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Calenda - Héroïsmes en temps de guerres

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="fr" lang="fr"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-language" content="" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="favicon.ico" /> <title>Calenda - Héroïsmes en temps de guerres </title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://static-origin.openedition.org/openbarre_/styles/main.css?date=2018-11-06" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/screen.css" media="screen, print" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/print.css" media="print" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-ui-1.8.17.custom.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.form.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-fr.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-de.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-en.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-pt.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-es.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.sprintf.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/calenda.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/common.js"></script><!-- Social network --> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@calendaSHS" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://calenda.org/1247147" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Héroïsmes en temps de guerres " /> <meta property="og:description" content="Depuis les ann&#233;es 2000, l&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t des chercheurs pour le concept d&#8217;h&#233;ro&#239;sme a cru au point que certains parlent d&#233;sormais d&#8217;heroism studies ou d&#8217;heroism science. Ce courant historiographique &#233;merge..." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://calenda.org/images/favicon_150x150.png" /> <meta name="DC.rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"></head> <body> <div id="ob-breadcrumb" class="ob-breadcrumb-calenda"> <div class="container"> <a href="https://calenda.org">Accueil</a><a href=""><span>Héroïsmes en temps de guerres </span></a> </div> </div><!-- breadcrumb --> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="content"> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-ui-1.8.17.custom.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.form.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-fr.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-de.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-en.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-pt.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.ui.datepicker-es.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.sprintf.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/calenda.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/common.js"></script> <div class="colwrapper"> <div id="icon" class="column"> <h2><a href="search?primary=ftype&amp;ftype=40">Appel à contribution</a><span><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=228">Histoire</a></span></h2> <div id="tabledates"> <h2>Dates</h2> <div class="list_dates"> <div class="unique_date highlight"> <div class="day"><a href="search.html?primary=fdate&amp;fyear=2025&amp;fmonth=05&amp;fday=01">01</a></div> <div class="month"><a href="search.html?primary=fdate&amp;fyear=2025&amp;fmonth=05">mai</a></div> <div class="year"><a href="search.html?primary=fdate&amp;fyear=2025">2025</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="listcategories"> <h2>Catégories</h2> <ul> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=201">Sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=267">Langage</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=276">Représentations</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=241">Études du politique</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="document" class="column"> <div id="main"> <div class="titles"> <h1 class="origt"><a href="1247147">Héroïsmes en temps de guerres </a></h1> <h2 class="origt">Heroisms in times of war</h2> </div> <div class="mapuce2">*&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;*</div> <p id="pubdate"> Publié le mardi 01 avril 2025 </p> <div id="texte"> <div id="resume"> <p class="intitule">Résumé</p> <div class="tabMenu"><a href="#resume-1247147-fr" hreflang="fr" class="active">Français</a>&#32;<a href="#resume-1247147-en" hreflang="en">English</a>&#32;</div> <div id="resume-1247147-fr" class="tabContent" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Depuis les ann&eacute;es 2000, l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t des chercheurs pour le concept d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme a cru au point que certains parlent d&eacute;sormais d&rsquo;heroism studies ou d&rsquo;heroism science. Ce courant historiographique &eacute;mergent dispose aujourd&rsquo;hui d&rsquo;une revue acad&eacute;mique, de centres de recherche et m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;encyclop&eacute;dies dans les mondes am&eacute;ricain et allemand. &Agrave; l&rsquo;inverse, l&rsquo;attachement des historiographies nationales actuelles au paradigme h&eacute;ro&iuml;que rend parfois difficile son analyse, quand bien m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;&eacute;laborerait-elle dans une perspective acad&eacute;mique.</p> </div> <div id="resume-1247147-en" class="tabContent hidden" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p style="text-align: left;">Since the 2000s, scholarly interest in the concept of heroism has grown to the point where some now speak of heroism studies or heroism science. This emerging historiographical current now has a multidisciplinary academic journal, research centers, and even encyclopedias for American and German researchers. By considering these as complex phenomena, involving a variety of actors, tools, and horizons of expectation, we aim to decipher the elaboration of imaginary images of martial heroism.<!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--></p> </div> </div> <div id="annonce"> <p class="intitule">Annonce</p> <div class="tabMenu"><a href="#annonce-1247147-fr" hreflang="fr" class="active">Français</a>&#32;<a href="#annonce-1247147-en" hreflang="en">English</a>&#32;</div> <div id="annonce-1247147-fr" class="tabContent" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"> <h1>Argumentaire</h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Depuis les ann&eacute;es 2000, l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t des chercheurs pour le concept d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme a cru au point que certains parlent d&eacute;sormais d&rsquo;<em>heroism studies</em> (Efthimiou et Allison, 2017) ou d&rsquo;<em>heroism science</em> (Allison, Goethals et Kramer, 2017). Ce courant historiographique &eacute;mergent dispose aujourd&rsquo;hui d&rsquo;une revue acad&eacute;mique pluridisciplinaire, affili&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Richmond<a name="_ftnref1"></a><a href="#_ftn1"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]</a>, de centres de recherche et m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;encyclop&eacute;dies dans les mondes am&eacute;ricain et allemand<a name="_ftnref2"></a><a href="#_ftn2"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]</a>. <em>Les Lieux de m&eacute;moire</em> de Pierre Nora ou l&rsquo;ouvrage collectif <em>La Fabrique des h&eacute;ros</em> (Centlivres, Fabre et Zonabend, 1998) sont &agrave; cet &eacute;gard exemplaire de cet &eacute;lan historiographique, dont t&eacute;moigne encore la parution r&eacute;cente de l&rsquo;&eacute;tude <em>Succ&egrave;s et &eacute;chec de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation</em> (Cohen et Gangloff, 2025). Ce dynamisme, tout comme les productions qui l&rsquo;illustrent, t&eacute;moignent de l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t non seulement scientifique, mais aussi social de cette th&eacute;matique, dans un contexte de mont&eacute;e du pr&eacute;sentisme (Hartog, 2003) et d&rsquo;incertitudes qui caract&eacute;rise la fin du XX<sup>e</sup> et le premier tiers du XXI<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle. La multiplication des comm&eacute;morations qui accompagnent l&rsquo;attachement actuel au devoir de m&eacute;moire, les bouleversements de la g&eacute;opolitique mondiale li&eacute;s aux conflits en Ukraine, au Moyen-Orient et aux tensions en Asie autour de la Cor&eacute;e et de la mer de Chine, ainsi que le retour du spectre des conflits de haute intensit&eacute;, nourrissent en effet la recherche de rep&egrave;res stables, de personnes, r&eacute;elles ou fictives, capables d&rsquo;incarner un syst&egrave;me de valeurs ou un id&eacute;al de comportement et de le porter &agrave; son plus haut degr&eacute;. &Agrave; l&rsquo;inverse, l&rsquo;attachement des historiographies nationales actuelles au paradigme h&eacute;ro&iuml;que, notamment lorsqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit de personnages embl&eacute;matiques, de Jeanne d&rsquo;Arc &agrave; Eva Per&oacute;n, au pass&eacute; clair-obscur, comme John A. Macdonald, H&ocirc; Chi Minh ou S&eacute;kou Tour&eacute;, ou d&rsquo;&eacute;pisodes tragiques comme les deux conflits mondiaux et les g&eacute;nocides des xx<sup>e</sup> et xxi<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cles, rend parfois difficile son analyse, quand bien m&ecirc;me s&rsquo;&eacute;laborerait-elle dans une perspective acad&eacute;mique. Les r&eacute;actions &eacute;motionnelles teint&eacute;es de moralisation sont parfois vives quand interroger l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme est per&ccedil;u comme un acte presque blasph&eacute;matoire.</p> <h2 class="MsoNormal">La fabrique des h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes</h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">D&eacute;fini comme une &laquo;&nbsp;force d&rsquo;&acirc;me exceptionnelle&nbsp;&raquo; ou comme un &laquo;&nbsp;comportement exemplaire caract&eacute;ris&eacute; par un extr&ecirc;me courage face au danger et un d&eacute;vouement total &agrave; la cause pour laquelle on combat&nbsp;<a name="_ftnref3"></a>&raquo;<a href="#_ftn3"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]</a>, l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme poss&egrave;de un caract&egrave;re extraordinaire et hyperbolique qui justifie l&rsquo;emploi du substantif. Il faut pourtant observer avec Harrison Weinstein l&rsquo;absence de consensus entourant sa d&eacute;finition<a name="_ftnref4"></a><a href="#_ftn4"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]</a>. Nombre de travaux qui interrogent la notion constatent en effet qu&rsquo;un tel exercice r&eacute;siste &agrave; toute approche univoque, tant les normes et les valeurs incarn&eacute;es par l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme varient selon les &eacute;poques, les lieux et les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s. Comment comprendre d&egrave;s lors l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme autrement qu&rsquo;au pluriel, tant <em>les</em> h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes n&rsquo;apparaissent jamais qu&rsquo;&agrave; travers des contextes, des documents et des conditions red&eacute;finissant sans cesse les enjeux qu&rsquo;ils soul&egrave;vent <em>en pratique</em> (voir Azouvi, 2024)&nbsp;? Ainsi la Premi&egrave;re Guerre mondiale s&rsquo;accompagna-t-elle d&rsquo;une &laquo;&nbsp;culture de guerre&nbsp;&raquo; bouleversant les anciens mod&egrave;les d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes (Becker et Audouin-Rouzeau, 2000). Les tapis de bombes et les gaz de combat rendent inutile la bravoure individuelle, tandis que la position allong&eacute;e des soldats comme l&rsquo;inanit&eacute; des charges de cavalerie face aux premiers tanks renversent les attributs traditionnels de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme guerrier (Audouin-Rouzeau, 2009 et 2014). La Grande Guerre a ainsi op&eacute;r&eacute; des mutations dans les exp&eacute;riences de la guerre qui ont entra&icirc;n&eacute; des &eacute;volutions dans l&rsquo;appr&eacute;ciation m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;un possible h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme &ndash;&nbsp;sur le front comme &agrave; l&rsquo;arri&egrave;re (voir Campa, 2020, Loez, 2010, ou Lalanne-Berdouticq, 2025).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">L&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t pour l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme est lui-m&ecirc;me soumis &agrave; des variations &eacute;pousant les dynamiques historiographiques. D&rsquo;abord li&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;histoire &eacute;v&eacute;nementielle et &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;tude des grandes figures de l&rsquo;histoire militaire, il a recul&eacute; ensuite au profit d&rsquo;une histoire des structures et de la longue dur&eacute;e n&eacute;e durant l&rsquo;entre-deux-guerres. Ce n&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;au tournant du xx<sup>e</sup> au xxi<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle qu&rsquo;il rena&icirc;t &agrave; la faveur du &laquo;&nbsp;retour de l&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement&nbsp;&raquo; (Norat, 1978&nbsp;; R&eacute;tat, 2001&nbsp;; Dosse, 2010) et de l&rsquo;approche bibliographique (Dosse, 2005) et de l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t renouvel&eacute; pour la singularit&eacute; de la microhistoire (Ginzburg&nbsp;1980 et 1989&nbsp;; Ginzburg et Poni, 1981&nbsp;; Levi, 1989). Dans le domaine martial, il est port&eacute; par une histoire renouvel&eacute;e de la guerre sensible dor&eacute;navant &agrave; l&rsquo;articulation entre pratiques et repr&eacute;sentations (Duby, 1973&nbsp;; Bertaud, 1979&nbsp;; J. Keegan, 1976&nbsp;; Hanson, 1989&nbsp;; Lynn, 1984&nbsp;; Chaline, 1999&nbsp;; Dr&eacute;villon, 2005). Les chercheuses et chercheurs se pr&eacute;occupent toutefois d&eacute;sormais moins du h&eacute;ros pour lui-m&ecirc;me que de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme et de ce qu&rsquo;il nous dit des groupes humains, de leurs valeurs, de leurs aspirations et de la mani&egrave;re dont elles structurent les relations sociales (Dosse, 2010).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">S&rsquo;il est question ici d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes plut&ocirc;t que de h&eacute;ros ou d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;nes, c&rsquo;est que les r&eacute;flexions r&eacute;centes s&rsquo;attachent moins &agrave; appr&eacute;hender les acteurs, les &eacute;v&eacute;nements ou les b&eacute;n&eacute;ficiaires du processus que les conditions (anthropologiques, sociales, culturelles, politiques et historiques) qui participent &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration des mod&egrave;les h&eacute;ro&iuml;ques, aux champs d&rsquo;exp&eacute;riences qu&rsquo;ils r&eacute;v&egrave;lent et aux horizons d&rsquo;attente qu&rsquo;ils dessinent. Les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes doivent ainsi &ecirc;tre approch&eacute;s comme des constructions historiquement dat&eacute;es et g&eacute;ographiquement localis&eacute;es, qui font l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une fabrique discursive r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute;e par les gestes et les pratiques qui les rendent visibles et qui font la promotion non seulement d&rsquo;un individu mais, au travers de celui-ci, d&rsquo;un comportement, d&rsquo;un groupe social ou d&rsquo;une id&eacute;e (Duby, 1973 et 1984). L&rsquo;acte h&eacute;ro&iuml;que n&rsquo;existe, dans une approche constructiviste, qu&rsquo;en tant qu&rsquo;il est mis en r&eacute;cit et en intrigue (Veyne, 1971, White, 1973, Ricoeur, 1983-1985). Les histoires d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes sont consubstantielles aux mises en pratique de ces h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes dans l&rsquo;espace discursif (Auerbach, 1946, Eco, 1976).