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mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_gl.wikipedia.org&uselang=gl" class=""><span>Doazóns</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&returnto=Software+privativo" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio" class=""><span>Crear unha conta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&returnto=Software+privativo" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Máis opcións" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas persoais" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas persoais</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú de usuario" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_gl.wikipedia.org&uselang=gl"><span>Doazóns</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&returnto=Software+privativo" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear unha conta</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&returnto=Software+privativo" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páxinas para os editores sen a sesión iniciada <a href="/wiki/Axuda:Introduci%C3%B3n" aria-label="Máis información sobre a edición"><span>máis información</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:As_mi%C3%B1as_contribuci%C3%B3ns" title="Unha lista das modificacións feitas desde este enderezo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucións</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:A_mi%C3%B1a_conversa" title="Conversa acerca de edicións feitas desde este enderezo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contidos" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contidos</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definicións" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definicións"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definicións</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definicións-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Definicións"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definicións-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_propietario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_propietario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Software propietario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_propietario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_privativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_privativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Software privativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_privativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundamentos_lexislativos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamentos_lexislativos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fundamentos lexislativos</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fundamentos_lexislativos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Fundamentos lexislativos"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fundamentos_lexislativos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marco_legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marco_legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Marco legal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marco_legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitacións" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitacións"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Limitacións</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitacións-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Críticas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Críticas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Críticas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Críticas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemplos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemplos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exemplos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemplos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Véxase tamén"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outros_artigos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outros_artigos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Outros artigos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outros_artigos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Software privativo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 50 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="برمجية محتكرة – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمجية محتكرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="برامج احتكاريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برامج احتكاريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96z%C9%99l_proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1" title="Özəl proqram təminatı – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Özəl proqram təminatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlasni%C4%8Dki_softver" title="Vlasnički softver – bosníaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vlasnički softver" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programari_de_propietat" title="Programari de propietat – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programari de propietat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نەرمامێری ساماندار – kurdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەرمامێری ساماندار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_software" title="Proprietární software – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proprietární software" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A6r_software" title="Proprietær software – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Proprietær software" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A4re_Software" title="Proprietäre Software – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proprietäre Software" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proprietary software" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallibera_programaro" title="Mallibera programaro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mallibera programaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_propietario" title="Software propietario – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Software propietario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_jabedun" title="Software jabedun – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Software jabedun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نرم‌افزار مالکیتی – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرم‌افزار مالکیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omisteinen_ohjelmisto" title="Omisteinen ohjelmisto – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Omisteinen ohjelmisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiciel_propri%C3%A9taire" title="Logiciel propriétaire – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Logiciel propriétaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="अमुक्त स्रोत सॉफ्टवेयर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमुक्त स्रोत सॉफ्टवेयर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1rt_forr%C3%A1sk%C3%B3d%C3%BA_szoftver" title="Zárt forráskódú szoftver – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zárt forráskódú szoftver" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_milik_perorangan" title="Perangkat lunak milik perorangan – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perangkat lunak milik perorangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deslibera_programaro" title="Deslibera programaro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Deslibera programaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9reignarhugb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Séreignarhugbúnaður – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Séreignarhugbúnaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_proprietario" title="Software proprietario – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Software proprietario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="プロプライエタリソフトウェア – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロプライエタリソフトウェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9C%A0_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="사유 소프트웨어 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사유 소프트웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEdaras_kodas" title="Uždaras kodas – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Uždaras kodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%93gtais_kods" title="Slēgtais kods – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slēgtais kods" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Оза улшан компьютер программе вораҥдыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Оза улшан компьютер программе вораҥдыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="കുത്തക സോഫ്റ്റ്‍വെയർ – malabar" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുത്തക സോഫ്റ്റ്‍വെയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisian_hak_milik" title="Perisian hak milik – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perisian hak milik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propri%C3%ABtaire_software" title="Propriëtaire software – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Propriëtaire software" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A6r_programvare" title="Proprietær programvare – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proprietær programvare" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamkni%C4%99te_oprogramowanie" title="Zamknięte oprogramowanie – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zamknięte oprogramowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_propriet%C3%A1rio" title="Software proprietário – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Software proprietário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuqniyuq_llamp%27ukaq" title="Kapuqniyuq llamp'ukaq – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kapuqniyuq llamp'ukaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_proprietar" title="Software proprietar – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Software proprietar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Проприетарное программное обеспечение – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Проприетарное программное обеспечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%BD_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="ملڪيتي سافٽ ويئر – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ملڪيتي سافٽ ويئر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C" title="හිමිකාර මෘදුකාංග – cingalés" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිමිකාර මෘදුකාංග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proprietary software" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A1rny_softv%C3%A9r" title="Proprietárny softvér – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Proprietárny softvér" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Власнички софтвер – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Власнички софтвер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A4r_programvara" title="Proprietär programvara – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proprietär programvara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தனியுடைமை மென்பொருள் – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனியுடைமை மென்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="ซอฟต์แวร์จำกัดสิทธิ์ – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซอฟต์แวร์จำกัดสิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zel_m%C3%BClk_yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m" title="Özel mülk yazılım – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özel mülk yazılım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Пропрієтарне програмне забезпечення – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пропрієтарне програмне забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="ملکیتی سافٹ ویئر – urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملکیتی سافٹ ویئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietar_dasturiy_ta%CA%BCminot" title="Proprietar dasturiy taʼminot – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proprietar dasturiy taʼminot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m_s%E1%BB%9F_h%E1%BB%AFu_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Phần mềm sở hữu độc quyền – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phần mềm sở hữu độc quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E6%9C%89%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="专有软件 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="专有软件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q218616#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar as ligazóns interlingüísticas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar as ligazóns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espazos de nomes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Software_privativo" title="Ver o contido da páxina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conversa:Software_privativo" rel="discussion" title="Conversa acerca do contido desta páxina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&printable=yes" title="Versión para imprimir da páxina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versión para imprimir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros proxectos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proprietary_software" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q218616" title="Ligazón ao elemento conectado no repositorio de datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento de Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas das páxinas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">agochar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"><p>O <b>software privativo</b> ou <b>software propietario</b><sup id="cite_ref-debianfacil_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debianfacil-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tecnoorg_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tecnoorg-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-madrid_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madrid-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goitia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goitia-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> é todo o <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> que non ten o seu <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_fonte" title="Código fonte">código fonte</a> accesible dunha forma libre, sen restricións, porque o desenvolvedor, ou unha <a href="/wiki/Persoa_f%C3%ADsica" title="Persoa física">persoa física</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Persoa_xur%C3%ADdica" title="Persoa xurídica">xurídica</a>, retén a <a href="/wiki/Propiedade_intelectual" title="Propiedade intelectual">propiedade intelectual</a> deste<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goitia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goitia-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciencewithcplus_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencewithcplus-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> ou incluso os dereitos de <a href="/wiki/Patente" title="Patente">patentes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Inc2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc2003-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>O software privativo pódese distribuír tanto dun xeito gratuíto como comercial.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inc2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc2003-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, o usuario final só ten a posibilidade de executar un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Execut%C3%A1bel_(binario)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Executábel (binario) (a páxina aínda non existe)">binario</a> baixo certas condicións que establece o desenvolvedor ou distribuidor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inc2003_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc2003-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Esas condicións non cumpren algún dos <a href="/wiki/Software_libre#Definición_e_as_catros_liberdades" title="Software libre">catro principios</a> que indica o manifesto de <a href="/wiki/Software_libre" title="Software libre">software libre</a>: ou ben o desenvolvedor establece en que casos se pode usar ese software, ou non ofrece o código fonte ou non permite a modificación e adaptación del por parte do usuario.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tecnoorg_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tecnoorg-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-madrid_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madrid-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moreimportant_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moreimportant-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oftenmalware_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oftenmalware-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Esas limitacións poden ser tanto para a totalidade do software como para unha parte deste.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Con isto, o software privativo é o <a href="/wiki/Antonimia" title="Antonimia">antónimo</a> de software libre segundo o manifesto da <a href="/wiki/FSF" class="mw-redirect" title="FSF">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF).<sup id="cite_ref-moreimportant_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moreimportant-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oftenmalware_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oftenmalware-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Historia"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg/220px-IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg/330px-IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg/440px-IBM_Electronic_Data_Processing_Machine_-_GPN-2000-001881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption>Investigadores do Comité nacional de apoio á aeronáutica (NACA), <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Estados Unidos de América">Estados Unidos</a>, usando un IBM 704 para o procesamento de datos en 1957.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ata o final dos anos <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a> as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supercomputadora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supercomputadora (a páxina aínda non existe)">supercomputadoras</a> e os centros de datos, como os de <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, eran grandes e caros. Os servizos do seu uso eran por préstamo ou arrendamento, máis que por venda.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceruzzi_2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceruzzi_2003-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Nos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_Labs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bell Labs (a páxina aínda non existe)">laboratorios Bell</a>, Ken Thompson e Dennis Ritchie comezaron na década dos <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a> o desenvolvemento de <a href="/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>. UNIX distribuíano ofrecendo o <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_fonte" title="Código fonte">código fonte</a> do <a href="/wiki/Sistema_operativo" title="Sistema operativo">sistema operativo</a> ou das aplicacións, e os usuarios (que eran universidades, institutos de investigación...) editábano segundo as súas necesidades.<sup id="cite_ref-unixhistory_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unixhistory-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Os fabricantes facilitaban tanto o servizo como o software que tiñan dispoñible para eses equipos ata finais da década de 1960. Cando se distribuían computadores polo xeral xa se proporcionaba o <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_fonte" title="Código fonte">código fonte</a> do software que precisaban. Os usuarios acostumaban a desenvolver software e distribuírllo a demais colaboradores sen ningún tipo de custo.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Nesa década interesáballes manter unha liña de estandarización do software que empregaban, polo que era común compartir o código fonte en revistas como a <i>Creative Computing</i> ou <i>Byte</i>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a> <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> atopouse con causas xudiciais abertas por <a href="/wiki/Monopolio" title="Monopolio">monopolio</a> no seu sector. A súa reacción ante iso foi liderar un cambio na industria e a cobrar por separado o software que se distribuía cos computadores e os servizos prestados,<sup id="cite_ref-Pugh2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh2002-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1969_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1969-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> separando <a href="/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware">hardware</a> e <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Con iso diferenciáronse ambos elementos por primeira vez na industria de <a href="/wiki/Servidor" title="Servidor">servidores</a>, e considerouse o software como un produto comercial. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg/220px-Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg/330px-Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg/440px-Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption> A carta aberta de <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> de xaneiro de <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a> para os afeccionados, publicada na revista "Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter".</figcaption></figure> <p>En <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> denunciou na súa "Carta aberta aos afeccionados" a suposta violación que os afeccionados facían no sector informático. Apuntou en particular aos usuarios do intérprete Altari <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> de <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> e recordoulles que o "roubo" de software supoñíalles unha dificultade para producir "software de calidade".<sup id="cite_ref-Gates_1976_open_letter_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates_1976_open_letter-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> De feito, como dixo Brewster Kahle, a legalidade da distribución do software cambiou nos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Estados Unidos de América">Estados Unidos</a> pola Lei de <a href="/wiki/Dereito_de_autor%C3%ADa" title="Dereito de autoría">Dereitos de Autor</a> de <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahle_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahle-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En febreiro de <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a> IBM adoptou un modelo de "só <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_obxecto" title="Código obxecto">código obxecto</a>" para a súa crecente lista de software e deixou de enviar o seu código fonte a canda os pedidos.<sup id="cite_ref-bryan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryan-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nos Estados Unidos no <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a> aceptouse que o software binario estivese suxeito a dereitos de autoría. Iso foi resultado dun conflito lexislativo entre as compañías <a href="/wiki/Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple">Apple</a> e Franklin<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> que o resolveu dese xeito. Antes só o código fonte estaba suxeito aos dereitos de autoría.