: e.g., </FONT> <FONT color="#330099"><tt>alpha</tt></FONT> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099"><BR> <input type="text" name="keywords" size="37"> </FONT> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="-1" color="#7963a6"><NOBR>Allow similar spelling <input type="checkbox" name="misspell" value="w"></NOBR></FONT> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099"><B><BR> Author</B></FONT> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099">(s):   <input type="text" name="author" size="25"> </FONT> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="-1" color="#7963a6"><NOBR>Allow similar spelling <input type="checkbox" name="misspell" value="a"></NOBR></FONT> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099"><B><BR> Year</B></FONT> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099">(s):   from   <input type="text" name="year1" SIZE="4" maxlength="4">    to   <input type="text" name="year2" SIZE="4" maxlength="4"> </FONT></P> <DL> <dt><FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099"><B>Include</B></FONT> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099"> the following: </FONT> <dd><FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099">Types of research:  <input type="checkbox" name="research" value="ex" checked> Experimental    <input type="checkbox" name="research" value="th" checked> Theoretical <BR> Types of papers:  <input type="checkbox" name="paper" value="o" checked> Original research    <input type="checkbox" name="paper" value="r" checked> Review </FONT> </DL> <P> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="+1" color="#330099"> <B><input type="submit" value="Search for Papers"></B></FONT> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" color="#330099">  <input type="reset"> </FONT></P> </UL> </UL> <P> <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="+2" color="#9e0011"><B>See also</B></FONT><BR>        <FONT face="Myriad Roman,Syntax,Officinia Sans,Gill Sans,Arial,Helvetica" SIZE="+1" color="#330099"><A href="/cuu/Constants/index.html"> <NOBR>Values of the constants</NOBR></A><BR>      <A href="/cuu/Constants/background.html">Background information</A> related to the constants</FONT><BR> </P> <P> </P></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD width="140"></TD> <TD><FONT color="#3142bd">NIST Standard Reference Database 123<BR><BR> <A href="/cuu/Reference/contents.html">Detailed contents</A>.   <A href="/cuu/Reference/about.html">About this reference</A>.   <a href="mailto:pml-webmaster@nist.gov">Feedback</A>.</FONT> <P align="center"> <FONT 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