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Certains contextes produisent des formes particuli&egrave;res d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes qui se doivent d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre interrog&eacute;es, tels que les &laquo;&nbsp;h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes institutionnels&nbsp;&raquo;, &agrave; mettre en regard avec les &laquo;&nbsp;h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes personnels/intimes&nbsp;&raquo;. Ce colloque propose donc de r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir &agrave; la fabrique de la normativit&eacute; des h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes, dans la mesure o&ugrave; ceux-ci sont des propositions axiologiques qui entretiennent des relations dialectiques avec les valeurs et les pratiques sociales. Il &eacute;tudie la mani&egrave;re dont les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes et les imaginaires qui leur sont associ&eacute;s s&rsquo;inspirent de, tout en participant &agrave;, la fondation des normes des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s. Comment leur analyse permet-elle d&rsquo;identifier des continuit&eacute;s structurelles ou, au contraire, de r&eacute;v&eacute;ler des discontinuit&eacute;s dans l&rsquo;histoire des groupes humains qui les portent et les font vivre&nbsp;?</p> <h2 class="MsoNormal">L&rsquo;apport des contextes de guerres et de pers&eacute;cutions &agrave; la r&eacute;flexion sur les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes</h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">R&eacute;fl&eacute;chir &agrave; la fabrique des h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes implique &eacute;galement de les confronter &agrave; des &eacute;v&eacute;nements susceptibles d&rsquo;en faire &eacute;voluer les ressorts. C&rsquo;est dans ce cadre que les contextes de guerres et des violences et pers&eacute;cutions qui l&rsquo;accompagnent seront &eacute;tudi&eacute;s en ce qu&rsquo;ils sont propices &agrave; l&rsquo;irruption de discours et de pratiques de valorisation du paradigme h&eacute;ro&iuml;que. Dans les &Eacute;tats et les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s en guerre s&rsquo;exacerbe en effet le besoin de mythes, de l&eacute;gendes et de h&eacute;ros &ndash; r&eacute;els ou fictionnels &ndash; qui ont pour fonction de pr&eacute;parer les esprits, de mobiliser les individus, les groupes sociaux, voire les nations, ou de r&eacute;duire les contestations (Cronier et Deruelle, 2019).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">&Agrave; notre &eacute;poque, les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes en temps de guerre semblent aller de soi. Les documentaires, les ouvrages de vulgarisation ou les &oelig;uvres artistiques n&rsquo;h&eacute;sitent ainsi pas &agrave; recourir &agrave; la notion de &laquo;&nbsp;Hero of War&nbsp;&raquo; ou &agrave; faire l&rsquo;&eacute;loge de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme guerrier<a name="_ftnref5"></a><a href="#_ftn5"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[5]</a>. Les &eacute;tudes men&eacute;es depuis une vingtaine d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es r&eacute;v&egrave;lent cependant les processus de construction (institutionnels ou non) dont ils proc&egrave;dent et la cristallisation a posteriori de postures id&eacute;alis&eacute;es qu&rsquo;ils induisent. Les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes sont d&eacute;sormais &eacute;tudi&eacute;s comme des &laquo;&nbsp;mythes&nbsp;&raquo; &agrave; d&eacute;construire (Luigi Mascili,&nbsp;2002&nbsp;; Charles Taylor, 1989), parfois influenc&eacute;s par l&rsquo;histoire des sensibilit&eacute;s et de &laquo;&nbsp;la virilit&eacute; militaire&nbsp;&raquo; (Corbin, Courtine, Vigarello, 2011). Une d&eacute;construction qui a pu &ecirc;tre op&eacute;r&eacute;e par les acteurs du pass&eacute; eux-m&ecirc;mes pour revivifier ou s&rsquo;affranchir des h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes anciens, penser ou repenser leur identit&eacute; en renouvelant leurs mod&egrave;les h&eacute;ro&iuml;ques (Pinet, 2025). Les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes sont &eacute;galement pens&eacute;s au regard de l&rsquo;action ou de la passivit&eacute; des individus en guerre (Forrest, 2002&nbsp;; Conte, 2011), de comportements comme l&rsquo;altruisme ou la d&eacute;nonciation, ou encore de la construction de l&rsquo;&eacute;pique (Braudy, 2005). Dans sa conf&eacute;rence inaugurale du colloque international organis&eacute; en 2022 par le Museum of the Slovak National Uprising, &laquo;&nbsp;Heroism and Violence during the Second World War&nbsp;&raquo;, Roger Griffin s&rsquo;interrogeait, quant &agrave; lui, sur la &laquo;&nbsp;sacralisation&nbsp;&raquo; de la violence &agrave; laquelle contribuaient les mod&egrave;les h&eacute;ro&iuml;ques du Troisi&egrave;me Reich (Griffin, 2022). C&rsquo;est donc &eacute;galement &agrave; la part d&rsquo;ombre des h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes que l&rsquo;historiographie r&eacute;cente s&rsquo;est attach&eacute;e. Dans ce sens, le &laquo;&nbsp;retour des h&eacute;ros&nbsp;&raquo; (i.e. Heller, 2009) est l&rsquo;un des terrains privil&eacute;gi&eacute;s du recul par rapport au paradigme h&eacute;ro&iuml;que.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Les sciences sociales ont &eacute;galement fait &eacute;voluer l&rsquo;appr&eacute;ciation de ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne prot&eacute;iforme. Ainsi en est-il des &eacute;tudes en litt&eacute;rature et philosophie (Gaucher, 1994&nbsp;; Poulain Gautret, 2005&nbsp;; Castillo, 2011&nbsp;; Worms, 2009) ou en psychologie, &agrave; partir de la deuxi&egrave;me moiti&eacute; du xx<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle (Franco, Blau et Zimbardo, 2011). Les travaux produits &agrave; la suite de la retentissante exp&eacute;rience de Stanley Milgram donnaient d&eacute;j&agrave; &agrave; r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir sur les postures adopt&eacute;es en temps de guerres. Plus r&eacute;cemment, des ouvrages interrogent les actes et les discours de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme dans ces contextes de crise dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire (i.e. Scheipers, 2014). La r&eacute;flexion s&rsquo;est par ailleurs nourrie d&rsquo;une approche concernant la mat&eacute;rialit&eacute; des violences sur les corps, et permet d&rsquo;envisager de nouveaux questionnements sur des positionnements &laquo;&nbsp;h&eacute;ro&iuml;ques&nbsp;&raquo;, notamment dans le contexte des guerres napol&eacute;oniennes (Dwyer et Ryan, 2012) ou plus r&eacute;cemment de l&rsquo;exposition &laquo;&nbsp;With Blind Steps&nbsp;&raquo; propos&eacute;e par Judith Lenglart au Mamuta Art and Research Center (J&eacute;rusalem).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Nombre d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes abordent enfin les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes dans des contextes paradoxaux. Ainsi en est-il des r&eacute;flexions acad&eacute;miques sur l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme et l&rsquo;enfance (Maslinskaya, 2017&nbsp;; Audoin-Rouzeau&nbsp;1993, Pignot, 2012 ou Levy-Bertherat&nbsp;et Zamour, 2020), ou romanc&eacute;es comme dans le roman <em>Allah n&rsquo;est pas oblig&eacute;</em> d&rsquo;Ahmadou Kourouma, sur les enfants-soldats au Liberia, o&ugrave; la posture donquichottesque r&eacute;interroge la construction m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;un h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme de l&rsquo;enfance. Ces questionnements, comme ceux qui se nouent autour de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme et du genre, interrogent des &laquo;&nbsp;situations limites&nbsp;&raquo;, et ainsi les contours d&rsquo;une notion qui s&rsquo;&eacute;mancipe des cadres, souvent st&eacute;r&eacute;otyp&eacute;s, dans lesquels elle a &eacute;t&eacute; longtemps utilis&eacute;e et l&rsquo;est encore souvent aujourd&rsquo;hui.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Dans ces processus de construction, d&eacute;construction et reconstruction de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme, les p&eacute;riodes de guerres jouent un r&ocirc;le particulier. Le &laquo;&nbsp;bruit&nbsp;&raquo; de leurs &eacute;v&eacute;nements exceptionnels porte &agrave; la lumi&egrave;re des ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes difficilement visibles par ailleurs (Duby, 1973). Elles fonctionnent ainsi comme des &laquo;&nbsp;op&eacute;rateurs de lisibilit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; (Cornelia Brink et Olmo G&ouml;lz, 2022) et r&eacute;v&egrave;lent les soubassements des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s et de leur culture. Si l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t pour l&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme en temps de guerre&nbsp;&raquo; n&rsquo;est donc pas neuf, il est encore souvent &eacute;tudi&eacute; cependant au travers de personnages particuliers, comme Jos&eacute; de San Mart&iacute;n, O&rsquo;Connell, Jawaharlal Nehru ou Mandela, respectivement p&egrave;res des Nations argentine, irlandaise, indienne et sud-africaine (Navarro Garc&iacute;a, 1999&nbsp;;&nbsp;Colantonio, 2023&nbsp;; Zachariah, 2004, Lodge, 2006), de contextes sp&eacute;cifiques comme les Croisades (Almeida, 2007), les guerres de religion (El Kenz, 1997, 2008&nbsp;; Apostolid&egrave;s, 2004) ou la R&eacute;volution fran&ccedil;aise (Gainot, 2017), ou encore de cultures singuli&egrave;res &agrave; l&rsquo;exemple de la culture chevaleresque (Deruelle, 2015) et du Bushido (Carbonnier, 2018&nbsp;; Pelletier, 2023) sans faire l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une approche syst&eacute;matique et globale. Bien que r&eacute;duites dans leur ambition, quelques &eacute;tudes interrogent la construction des discours sur les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes dans des contextes pluriels et dans une perspective transnationale et diachronique (Deruelle et Vissiere, 2021). Elles t&eacute;moignent de l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t de cette approche, plac&eacute;e au c&oelig;ur de ce colloque, pour en d&eacute;construire les fondements.</p> <h3 class="MsoNormal">&laquo;&nbsp;GUERRO&Iuml;SMES &ndash; WAR/OISMS&nbsp;&raquo;</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;objet de la r&eacute;flexion du projet &laquo;&nbsp;GUERRO&Iuml;SMES &ndash; WAR/OISMS&nbsp;&raquo; dans lequel s&rsquo;inscrit ce colloque&nbsp;organis&eacute; en partenariat avec le Groupe de Recherche en Histoire de la Guerre qui travaille sur ces questions au sein de l&rsquo;axe &laquo;&nbsp;Pratiques et repr&eacute;sentations de la guerre&nbsp;&raquo;. Il s&rsquo;agit de consid&eacute;rer avec le recul n&eacute;cessaire non pas tant les manifestations jug&eacute;es &laquo;&nbsp;h&eacute;ro&iuml;ques&nbsp;&raquo; en temps de guerres, que les fabriques de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme et ses sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s dans le contexte martial. En envisageant celles-ci comme des ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes complexes, qui impliquent des acteurs, des outils, des horizons d&rsquo;attentes vari&eacute;s, parfois irr&eacute;ductibles ou concurrents, il s&rsquo;agit de d&eacute;crypter l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration des imaginaires de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme martial, d&rsquo;en distinguer les ruptures, les &eacute;volutions, les particularit&eacute;s temporelles et spatiales ou, au contraire, les constantes, tout en les confrontant en permanence aux pratiques &ndash; discursives, martiales ou comm&eacute;moratives &ndash; &agrave; travers lesquelles ils cristallisent. Qu&rsquo;est-ce que les temps de guerres font &agrave; l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme&nbsp;? Dans quelle mesure ces m&eacute;canismes d&rsquo;&eacute;laboration sont-ils sp&eacute;cifiques&nbsp;? Comment les mod&egrave;les qui se veulent positifs se confrontent-ils &agrave; la r&eacute;alit&eacute; des combats et aux atrocit&eacute;s de la guerre&nbsp;? &Agrave; l&rsquo;inverse, en quoi l&rsquo;affinement du paradigme h&eacute;ro&iuml;que permet-il d&rsquo;apporter un &eacute;clairage original sur le fait guerrier, voire de renouveler notre compr&eacute;hension de l&rsquo;histoire, de la culture et du monde sensible dans lesquels ils sont ancr&eacute;s&nbsp;? La diversit&eacute; des contextes de violence permet-elle d&rsquo;&eacute;crire une histoire de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme face &agrave; la tourmente&nbsp;?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Le colloque et, plus largement le projet &laquo;&nbsp;GUERRO&Iuml;SMES&nbsp;&raquo;, entend donc donner des &eacute;l&eacute;ments de r&eacute;ponse &agrave; ces questions en posant les jalons d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude approfondie et articul&eacute;e autour de trois axes&nbsp;:</p> <h3 class="MsoNormal">Axe&nbsp;1. L&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme en th&eacute;orie&nbsp;: d&eacute;finir la notion et comprendre la fabrique des discours sur les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Un axe de r&eacute;flexion se penchera sur les questions de <strong>d&eacute;finition</strong>. Il s&rsquo;agira d&rsquo;identifier les acceptions vari&eacute;es de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme en contexte guerrier, selon les disciplines, les &eacute;poques, les espaces et les cultures. Comment, dans quelles conditions et par quels acteurs, militaires ou civils (Jouhaud, 2000), ces diff&eacute;rentes d&eacute;finitions se sont-elles &eacute;labor&eacute;es&nbsp;? De quelles r&eacute;f&eacute;rences (historiques, litt&eacute;raires, religieuses) et de quels h&eacute;ritages se sont-elles nourries&nbsp;? Comment se distinguent-elles d&rsquo;autres notions comme l&rsquo;honneur ou la r&eacute;putation, et comment la fabrique des h&eacute;ros se d&eacute;marque-t-elle de celle des martyrs&nbsp;ou des saints (la&iuml;ques ou non) (Chovanec, 2020)&nbsp;?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Une attention particuli&egrave;re sera accord&eacute;e aux contextes dans lesquels ces h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes ont &eacute;t&eacute; pens&eacute;s, aux formes qu&rsquo;ils prennent (masculin, f&eacute;minin, animalier), aux fonctions qui leur sont attribu&eacute;es et &agrave; leur r&eacute;ception et appropriation&nbsp;: dans quelles circonstances les acceptions de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme se sont-elles infl&eacute;chies&nbsp;? S&rsquo;articulent-elles de mani&egrave;re sp&eacute;cifique aux notions de crises et de modernit&eacute;s, aux moments de violence, ainsi qu&rsquo;aux discours de la subalternit&eacute;, donnant &agrave; penser des &laquo;&nbsp;formations discursives&nbsp;&raquo; (Foucault, 1970) particuli&egrave;res en fonction des contextes et des rapports de force sociaux&nbsp;? Quelle place occupe le paradigme h&eacute;ro&iuml;que dans une culture donn&eacute;e&nbsp;? Dans quelle mesure est-il perm&eacute;able aux &eacute;volutions soci&eacute;tales&nbsp;? Par quels canaux ces diff&eacute;rentes d&eacute;finitions des h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes ont-elles &eacute;t&eacute; v&eacute;hicul&eacute;es et se sont-elles perp&eacute;tu&eacute;es&nbsp;?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">En explorant minutieusement ces questions et les mises en r&eacute;cit de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme, nous chercherons &agrave; identifier les caract&eacute;ristiques propres &agrave; l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation et &agrave; son &eacute;volution dans le temps et l&rsquo;espace. <em>In fine</em>, il sera possible de mieux saisir en quoi l&rsquo;&laquo;&nbsp;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme de guerre&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;se distingue des autres formes d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes, et de quelles mani&egrave;res il a influ&eacute; sur les repr&eacute;sentations des contemporains et des historiens. Les formes d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes, &eacute;tudi&eacute;es d&rsquo;un point de vue diachronique, selon les genres, les m&eacute;dias convoqu&eacute;s, les espaces (lieux, objets, champs culturels), nous permettront ensuite d&rsquo;analyser les m&eacute;canismes m&ecirc;mes de cette &laquo;&nbsp;fabrique&nbsp;&raquo; des discours h&eacute;ro&iuml;ques en temps de guerre.