<sup id="cite_ref-landley2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landley2009-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Ademais a crecente facilidade de conseguir computadoras baseadas na mesma arquitectura de <a href="/wiki/Microprocesador" title="Microprocesador">microprocesador</a> permitiu o nacemento dun mercado grande no que se podía introducir o software distribuído como binario, sen que se precisase levar código asociado.<sup id="cite_ref-landley2009_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landley2009-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definicións"><span id="Definici.C3.B3ns"></span>Definicións</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Definicións»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Definicións"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Os termos de software <b>propietario</b> ou <b>privativo</b> poden expresar diferentes conceptos<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> e cabe diferencialos de <b>software privado</b>. </p><p>Segundo a <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</a>, o <i>software privado</i> ou <i>personalizado</i> é aquel que unha persoa desenvolve máis non comparte, nin en forma de código fonte nin como binario.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Nese caso non incumpre os preceptos do manifesto do software libre e non é "software privado" ou "privativo".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O <i>software privativo</i> ou <i>propietario</i> é aquel no que, ben se distribúa con fins comerciais ou non, as terceiras partes o poden empregar pero baixo as condicións dunha licenza que non permite ou ver o código fonte, ou modificalo ou distribuílo.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> "Software privativo" ou "propietario" poden entenderse como dous conceptos diferentes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_propietario">Software propietario</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar a sección: «Software propietario»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Software propietario"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O termo de ""<i>software propietario</i>" traduciuse do <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a> "<i>propietary software</i>". Este termo subliña que hai unha "<i>propiedade ou control en privado</i>" dos dereitos intelectuais, e de cesión de uso, sobre do software. Porén, unha <i>propiedade</i> significa "ter o dereito ou facultade de posuír unha cousa"<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> mais o software é algo inmaterial; e que, co cal, está suxeito a <a href="/wiki/Dereito_de_autor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereito de autor">dereitos de autoría</a> e licenzas de uso.<sup id="cite_ref-debianfacil_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debianfacil-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Por iso os dereitos de uso se establecen nas licenzas coas que se distribúe o software. Eses dereitos que alí se definen poden tanto limitar o uso do software dalgún xeito como aplicar a definición da FSF (e co cal pasa a ser <a href="/wiki/Software_libre" title="Software libre">software libre</a>). O termo inglés intenta expresar a obriga de facer un pagamento para o uso dese software.<sup id="cite_ref-debianfacil_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debianfacil-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_privativo">Software privativo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar a sección: «Software privativo»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Software privativo"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xa que en linguas como o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_galega" title="Lingua galega">galego</a><sup id="cite_ref-tecnoorg_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tecnoorg-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> ou <a href="/wiki/Lingua_castel%C3%A1" title="Lingua castelá">castelán</a><sup id="cite_ref-debianfacil_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debianfacil-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> o termo <i>propietario</i> non reflicte ben se o software ten unha liberdade de uso tal e como a define a FSF, emprégase o termo <i>software privativo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-debianfacil_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debianfacil-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O termo <i>software privativo</i> comezouno a empregar <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> en <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>. Fíxoo nas súas conferencias sobre software libre que impartiu en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_castel%C3%A1" title="Lingua castelá">castelán</a>. Segundo Stallman o termo "privativo" significa "<i>que provoca a privación ou a restrición de dereitos ou liberdades</i>". En galego o termo privativo reflicte "pertenza exclusiva" ou "expresa unha causa ou privación de algo".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> Con iso quixo subliñar cando é que unha licenza de software non cumpre as definicións da <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</a> de <a href="/wiki/Software_libre" title="Software libre">software libre</a> e que polo tanto cando se lle "'<i>priva</i>" aos usuarios de todas ou dalgunha das súas catro liberdades.<sup id="cite_ref-stallmandefvideo_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stallmandefvideo-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dccchile_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dccchile-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> A FSF emprega, como sinónimo perfecto, o termo "<i>software non libre"</i> para todo o software propietario ou privativo.<sup id="cite_ref-gplnonfree_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gplnonfree-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Aquel software que non cumpre as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li%C3%B1as_para_o_software_libre_de_Debian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liñas para o software libre de Debian (a páxina aínda non existe)">"Liñas para o software libre</a> de <a href="/wiki/Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian">Debian"</a></i> tamén se pode clasificar, segundo os criterios desa fundación, como privativo.<sup id="cite_ref-debianfreedef_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debianfreedef-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Iniciative" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Iniciative">OSI</a> é menos restritiva con respecto a esta definición e considera que o software é privativo cando non é de <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_aberto" class="mw-redirect" title="Código aberto">código aberto</a> e non ten asociada algunha das licenzas libres que considera aceptables, e que ben poden ser permisivas (como a <a href="/wiki/Licenza_MIT" title="Licenza MIT">MIT</a>) ou estritas (como a <a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPLv3</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-osi_copyleft_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osi_copyleft-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fundamentos_lexislativos">Fundamentos lexislativos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar a sección: «Fundamentos lexislativos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Fundamentos lexislativos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marco_legal">Marco legal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar a sección: «Marco legal»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Marco legal"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A maior parte do software está cuberto por <a href="/wiki/Dereito_de_autor%C3%ADa" title="Dereito de autoría">dereitos de autoría</a>, ou copyright. Dependendo do marco xurídico de cada estado, os dereitos de autoría xunto coas leis de contratos, as <a href="/wiki/Patente" title="Patente">patentes</a> de software ou os segredos comerciais sentan a base da lexislación que permite que o propietario obteña os dereitos de explotación exclusivos.<sup id="cite_ref-liberman_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberman-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os vendedores de software definen os termos de uso específicos nun "contrato de licenza para o usuario final" (EULA). O usuario pode aceptar ou non ese contrato escrito, que polo xeral se fai aceptando nunha xanela durante o proceso de instalación (un "clickwrap") ou cun texto que acompaña ao software no arquivo de instalación (ou "licenza asociada"). Os termos da licenza non adoitan ser negociables e só teñen un formato único.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As patentes de software outórganlle a exclusividade de explotación aos propietarios dos algoritmos da aplicación, as características que fan particular a ese software ou outras características que a lexislación de cada estado permita <a href="/wiki/Patente" title="Patente">patentar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-donovan_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donovan-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Algunhas veces os provedores garántenlle aos usuarios os dereitos de patente dentro do contrato que supón a aceptación da licenza. Por outra banda, o <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_fonte" title="Código fonte">código fonte</a> do software é polo xeral tratado como un "segredo comercial".<sup id="cite_ref-donovan_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donovan-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nalgúns casos o software ponse a disposición dos usuarios con menos restricións, e así o especifican na licenza. Poden ser gratuítos ou ben de "licenzas de código aberto", que permiten acceder a código ou a modificalo pero distribuílo baixo condicións definidas que non cumpren as definicións de "libre" da <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Iniciative" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Iniciative">OSI</a> e/ou da <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitacións"><span id="Limitaci.C3.B3ns"></span>Limitacións</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar a sección: «Limitacións»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Limitacións"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Os contratos de licenza que o software pode incluír non prevalecen sobre das leis estatais de dereitos de autor ou as leis de contratos. De feito as licenzas dese software poden estar a incumprir a lexislación dun estado, e consecuentemente, non ser aplicables nin efectivas.<sup id="cite_ref-aoife_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aoife-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nalgunhas lexislacións, como a dos Estados Unidos, dáse o caso de que se pode rexistrar software e obter a licenza de explotación sen que iso lles obrigue a liberar ese software ao mercado. Que se dea esa situación é porque hai a vontade de quererse adiantar no rexistro de marcas ou ideas nese marco legal, e asegurar a posibilidade dunha explotación comercial posterior.