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Cette exploration se fera selon une approche &agrave; la fois chronologique et th&eacute;matique. Le but est d&rsquo;&eacute;tablir une typologie des discours sur les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes en temps de guerre, en mettant en exergue un certain nombre de couples &agrave; la fois compl&eacute;mentaires et antinomiques&nbsp;: h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme collectif / individuel&nbsp;; h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme militaire / civil&nbsp;; h&eacute;ros sacr&eacute; / d&eacute;chu&nbsp;; h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme fictionnel / r&eacute;el&nbsp;; h&eacute;ros / victimes&nbsp;; h&eacute;ros / non-h&eacute;ros / antih&eacute;ros. Comment ces diff&eacute;rents discours interagissent-ils entre eux&nbsp;? Les outils th&eacute;oriques et m&eacute;thodologiques pour penser ces formes plurielles de discours&nbsp;sont-ils les m&ecirc;mes&nbsp;?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Une attention particuli&egrave;re sera d&eacute;volue &agrave; l&rsquo;origine de la qualification h&eacute;ro&iuml;que&nbsp;: quels acteurs ou quelles institutions attribuent, et travaillent &agrave; imposer, ce statut dans les contextes de guerres et de pers&eacute;cutions&nbsp;? Selon quelles logiques et quels enjeux&nbsp;? Ces questions impliquent d&rsquo;explorer minutieusement les fonctions de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme &agrave; divers &eacute;gards (historiques, sociaux, id&eacute;ologiques, psychologiques). Il s&rsquo;agira d&rsquo;interroger la fa&ccedil;on dont se construisent et se pensent les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes vis-&agrave;-vis des discours (Gruszka, 2019) ou des normes (Oestreich, 1982&nbsp;; Dr&eacute;villon, 2002) officiels qui portent sur eux. Enfin, dans cette r&eacute;flexion sur l&rsquo;auctorialit&eacute; de la qualification h&eacute;ro&iuml;que, nous nous int&eacute;resserons aussi aux ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes d&rsquo;auto-identification et d&rsquo;imposture h&eacute;ro&iuml;que.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Cette r&eacute;flexion nous permettra d&rsquo;imaginer une cartographie des &laquo;&nbsp;mots de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme&nbsp;&raquo;, confrontant la terminologie associ&eacute;e &agrave; ces ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes.</p> <h3 class="MsoNormal"><strong>Axe&nbsp;2. Les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes en pratique&nbsp;face aux contextes de violence</strong></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Si la notion d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme peut &ecirc;tre d&eacute;finie &agrave; travers les discours et les commentaires qui la fabriquent, ceux-ci doivent aussi &ecirc;tre confront&eacute;s &agrave; la r&eacute;alit&eacute; particuli&egrave;re de la violence des contextes &eacute;tudi&eacute;s. Cet axe vise donc &agrave; mettre le mod&egrave;le &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;preuve de la guerre. Comment ont-ils model&eacute; les manifestations d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme&nbsp;? Mais aussi, en retour, dans quelle mesure viennent-ils enrichir, infl&eacute;chir, voire d&eacute;construire nos repr&eacute;sentations du paradigme h&eacute;ro&iuml;que&nbsp;?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">La convocation de plusieurs &eacute;poques, aires g&eacute;ographiques et disciplines permet une r&eacute;flexion plurielle, qui offre la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;une &laquo;&nbsp;herm&eacute;neutique de la d&eacute;familiarisation&nbsp;&raquo; (Lavocat, 2012). La d&eacute;marche comparative nourrira donc cette &eacute;tude des &laquo;&nbsp;h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes&nbsp;&raquo; en temps de guerres et de pers&eacute;cutions. Dans une approche transnationale, il s&rsquo;agira de montrer que les processus d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation, loin d&rsquo;avoir les m&ecirc;mes modalit&eacute;s et les m&ecirc;mes rythmes partout, proc&egrave;dent de ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes d&rsquo;asynchronie, de r&eacute;gionalisation et de provincialisation (Grataloup, 2014). Ceux-ci d&eacute;voilent des jeux d&rsquo;&eacute;chelles temporelles et g&eacute;ographiques qui donnent des appr&eacute;ciations plurielles aux manifestations concr&egrave;tes d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme (Revel, 1996). En les prenant en compte, nous chercherons &agrave; identifier des dynamiques d&rsquo;influences, d&rsquo;enrichissements mutuels et de d&eacute;placements (des h&eacute;ros de <em>comics</em> devenant des h&eacute;ro&iuml;nes au cin&eacute;ma, par exemple).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">La perspective transversale permet de faire &eacute;merger un certain nombre de questionnements sp&eacute;cifiques. Toutes les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s ont-elles des h&eacute;ros dans les contextes de guerres&nbsp;? Des h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes peuvent-ils exister sans h&eacute;ros&nbsp;? L&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme a-t-il n&eacute;cessairement besoin de s&rsquo;incarner dans des actes&nbsp;? Quels liens entretient-il avec les supports de sa m&eacute;diatisation sans lesquels les h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes restent invisibles pour la soci&eacute;t&eacute;&nbsp;? Qu&rsquo;en est-il des h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes ordinaires, des &laquo;&nbsp;h&eacute;ros malgr&eacute; eux&nbsp;&raquo;, des actes commis selon les imp&eacute;ratifs du devoir, de l&rsquo;ob&eacute;issance aux ordres, voire des menaces, plut&ocirc;t que de l&rsquo;initiative lib&eacute;rale&nbsp;? Il conviendra ainsi d&rsquo;explorer en profondeur la question des motivations &ndash; individuelles et collectives &ndash; de l&rsquo;action en temps de guerres. Pourquoi passer &agrave; l&rsquo;action&nbsp;? Ce choix peut-il &ecirc;tre d&eacute;sint&eacute;ress&eacute;, ou proc&egrave;de-t-il immanquablement d&rsquo;une attente &ndash; celle d&rsquo;une reconnaissance ou d&rsquo;une r&eacute;tribution&nbsp;? Comment et pourquoi ses actions sont-elles &eacute;lev&eacute;es au rang d&rsquo;actes h&eacute;ro&iuml;ques&nbsp;?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Cet axe vise donc &agrave; comprendre comment la confrontation &agrave; des contextes pluriels donne &agrave; penser autrement la notion d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme.</p> <h3 class="MsoNormal">Axe&nbsp;3. L&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme&nbsp;: une notion actuelle et op&eacute;rante&nbsp;?</h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Cet axe porte sur l&rsquo;actualit&eacute; du recours &agrave; la notion d&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme. Dans quelle mesure persiste-t-elle au xxi<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle, aussi bien pour &eacute;crire que pour se penser et pour mettre en m&eacute;moire les actes h&eacute;ro&iuml;ques&nbsp;?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">D&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute;, nous serions &agrave; l&rsquo;&egrave;re de la d&eacute;sacralisation des h&eacute;ros, o&ugrave; les discours sur le sacrifice et la glorification des exploits seraient d&eacute;pass&eacute;s, voire d&eacute;plac&eacute;s. Il conviendra de distinguer, dans cette obsolescence de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme, une tendance globale des affections plus particuli&egrave;res &agrave; certaines de ses figures seulement. &Agrave; cet &eacute;gard, il faudra se pencher sur les processus de d&eacute;boulonnement des h&eacute;ros d&eacute;chus et de ce que l&rsquo;on pourrait appeler des ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes de p&eacute;remption de certains h&eacute;ros.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">De l&rsquo;autre, force est de constater que le contexte actuel, celui du retour de la guerre en Syrie, en Ukraine au Proche-Orient et des tensions en Afrique et en Asie, semble rendre leur pertinence aux h&eacute;ros et, comme un r&eacute;flexe naturel, le recours &agrave; l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation. En fait, celui-ci s&rsquo;applique &agrave; la fois aux contextes contemporains, par l&rsquo;identification de nouveaux h&eacute;ros, et aux contextes plus anciens, par la convocation de &laquo;&nbsp;h&eacute;ros immortels&nbsp;&raquo;. Pourquoi continue-t-on &agrave; parler de L&eacute;onidas, de Boucicaut ou de Bayard&nbsp;? Comment expliquer la p&eacute;rennit&eacute; non seulement de certains h&eacute;ros, mais aussi de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation, qui semble s&rsquo;actionner comme un r&eacute;flexe en temps de guerre, en d&eacute;pit des &eacute;volutions culturelles&nbsp;? Dans quelle mesure l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme reste-t-il op&eacute;rant de nos jours&nbsp;?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Dans cette exploration de l&rsquo;actualit&eacute; des h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes, une attention particuli&egrave;re sera accord&eacute;e aux pratiques de mus&eacute;ographie et de panth&eacute;onisation mettant en sc&egrave;ne les h&eacute;ros d&rsquo;hier et d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Ce colloque est par ailleurs pens&eacute; comme un atelier de r&eacute;flexion m&eacute;thodologique. Il s&rsquo;agira de mettre en place des outils pour approcher ces questions de fa&ccedil;on transversale, en faisant dialoguer les sp&eacute;cialistes de diff&eacute;rentes p&eacute;riodes et de disciplines vari&eacute;es &ndash; histoire, sociologie, sociologie politique, psychologie, anthropologie, litt&eacute;rature, arts, etc. Nous entendons d&eacute;passer les limites non seulement g&eacute;ographiques, mais aussi chronologiques, et travailler aussi sur les p&eacute;riodes de c&eacute;sure, souvent laiss&eacute;es pour compte. Ce faisant, l&rsquo;objectif est de constituer un r&eacute;seau de chercheurs int&eacute;ress&eacute;s par ces questions, r&eacute;seau qui sera amen&eacute; &agrave; se d&eacute;velopper et &agrave; s&rsquo;institutionnaliser &agrave; mesure que le projet, pens&eacute; sur le long terme et en plusieurs &eacute;tapes, prendra de l&rsquo;ampleur.</p> <h1 class="MsoNormal">Modalit&eacute;s de soumission</h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="FR-CA">Le colloque se tiendra &agrave; l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al les 29 et 30 octobre 2026.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="FR-CA">Les propositions de communications (1500 caract&egrave;res), en anglais ou en fran&ccedil;ais (une compr&eacute;hension passive des deux langues est demand&eacute;e) accompagn&eacute;es d&rsquo;un bref&nbsp;<em>curriculum vitae</em>, doivent &ecirc;tre adress&eacute;espar voie &eacute;lectronique, au choix &agrave;&nbsp;:</span></p> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA">Benjamin Deruelle</span> - <span lang="FR-CA">D&eacute;partement d&rsquo;histoire</span>, <span lang="FR-CA">Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al</span> , <strong><span lang="IT">deruelle.benjamin@uqam.ca</span></strong></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IT">Sarah Gruszka</span> - Sorbonne Universit&eacute; &ndash; EHESS, <strong><span lang="FR-CA">s.gruszka@orange.fr</span></strong></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IT">Guillaume Pinet</span> - <span lang="FR-CA">D&eacute;partement d&rsquo;histoire</span>, <span lang="FR-CA">Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al</span>, <strong><span lang="FR-CA">pinet.guillaume@uqam.ca</span></strong></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR-CA">C&eacute;cile Rousselet</span>, Sorbonne Universit&eacute; &ndash; Universit&eacute; Sorbonne Nouvelle, <strong><span lang="IT">cecile.rousselet@sorbonne-nouvelle.fr</span></strong></li> </ul> <h3><span lang="FR-CA"> avant le 1<sup>er</sup> mai 2025 </span></h3> <h1 class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IT">Information importante</span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="FR-CA">Dans toute la mesure du possible, les organisateurs chercheront &agrave; assurer le transport et le logement des participants au colloque. Cependant, tous ceux ou toutes celles qui peuvent assurer leur financement, par la voie de leurs universit&eacute;s ou de centres de recherche, sont invit&eacute;s &agrave; le faire savoir au moment de l&rsquo;envoi du d&eacute;p&ocirc;t de leur proposition. L&rsquo;existence de tels financements externes (m&ecirc;me encore non assur&eacute;s), en effet, est un important pr&eacute;requis pour la demande de subvention g&eacute;n&eacute;rale qui sera d&eacute;pos&eacute;e pour l&rsquo;organisation du colloque.</span></p> <h1 class="MsoNormal">Comit&eacute; scientifique</h1> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal">Andrew Barros (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Arnaud Bikard (INALCO)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Benjamin Deruelle (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Anne Gangloff (Universit&eacute; Rennes&nbsp;2)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Sarah Gruszka (Sorbonne Universit&eacute; - EHESS)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Luba Jurgenson (Sorbonne Universit&eacute;)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Fr&eacute;d&eacute;rique Leichter-Flack (Sciences Po)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Lucie Malbos (Universit&eacute;&nbsp;de&nbsp;Poitiers)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Chetima Melchisedek (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Guillaume Pinet (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Emmanuelle Poulain-Gautret (Universit&eacute; de Lille)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">C&eacute;cile Rousselet (Sorbonne Universit&eacute; &ndash; Universit&eacute; Sorbonne Nouvelle)</li> </ul> <h1 class="MsoNormal">Comit&eacute; d&rsquo;organisation</h1> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal">Andrew Barros (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Deborah Barton (Universit&eacute; de Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoListParagraph"><!-- [if !supportLists]-->Benjamin Deruelle (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoListParagraph"><!-- [if !supportLists]-->Sarah Gruszka (Sorbonne Universit&eacute; - EHESS)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Chetima Melchisedek (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoListParagraph"><!-- [if !supportLists]-->Guillaume Pinet (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoListParagraph"><!-- [if !supportLists]-->C&eacute;cile Rousselet (Sorbonne Universit&eacute; &ndash; Universit&eacute; Sorbonne Nouvelle)</li> </ul> <h1><span lang="EN-US">Bibliographie</span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ALLISON Scott T., BEGGAN James K. et GOETHALS George R. (dir.),<em> Encyclopedia of Heroism Studies</em>, New York, Springer, 2023. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ALLISON, Scott T., GOETHALS George R., MARRINAN Allyson R., PARKER Owen M., SPYROU Smaragda P. et STEIN Madison, &laquo;&nbsp;The metamorphosis of the hero: Principles, processes, and purpose&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Frontiers in Psychology, </em>n&deg;&nbsp;10, 2019, p.&nbsp;606.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ALLISON, Scott T., GOETHALS, George R., et KRAMER, Roderick M. (dir.), <em>Handbook of Heroism and Heroic Leadership</em>, New York, Routledge, 2017.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ALLISON, Scott T., GOETHALS, George R., et KRAMER, Roderick M., &laquo;&nbsp;Introduction. Setting the Scene: The Rise and Coalescence of Heroism Science&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Handbook of Heroism and Heroic Leadership</em>,<em> </em>New York, Routledge, 2017, p.&nbsp;1-16.&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ALMEIDA Adriana,&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN">The great crusader hero</span><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<em>Medievalista</em>, n&deg;&nbsp;4, en ligne, 2007: </span><a href="http://journals.openedition.org/medievalista/4379"><span lang="EN-US">http://journals.openedition.org/medievalista/4379</span></a><span lang="EN-US">. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ANDERSON Jeffrey W., &laquo;&nbsp;Military heroism: An occupational definition&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Armed Forces &amp; Society</em>, vol.&nbsp;12, n&deg;&nbsp;4, 1986, p.&nbsp;591-606. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">APOSTOLID&Egrave;S Jean-Marie,&nbsp;<em>H&eacute;ro&iuml;sme et victimisation. Une histoire de la sensibilit&eacute;</em>, Paris, Exils &Eacute;dition, 2004.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">AUDOIN-ROUZEAU St&eacute;phane et BECKER Annette, <em>14-18, retrouver la Guerre</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Gallimard, 2000.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">AUDOIN-ROUZEAU St&eacute;phane, <em>La Guerre des enfants 1914-1918. Essai d&rsquo;histoire culturelle</em>, Paris, Armand Colin, 1993.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">AUDOIN-ROUZEAU St&eacute;phane, <em>Combattre. Une anthropologie historique de la guerre moderne (xix<sup>e</sup>-xxi<sup>e</sup> si&egrave;cle)</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Le Seuil, 2009.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">AUDOIN-ROUZEAU St&eacute;phane, <em>1914-1918&nbsp;: La violence de guerre</em>, Paris et Vincennes, Gallimard - Minist&egrave;re de la d&eacute;fense - DMPA, 2014.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">AUERBACH Erich, <em>Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature</em>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2003 [1946].</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">AZOUVI Fran&ccedil;ois, <em>Du h&eacute;ros &agrave; la victime&nbsp;: la m&eacute;tamorphose contemporaine du sacr&eacute;</em>, Paris, Gallimard, 2024.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">BERTAUD Jean-Paul, <em>La R&eacute;volution arm&eacute;e</em>, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1979.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">BERTAUD Jean-Paul, <em>Quand les enfants parlaient de gloire&nbsp;: l&rsquo;arm&eacute;e au c&oelig;ur de la France de Napol&eacute;on</em>, Paris, Aubier, 2006</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">BOUREL Guillaume, BUR&Eacute;SI Pascal, CHEVALLIER Marielle, EL KENZ David et FELLOUS Sonia, <em>Enseigner les trois monoth&eacute;ismes, </em>Paris, Hatier, 2009<em>. </em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">BRINK Cornelia Brink et G&Ouml;LZ Olmo, <em>Violence and Heroism,</em> dans <em>Compendium heroicum</em>, &eacute;d. Ronald G. Asch, Achim Aurnhammer, Georg Feitscher, Anna Schreurs-Mor&eacute;t et Ralf von den Hoff, Sonderforschungsbereich 948, Universit&eacute; de Fribourg. DOI: 10.6094/heroicum/gewe1.0.20220908</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">BROWNING Christopher R., <em>Des hommes ordinaires. Le 101<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;bataillon de r&eacute;serve de la police allemande et la solution finale en Pologne</em>, Paris, Belles Lettres, 1994.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CAMPA Laurence, <em>Les Po&egrave;tes de la Grande Guerre. Exp&eacute;rience combattante et activit&eacute; po&eacute;tique</em>, Paris, Garnier, 2010.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">CAMPBELL Joseph, <em>The Hero with a Thousand Faces</em>, New York, New World Library, 1949.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CASTILLO Monique, &laquo;&nbsp;H&eacute;ro&iuml;sme, mysticisme et action&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Inflexions</em>, vol.&nbsp;1, n&deg;&nbsp;16, 2011, p.&nbsp;31-43&nbsp;; &eacute;galement en ligne&nbsp;: https://www.cairn.info/revue-inflexions-2011-1-page-31.htm. DOI&nbsp;: 10.3917/infle.016.0031</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CARBONNIER Jean-Christophe, <em>Daimyo. Seigneurs de la guerre au Japon</em>, Paris, Toriilinks editions, 2018.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CENTLIVRES Pierre, FABRE Daniel et ZONABEND Fran&ccedil;oise (dir.), <em>La Fabrique des h&eacute;ros</em>, Paris, MSH &eacute;ditions, 1998.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CHALINE Olivier, <em>La Bataille de la Montagne Blanche (8&nbsp;novembre 1620). Un mystique chez les guerriers</em>, Paris, Noesis, 1999.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CHATELAIN Jean-Marc, &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Heros togatus</em> &nbsp;: culture ciceronienne et gloire de la robe dans la France d&rsquo;Henri&nbsp;IV&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Journal des Savants</em>, vol.&nbsp;3, n<sup>o</sup>&nbsp;1, 1991, p.&nbsp;263‑287.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">CHOVANEC Kevin, <em>Pan-Protestant Heroism in Early Modern Europe</em>, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">COHEN &Eacute;velyne et GANGLOFF Anne,&nbsp;<em>Succ&egrave;s et &eacute;chec de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation</em>, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2025.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">COLANTONIO Laurent, <em>L&rsquo;homme-nation. Daniel O&rsquo;Connell et le laboratoire politique irlandais, 1775-1847</em>, Villeneuve-d&rsquo;Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2023.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><em>Petit &eacute;loge de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme. &Agrave; travers des &eacute;crivains de la Grande Guerre</em>, &eacute;d. Ariane Charton, Paris, Gallimard, coll. &laquo;&nbsp;Folio 2&nbsp;&euro;&nbsp;&raquo;, 2017.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CONTE Francis, &laquo;&nbsp;La Fabrication des h&eacute;ros dans l&rsquo;U.R.S.S. des ann&eacute;es&nbsp;1920-1930&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Revue Russe</em>,&nbsp;n&deg;&nbsp;37&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;Auto-construction de l&rsquo;image de la Russie et de la France au fil du temps&nbsp;&raquo;, 2011, p.&nbsp;33-42.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DERUELLE Benjamin et CRONIER Emmanuelle (dir.), <em>Argumenter en guerre&nbsp;: discours de guerre, sur la guerre, dans la guerre de l&rsquo;Antiquit&eacute; &agrave; nos jours</em>, Villeneuve d&rsquo;Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2019.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DERUELLE Benjamin et VISSI&Egrave;RE Laurent (dir.), <em>L&rsquo;&Eacute;nigme Bayard. Une figure europ&eacute;enne de l&rsquo;humanisme guerrier</em>, Tours, Presses universitaires Fran&ccedil;ois-Rabelais, 2021.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DERUELLE Benjamin, <em>De papier, de fer et de sang. Chevaliers et chevalerie &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;preuve de la modernit&eacute; (</em>ca<em> 1460-</em>ca<em> 1620)</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Publications de la Sorbonne, 2015.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DOSSE Fran&ccedil;ois, <em>Le pari biographique. &Eacute;crire une vie</em>. Paris, &Eacute;d. La D&eacute;couverte, 2005.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DOSSE Fran&ccedil;ois, <em>Renaissance de l&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement. Un d&eacute;fi pour l&rsquo;historien&nbsp;: entre Sphinx et Ph&eacute;nix</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Presses universitaires de France, 2010.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DREVILLON Herv&eacute;, &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;preuve de l&rsquo;absolutisme. L&rsquo;exemple du mar&eacute;chal de Gassion (1609-1647)&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Politix. Revue des sciences sociales du politique</em>, vol.&nbsp;15, n<sup>o</sup>&nbsp;58, 2002, p.&nbsp;15‑38.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DR&Eacute;VILLON Herv&eacute;, <em>L&rsquo;imp&ocirc;t du sang. Le m&eacute;tier des armes sous Louis&nbsp;XIV</em>, Paris, Tallandier, 2005.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DUBY Georges, <em>27&nbsp;juillet 1214. Le dimanche de Bouvines</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Gallimard, 1973.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DUBY Georges, <em>Guillaume le Mar&eacute;chal ou Le meilleur chevalier du monde</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Fayard, 1984.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">DWYER Philip et RYAN Lyndall&nbsp;(dir.), <em>Theatres of Violence: Massacre, Mass Killing, and Atrocity Throughout History</em>, New York,&nbsp;Berghahn Books, 2012.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">ECO Umberto, <em>De Superman au surhomme</em>, Paris, Grasset, 1993 [1976].</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">EFTHIMIOU Olivia et ALLISON Scott T., &laquo;&nbsp;Heroism science: Frameworks for an emerging field&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</em>, n&deg;&nbsp;58, 2017, p.&nbsp;556-570.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">EICHEL Patricia, <em>LeSsi&egrave;cle des grands hommes. Les recueils de vies d&rsquo;hommes illustres au xvi<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle</em>, Louvain, Paris, Sterling,&nbsp;Peeters Publishers, 2001.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">EL KENZ David (dir.), <em>Le Massacre, objet d&rsquo;histoire</em>, Paris, Gallimard, 2005,<em> </em>traduction en italien&nbsp;: <em>Il Massacro nella storia</em>, Turin, Utet, 2008.<em> </em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">EL KENZ David et GANTET Claire, <em>Guerres et paix de religion dans l&rsquo;Europe des XVIe et XVIIe&nbsp;si&egrave;cles</em>, Paris, Armand Colin, 2003, &eacute;d. revue et augment&eacute;e, 2008.<em> </em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">EL KENZ David, <em>Les B&ucirc;chers du roi. La culture protestante des martyrs (1523-1572), </em>Seyssel, Champ Vallon, 1997.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">FLEMING Brian, <em>Heroes in the Shadows. Humanitarian Action and Courage in the Second World War</em>, Stroud, Amberley Publishing, 2019. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">FORREST Alan, <em>Napoleon&rsquo;s Men. The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire</em>, Londres, New York, Hambledon, 2002. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">FOUCAULT Michel, <em>L&rsquo;Ordre du discours</em>, Le&ccedil;on inaugurale au Coll&egrave;ge de France prononc&eacute;e le 2&nbsp;d&eacute;c. 1970, Paris, Gallimard, 1971.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">FRANCO Zeno E., ALLISON Scott T., KINSELLA Elaine L., KOHEN Ari, LANGDON Matt et ZIMBARDO Philip G., &laquo;&nbsp;Heroism Research: A Review of Theories, Methods, Challenges, and Trends&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Faculty Publications: Political Science</em>, n&deg;&nbsp;87, 2016.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">FRANCO Zeno E., BLAU Kathy et ZIMBARDO Philip G., &laquo;&nbsp;Heroism: A Conceptual Analysis and Differentiation between Heroic Action and Altruism&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Review of General Psychology</em>, vol.&nbsp;15, n&deg;&nbsp;2, p.&nbsp;99-113, 2011. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">GAINOT Bernard, &laquo;&nbsp;R&eacute;volutionner la gloire&nbsp;&raquo;, dans Benjamin Deruelle et Arnaud Guinier (&eacute;d.), <em>La Construction du militaire</em>, vol.&nbsp;2, Paris, &Eacute;ditions de la Sorbonne, 2017, p.&nbsp;281-298</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">GAUCHER, Elisabeth, <em>La Biographie chevaleresque&nbsp;: Typologie d&rsquo;un genre (xiii<sup>e</sup>-xv<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle)</em>, Paris, Honor&eacute; Champion, 1994.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">GILBERT Martin, <em>The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War</em>, Oxford, Oxford Brookes University, 2006.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">GINZBURG Carlo et PONI Carlo, &laquo;&nbsp;La microhistoire&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Le D&eacute;bat</em>, n&deg;&nbsp;17 (1981), p.&nbsp;133-137.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">GINZBURG Carlo, &laquo;&nbsp;Traces&nbsp;: racines d&rsquo;un paradigme indiciaire&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Le D&eacute;bat</em>, 6 (1980) (trad. de l&rsquo;italien d&rsquo;un article de 1979), repris dans <em>Mythes, embl&egrave;mes, traces, morphologie et histoire</em>, Paris, Flammarion, 1989, p.&nbsp;3-44.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">GOLTERMANN Svenja, <em>Victims. Perceptions of Suffering and Violence in Modern Europe</em>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2022. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">GRATALOUP Christian, &laquo;&nbsp;Les P&eacute;riodes sont des r&eacute;gions du monde&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>ATALA. </em><em><span lang="EN-US">Cultures et sciences humaines</span></em><span lang="EN-US">, 17 (2014), p.&nbsp;65-81.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">GRIFFIN Roger, &laquo;&nbsp;Heroism and the Sacralisation of Violence in the Third Reich&nbsp;&raquo;, colloque <em>Heroism and Violence during the Second World War</em>, org. </span>Museum of the Slovak National Uprising, 9-10 novembre 2022.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;">GRUSZKA Sarah, <em>Voix du pouvoir, voix de l&rsquo;intime. Les journaux personnels du si&egrave;ge de Leningrad (1941-1944)</em>, th&egrave;se de doctorat, Sorbonne Universit&eacute;, 2019.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">HANSON, Victor Davis, <em>Le mod&egrave;le occidental de la guerre</em>, Paris, Tallandier, 2007 (1989).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">HARTOG, Fran&ccedil;ois, <em>R&eacute;gimes d&rsquo;historicit&eacute;. Pr&eacute;sentisme et exp&eacute;riences du temps</em>, Paris, Seuil, 2003.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">HARVEY Joan, ERDOS George et TURNBULL Lisa, &laquo;&nbsp;How do we perceive heroes?&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Journal of Risk Research</em>, vol.&nbsp;12, n&deg;&nbsp;3-4, 2009, p.&nbsp;313-327. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">HELLER Leonid, &laquo;&nbsp;&ldquo;H&eacute;ros&rdquo; et &ldquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes&rdquo; en Russie&nbsp;: notes pour une recherche&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>&Eacute;tudes de lettres</em>, n&deg;&nbsp;4, en ligne, 2009&nbsp;: http://journals.openedition.org/edl/311</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">HELLER Leonid, <em>Le Retour des h&eacute;ros. La reconstruction des mythologies nationales &agrave; l&rsquo;heure du postcommunisme</em>, Louvain-la-Neuve, Academia-Bruylant, 2009.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">JANIAUD Jo&euml;l, &laquo;&nbsp;H&eacute;ro&iuml;sme (A)&nbsp;&raquo;, dans Maxime Kristanek (dir.), <em>L&rsquo;Encyclop&eacute;die philosophique</em>, en ligne, 2018&nbsp;: https://encyclo-philo.fr/heroisme-a</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">JAUCOURT Louis de, article &laquo;&nbsp;H&eacute;ros&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Encyclop&eacute;die</em> de D&rsquo;Alembert et Diderot, 1765.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">JOUHAUD Christian, <em>Les Pouvoirs de la litt&eacute;rature. Histoire d&rsquo;un paradoxe</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Gallimard, 2000.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">KEEGAN, John, <em>Anatomie de la bataille&nbsp;: Azincourt 1415, Waterloo 1815, La Somme 1916</em>, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1993 (1976).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">LALANE BERDOUTICQ Aude-Marie, <em>Des hommes pour la guerre. La s&eacute;lection m&eacute;dicale des soldats. France - Grande-Bretagne, 1900-1923</em>, Paris, CNRS &Eacute;ditions, 2025.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">LAVOCAT Fran&ccedil;oise, &laquo;&nbsp;Le comparatisme comme herm&eacute;neutique de la d&eacute;familiarisation&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Vox-poetica</em>, en ligne, 2012&nbsp;: http://www.vox- poetica.org/t/articles/lavocat2012.html</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">LEVI, Giovanni, <em>Le Pouvoir au village</em>, Paris, Gallimard, 1989, pr&eacute;face et introduction, p. I-XXXIII et 9-18.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">LEVY-BERTHERAT Anne-Deborah et ZAMOUR Fran&ccedil;oise (dir.), <em>L&rsquo;&Eacute;pop&eacute;e des petites filles</em>, Paris, L&rsquo;Improviste, 2020.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">LODGE, Tom, <em>Mandela: A Critical Life</em>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">LOEZ Andr&eacute;, <em>14-18. Les Refus de la guerre. Une&nbsp;histoire des mutins</em>, Paris, Gallimard, 2010.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">LYNN, John A., <em>The Bayonets of the Republic. Motivation and Tatics in the Army of Revolution France</em>, 1791-1794, Urban and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1984.