<sup id="cite_ref-microxp2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microxp2-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Críticas"><span id="Cr.C3.ADticas"></span>Críticas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar a sección: «Críticas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Críticas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O software privativo restrinxe ou limita as posibilidades de uso do software e tamén a <a href="/wiki/Contrato" title="Contrato">contratación</a> de <a href="/wiki/Servizo" title="Servizo">servizos</a> para ese software. Pola contra o <a href="/wiki/Software_libre" title="Software libre">software libre</a> permite que existan varios distribuidores ou comerciais para o mesmo software. Por iso, tense argumentado que no caso do software libre asínase un contrato equitativo entre as partes e que as súas condicións de uso favorecen a <a href="/wiki/Produtividade" title="Produtividade">produtividade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-quirol_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quirol-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> Na filosofía do <a href="/wiki/Proxecto_GNU" title="Proxecto GNU">proxecto GNU</a>, a instalación de software privativo considérase "<a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">inmoral</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> O seu fundador, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, sinalou en varias ocasións que cando unha persoa adquire software privativo inmediatamente entra nel o seguinte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dilema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilema (a páxina aínda non existe)">dilema</a> ético<sup id="cite_ref-stallman2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stallman2015-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6856698">.mw-parser-output .flexquote{display:flex;flex-direction:column;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border-left:3px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);font-size:90%;margin:1em 4em;padding:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.quote{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.separator{border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);margin:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.cite{text-align:right}@media all and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{flex-direction:column}}</style> </p> <blockquote class="flexquote"> <div class="flex"> <div class="quote">"se quen posúe a aplicación lla mostra a un amigo ou amiga, e el ou ela llo piden prestado para copialo, ou se é un bo cliente ou mal amigo - por non compartilo con el ou ela - ou un bo amigo e polo tanto un mal cliente, e nalgúns casos se ve perseguido pola lei polo feito de prestar o seu software".</div> </div> </blockquote><p>. </p><p>Inda que establezan sistemas de pagamento para obter copias dos instaladores, é común atopar <a href="/wiki/Pirater%C3%ADa_(dereito_de_autor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piratería (dereito de autor)">copias ilegais</a> para a instalación de software privativo. Arguméntase que iso é unha estratexia comercial das propias empresas produtoras para facilitar que o seu software se popularice.<sup id="cite_ref-feltrero_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feltrero-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-darosa_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darosa-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Xa que o software privativo emprega por costume <a href="/wiki/Extensi%C3%B3n" title="Extensión">formatos de ficheiros</a> non estándar (que non adoitan ter soporte de comisións internacionais, como a <a href="/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Internacional_para_a_Estandarizaci%C3%B3n" title="Organización Internacional para a Estandarización">ISO</a>) e que non permiten que se inclúa un xestor dese formato noutras aplicacións, poden supoñer o risco de perda de datos e de información. Tamén pode dificultar a migración total dos usuarios dese software a outras aplicacións similares.<sup id="cite_ref-darosa_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darosa-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> O uso deses formatos é unha estratexia comercial para que os usuarios non cambien a outra aplicación.<sup id="cite_ref-darosa_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darosa-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> O uso de software privativo pode significar tamén unha maior posibilidade de perder o soporte técnico. Nos caso de perda de rendibilidade na comercialización ou outras decisións por cuestións comerciais, os desenvolvedores (ou a compañía que explota o produto) pode deixar de ofrecer o servizo de desenvolvemento e de mantemento do produto.<sup id="cite_ref-darosa_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darosa-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Unha vez acontece, non hai entidades que ofrezan os servizos de soporte e mantemento nos equipos con ese software.<sup id="cite_ref-darosa_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darosa-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dadas as características do software privativo os usuarios finais non teñen acceso ao contido completo, ou con total liberdade de uso, como para comprobar os erros e corrixilos ou detectar código que supoña un risco de <a href="/wiki/Privacidade" title="Privacidade">privacidade</a> ou abuso dos dereitos do usuario.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-security_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-security-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Ademais, os distribuidores de <a href="/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware">hardware</a> en múltiples ocasións comercialízano distribuíndo librerías de soporte que teñen unha licenza privativa. Iso limita o aproveitamento do hardware e crea unha dependencia co software do distribuidor.<sup id="cite_ref-torres2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torres2015-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adóitase resaltar a facilidade de uso e a calidade das <a href="/wiki/Interface_gr%C3%A1fica_de_usuario" title="Interface gráfica de usuario">interfaces gráficas</a> do software privativo. Porén esa apreciación pode ser só porque aos usuarios lles custa migrar a unha nova aplicación e ter que aprender unha nova interface gráfica. Co iso, esa apreciación débese máis ao deseño da interface do software e non ao tipo de licenzas que teña a aplicación.<sup id="cite_ref-troyano30_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troyano30-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A contra do software libre, o privativo limita a colaboración entre usuarios co que pode restrinxir o fomento do coñecemento.<sup id="cite_ref-adell_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adell-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cabay_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabay-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> Pode supoñer unha duplicidade no gasto das administracións e ser de maior custo que as alternativas de software libre.<sup id="cite_ref-feltrero_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feltrero-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cabay_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabay-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> No caso da <a href="/wiki/Ciencia" title="Ciencia">ciencia</a>, o uso de software privativo (e non liberar o código fonte empregado con el, ou facelo pero nun formato pechado) impide revisar a metodoloxía que se empregou para obter os resultados. Por exemplo, así descoñécense os <a href="/wiki/Algoritmo" title="Algoritmo">algoritmos</a> ou a forma de procesamento de datos que se empregou de facto. Iso pode derivar en erros innecesarios nas conclusións dos estudos.<sup id="cite_ref-darosa_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darosa-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-natureopensource_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natureopensource-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ince2012_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ince2012-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gosh_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gosh-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Tamén impide revisar ou os métodos e comprobar a veracidade dos resultados<sup id="cite_ref-darosa_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darosa-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gosh_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gosh-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> e repetilo cos mesmos ou distintos datos e verificar as conclusións. O emprego de software libre evita esa dependencia do provedor de software privativo, xa que facilita a colaboración entre investigadores, mellora a facilidade de compartición de información e supón unha rebaixa dos custos necesarios para a investigación.<sup id="cite_ref-rius2011_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rius2011-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemplos">Exemplos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar a sección: «Exemplos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Exemplos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entre os exemplos de software privativo máis usado ou popular están os <a href="/wiki/Sistema_operativo" title="Sistema operativo">sistemas operativos</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> e <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (antes <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> e <a href="/wiki/OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a>), o engadido <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adobe_Flash_Player&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adobe Flash Player (a páxina aínda non existe)">Adobe Flash Player</a>, o compresor de ficheiros <a href="/w/index.php?title=WinRAR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WinRAR (a páxina aínda non existe)">WinRAR</a>, o visor de documentos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adobe_Acrobat_DC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adobe Acrobat DC (a páxina aínda non existe)">Adobe Acrobat DC</a>, a suite ofimática <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office Suite</a> os editores gráficos como <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adobe_Illustrator_CC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adobe Illustrator CC (a páxina aínda non existe)">Adobe Illustrator CC</a>, os navegadores web <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> e <a href="/wiki/Opera_(navegador)" title="Opera (navegador)">Opera</a>, a aplicación de mensaxería instantánea <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>, o reprodutor musical <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a>, o xestor de tarefas e notas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evernote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evernote (a páxina aínda non existe)">Evernote</a> ou o xestor de <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">bitorrent</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9CTorrent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ΜTorrent (a páxina aínda non existe)">µTorrent</a>. No caso dos xogos, está o software que leva a canda si a <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>. Son privativos tamén as versións de <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> de <a href="/wiki/Java_(linguaxe_de_programaci%C3%B3n)" title="Java (linguaxe de programación)">Java</a>. </p><p>Nalgúns casos o software privativo incorpora "fontes mesturadas": código fonte con licenzas libres e outro con licenzas privativas.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> é outro caso diso. Inda que os eu desenvolvemento é aberto e se libera como <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromium (a páxina aínda non existe)">Chromium</a></i>, a versión final de <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> inclúe partes con licenzas privativas, como son o sistema de actualizacións automático ou engadidos para outros formatos de vídeo.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> Case todas as distribucións de <a href="/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> son de código mesturado, tanto con licenzas libres como privativas. Conta con compoñentes libres como Sendmail ou o <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> pero un kernel con licenza pechada.