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">MASLINSKAYA, Svetlana, &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;Enfant-h&eacute;ros, une lacune de la mythologie r&eacute;volutionnaire&nbsp;&raquo;, dans Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Fayet, Val&eacute;rie Gorin, Gianni Haver et Emilia Koustova (dir.), Lausanne, &Eacute;ditions Antipodes, 2017, p.&nbsp;224.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">MENANT Sylvain et MORRISSEY Robert (dir.), <em>H&eacute;ro&iuml;sme et Lumi&egrave;res</em><strong>, </strong>avec la collaboration de Julie Meyers, Paris, Honor&eacute; Champion, 2010.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">MOSSE George L.,&nbsp;<em>Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World&rsquo;s Wars</em>, New York, Oxford University Press, 1990.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">NAVARRO GARC&Iacute;A Luis, <em>Jos&eacute; de San Mart&iacute;n y su tiempo</em>, Seville, Universidad de Sevilla, 1999.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">NORA Pierre (dir.), <em>Les Lieux de m&eacute;moire</em>, Paris, Gallimard, 1997.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">NORA Pierre, &laquo;&nbsp;Le retour de l&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement&nbsp;&raquo;, dans Jacques Le Goff, Jacques et Pierre Nora (&eacute;d.), <em>Faire de l&rsquo;histoire. </em><em><span lang="EN-GB">I. Nouveaux problems</span></em><span lang="EN-GB">, Paris, Gallimard, 1978, p.&nbsp;285-308.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">OESTREICH Gerhard, <em>Neostoicism and the Early Modern State</em>, Cambridge,&nbsp;Cambridge University Press, 1982.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">PELTIER Julien, <em>Une autre histoire des samoura&iuml;s</em>, Paris, Perrin, 2023.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">PIGNOT Manon, <em>L&rsquo;Appel de la guerre. Des adolescents au combat, 1914-1918</em>, Paris, CNL, Anamosa, 2019.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">PINET Guillaume, <em>T&eacute;moigner de la guerre &agrave; la Renaissance. Pratiques sociales, culturelles et politiques des m&eacute;morialistes militaires fran&ccedil;ais (vers 1495&ndash;vers 1625)</em>, Villeneuve d&rsquo;Ascq, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, &agrave; para&icirc;tre en 2025.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">POULAIN-GAUTRET Emmanuelle, <em>La tradition litt&eacute;raire d&rsquo;Ogier le Danois apr&egrave;s le xiii<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle, Permanence et renouvellement du genre &eacute;pique m&eacute;di&eacute;val</em>, Paris, Honor&eacute; Champion, 2005.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">R&Eacute;TAT Pierre, <em>L&rsquo;information &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque moderne</em>, Paris, Presses de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Paris Sorbonne, 2001.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">REVEL Jacques&nbsp;(dir.), <em>Jeux d&rsquo;&eacute;chelles. La micro-analyse &agrave; l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Gallimard et Seuil, 1996.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">RICOEUR Paul, <em>Temps et r&eacute;cit</em>, 3 tomes, Paris, Seuil, 1983-1985.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ROSE Mary Beth, <em>Gender and Heroism in Early Modern English Literature</em>, Chicago,&nbsp;University of Chicago Press, 2002.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">RUSCH Hannes et ST&Ouml;RMER Charlotte, &laquo;&nbsp;An Evolutionary Perspective on War Heroism&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Militaire Spectator</em>, vol.&nbsp;184, n&deg;&nbsp;3, 2015, p.&nbsp;140-150; &eacute;galement en ligne: https://militairespectator.nl/artikelen/evolutionary-perspective-war-heroism </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">SARTORTI Rosalinde, &laquo;&nbsp;On the Making of Heroes, Heroines and Saints&nbsp;&raquo;, dans Richard Stites (dir.),<em> Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia,</em><span class="apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1995, p.&nbsp;176-193. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">SCHEIPERS Sybille, <em>Heroism and the Changing Character of War. Toward Post-Heroic Warfare?</em>, New York, Springer, 2014.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">SUNDERLAND Luke, <em>Old French Narrative Cycles: Heroism Between Ethics and Morality</em>, Cambridge et Rochester,&nbsp;D.S. Brewer, 2010.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">URMSON J. O., &laquo;&nbsp;Saints and Heroes&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Essays in Moral Philosophy</em>, &eacute;d. </span>A. I. Melden, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1958, p.&nbsp;198-216.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">VAN&nbsp;YPERSELE, Laurence, &laquo;&nbsp;H&eacute;ros et h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Encyclop&eacute;die du t&eacute;moignage et de la m&eacute;moire</em>, en ligne, 2017&nbsp;: <a href="http://memories-testimony.com/notice/heros-et-heroisation">http://memories-testimony.com/notice/heros-et-heroisation</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">VEYNE Paul, <em>Comment on &eacute;crit l&rsquo;histoire</em>, suivi de<em> Foucault r&eacute;volutionne l&rsquo;histoire</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Seuil, 1996 [1971].</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">WANSINK Brian, VAN&nbsp;ITTERSUM Koert et PAYNE Collin R, &laquo;&nbsp;The psychology of heroes: Antecedents and consequences of combat-decorated war heroism&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>International Journal of Psychology Research</em>, vol.&nbsp;7, n&deg;&nbsp;2, 2012, p.&nbsp;155-183.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">WEINSTEIN Harrison, <em>Beyond Courage: The Psychology of Heroism</em>, th&egrave;se de doctorat, Palo Alto University, 2013.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">WHITE Hayden, <em>Metahistory. The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe</em>, Baltimore,&nbsp;John Hopkins University Press, 2014 [1973].</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">VIOLA Herman J., <em>Warrior Spirit: The Story of Native American Heroism and Patriotism</em>, Norman,&nbsp;University of Oklahoma Press, 2022.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">WORMS Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric, &laquo;&nbsp;Le h&eacute;ros et le philosophe&nbsp;&raquo;, <em>Philosopher en France sous l&rsquo;Occupation</em>, &eacute;d. Olivier Bloch, Paris, &Eacute;ditions de la Sorbonne, 2009.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">ZACHARIAH Benjamin, <em>Nehru</em>, Londres, Routledge, 2004.</p> <h1 class="MsoNormal"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->Notes</h1> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_ftn1"></a><a href="#_ftnref1"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]</a> <em>Heroism Science</em> est une revue &laquo;&nbsp;peer-reviewed open source&nbsp;&raquo; fond&eacute;e en 2016. Elle compte 9 volumes &agrave; ce jour.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_ftn2"></a><a href="#_ftnref2"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]</a> <em>Compendium heroicum</em> est une encyclop&eacute;die en ligne publi&eacute;e par le Sonderforschungsbereich 948 &laquo;&nbsp;Helden - Heroisierungen - Heroismen&nbsp;&raquo; (Centre de recherche collaborative &laquo;&nbsp;H&eacute;ros - H&eacute;ro&iuml;sations - H&eacute;ro&iuml;smes&nbsp;&raquo;) de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Fribourg. En France, voir le colloque international &laquo;&nbsp;Succ&egrave;s et &eacute;chec de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation de l&rsquo;Antiquit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;actualit&eacute; europ&eacute;enne&nbsp;&raquo; organis&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Rennes 2 les 25-27 janvier 2023 par la Chaire Jean Monnet FABER.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_ftn3"></a><a href="#_ftnref3"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]</a>&nbsp;Tr&eacute;sor de la Langue fran&ccedil;aise informatis&eacute; [En ligne&nbsp;: http://atilf.atilf.fr/].</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_ftn4"></a><a href="#_ftnref4"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]</a> Cf. &laquo;&nbsp;L&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;une d&eacute;finition standard accept&eacute;e est un obstacle majeur&nbsp;&raquo; (Weinstein, 2013, p.&nbsp;2).</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a name="_ftn5"></a><a href="#_ftnref5"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[5]</a> Voir par exemple le recueil &eacute;dit&eacute; par Ariane Charton, <em>Petit &eacute;loge de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme</em>, Paris, Folio, 2017.</p> </div> <div id="annonce-1247147-en" class="tabContent hidden" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h1>Argument</h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">Since the 2000s, scholarly interest in the concept of heroism has grown to the point where some now speak of heroism studies (Efthimiou and Allison, 2017) or heroism science (Allison, Goethals and Kramer, 2017). This emerging historiographical current now has a multidisciplinary academic journal, affiliated with the University of Richmond<a title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></a>, research centers and even encyclopedias for American and German researchers<a title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></a>. Pierre Nora&rsquo;s <em>Lieux de m&eacute;moire</em> and the collective work <em>La Fabrique des h&eacute;ros</em> (Centlivres, Fabre and Zonabend, 1998) are examples of this historiographical trend, as witnessed by the recent publication of the study <em>Succ&egrave;s et &eacute;chec de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation</em> (Cohen and Gangloff, 2025). This dynamism, and the productions that illustrate it, testify to the interest not only of the scientific community, but also of society as a whole, in the context of the rise of presentism (Hartog, 2003) and the uncertainties that characterize the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The proliferation of commemorations that accompany today&rsquo;s attachment to the duty of remembrance, the upheavals in world geopolitics linked to conflicts in Ukraine, the Middle East and tensions in Asia around Korea and the China Sea, as well as the return of the specter of high-intensity conflicts, all feed the search for stable landmarks, for people, real or fictional, capable of embodying a system of values or an ideal of behavior and upholding it to its highest degree. On the other hand, the attachment of current national historiographies to the heroic paradigm &ndash; particularly when it comes to emblematic figures, from Joan of Arc to Eva Per&oacute;n, to light-obscure pasts such as John A. Macdonald, H&ocirc; Chi Minh or S&eacute;kou Tour&eacute;, or to tragic episodes such as the two world wars and the genocides of the 20th and 21st centuries &ndash; sometimes makes heroism difficult to analyze, even from an academic perspective. Emotional reactions tinged with moralizing are sometimes evoked when questioning heroism is perceived as an almost blasphemous act.</span></p> <h2 class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The factory of heroism</span></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">Heroism, which is defined in the <em>Oxford English Dictionary</em> as &ldquo;exalted courage, intrepidity, or boldness,&rdquo; has an extraordinary, hyperbolic character that justifies the use of the noun. However, Harrison Weinstein points out the lack of consensus surrounding its definition<a title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></a>. Many of the studies that have examined the notion note that such an exercise resists any univocal approach, since the norms and values embodied by heroism vary according to time, place and society. How, then, can we understand heroism other than in the plural, given that <em>heroisms</em> never appear except through contexts, documents and conditions that constantly redefine the issues it raises in practice (see Azouvi, 2024)? The First World War was accompanied by a &ldquo;war culture&rdquo; that overturned the old models of heroism (Becker and Audouin-Rouzeau, 2000). </span><span lang="EN-US">Carpet bombs and poison gas rendered individual bravery useless, while the recumbent position of soldiers and the uselessness of cavalry charges in the face of the first tanks overturned the traditional attributes of warrior heroism (Audouin-Rouzeau, 2009 and 2014). The Great War thus brought about mutations in the experience of war, leading to changes in the very appreciation of a possible heroism &ndash;&nbsp;both on the front and in the rear (see Campa, 2020, Loez, 2010, or Lalanne-Berdouticq, 2025).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">Interest in heroism is itself subject to variations in line with historiographical dynamics. Initially linked to event history and the study of the great figures of military history, it then retreated in favor of a history of structures and the long term that emerged between the wars. It was not until the turn of the 20th to the 21st century that it was revived in the wake of the &ldquo;return of the event&rdquo; (Norat, 1978; R&eacute;tat, 2001; Dosse, 2010) and the bibliographical approach (Dosse, 2005), as well as renewed interest in the singularity of microhistory (Ginzburg 1980 and 1989; Ginzburg and Poni, 1981; Levi, 1989). In the martial field, it is driven by a renewed history of warfare that is now sensitive to the articulation between practices and representations (Duby, 1973; Bertaud, 1979; J. Keegan, 1976; Hanson, 1989; Lynn, 1984; Chaline, 1999; Dr&eacute;villon, 2005). However, researchers are now less concerned with heroes for their own sake than with heroism and what it tells us about human groups, their values and aspirations, and the way they structure social relations (Dosse, 2010).&nbsp; </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">If we&rsquo;re talking here about heroisms rather than heroes or heroines, it&rsquo;s because recent thinking is less concerned with apprehending the actors, events or beneficiaries of the process than with the conditions (anthropological, social, cultural, political and historical) involved in the elaboration of heroic models, the fields of experience they reveal and the horizons of expectation they outline. Therefore heroisms must be approached as historically dated and geographically localized constructions, which are the product of a discursive process revealed by the gestures and practices that make them visible, and which promote not only an individual but, through him or her, a behavior, a social group or an idea (Duby, 1973 and 1984). The heroic act exists, in a constructivist approach, only insofar as it is put into narrative and plot (Veyne, 1971, White, 1973, Ricoeur, 1983-1985). Stories of heroism are consubstantial with the enactments of these heroisms in discursive space (Auerbach, 1946, Eco, 1976).&nbsp; </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">Certain contexts produce particular forms of heroism that need to be questioned, such as &ldquo;institutional heroism&rdquo;, to be contrasted with &ldquo;personal/intimate heroism&rdquo;. The aim of this symposium is to reflect on the normativity of heroisms, insofar as they are axiological propositions that maintain dialectical relations with social values and practices. It examines the way in which heroisms and the imaginaries associated with them are inspired by, and at the same time participate in, the foundation of societal norms. How can their analysis help identify structural continuities or, on the contrary, reveal discontinuities in the history of the human groups that bear them and bring them to life?</span></p> <h2 class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The contribution of war and persecution to reflection on heroism</span></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">Reflecting on the making of heroism also implies confronting it with events likely to change its dynamics. It is in this context that we will study the contexts of war and the violence and persecution that accompany it, insofar as they are conducive to the eruption of discourses and practices that valorize the heroic paradigm. In states and societies at war, the need for myths, legends and heroes &ndash;&nbsp;whether real or fictional&nbsp;&ndash; is exacerbated. Their function is to prepare minds, mobilize individuals, social groups and even nations, or to reduce dissent (Cronier and Deruelle, 2019).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">In this day and age, wartime heroism seems to be taken for granted. Documentaries, popular works, and artistic works do not hesitate to resort to the notion of &ldquo;Hero of War&rdquo; or to praise wartime heroism<a title="" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]--></a>. However, studies carried out over the last twenty years or so have revealed the construction processes (institutional or otherwise) from which they derive, and the a posteriori crystallization of idealized postures they induce. Heroisms are now studied as &ldquo;myths&rdquo; to be deconstructed (Luigi Mascili, 2002; Charles Taylor, 1989), sometimes influenced by the history of sensibilities and &ldquo;military virility&rdquo; (Corbin, Courtine, Vigarello, 2011). A deconstruction that may have been operated by the actors of the past themselves to revive or free themselves from old heroisms, to think or rethink their identity by renewing their heroic models (Pinet, 2025). Heroisms are also considered in terms of the action or passivity of individuals at war (Forrest, 2002; Conte, 2011), behaviors such as altruism or denunciation, or the construction of the epic (Braudy, 2005). </span><span lang="EN-US">In his inaugural lecture at the international symposium organized by the Museum of the Slovak National Uprising in 2022, &ldquo;Heroism and Violence during the Second World War&rdquo;, Roger Griffin pondered the &ldquo;sacralization&rdquo; of violence to which the heroic models of the Third Reich contributed (Griffin, 2022). Recent historiography has therefore also focused on the shadow side of heroism. In this sense, the &ldquo;return of the heroes&rdquo; (i.e. Heller, 2009) is one of the privileged fields of retreat from the heroic paradigm.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">The social sciences have also contributed to an evolving appreciation of this protean phenomenon. These include studies in literature and philosophy (Gaucher, 1994; Poulain Gautret, 2005; Castillo, 2011; Worms, 2009) and psychology, from the second half of the 20th century onwards (Franco, Blau and Zimbardo, 2011). The works produced in the wake of Stanley Milgram&rsquo;s resounding experiment were already giving food for thought about the postures adopted in times of war. More recently, several works have examined the acts and discourses of heroism in these crisis contexts from a multidisciplinary perspective (e.g. Scheipers, 2014). Reflection has also been nourished by an approach concerning the materiality of violence on the body and allows us to envisage new questions on &ldquo;heroic&rdquo; positioning, notably in the context of the Napoleonic wars (Dwyer and Ryan, 2012) or more recently the exhibition &ldquo;With Blind Steps&rdquo; proposed by Judith Lenglart at the Mamuta Art and Research Center (Jerusalem).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">Finally, many studies address heroism in paradoxical contexts. Such is the case with academic reflections on heroism and childhood (Maslinskaya, 2017; Audoin-Rouzeau 1993, Pignot, 2012 or Levy-Bertherat and Zamour, 2020) or romanticized as in Ahmadou Kourouma&rsquo;s novel <em>Allah n&rsquo;est pas oblig&eacute;</em>, about child soldiers in Liberia, where the Donquichottesque posture reinterrogates the very construction of a childhood heroism. These questions, like those surrounding heroism and gender, interrogate &ldquo;borderline situations&rdquo;, and thus the contours of a notion that emancipates itself from the often-stereotyped frameworks in which it has long been used, and often still is today.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">In these processes of constructing, deconstructing and reconstructing heroism, periods of war play a special role. The &ldquo;noise&rdquo; of their exceptional events brings to light phenomena that are otherwise difficult to see (Duby, 1973). They thus function as &ldquo;operators of legibility&rdquo; (Cornelia Brink and Olmo G&ouml;lz, 2022), revealing the foundations of societies and their cultures. While interest in &ldquo;wartime heroism&rdquo; is therefore not new, it is still often studied through the lens of particular figures, such as Jos&eacute; de San Mart&iacute;n, O&rsquo;Connell, Jawaharlal Nehru or Mandela, respectively fathers of the Argentine, Irish, Indian and South African Nations (Navarro Garc&iacute;a, 1999; Colantonio, 2023 ; Zachariah, 2004, Lodge, 2006), specific contexts such as the Crusades (Almeida, 2007), the Wars of Religion (El Kenz, 1997, 2008; Apostolid&egrave;s, 2004) or the French Revolution (Gainot, 2017), or singular cultures such as chivalric culture (Deruelle, 2015) and Bushido (Carbonnier, 2018; Pelletier, 2023) without being the subject of a systematic, global approach. Although limited in their ambition, a few studies question the construction of discourses on heroism in plural contexts and from a transnational and diachronic perspective (Deruelle and Vissiere, 2021). They testify to the value of this approach, at the heart of this symposium, in deconstructing its foundations.</span></p> <h2 class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">&laquo;&nbsp;GUERRO&Iuml;SMES &ndash; WAR/OISMS&nbsp;&raquo;</span></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">This is the subject of the &ldquo;GUERRO&Iuml;SMES &ndash; WAR/OISMS&rdquo; project, organized in partnership with the Groupe de Recherche en Histoire de la Guerre, which is working on these issues as part of its &lsquo;Pratiques et repr&eacute;sentations de la guerre&rsquo; project. The aim is to consider, with the necessary hindsight, not so much the manifestations deemed &ldquo;heroic&rdquo; in times of war, but rather the fabrications of heroism and its specificities in the martial context. By considering these as complex phenomena, involving a variety of actors, tools and horizons of expectation that are sometimes irreducible or competing, we aim to decipher the elaboration of imaginary images of martial heroism, to distinguish ruptures, evolutions, temporal and spatial particularities or, on the contrary, constants, while constantly confronting them with the practices &ndash;&nbsp;discursive, martial or commemorative &ndash;&nbsp;through which they crystallize. What do times of war do to heroism? How specific are these mechanisms of elaboration? How do these positive models compare with the reality of combat and the atrocities of war? Conversely, in what way does the refinement of the heroic paradigm shed new light on the act of war, and even renew our understanding of the history, culture and sensitive world in which they are rooted? Does the diversity of contexts of violence make it possible to write a history of heroism in the face of turmoil?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">The colloquium and, more broadly, the &ldquo;GUERRO&Iuml;SMES&rdquo; project, are intended to provide some answers to these questions by laying the groundwork for an in-depth, three-part study:</span></p> <h3 class="MsoNormal"><strong><span lang="EN-US">F</span></strong><span lang="EN-US">ocus 1. Heroism in theory: defining the notion and understanding the making of discourses on heroism</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">One focus will be on questions of definition. The aim is to identify the various meanings of heroism in the context of war, according to discipline, era, space and culture. How, under what conditions and by which actors, military or civilian (Jouhaud, 2000), were these different definitions elaborated? What references (historical, literary, religious) and legacies did they draw on? How do they differ from other notions such as honor or reputation, and how does the making of heroes differ from that of martyrs or saints (secular or otherwise) (Chovanec, 2020)?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">Particular attention will be paid to the contexts in which these heroisms have been thought of, the forms they take (masculine, feminine, animal), the functions attributed to them and their reception and appropriation: in what circumstances have the meanings of heroism been inflected? Do they relate specifically to notions of crisis and modernity, to moments of violence, and to discourses of subalternity, giving rise to particular &ldquo;discursive formations&rdquo; (Foucault, 1970) depending on social contexts and power relations? What place does the heroic paradigm occupy in each culture? To what extent is it permeable to societal evolutions? Through what channels have these different definitions of heroism been conveyed and perpetuated?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">By carefully exploring these questions and the ways in which heroism is narrated, we will seek to identify the specific characteristics of heroism and its evolution over time and space. Ultimately, it will be possible to better understand how &ldquo;war heroism&rdquo; differs from other forms of heroism, and how it has influenced the representations of contemporaries and historians. The forms of heroism, studied from a diachronic point of view, according to genres, media and spaces (places, objects, cultural fields), will then enable us to analyze the very mechanisms of this &ldquo;manufacture&rdquo; of heroic discourses in wartime.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">This exploration will take both a chronological and thematic approach. The aim is to establish a typology of discourses on heroism in wartime, highlighting several pairs that are both complementary and antinomic: collective/individual heroism; military/civilian heroism; sacred/fallen hero; fictional/real heroism; hero/victim; hero/non-hero/anti-hero. How do these different discourses interact? Are the theoretical and methodological tools for thinking about these plural forms of discourse the same? </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">Particular attention will be paid to the origins of the heroic qualification: which actors or institutions attribute, and work to impose, this status in contexts of war and persecution? According to what logics and what stakes? These questions call for a detailed exploration of the functions of heroism in various respects (historical, social, ideological, psychological). It will involve questioning how heroisms are constructed and thought about in relation to the official discourses (Gruszka, 2019) or norms (Oestreich, 1982; Dr&eacute;villon, 2002) that focus on them. Finally, in this reflection on the auctoriality of heroic qualification, we will also be interested in the phenomena of heroic self-identification and imposture.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">This reflection will enable us to imagine a cartography of the &ldquo;words of heroism&rdquo;, illustrating the terminology associated with these phenomena.</span></p> <h3 class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Focus 2. Heroism in practice in contexts of violence</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">If the notion of heroism can be defined through the discourses and commentaries that fabricate it, these must also be confronted with the particular reality of violence in the contexts studied. This axis therefore aims to put the model to the test of war. How have they shaped manifestations of heroism? But also, in return, to what extent do they enrich, inflect or even deconstruct our representations of the heroic paradigm?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">Drawing on several eras, geographical areas and disciplines enables us to think in a variety of ways, offering the possibility of a &ldquo;hermeneutic of defamiliarization&rdquo; (Lavocat, 2012). A comparative approach will therefore inform this study of &ldquo;heroisms&rdquo; in times of war and persecution. Taking a transnational approach, we will show that heroisation processes, far from having the same modalities and rhythms everywhere, proceed from phenomena of asynchrony, regionalization and provincialization (Grataloup, 2014). These reveal the interplay of temporal and geographical scales that give plural appreciations to concrete manifestations of heroism (Revel, 1996). By taking them into account, we seek to identify dynamics of influence, mutual enrichment and displacement (comic book heroes becoming heroines in cinema, for example).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">This cross-disciplinary perspective allows several specific questions to emerge. Do all societies have heroes in the context of war? Can heroism exist without heroes? Does heroism necessarily need to be embodied in deeds? What links does heroism have with the media without which it remains invisible to society? What of ordinary heroism, of &ldquo;heroes in spite of themselves&rdquo;, of acts committed according to the imperatives of duty, obedience to orders, even threats, rather than liberal initiative? The question of <strong>individual and collective motivations</strong> for action in times of war needs to be explored in depth. Why act? Can this choice be disinterested, or does it inevitably stem from an expectation &ndash;&nbsp;that of recognition or retribution? How and why are someone&rsquo;s actions elevated to the level of heroic deeds?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">The aim of this theme is to understand how confrontation with multiple contexts leads us to think differently about the notion of heroism.</span></p> <h3 class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Focus 3. Heroism: a current and operative notion?</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">This section looks at the contemporary use of the notion of heroism. To what extent does it persist in the 21st century, both for writing and for thinking about and remembering heroic deeds? </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">On the one hand, we are in an era of desacralization of heroes, in which discourses on sacrifice and the glorification of exploits are outdated, if not out of place. In this obsolescence of heroism, we need to distinguish between a global trend and more particular affections for certain figures. In this respect, we need to look at the process of debunking fallen heroes and what we might call the phenomenon of heroes&rsquo; obsolescence.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">On the other hand, it has to be said that the current context &ndash;&nbsp;the return of war in Syria, Ukraine and the Middle East, and tensions in Africa and Asia - seems to make heroes relevant once again, and, like a natural reflex, bring a recourse to heroisation. In fact, this applies both to contemporary contexts, through the identification of new heroes, and to older contexts, through the summoning of &ldquo;immortal heroes&rdquo;. Why do we continue to speak of Leonidas, Boucicaut or Bayard? How can we explain the enduring nature not only of certain heroes, but also of heroisation, which seems to operate like a reflex in wartime, despite cultural evolutions? To what extent is heroism still operative today?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">In this exploration of current heroism, particular attention will be paid to museography and pantheonization practices featuring heroes of yesterday and today.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">The symposium is also intended as a workshop for methodological reflection. The aim is to develop tools for approaching these issues in a cross-disciplinary way, by bringing together specialists from different periods and disciplines &ndash; history, sociology, political sociology, psychology, anthropology, literature, the arts, etc. &ndash; in a dialogue. We intend to transcend not only geographical, but also chronological boundaries, and also work on periods of caesura, which are often overlooked. In so doing, the aim is to build up a network of researchers interested in these issues, a network that will develop and become institutionalized as the project, conceived over the long term and in several stages, expands.