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Algúns paquetes de software libéranse baixo diferentes licenzas e condicións. Uns exemplos son <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sendmail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sendmail (a páxina aínda non existe)">Sendmail</a> e <a href="/wiki/SSH" title="SSH">ssh</a>. Os que posúen os dereitos de autor e fan esas obras libres, ou copyleft con distribución gratuíta, poden indicar dúas licenzas (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Licenza_dual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Licenza dual (a páxina aínda non existe)">licenza dual</a>) para as obras, que lle permiten a eles ou a outros distribuílos con licenzas privativas. Iso permíteno as licenzas de software libre non-copyleft, isto é, o software que se distribúe con licenzas libres permisivas (como a <a href="/wiki/Licenza_MIT" title="Licenza MIT">licenza MIT</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Licenza_BSD" title="Licenza BSD">BSD</a>) ou se liberan ao <a href="/wiki/Dominio_p%C3%BAblico" title="Dominio público">dominio público</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rosenberg2000p109_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosenberg2000p109-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fsfandpublicdomain_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsfandpublicdomain-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Segundo a <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</a> o software libre que depende do software propietario dise que está "atrapado" ou "vetado". Iso inclúe aquel software que se desenvolve para un sistema operativo privativo, como por exemplo, para <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> ou que só se pode iniciar nunha plataforma privativa como <a href="/wiki/Java_(linguaxe_de_programaci%C3%B3n)" title="Java (linguaxe de programación)">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Notas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-debianfacil-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-debianfacil_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-debianfacil_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-debianfacil_1-2">1,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-debianfacil_1-3">1,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-debianfacil_1-4">1,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Debian para torpes, eds. (15/01/2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://debianfacil.wordpress.com/2012/01/15/por-que-se-le-debe-llamar-software-privativo-y-no-software-propietario/">"Por que se le debe llamar software privativo y no software propietario"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en castelán)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Por+que+se+le+debe+llamar+software+privativo+y+no+software+propietario&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdebianfacil.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F01%2F15%2Fpor-que-se-le-debe-llamar-software-privativo-y-no-software-propietario%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">2,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">2,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">2,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">2,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">2,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5">2,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6">2,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7">2,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8">2,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9">2,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-10">2,10</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">GNU Project. Free Software Foundation, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.es.html">"Categorías de software libre y software que no es libre"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en castelán)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 13/01/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Categor%C3as+de+software+libre+y+software+que+no+es+libre&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fcategories.es.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tecnoorg-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tecnoorg_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tecnoorg_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tecnoorg_3-2">3,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">María L. (20/09/2010). tecnoloxía.org, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tecnoloxia.org/que-e-o-software-libre/">"Que é o software libre?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Que+%C3%A9+o+software+libre%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftecnoloxia.org%2Fque-e-o-software-libre%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madrid-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-madrid_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-madrid_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114073744/http://galegomadrid.blogaliza.org/software-libre/">"6. Software libre e software privativo"</a>. <i>Galego en Madrid, Blogue de Lingua e cultura galegas en Madrid</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galegomadrid.blogaliza.org/software-libre/">o orixinal</a> o 14 de xaneiro de 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 13 de xaneiro de 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=6.+Software+libre+e+software+privativo&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Galego+en+Madrid%2C+Blogue+de+Lingua+e+cultura+galegas+en+Madrid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalegomadrid.blogaliza.org%2Fsoftware-libre%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goitia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-goitia_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-goitia_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">María Goitia Fuertes (2015). <i>UF0344 - Aplicaciones informáticas de administración de recursos humanos</i>. Ediciones Paraninfo S.A. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9788428397940" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9788428397940">9788428397940</a>. <q><i>Software privativo: este tipo de software que estable cales son os termos polos que se pode empregar a ferramente e en cales casos se pode distribuír. Polo xeral non se ofrece acces ao código fonte polo que non hai xeito de modificalo.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=UF0344+-+Aplicaciones+inform%C3%A1ticas+de+administraci%C3%B3n+de+recursos+humanos&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9788428397940&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Ediciones+Paraninfo+S.A.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencewithcplus-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sciencewithcplus_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Saraswati Experts. "2.5.3". En Saraswati House Pvt Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtlBDAAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA31"><i>Computer Science With C++</i></a>. p. 1.27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-93-5199-877-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-93-5199-877-8">978-93-5199-877-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14/01/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=2.5.3&rft.btitle=Computer+Science+With+C%2B%2B&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-93-5199-877-8&rft.pages=1.27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtlBDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DSA1-PA31&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inc2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Inc2003_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Inc2003_7-1">7,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Inc2003_7-2">7,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">AUUG, Inc. (Marzo de 2003). "Chapter 1. Definitions". En AUUG, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C55YaWmDBiAC&pg=PA51"><i>AUUGN</i></a>. p. 51<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14/01/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Chapter+1.+Definitions&rft.au=AUUG%2C+Inc.&rft.btitle=AUUGN&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC55YaWmDBiAC%26pg%3DPA51&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moreimportant-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-moreimportant_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-moreimportant_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Richard Stallman. The Free Software Foundation, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">"Free Software Is Even More Important Now"</a>. <i>GNU Operating System</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14/01/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Free+Software+Is+Even+More+Important+Now&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Operating+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Ffree-software-even-more-important.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oftenmalware-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-oftenmalware_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-oftenmalware_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Free Software Foundation (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/proprietary/proprietary.html">"Proprietary Software Is Often Malware"</a>. <i>GNU Operating System</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14/01/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Proprietary+Software+Is+Often+Malware&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Operating+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fproprietary%2Fproprietary.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceruzzi_2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ceruzzi_2003_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003). MIT Press, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc0000ceru"><i>A History of Modern Computing</i></a>. Cambridge, MA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc0000ceru/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-262-53203-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-262-53203-4">0-262-53203-4</a>. <q><i>Although IBM agreed to sell its machines as part of a Consent Decree effective January 1956, leasing continued to be its preferred way of doing business.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft.aulast=Ceruzzi&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Computing&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-262-53203-4&rft.pages=128&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernc0000ceru&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411024345/http://www.leasegenie.com/History_of_Leasing.html">"The History of Equipment Leasing"</a>. <i>Lease Genie</i>. 2007. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leasegenie.com/History_of_Leasing.html">o orixinal</a> o 11/04/2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2010</span>. <q>In the 1960s, IBM and Xerox recognized that substantial sums could be made from the financing of their equipment. The leasing of computer and office equipment that occurred then was a significant contribution to leasings [<i>sic</i>] growth, since many companies were exposed to equipment leasing for the first time when they leased such equipment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Equipment+Leasing&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lease+Genie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leasegenie.com%2FHistory_of_Leasing.