</span></p> <h1>Submission guidelines</h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">The symposium will be held at the Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al on October 29 and 30, 2026. Proposals for papers (1500 characters), in English or French (passive comprehension of both languages is required), accompanied by a brief curriculum vitae, should be sent electronically to:</span></p> <ul> <li class="MsoNormal">Benjamin Deruelle -&nbsp;D&eacute;partement d&rsquo;histoire -&nbsp;Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al,&nbsp;<strong><span lang="EN-US">deruelle.benjamin@uqam.ca</span></strong></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Sarah Gruszka -&nbsp;</span>Sorbonne Universit&eacute; - EHESS, <strong>s.gruszka@orange.fr</strong></li> <li class="MsoNormal">Guillaume Pinet -&nbsp;D&eacute;partement d&rsquo;histoire -&nbsp;Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al, <strong>pinet.guillaume@uqam.ca</strong></li> <li class="MsoNormal">C&eacute;cile Rousselet -&nbsp;Sorbonne Universit&eacute; &ndash; Universit&eacute; Sorbonne Nouvelle, <strong>cecile.rousselet@sorbonne-nouvelle.fr</strong></li> </ul> <h3><span lang="EN-US">by May 1, 2025</span></h3> <h1 class="MsoNormal">Important information</h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">Wherever possible, the organizers will endeavour to provide transport and accommodation for symposium participants. However, all those who can secure their own funding, through their universities or research centers, are invited to make this known when submitting their proposals. The existence of such external funding (even if not yet secured) is an important prerequisite for the general grant application that will be submitted for the organization of the colloquium.</span></p> <h1 class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Scientific Comitee</span></h1> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal">Andrew Barros (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Arnaud Bikard (INALCO)</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal">Benjamin Deruelle (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Anne Gangloff (Universit&eacute; Rennes&nbsp;2)</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal">Sarah Gruszka (Sorbonne Universit&eacute; - EHESS)</li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Luba Jurgenson (Sorbonne Universit&eacute;)</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal">Fr&eacute;d&eacute;rique Leichter-Flack (Sciences Po)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Lucie Malbos (Universit&eacute;&nbsp;de&nbsp;Poitiers)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Chetima Melchisedek (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Guillaume Pinet (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Emmanuelle Poulain-Gautret (Universit&eacute; de Lille)</li> <li class="MsoNormal">C&eacute;cile Rousselet (Sorbonne Universit&eacute; &ndash; Universit&eacute; Sorbonne Nouvelle)</li> </ul> <h1 class="MsoNormal">Organizing committee</h1> <ul> <li>Andrew Barros (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li>Deborah Barton (Universit&eacute; de Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><!-- [if !supportLists]-->Benjamin Deruelle (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><!-- [if !supportLists]-->Sarah Gruszka (Sorbonne Universit&eacute; - EHESS)</li> <li>Chetima Melchisedek (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><!-- [if !supportLists]-->Guillaume Pinet (Universit&eacute; du Qu&eacute;bec &agrave; Montr&eacute;al)</li> <li class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><!-- [if !supportLists]-->C&eacute;cile Rousselet (Sorbonne Universit&eacute; &ndash; Universit&eacute; Sorbonne Nouvelle)</li> </ul> <h1><span lang="EN-US">References</span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ALLISON Scott T., BEGGAN James K. and GOETHALS George R. (eds.),<em> Encyclopedia of Heroism Studies</em>, New York, Springer, 2023. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ALLISON, Scott T., GOETHALS George R., MARRINAN Allyson R., PARKER Owen M., SPYROU Smaragda P. and STEIN Madison, &ldquo;The metamorphosis of the hero: Principles, processes, and purpose&rdquo;, <em>Frontiers in Psychology, </em>no.&nbsp;10, 2019, pp. 606.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ALLISON, Scott T., GOETHALS, George R., and KRAMER, Roderick M. (eds.), <em>Handbook of Heroism and Heroic Leadership</em>, New York, Routledge, 2017.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ALLISON, Scott T., GOETHALS, George R., and KRAMER, Roderick M., &ldquo;</span><span lang="EN-US">Introduction. Setting the Scene: The Rise and Coalescence of Heroism Science&rdquo;, <em>Handbook of Heroism and Heroic Leadership, </em>New York, Routledge, 2017, pp. 1&ndash;16.&nbsp; </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ALMEIDA Adriana,&nbsp;&ldquo;The great crusader hero&rdquo;,&nbsp;<em>Medievalista</em>, no.&nbsp;4, online, 2007: </span><a href="http://journals.openedition.org/medievalista/4379"><span lang="EN-US">http://journals.openedition.org/medievalista/4379</span></a><span lang="EN-US">. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ANDERSON Jeffrey W., &ldquo;Military heroism: An occupational definition&rdquo;, <em>Armed Forces &amp; Society</em>, vol.&nbsp;12, no.&nbsp;4, 1986, pp. 591&ndash;606. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">APOSTOLID&Egrave;S Jean-Marie,&nbsp;<em>H&eacute;ro&iuml;sme et victimisation. Une histoire de la sensibilit&eacute;</em>, Paris, Exils &Eacute;dition, 2004.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">AUDOIN-ROUZEAU St&eacute;phane and BECKER Annette, <em>14-18, retrouver la Guerre</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Gallimard, 2000.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">AUDOIN-ROUZEAU St&eacute;phane, <em>La Guerre des enfants 1914-1918. Essai d&rsquo;histoire culturelle</em>, Paris, Armand Colin, 1993.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">AUDOIN-ROUZEAU St&eacute;phane, <em>Combattre. Une anthropologie historique de la guerre moderne (xix<sup>e</sup>-xxi<sup>e</sup> si&egrave;cle)</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Le Seuil, 2009.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">AUDOIN-ROUZEAU St&eacute;phane, <em>1914-1918&nbsp;: La violence de guerre</em>, Paris and Vincennes, Gallimard - Minist&egrave;re de la d&eacute;fense - DMPA, 2014.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">AUERBACH Erich, <em>Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature</em>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2003 [1946].</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">AZOUVI Fran&ccedil;ois, <em>Du h&eacute;ros &agrave; la victime : la m&eacute;tamorphose contemporaine du sacr&eacute;</em>, Paris, Gallimard, 2024.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">BERTAUD Jean-Paul, <em>La R&eacute;volution arm&eacute;e</em>, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1979.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">BERTAUD Jean-Paul, <em>Quand les enfants parlaient de gloire&nbsp;: l&rsquo;arm&eacute;e au c&oelig;ur de la France de Napol&eacute;on</em>, Paris, Aubier, 2006</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">BOUREL Guillaume, BUR&Eacute;SI Pascal, CHEVALLIER Marielle, EL KENZ David and FELLOUS Sonia, <em>Enseigner les trois monoth&eacute;ismes, </em>Paris, Hatier, 2009<em>. </em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">BRINK Cornelia Brink and G&Ouml;LZ Olmo, <em>Violence and Heroism,</em> dans <em>Compendium heroicum</em>, ed. Ronald G. Asch, Achim Aurnhammer, Georg Feitscher, Anna Schreurs-Mor&eacute;t and Ralf von den Hoff, Sonderforschungsbereich 948, Universit&eacute; de Fribourg. </span>DOI&nbsp;: 10.6094/heroicum/gewe1.0.20220908</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">BROWNING Christopher R., <em>Des hommes ordinaires. Le 101<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;bataillon de r&eacute;serve de la police allemande et la solution finale en Pologne</em>, Paris, Belles Lettres, 1994.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CAMPA Laurence, <em>Les Po&egrave;tes de la Grande Guerre. Exp&eacute;rience combattante et activit&eacute; po&eacute;tique</em>, Paris, Garnier, 2010.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">CAMPBELL Joseph, <em>The Hero with a Thousand Faces</em>, New York, New World Library, 1949.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CASTILLO Monique, &ldquo;H&eacute;ro&iuml;sme, mysticisme et action&rdquo;, <em>Inflexions</em>, vol. 1, no.&nbsp;16, 2011, pp.&nbsp;31&ndash;43&nbsp;; also online&nbsp;: https://www.cairn.info/revue-inflexions-2011-1-page-31.htm. DOI&nbsp;: 10.3917/infle.016.0031</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CARBONNIER Jean-Christophe, <em>Daimyo. Seigneurs de la guerre au Japon</em>, Paris, Toriilinks editions, 2018.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CENTLIVRES Pierre, FABRE Daniel and ZONABEND Fran&ccedil;oise (eds.), <em>La Fabrique des h&eacute;ros</em>, Paris, MSH &eacute;ditions, 1998.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CHALINE Olivier, <em>La Bataille de la Montagne Blanche (8&nbsp;novembre 1620). Un mystique chez les guerriers</em>, Paris, Noesis, 1999.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CHATELAIN Jean-Marc, &ldquo;<em>Heros togatus</em> : culture ciceronienne et gloire de la robe dans la France d&rsquo;Henri&nbsp;IV&rdquo;, <em>Journal des Savants</em>, vol.&nbsp;3, no.&nbsp;1, 1991, pp. 263&ndash;287.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">CHOVANEC Kevin, <em>Pan-Protestant Heroism in Early Modern Europe</em>, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">COHEN &Eacute;velyne and GANGLOFF Anne,&nbsp;<em>Succ&egrave;s et &eacute;chec de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation</em>, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2025.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">COLANTONIO Laurent, <em>L&rsquo;homme-nation. Daniel O&rsquo;Connell et le laboratoire politique irlandais, 1775-1847</em>, Villeneuve-d&rsquo;Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2023.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><em>Petit &eacute;loge de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme. &Agrave; travers des &eacute;crivains de la Grande Guerre</em>, ed. <span lang="FR-CA">Ariane Charton, Paris, Gallimard, coll. &laquo;Folio 2&euro;&nbsp;&raquo;, 2017. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">CONTE Francis, &ldquo;La fabrication des h&eacute;ros dans l&rsquo;U.R.S.S. des ann&eacute;es&nbsp;1920-1930&rdquo;, <em>Revue Russe</em>,&nbsp;no.&nbsp;37&nbsp;: &ldquo;L&rsquo;auto-construction de l&rsquo;image de la Russie et de la France au fil du temps&rdquo;, 2011, pp. 33-42.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DERUELLE Benjamin and CRONIER Emmanuelle (eds.), <em>Argumenter en guerre&nbsp;: discours de guerre, sur la guerre, dans la guerre de l&rsquo;Antiquit&eacute; &agrave; nos jours</em>, Villeneuve d&rsquo;Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2019.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DERUELLE Benjamin and VISSI&Egrave;RE Laurent (eds.), <em>L&rsquo;&eacute;nigme Bayard</em><em>. Une figure europ&eacute;enne de l&rsquo;humanisme guerrier</em>, Tours, Presses universitaires Fran&ccedil;ois-Rabelais, 2021.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DERUELLE Benjamin, <em>De papier, de fer et de sang. Chevaliers et chevalerie &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;preuve de la modernit&eacute; (</em>ca<em> 1460-</em>ca<em> 1620)</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Publications de la Sorbonne, 2015.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DOSSE Fran&ccedil;ois, <em>Le pari biographique. &Eacute;crire une vie</em>. Paris, La D&eacute;couverte, 2005.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DOSSE Fran&ccedil;ois, <em>Renaissance de l&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement. Un d&eacute;fi pour l&rsquo;historien&nbsp;: entre Sphinx et Ph&eacute;nix</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Presses universitaires de France, 2010.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DREVILLON Herv&eacute;, &ldquo;L&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;preuve de l&rsquo;absolutisme. L&rsquo;exemple du mar&eacute;chal de Gassion (1609-1647)&rdquo;, <em>Politix. Revue des sciences sociales du politique</em>, vol.&nbsp;15, no.&nbsp;58, 2002, pp. 15&ndash;38.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DR&Eacute;VILLON Herv&eacute;, <em>L&rsquo;Imp&ocirc;t du sang. Le m&eacute;tier des armes sous Louis&nbsp;XIV</em>, Paris, Tallandier, 2005.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DUBY Georges, <em>27&nbsp;juillet 1214. Le dimanche de Bouvines</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Gallimard, 1973.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">DUBY Georges, <em>Guillaume le Mar&eacute;chal ou Le meilleur chevalier du monde</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Fayard, 1984.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">DWYER</span><span lang="EN-US"> Philip and RYAN Lyndall&nbsp;(eds.), <em>Theatres of Violence: Massacre, Mass Killing, and Atrocity Throughout History</em>, New York,&nbsp;Berghahn Books, 2012.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">ECO Umberto, <em>De Superman au surhomme</em>, Paris, Grasset, 1993 [1976].</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">EFTHIMIOU Olivia and ALLISON Scott T., &ldquo;Heroism science: Frameworks for an emerging field&rdquo;, <em>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</em>, no.&nbsp;58, 2017, pp. 556&ndash;570.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">EICHEL Patricia, <em>Le Si&egrave;cle des grands hommes. Les recueils de vies d&rsquo;hommes illustres au xvi<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle</em>, Louvain, Paris and Sterling,&nbsp;Peeters Publishers, 2001.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">EL KENZ David (eds.), <em>Le Massacre, objet d&rsquo;histoire</em>, Paris, Gallimard, 2005,<em> </em>Italian translation: <em>Il Massacro nella storia</em>, Turin, Utet, 2008.<em> </em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">EL KENZ David and GANTET Claire, <em>Guerres et paix de religion dans l&rsquo;Europe des XVIe et XVIIe&nbsp;si&egrave;cles</em>, Paris, Armand Colin, 2003, extended edition, 2008.<em> </em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">EL KENZ David, <em>Les B&ucirc;chers du roi. La culture protestante des martyrs (1523-1572), </em>Seyssel, Champ Vallon, 1997.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">FLEMING Brian, <em>Heroes in the Shadows. Humanitarian Action and Courage in the Second World War</em>, Stroud, Amberley Publishing, 2019. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">FORREST Alan, <em>Napoleon&rsquo;s Men. The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire</em>, London, New York, Hambledon, 2002. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">FOUCAULT Michel, <em>L&rsquo;Ordre du discours</em>, Inaugural lecture at the Coll&egrave;ge de France, Dec. 2, 1970, Paris, Gallimard, 1971.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">FRANCO Zeno E., ALLISON Scott T., KINSELLA Elaine L., KOHEN Ari, LANGDON Matt and ZIMBARDO Philip G., &ldquo;Heroism Research: A Review of Theories, Methods, Challenges, and Trends&rdquo;, <em>Faculty Publications: Political Science</em>, no.&nbsp;87, 2016.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">FRANCO Zeno E., BLAU Kathy and </span><span lang="EN-US">ZIMBARDO Philip G., &ldquo;Heroism: A Conceptual Analysis and Differentiation between Heroic Action and Altruism&rdquo;, <em>Review of General Psychology</em>,&nbsp;vol.&nbsp;15, no.&nbsp;2, 2011, pp. 99-113. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">GAINOT Bernard, &ldquo;R&eacute;volutionner la gloire&rdquo;, <em>in</em> Benjamin Deruelle and Arnaud Guinier (eds.), <em>La Construction du militaire</em>, vol.&nbsp;2, Paris, &Eacute;ditions de la Sorbonne, 2017, pp.&nbsp;281&ndash;298</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">GAUCHER, Elisabeth, <em>La Biographie chevaleresque&nbsp;: Typologie d&rsquo;un genre (xiii<sup>e</sup>-xv<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle)</em>, Paris, Honor&eacute; Champion, 1994.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">GILBERT Martin, <em>The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War</em>, Oxford, </span><span lang="EN-US">Oxford Brookes University, 2006.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">GINZBURG Carlo and PONI Carlo, &ldquo;La microhistoire&rdquo;, <em>Le D&eacute;bat</em>, no.&nbsp;17, 1981, pp. 133&ndash;137.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">GINZBURG Carlo, &ldquo;Traces&nbsp;: racines d&rsquo;un paradigme indiciaire&rdquo;, <em>Le D&eacute;bat</em>, 6, 1980 (transl. from Italian of an article from 1979), reprinted in <em>Mythes, embl&egrave;mes, traces, morphologie et histoire</em>, Paris, Flammarion, 1989, pp. 3&ndash;44.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">GOLTERMANN Svenja, <em>Victims. Perceptions of Suffering and Violence in Modern Europe</em>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2022. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">GRATALOUP Christian, &ldquo;Les p&eacute;riodes sont des r&eacute;gions du monde&rdquo;, <em>ATALA. </em><em><span lang="EN-US">Cultures et sciences humaines</span></em><span lang="EN-US">, 17, 2014, pp. 65&ndash;81.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">GRIFFIN Roger, &ldquo;</span><span lang="EN-US">Heroism and the Sacralisation of Violence in the Third Reich&nbsp;&rdquo;</span><span lang="EN-US">, international conference </span><em><span lang="EN-US">Heroism and Violence during the Second World War</span></em><span lang="EN-US">, organized by the Museum of the Slovak National Uprising, November 9-10, 2022. </span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;">GRUSZKA Sarah, <em>Voix du pouvoir, voix de l&rsquo;intime. Les journaux personnels du si&egrave;ge de Leningrad (1941-1944)</em>, PhD, Sorbonne Universit&eacute;, 2019.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">HANSON, Victor Davis, <em>Le Mod&egrave;le occidental de la guerre</em>, Paris, Tallandier, 2007 [1989].</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">HARTOG, Fran&ccedil;ois, <em>R&eacute;gimes d&rsquo;historicit&eacute;. Pr&eacute;sentisme et exp&eacute;riences du temps</em>, Paris, Seuil, 2003.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">HARVEY Joan, ERDOS George and TURNBULL Lisa, &ldquo;How do we perceive heroes?&rdquo;, <em>Journal of Risk Research</em>, vol.&nbsp;12, no.&nbsp;3&ndash;4, 2009, pp. 313&ndash;327. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">HELLER Leonid, &ldquo;&lsquo;H&eacute;ros&rsquo; et &lsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;smes&rsquo; en Russie&nbsp;: notes pour une recherche&rdquo;, <em>&Eacute;tudes de lettres</em>, no.&nbsp;4, online, 2009&nbsp;: http://journals.openedition.org/edl/311</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">HELLER Leonid, <em>Le Retour des h&eacute;ros. La reconstruction des mythologies nationales &agrave; l&rsquo;heure du postcommunisme</em>, Louvain-la-Neuve, Academia-Bruylant, 2009.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">JANIAUD Jo&euml;l, &ldquo;H&eacute;ro&iuml;sme (A)&rdquo;, <em>in</em> Maxime Kristanek (eds.), <em>L&rsquo;Encyclop&eacute;die philosophique</em>, online, 2018&nbsp;: https://encyclo-philo.fr/heroisme-a</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">JAUCOURT Louis de, &ldquo;H&eacute;ros&rdquo;, in <em>Encyclop&eacute;die</em> from D&rsquo;Alembert and Diderot, 1765.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">JOUHAUD Christian, <em>Les Pouvoirs de la litt&eacute;rature. Histoire d&rsquo;un paradoxe</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Gallimard, 2000.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">KEEGAN, John, <em>Anatomie de la bataille&nbsp;: Azincourt 1415, Waterloo 1815, La Somme 1916</em>, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1993 [1976].</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">LALANE BERDOUTICQ Aude-Marie, <em>Des hommes pour la guerre. La s&eacute;lection m&eacute;dicale des soldats. France - Grande-Bretagne, 1900-1923</em>, Paris, CNRS &Eacute;ditions, 2025.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">LAVOCAT Fran&ccedil;oise, &ldquo;Le comparatisme comme herm&eacute;neutique de la d&eacute;familiarisation&rdquo;, <em>Vox-poetica</em>, online, 2012&nbsp;: http://www.vox- poetica.org/t/articles/lavocat2012.html</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">LEVI, Giovanni, <em>Le Pouvoir au village</em>, Paris, Gallimard, 1989, foreword and introduction, pp.&nbsp;<span lang="FR-CA">I&ndash;XXXIII and 9&ndash;18.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">LEVY-BERTHERAT Anne-Deborah and ZAMOUR Fran&ccedil;oise (eds.), <em>L&rsquo;&Eacute;pop&eacute;e des petites filles</em>, Paris, L&rsquo;Improviste, 2020.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">LODGE</span><span lang="EN-US">, Tom, <em>Mandela: A Critical Life</em>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">LOEZ Andr&eacute;, <em>14-18. Les Refus de la guerre. Une&nbsp;histoire des mutins</em>, Paris, Gallimard, 2010.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">LYNN</span><span lang="EN-US">, John A., <em>The Bayonets of the Republic. Motivation and Tatics in the Army of Revolution France</em>, 1791-1794, Urban and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1984.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">MASLINSKAYA, Svetlana, &ldquo;L&rsquo;enfant-h&eacute;ros, une lacune de la mythologie r&eacute;volutionnaire&rdquo;, <em>in</em> Jean-Fran&ccedil;ois Fayet, Val&eacute;rie Gorin, Gianni Haver and Emilia Koustova (eds.), Lausanne, &Eacute;ditions Antipodes, 2017, p.&nbsp;224.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">MENANT Sylvain and MORRISSEY Robert (eds.), <em>H&eacute;ro&iuml;sme et Lumi&egrave;res</em><strong>, </strong>with collaboration of Julie Meyers, Paris, Honor&eacute; Champion, 2010. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">MOSSE </span><span lang="EN-US">George L.,&nbsp;<em>Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World&rsquo;s Wars</em>, New York, Oxford University Press, 1990.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">NAVARRO GARC&Iacute;A Luis, <em>Jos&eacute; de San Mart&iacute;n y su tiempo</em>, Seville, Universidad de Sevilla, 1999.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">NORA Pierre (eds.), <em>Les Lieux de m&eacute;moire</em>, Paris, Gallimard, 1997.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">NORA Pierre, &ldquo;Le retour de l&rsquo;&eacute;v&eacute;nement&nbsp;&rdquo;, <em>in</em> Jacques Le Goff, Jacques and Pierre Nora (eds.), <em>Faire de l&rsquo;histoire. </em><em><span lang="EN-US">I. Nouveaux problems</span></em><span lang="EN-US">, Paris, Gallimard, 1978, pp. 285&ndash;308.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">OESTREICH</span><span lang="EN-US"> Gerhard, <em>Neostoicism and the Early Modern State</em>, Cambridge,&nbsp;Cambridge University Press, 1982.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">PELTIER Julien, <em>Une autre histoire des samoura&iuml;s</em>, Paris, Perrin, 2023.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">PIGNOT Manon, <em>L&rsquo;Appel de la guerre. Des adolescents au combat, 1914-1918</em>, Paris, CNL, Anamosa, 2019.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">PINET Guillaume, <em>T&eacute;moigner de la guerre &agrave; la Renaissance. Pratiques sociales, culturelles et politiques des m&eacute;morialistes militaires fran&ccedil;ais (vers 1495&ndash;vers 1625)</em>, Villeneuve d&rsquo;Ascq, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, &agrave; para&icirc;tre en 2025.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">POULAIN-GAUTRET Emmanuelle, <em>La Tradition litt&eacute;raire d&rsquo;Ogier le Danois apr&egrave;s le xiii<sup>e</sup>&nbsp;si&egrave;cle. Permanence et renouvellement du genre &eacute;pique m&eacute;di&eacute;val</em>, Paris, Honor&eacute; Champion, 2005.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">R&Eacute;TAT Pierre, <em>L&rsquo;Information &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque moderne</em>, Paris, Presses de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; Paris Sorbonne, 2001.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">REVEL Jacques&nbsp;(eds.), <em>Jeux d&rsquo;&eacute;chelles. La micro-analyse &agrave; l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Gallimard and Seuil, 1996.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">RICOEUR Paul, <em>Temps et r&eacute;cit</em>, 3 volumes, Paris, Seuil, 1983-1985.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">ROSE</span><span lang="EN-US"> Mary Beth, <em>Gender and Heroism in Early Modern English Literature</em>, Chicago,&nbsp;University of Chicago Press, 2002.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">RUSCH Hannes and ST&Ouml;RMER Charlotte, &ldquo;An Evolutionary Perspective on War Heroism&rdquo;, <em>Militaire Spectator</em>, vol.&nbsp;184, no.&nbsp;3, 2015, pp. 140&ndash;150&nbsp;; also online&nbsp;: </span><span lang="EN-US">https://militairespectator.nl/artikelen/evolutionary-perspective-war-heroism </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">SARTORTI Rosalinde, &ldquo;On the Making of Heroes, Heroines and Saints&rdquo;, <em>in</em> Richard Stites (ed.),<em> Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia,</em><span class="apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1995, pp. 176&ndash;193. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">SCHEIPERS Sybille, <em>Heroism and the Changing Character of War. Toward Post-Heroic Warfare?</em>, New York, Springer, 2014.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">SUNDERLAND</span><span lang="EN-US"> Luke, <em>Old French Narrative Cycles: Heroism Between Ethics and Morality</em>, Cambridge and Rochester,&nbsp;D.S. Brewer, 2010.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">URMSON J. O., &ldquo;Saints and Heroes&nbsp;&rdquo;, <em>Essays in Moral Philosophy</em>, ed. </span><span lang="FR-CA">A. I. Melden, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1958, pp. 198&ndash;216. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">VAN&nbsp;YPERSELE, Laurence, &ldquo;H&eacute;ros et h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation&rdquo;, <em>Encyclop&eacute;die du t&eacute;moignage et de la m&eacute;moire</em>, online, 2017&nbsp;: <a href="http://memories-testimony.com/notice/heros-et-heroisation">http://memories-testimony.com/notice/heros-et-heroisation</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">VEYNE Paul, <em>Comment on &eacute;crit l&rsquo;histoire</em>, and<em> Foucault r&eacute;volutionne l&rsquo;histoire</em>, Paris,&nbsp;Seuil, 1996 [1971].</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">WANSINK Brian, VAN&nbsp;ITTERSUM Koert and PAYNE Collin R, &ldquo;The psychology of heroes: Antecedents and consequences of combat-decorated war heroism&rdquo;, <em>International Journal of Psychology Research</em>, vol.&nbsp;7, no.&nbsp;2, 2012, pp. 155-183.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">WEINSTEIN Harrison, <em>Beyond Courage: The Psychology of Heroism</em>, PhD, Palo Alto University, 2013.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">WHITE</span><span lang="EN-US"> Hayden, <em>Metahistory. The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe</em>, Baltimore,&nbsp;John Hopkins University Press, 2014 [1973].</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US">VIOLA</span><span lang="EN-US"> Herman J., <em>Warrior Spirit: The Story of Native American Heroism and Patriotism</em>, Norman,&nbsp;University of Oklahoma Press, 2022.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">WORMS Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric, &ldquo;Le h&eacute;ros et le philosophe&rdquo;, <em>Philosopher en France sous l&rsquo;Occupation</em>, ed. Olivier Bloch, Paris, &Eacute;ditions de la Sorbonne, 2009.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">ZACHARIAH Benjamin, <em>Nehru</em>, London, Routledge, 2004.</p> <h1>Notes</h1> <p style="text-align: left;"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><a title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span lang="EN-US">[1]</span><!--[endif]--></a><span lang="EN-US"> <em>Heroism Science</em> is a peer-reviewed open source journal founded in 2016. It has published 9 volumes to date.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span lang="EN-US">[2]</span><!--[endif]--></a><span lang="EN-US"> <em>Compendium heroicum</em> is an online encyclopedia published by Sonderforschungsbereich 948 &ldquo;Helden &ndash; Heroisierungen &ndash; Heroismen&rdquo; (Collaborative Research Center &ldquo;Heroes - Heroisations - Heroisms&rdquo;) at the University of Fribourg. </span>In France, see the international colloquium &ldquo;Succ&egrave;s et &eacute;chec de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sation de l&rsquo;Antiquit&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;actualit&eacute; europ&eacute;enne&rdquo; organized by the Chaire Jean Monnet FABER at the Universit&eacute; Rennes 2 on January 25-27, 2023.</p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span lang="EN-US">[3]</span><!--[endif]--></a><span lang="EN-US"> Cf. &ldquo;</span><span lang="EN-US">The lack of an accepted standard definition is a major hurdle&rdquo; (</span><span lang="EN-US">Weinstein, 2013, p. 2).</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a title="" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4"><!-- [if !supportFootnotes]--><span lang="EN-US">[4]</span><!--[endif]--></a><span lang="EN-US"> See, for example, the collection edited by Ariane Charton, <em>Petit &eacute;loge de l&rsquo;h&eacute;ro&iuml;sme</em>, Paris, Folio, 2017.</span></p> </div> </div> <div id="categories" class="cat"> <p class="intitule">Catégories</p> <ul> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=228">Histoire</a> (Catégorie principale)</li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=200">Sociétés</a> &gt; <a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=201">Sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=259">Esprit et Langage</a> &gt; <a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=267">Langage</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=259">Esprit et Langage</a> &gt; <a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=276">Représentations</a></li> <li><a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=200">Sociétés</a> &gt; <a href="search?primary=fsubject&amp;fsubject=241">Études du politique</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="lieux"> <p class="intitule">Lieux</p> <ul> <li class="location"> Montréal, Canada </li> </ul> </div> <div id="eventformats"> <h2 class="intitule">Format de l'événement</h2> <p>Événement uniquement sur site</p><br></div> <div id="dates"> <p class="intitule">Dates</p> <ul> <li>jeudi 01 mai 2025</li> </ul> </div> <div id="attachments"> <p class="intitule">Fichiers attachés</p> <ul> <li><a href="1247167?file=1" target="_blank">AAC Heroismes fr.pdf</a></li> <li><a href="1247177?file=1" target="_blank">Cfp Heroisms eng.pdf</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="motscles"> <p class="intitule">Mots-clés</p> <ul> <li>héroïsmes, héroïsation, heroisms, heroisation</li> </ul> </div> <div id="contacts"> <p class="intitule">Contacts</p> <ul> <li>Benjamin Deruelle<br/><em>courriel :</em> deruelle [dot] benjamin [at] uqam [dot] ca<br/></li> <li>Cécile Rousselet<br/><em>courriel :</em> cecile [dot] rousselet [at] sorbonne-nouvelle [dot] fr<br/></li> <li>Guillaume Pinet<br/><em>courriel :</em> pinet [dot] guillaume [at] uqam [dot] ca<br/></li> <li>Sarah Gruszka<br/><em>courriel :</em> s [dot] gruszka [at] orange [dot] fr<br/></li> </ul> </div> <div id="refurl"> <p class="intitule">URLS de référence</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://grhg.hypotheses.org/">Groupe de recherche en histoire de la guerre</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="source"> <p class="intitule">Source de l'information</p> <ul> <li>Guillaume Pinet<br/><em>courriel :</em> pinet [dot] guillaume [at] uqam [dot] ca</li> </ul> </div> <div id="license"> <p class="intitule">Licence</p> <p><a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"><img alt="CC0-1.0" class="cc" src="images/cc0-88x31.png" /></a> Cette annonce est mise à disposition selon les termes de la <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universel</a>.</p> </div> <div id="citation"> <p class="intitule">Pour citer cette annonce</p> <p>« Héroïsmes en temps de guerres », <span class="category">Appel à contribution</span>, <em>Calenda</em>, Publié le mardi 01 avril 2025, <a class="url" href="https://doi.org/10.58079/13lwm">https://doi.org/10.58079/13lwm</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="news" class="column last"> <div id="imprimable"> <a id="impression" onclick="javascript:window.open('1247147?formatage=print', '', 'menubar=yes,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,width=800,height=600');return false;" href="1247147?formatage=print">Imprimer</a> <a id="signaler" 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