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unixhistory-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-unixhistory_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408171534/http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/history_timeline.html">"History and Timeline : UNIX Past"</a>. <i>www.unix.org</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/history_timeline.html">o orixinal</a> o 08 de abril de 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14 de xaneiro de 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=History+and+Timeline+%3A+UNIX+Past&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unix.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unix.org%2Fwhat_is_unix%2Fhistory_timeline.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Free Software Foundation, eds. (16/06/2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.en.html">"Overview of the GNU System"</a>. <i>GNU Operating System</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Overview+of+the+GNU+System&rft.chron=16%2F06%2F2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Operating+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Fgnu-history.en.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pugh2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pugh2002_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pugh, Emerson W. (2002). "Origins of Software Bundling". <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i> <b>24</b> (1): 57–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Software+Bundling&rft.aufirst=Emerson+W.&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.pages=57-58.&rft.volume=24&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton_1969-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1969_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hamilton, Thomas W. (1969). Programming Sciences Corporation, eds. <i>IBM's Unbundling Decision: Consequences for Users and the Industry</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.btitle=IBM%27s+Unbundling+Decision%3A+Consequences+for+Users+and+the+Industry&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">IBM (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1960.html">"Chronological History of IBM: 1960s"</a>. <q><i>Rather than offer hardware, services and software exclusively in packages, marketers <b> 'unbundled' </b> the components and offered them for sale individually. Unbundling gave birth to the multibillion-dollar software and services industries, of which IBM is today a world leader.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.au=IBM&rft.btitle=Chronological+History+of+IBM%3A+1960s&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-03.ibm.com%2Fibm%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fdecade_1960.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gates_1976_open_letter-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gates_1976_open_letter_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gates, Bill (03/02/1976). <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg">"An Open Letter to Hobbyists"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.btitle=An+Open+Letter+to+Hobbyists&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F1%2F14%2FBill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahle-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kahle_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brewster Kahle , Ana Parejo Vadillo (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.19.bbk.ac.uk/articles/10.16995/ntn.760/">"The Internet Archive: An Interview with Brewster Kahle"</a>. <i>9: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.16995%2Fntn.760">10.16995/ntn.760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Archive%3A+An+Interview+with+Brewster+Kahle&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=9%3A+Interdisciplinary+Studies+in+the+Long+Nineteenth+Century.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.19.bbk.ac.uk%2Farticles%2F10.16995%2Fntn.760%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.16995%2Fntn.760&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryan-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bryan_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cantrill, Bryan (17/09/2014). Youtube, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pm8P4oCIY3g&t=3m15s">"Corporate Open Source Anti-patterns"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(video)</span>. <q><i>[no minuto 3:15]</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.aulast=Cantrill&rft.btitle=Corporate+Open+Source+Anti-patterns&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPm8P4oCIY3g%26t%3D3m15s&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gallant, John (18/03/1985). Computerworld, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wgmey4obagC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=1983object-only+model+IBM&source=bl&ots=Ygvf6EkatH&sig=PI9GHfpEky7JqXsAiAzYKRvtyH0&hl=de&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">"IBM policy draws fire - Users say source code rules hamper change"</a>. <q><i>While IBM's policy of withholding source code for selected software products has already marked its second anniversary, users are only now beginning to cope with the impact of that decision. But whether or not the advent of object-code-only products has affected their day-to-day DP operations, some users remain angry about IBM's decision. Announced in February 1983, IBM's object-code-only policy has been applied to a growing list of Big Blue system software products</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Gallant&rft.btitle=IBM+policy+draws+fire+-+Users+say+source+code+rules+hamper+change&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Wgmey4obagC%26pg%3DPA8%26lpg%3DPA8%26dq%3D1983object-only%2Bmodel%2BIBM%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DYgvf6EkatH%26sig%3DPI9GHfpEky7JqXsAiAzYKRvtyH0%26hl%3Dde%26sa%3DX%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetlegal.com/impact-of-apple-vs-franklin-decision/">Impact of Apple vs. Franklin Decision</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landley2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-landley2009_22-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-landley2009_22-1">22,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Landley, Rob (2009-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://landley.net/notes-2009.html">"23-05-2009"</a>. landley.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2015-12-02</span></span>. <q><i>So if open source used to be the norm back in the 1960's and 70's, how did this _change_? Where did proprietary software come from, and when, and how? How did Richard Stallman's little utopia at the MIT AI lab crumble and force him out into the wilderness to try to rebuild it? Two things changed in the early 80's: the exponentially growing installed base of microcomputer hardware reached critical mass around 1980, and a legal decision altered copyright law to cover binaries in 1983. Increasing volume: The microprocessor creates millions of identical computers</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.aulast=Landley&rft.btitle=23-05-2009&rft.date=2009-05-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=landley.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flandley.net%2Fnotes-2009.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0">23,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1">23,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Véxase a definición do termo da <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Galega" title="Real Academia Galega">RAG</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stallmandefvideo-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stallmandefvideo_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual">Richard Stallman (12/08/2013). Observatorio Tecnología UNED, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkiG7cWZ2uc"><i>Richard Stallman - Software privativo</i></a>. Youtube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Richard+Stallman+-+Software+privativo&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Youtube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DtkiG7cWZ2uc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dccchile-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dccchile_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Departamento de ciencias de la computación (2014). Universidade de Chile, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dcc.uchile.cl/richard_stallman">"Richard Stallman: El software libre es un asunto ético del uso de la tecnología"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en castelán)</span>. <q><i>Si un programa no es libre lo llamamos privativo, porque quita a sus usuarios su libertad y genera un sistema de poder injusto; poder de los dueños del software sobre sus usuarios, es un sistema de colonización digital</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Richard+Stallman%3A+El+software+libre+es+un+asunto+%C3%A9tico+del+uso+de+la+tecnolog%C3a&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcc.uchile.cl%2Frichard_stallman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gplnonfree-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gplnonfree_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">GNU Project. Free Software Foundation, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">"Proprietary software"</a>. Categories of free and nonfree software <span style="font-style: italic;">(en castelán)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 13/01/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Proprietary+software&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fcategories.html%23ProprietarySoftware&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nun certo período a Free Software Foundation empregou o termo "<i>software non libre</i>" para definir a todo o software que non fose gratuíto, e iso incluía tanto ao "<i>software semifree</i>" (aquel que se podía modificar e redistribuír sempre que non houbese interese comercial) como o "<i>software propietario</i>" (aquel que se comercializaba pero sen ofrecer acceso ao código fonte; isto é comercial e de "<i>código pechado</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Código ou fonte pechada é un termo oposto ao concepto de <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_aberto" class="mw-redirect" title="Código aberto">código aberto</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arestora considera a ambos casos como <i>software privativo</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debianfreedef-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-debianfreedef_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Debian Project (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debian.org/intro/free">"Introduction to Debian"</a>. What Does Free Mean? or What do you mean by Free Software?<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14/01/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Debian&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Fintro%2Ffree&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osi_copyleft-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-osi_copyleft_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Open Source Iniciative (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.org/faq#copyleft">"Frequently Answered Questions"</a>. What is "copyleft"? Is it the same as "open source"?<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14/01/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Frequently+Answered+Questions&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.org%2Ffaq%23copyleft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberman-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-liberman_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Liberman, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jolt.richmond.edu/v1i1/liberman.html">"Overreaching Provisions in Software License Agreements"</a>. <i>Richmond Journal of Law and Technology</i> <b>1</b>: 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14/01/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Overreaching+Provisions+in+Software+License+Agreements&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Journal+of+Law+and+Technology&rft.pages=4&rft.volume=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjolt.richmond.edu%2Fv1i1%2Fliberman.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">IFLA, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifla.org/publications/limitations-and-exceptions-to-copyright-and-neighbouring-rights-in-the-digital-environm">"Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright and Neighbouring Rights in the Digital Environment: An International Library Perspective"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14/04/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Limitations+and+Exceptions+to+Copyright+and+Neighbouring+Rights+in+the+Digital+Environment%3A+An+International+Library+Perspective&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifla.org%2Fpublications%2Flimitations-and-exceptions-to-copyright-and-neighbouring-rights-in-the-digital-environm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-donovan-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-donovan_34-0">34,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-donovan_34-1">34,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Donovan, S. (1994). "Patent, copyright and trade secret protection for software". <i>Potentials, IEEE</i> (3 ed.) <b>13</b>: 20. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2F45.310923">10.1109/45.310923</a>. <q>Essentially there are only three ways to protect computer software under the law: patent it, register a copyright for it, or keep it as a trade secret.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Patent%2C+copyright+and+trade+secret+protection+for+software&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Potentials%2C+IEEE&rft.pages=20&rft.volume=13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F45.310923&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aoife-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aoife_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">White, Aoife (03/07/2012). Bloomberg, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-03/oracle-can-t-stop-software-license-resales-eu-court-says-1-.html">"Oracle Can't Stop Software License Resales, EU Court Says"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Oracle+Can%27t+Stop+Software+License+Resales%2C+EU+Court+Says&rft.aufirst=Aoife&rft.aulast=White&rft.chron=03%2F07%2F2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2012-07-03%2Foracle-can-t-stop-software-license-resales-eu-court-says-1-.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-microxp2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-microxp2_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Microsoft Corporation (01/04/2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210123533/http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/useterms/">"End-User License Agreement for Microsoft Software: Microsoft Windows XP Professional Edition Service Pack 2"</a>. p. 3. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/useterms/">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 10/02/2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14/04/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=End-User+License+Agreement+for+Microsoft+Software%3A+Microsoft+Windows+XP+Professional+Edition+Service+Pack+2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fabout%2Flegal%2Fuseterms%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quirol-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-quirol_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ruíz de Quirol, Ricard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5mqDYeEAVBQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=sociedad+de+la+informacion&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=mtcyVcnUGorigwSswoCgAg&sqi=2&ved=0CGMQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=sociedad%20de%20la%20informacion&f=false"><i>La Sociedad de la Información</i></a> (1º ed.). Barcelona: Editorial UOC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-84-9788-607-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-84-9788-607-9">978-84-9788-607-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.aufirst=Ricard&rft.aulast=Ru%C3z+de+Quirol&rft.btitle=La+Sociedad+de+la+Informaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=1%BA&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-84-9788-607-9&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Editorial+UOC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.ar%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5mqDYeEAVBQC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dsociedad%2Bde%2Bla%2Binformacion%26hl%3Des-419%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DmtcyVcnUGorigwSswoCgAg%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CGMQ6AEwCQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dsociedad%2520de%2520la%2520informacion%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stallman2015-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stallman2015_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Richard M. Stallman (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226104216/https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition"><i>Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman,</i></a> (3º ed.). Boston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-9831592-6-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-9831592-6-1">978-0-9831592-6-1</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition">o orixinal</a> o 26 de decembro de 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14 de xaneiro de 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Free+Software+Free+Society%3A+Selected+Essays+of+Richard+M.+Stallman%2C&rft.date=2015&rft.edition=3%BA&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-9831592-6-1&rft.place=Boston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.fsf.org%2Fbooks-docs%2Ffree-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feltrero-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-feltrero_39-0">39,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-feltrero_39-1">39,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Roberto Feltrero Oreja (22/07/2008). <i>Software Libre y la construcción ética de la sociedad del conocimiento</i>. Icaria Editorial. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-84-7426-959-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-84-7426-959-8">978-84-7426-959-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Software+Libre+y+la+construcci%C3%B3n+%C3%A9tica+de+la+sociedad+del+conocimiento&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-84-7426-959-8&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Icaria+Editorial&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-darosa-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-darosa_40-0">40,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-darosa_40-1">40,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-darosa_40-2">40,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-darosa_40-3">40,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-darosa_40-4">40,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-darosa_40-5">40,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-darosa_40-6">40,6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">da Rosa, Fernando; Heinz, Federico (2007). Oficina Regional de Ciencia de la UNESCO para América Latina y el Caribe - UNESCO, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/es/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/full-list/guia-practica-sobre-software-libre-su-seleccion-y-aplicacion-local-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe/"><i>Guía práctica sobre software libre: su selección y aplicación local en América Latina y el Caribe</i></a>. Montevideo, Uruguay. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/92-9089-103-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/92-9089-103-3">92-9089-103-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.au=Heinz%2C+Federico&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.aulast=da+Rosa&rft.btitle=Gu%C3a+pr%C3%A1ctica+sobre+software+libre%3A+su+selecci%C3%B3n+y+aplicaci%C3%B3n+local+en+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina+y+el+Caribe&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=92-9089-103-3&rft.place=Montevideo%2C+Uruguay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fes%2Fcommunication-and-information%2Fresources%2Fpublications-and-communication-materials%2Fpublications%2Ffull-list%2Fguia-practica-sobre-software-libre-su-seleccion-y-aplicacion-local-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-collins_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hilton Collins (30/07/2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govtech.com/security/Is-Open-Source-Software-More-Secure.html">"Is Open Source Software More Secure than Proprietary Products? Proponents say constant peer review creates more secure applications"</a>. <i>govtech.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Is+Open+Source+Software+More+Secure+than+Proprietary+Products%3F+Proponents+say+constant+peer+review+creates+more+secure+applications&rft.chron=30%2F07%2F2009&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govtech.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtech.com%2Fsecurity%2FIs-Open-Source-Software-More-Secure.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-security-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-security_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Arif Mohamed (Abril 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Open-source-software-security">"Open source software security"</a>. <i>computerweekly.com</i>. <q><i>Most commercial software companies have a finite-sized team to look at their software, but in the open source community there are many more people to look at the code. So, it could be argued that open source is more secure than proprietary because there is a wider and broader development base. The US Department of Homeland Security scheme, the Open Source Hardening Project, was established in 2006 to check the security of open source software.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Open+source+software+security&rft.chron=Abril+2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=computerweekly.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerweekly.com%2Ffeature%2FOpen-source-software-security&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-torres2015-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-torres2015_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jenny Torres y Mariangela Petrizzo (autoras), Milton Cerda, Rubén Zavala, David Vila-Viñas, Xabier E. Barandiaran, Bernardo Gutiérrez (colaboradores) (2015). En Vila-Viñas, D. & Barandiaran, X.E., eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.floksociety.org/ec/4/4-2-software-programas-libres-y-de-codigo-abierto-en-la-administracion-publica">"Software: programas libres y de código abierto en la Administración Pública"</a> (2.0 ed.). Quito, Ecuador.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Software%3A+programas+libres+y+de+c%C3%B3digo+abierto+en+la+Administraci%C3%B3n+P%C3%BAblica&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.floksociety.org%2Fec%2F4%2F4-2-software-programas-libres-y-de-codigo-abierto-en-la-administracion-publica&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-troyano30-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-troyano30_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ignacio Nieto, Italo Tello, Ricardo Vega (2007). <i>Troyano 0.3 INSTALANDO/INSTALLING</i>. Chile: Troyano. p. 212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Troyano+0.3+INSTALANDO%2FINSTALLING&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=212&rft.place=Chile&rft.pub=Troyano&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adell-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-adell_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Adell, Jordi ; Area Moreira, Manuel ; Gértrudix Barrio, Manuel ; González Arrabal, Eulogio ; López Escribano, Carmen ; Pablos Pons, Juan de ; Romero Granados, Santiago ; Segura Escobar, Mariano. Secretaría General Técnica. Centro de Publicaciones. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Instituto Superior de Formación del Profesorado, eds. <i>Introducción temprana a las TIC: estrategias para educar en un uso responsable en educación infantil y primaria</i>. Principios. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-84-369-4445-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-84-369-4445-7">978-84-369-4445-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Introducci%C3%B3n+temprana+a+las+TIC%3A+estrategias+para+educar+en+un+uso+responsable+en+educaci%C3%B3n+infantil+y+primaria&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-84-369-4445-7&rft.series=Principios&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cabay-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cabay_46-0">46,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cabay_46-1">46,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ramiro Vicente Castillo Cabay (2010). saslibre.net, eds. <i>Sistema Operativo GNU con Linux - Trisquel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Sistema+Operativo+GNU+con+Linux+-+Trisquel&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natureopensource-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-natureopensource_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kyle Niemeyer (26/02/2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2012/02/science-code-should-be-open-source-according-to-editorial/">"Nature Editorial: If you want reproducible science, the software needs to be open source"</a>. <q><i>Releasing executable versions of programs instead of code may not be sufficient due to underlying errors. This doesn’t just mean actual mistakes in the code, although some studies estimate one to ten errors for every thousand lines of code. Rounding and floating point errors, as well as ambiguities in programming languages like the order-of-evaluation problem, can all affect results.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Nature+Editorial%3A+If+you+want+reproducible+science%2C+the+software+needs+to+be+open+source&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2012%2F02%2Fscience-code-should-be-open-source-according-to-editorial%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ince2012-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ince2012_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ince, Darrel C.; Hatton, Leslie; Graham-Cumming, John (22/02/2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10836">"The case for open computer programs"</a>. <i>Nature</i> (7386 ed.) <b>482</b>: 485. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10836">10.1038/nature10836</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 15/01/2018</span>. <q><i>This is known as an order-of-evaluation problem and many programming languages are subject to its wilful ways. Ironically, such execution ambiguity is quite deliberate and is present to allow a programming language compiler more flexibility in its optimization strategy. And even when programs are simple, or developed by the largest software companies, such errors remain surprisingly common: numerical ambiguity led Microsoft to declare in 2010 and reaffirm in September 2011, that the treatment of floating point numbers in its popular Excel spreadsheet “...may affect the results of some numbers or formulas due to rounding and/or data truncation.” </i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=The+case+for+open+computer+programs&rft.au=Graham-Cumming%2C+John&rft.au=Hatton%2C+Leslie&rft.aufirst=Darrel+C.&rft.aulast=Ince&rft.chron=22%2F02%2F2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=485&rft.volume=482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature10836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10836&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gosh-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gosh_49-0">49,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gosh_49-1">49,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ghosh SS, Klein A, Avants B, Millman KJ. (2012 volume = 18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328792/">"Learning from open source software projects to improve scientific review"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffncom.2012.00018">10.3389/fncom.2012.00018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Learning+from+open+source+software+projects+to+improve+scientific+review&rft.chron=2012+volume+%3D+18&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Computational+Neuroscience&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3328792%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffncom.2012.00018&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rius2011-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rius2011_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rius, R.; González, J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2117/11744">"Software libre: una oportunidad para los investigadores"</a>. <i>Medicina clínica</i>. 136(5): 205–206. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-7753">0025-7753</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.medcli.2010.05.011">10.1016/j.medcli.2010.05.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=Software+libre%3A+una+oportunidad+para+los+investigadores&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0025-7753&rft.jtitle=Medicina+cl%C3nica&rft.pages=205-206&rft.volume=136%285%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2117%2F11744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.medcli.2010.05.011&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Engelfriet, Arnoud (Agosto/setembro de 2006). Gavin Stewart, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130914013626/http://www.iam-magazine.com/issues/Article.ashx?g=64d0a423-1249-4de3-929c-91b57c15f702">"The best of both worlds"</a>. <i>Intellectual Asset Management (IAM)</i> (19 ed.) (New Hibernia House, Winchester Walk, Londres). Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iam-magazine.com/issues/article.ashx?g=64d0a423-1249-4de3-929c-91b57c15f702">o orixinal</a> o 14 de setembro de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2008-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.atitle=The+best+of+both+worlds&rft.aufirst=Arnoud&rft.aulast=Engelfriet&rft.chron=Agosto%2Fsetembro+de+2006&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intellectual+Asset+Management+%28IAM%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iam-magazine.com%2Fissues%2Farticle.ashx%3Fg%3D64d0a423-1249-4de3-929c-91b57c15f702&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chris Hoffman (24/02/2017). howtogeek.com, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/202825/what%E2%80%99s-the-difference-between-chromium-and-chrome/">"What’s the Difference Between Chromium and Chrome?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=What%99s+the+Difference+Between+Chromium+and+Chrome%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F202825%2Fwhat%25E2%2580%2599s-the-difference-between-chromium-and-chrome%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Loftus, Jack (2007-02-19). SearchEnterpriseLinux.com, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100603162347/http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid39_gci1244277,00.html">"LinuxWorld: Managing mixed source software stacks"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid39_gci1244277,00.html">o orixinal</a> o 03 de xuño de 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.aulast=Loftus&rft.btitle=LinuxWorld%3A+Managing+mixed+source+software+stacks&rft.date=2007-02-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F0%2C289142%2Csid39_gci1244277%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tan, Aaron (2006-12-28). CNET Networks, Inc, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618145813/http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/0,39044164,61977995,00.htm">"Novell: We're a 'mixed-source' company"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/0,39044164,61977995,00.htm">o orixinal</a> o 18 de xuño de 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.btitle=Novell%3A+We%27re+a+%27mixed-source%27+company&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnetasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2F0%2C39044164%2C61977995%2C00.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosenberg2000p109-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rosenberg2000p109_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rosenberg, Donald (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306121631/http://stromian.com/Book/FrontMatter.html"><i>Open Source: The Unauthorized White Papers</i></a>. Foster City: IDG. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-7645-4660-0" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-7645-4660-0">0-7645-4660-0</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stromian.com/Book/FrontMatter.html">o orixinal</a> o 06 de marzo de 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 19 de xaneiro de 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.btitle=Open+Source%3A+The+Unauthorized+White+Papers&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7645-4660-0&rft.pages=109&rft.place=Foster+City&rft.pub=IDG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stromian.com%2FBook%2FFrontMatter.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fsfandpublicdomain-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fsfandpublicdomain_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware">"Categories of Free and Non-Free Software - Free Software Foundation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Categories+of+Free+and+Non-Free+Software+-+Free+Software+Foundation&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsf.org%2Flicensing%2Fessays%2Fcategories.html%23PublicDomainSoftware&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Free Software Foundation (05/05/2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#WindowsRuntimeAndGPL">"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 19/01/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+the+GNU+Licenses&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses%2Fgpl-faq.html%23WindowsRuntimeAndGPL&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Richard Stallman (12/04/2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/java-trap.html">"Free But Shackled - The Java Trap"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 19/01/2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+privativo&rft.btitle=Free+But+Shackled+-+The+Java+Trap&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fjava-trap.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outros_artigos">Outros artigos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Editar a sección: «Outros artigos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_privativo&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Outros artigos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_aberto" class="mw-redirect" title="Código aberto">Código aberto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_fonte" title="Código fonte">Código fonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_da_computaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia da computación">Historia da computación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_libre" title="Software libre">Software libre</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_de_autoridades" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_de_autoridades" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; 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