CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913586f2ba0b5f3c',cH: '_QGymgyj1RviAYUyuHm.llrJKFCfVj70418sApDOWRU-1739792683-1.2.1.1-g0Sz.3sxW0TA_U4ClKWvnu9WkVnbXg2t_k7MSqQEiPywDXRy6LTNpPXc50BdB9di',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=high%20strength%20steel&__cf_chl_tk=W_XzLWmB24OV3zPoWHfeeEly7cCF5iPYIdOIf8dLbIA-1739792683-1.0.1.1-0mFDv2rlPDdQgTmWaGHLtx3exghXEma.J9.9L.7eCZU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792683',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=high%20strength%20steel&__cf_chl_f_tk=W_XzLWmB24OV3zPoWHfeeEly7cCF5iPYIdOIf8dLbIA-1739792683-1.0.1.1-0mFDv2rlPDdQgTmWaGHLtx3exghXEma.J9.9L.7eCZU",md: "qaUQ_a9F_0bCB3AoqOMwCtG4Xru9hB0qewufFmnpX5k-1739792683-1.2.1.1-63b7MRtFZ_3AokuL.bR4w4j2Wg6flIavInVl3rLKNHvPjyANr9V1i1QqCB4LPzYEYVTOBwlt7rQ6J6rVLYzrbC3hZh4sbkrQD1Hc6fAWhOQi.Am9rNNcmCGecdxnFqyKH5FQWRdvJzgTOxegFpKwWj4mD0oJms2RWCsaalWjFwkDJj4u7iBFIkLsiTClQo.wgzksFP1pf2NNVCxsA9TuAvoKmmeZMFJQeD6p5IVosA79eJd3of323HtWVsU4elVdoddSjc27HOn6WUehAPy0thVMi3CFe.SJXkq76ln_y7I8ak3LuR5MxcehIPTJuQqmKOn8RUVDi3KGwmSCex9GsWcS1n6F3xTPCb5kDdV9i5cfjtNlZowMECXdIhjXVjiU9x8PZKq7IFfA.FrmwLTFMSr.mhjPCsRcEmTPTBiXerOCkIQa_pclWi9dKc8ihIgo5coxfrxHB0JFpCwQPHlMGcwFY98m9GweYDidS5qdomFPzaZ4dv2MIuhHizfCqUjy8_4rAwWIZOPMlEF3tn7IRhufmwjtVMrbnTli2cU_eDmrrr0.bKP6Y23AYhReOuwkkxPGhx6Wbqkl31li_F7Irx5U8yPAaOgbWkT5bB8Pku1JciSToJwaRpaTQosZRCIBdCGDHzR5CpFwoJ3YyV0yS8h84LbQOUFsWjzLnztLlFhtZafCXsfaKf8_0rrwmx_eJOgdSCWyhOEiqTR.UDz__gHunlLN4iZFbb3oQK4icf5gCaGaUNQdfRUCNFHbdvLDMxUYJP31l08bxlK5GDbmknw_vcSOERQa0tkdTDOICjMjuhNvMR8UZ_.Zh.prr6.hv5nEIP746tERwcNC.iu0UuS6BIACt9I.R.itSGtZp.xhFsYZmaBfYGhI3fcdvuvw2XV6QDDnc_o6JlJdU0Y1gkUMNdoUMealki0cVdPDX4S1s9G80zNzqf6mzUD4Eow.3Yv_Ux7CX04ICJg4_h6t.hZS5oUfpGT4tcuRsXdOOGDsc5w1cAPcMW_WJGKz0MQkcYkPxEP61pZeP5IWftslbXTVEeSZDnp.viNl.Te0ZRoT1n2TI7LZ1e4125gDetOTs__t886kyiGEEJ_LJawA5Ckcdq6hOsz5mOMvXoAlf_vlQY5QDflgAmKzR78ZPWYWkDTwcgQbEGbuVDJxi.7dE8TQNlfyOy6M68vjf8ssRRVyGW9.onUrcVgRyGXTxLSfy0j0630V9NABkfM5igSVxUJm.WXflKbBc.zlLuFJ6q_Ll5q5uDpN95jvQNR8pn_BklsHlYfOXVMpgh6RBx7j.2uVYdZIq6X8iX0NKbf3r9cW_Y3QR00IyyNpo21s2_CKF2yPzPbOTsaWSNd5QKjop_QdAViMMm6gGU63TM5ZDp7diTthe5Pyq6rjQVNmlJYPX_1GTsfrbpIBnfWb4bN06hgiFcj_8RMttsHwRu3jGTA5aZ9joc6mC.uIuE2S5Re.aWBc5SWVbmMYljf2tHP4FY07M9sKvHEILeaFbGQfvlD1yeHWjmgf9EW1hzEm0soWYcidOup4YWNoRfwAtuleqMMdpjwORU23mwmS6Zf3GPipG3DW.dzXcJ0E_q2q6bt6aALFYD5ZJHszg4kpnCTtZZfr1H4Px0VZbePXOwuEu0rT6tn_sRHc9r1TFe5ybYpyDFyH1pHWuAoUhtddyT9U05xPLe1CU9UzyyRyNLwgHhcFJazqlA.KCZP01h29vnuONEp.3DRgd_VevADGrJhVTdfkg_.e42VGpXnQrVZaD7s.Cy0IT7B_VooTbv2yBeSzWAgCmaM2M_yPP4RzSzN0C8rypkscdZMZukMEFtQx8U1Jw76D1ADQQELOXLWVEdp7pMVlZmgw4oJ6LpHtdr2T9g5NC_CepyjAyFN7VRwvnq8uNo.g9pWZ2OXRZVmFGYwB.Cgucn5uSZQX3Esirs7RO2DU5MDRQl1rFCEY106fbD42D53Dn3hiICvkQ71birAh",mdrd: "oo4B3LArn4.mLXLmT9BMd9PI900obmwG6g4c.jz1gis-1739792683-1.2.1.1-B8ltguEnQ5dLfsxBAUdvh1KzmWcRZdEB4ta6_74FloHlD4b7jFcr.DajqOqAiJ4S8YlhCnwHI4qkHm3RYmD0OPJiJTxVxEG9bkvPya_U1z7KIItslceOG7I1wP7rg5PToJFBwqEqcu_b1DmEPfl8HqHIwY2bGYqF5fBsqpcjgbVBFLCXen_Of3zQ2c5v7WVUJk0c5PKHD2fdEB.zS1VzbmKsJZ.yY_AGUWMDFWF__hfVpeikDMIaYsGVVyIqdCcTbcbzgjKd1Rk11GVAnOk5QTBUNSvdqK3e.xqeh0uP4pK.zVnyx1WDMjIKPjWGZvGmBTyfzNtmI0LAX_OJZZinH8at2_01DJwD8cBVePnkCnOD9bVGjn9W1_0yN.XKvgpPx6g46FqBIdlplveQUcPvdKBKn3NVhLm3Xrif_GdXtD7ILxkRi4Pa1Ma5MMKDsIZwLpC0IeixmTHbUi1BYWVofBLYZE.lZ2j3bLM2IA2.CUWc.N.OqUts97komE9tKhqs1WWNs01q8w4O6yXmcVoElNXedILDeoQMSgYRmUTkfs4RW8DZptUrRHbc3l1Ie3F2fdg0mkiGv6Fb.62DrNRJR0g9kdvdOLgOIr27hONGoLsqvxtHJQZke3eDNeZV7fTSAfmbwFzxlbdkRKV6x1eRxORRCuoZLbZ79diP7fqWEsFN3tVaJKFT6UO6iLaMPuMOCpGTwTnJsDCang_f7xXnUJ2IfwIE2xJeSwF1wtnbrJa9hGH4jCxW0TARCd7ZJbIUNg0PtioeplgnLDk5eKF7E6ZevVhV.G6iM2I0mytVtI1DSejBTa1aJnb2DfsLBv0Pfsg8mgR54CWTph0xa4tKAs4wHjn4Ep3Zie5TCplsuVAsBKAkAUAlIjxlniyAsDAgaiodAYSPgyfUm.VmtBG9uTZ.2uFPQWcB8IcnAdDIWoDYIM28gFG9_tvE86ycOMrPBY_MKVHoBFjDSGH29Q6jFVo4fQLVWCU0jM2jaGpqi2LdaEdd3fiLR1TKLqsPVEZwbKMUK0vZhT9ZCPagb36.oKuy1o4G5OtyNd_hLvBmYnl9CEyqzt8RTsASK_AxbM7lX6SyypqzXADrXCg.MSQQU2RMED9FiqWELfd_c0EjmMab9FokahYaphCqviqT9KhbOVJWNgBDcY_WE103ztYr1TV4kM6zVRdMw_kcDF2v_3waHiLtXFNboD.g_h.LR5BesZgnsAXHNpO2lf9eUdBQAHs19K1EHZwQ6qPDXnE2jwIICjQyeno2YpgXivy6eRnkNSXL0uQt03LDnf.YPw6syZuT6fiivjuY6rO5IVfRzYGoMw1E9iB9tZVfomAsvnvbzplMQetDtkuz.UcHRqTVY_rLjWYUiKcQD27SGH61ESW2UG5TQ.nSTBxTaHmeMrsm0l05q6Mm73eVrGFGiGoi7hpzIAxH6feHOnSh8basBXPG3rcWA.qpLRxIwiPMRssue8eWwsYs.J3vweTy2TuUkZT5weU4plufKujwfolJBucB6Hq_oWHDsXczMr0Y3DK2mwsre7dIlm1olx.JKil3iCEni.SbD6M_bmEm40ng3BNDODnfVuhWwLfCd_CbUxXG9irruUiI1HCbsMHg.DtC7dfrd7rkdXAWUIIX87iVXkjBT3v.RvVclz3RvFyF5l5Gg.JNVBfzdmPS3zuxNmoYKMRdRSYjCs_32vHlzNM5KOpKBNJzRyMwJezfy6262nbbTMN0b47tdRMJqcCUoOqd0RUlt1YTsdvlTM9sPhSlEufjGMiSaMviBrPydy9BR0SfH1JgJnGaeenkvLqdIAA3kW1Wrc6iYdxsQw1Z0wDuIDN6peKCEs_7UZZZmCXen1OFVM9Kbw9gTxQQEyo6HwSM3E1L5FG66OYYwCd_HBGiFnI4s.3wLfbMgP25LHFsj_amC4_gZg_pZ8vMLJgKqTphPE6wBsXdlDivPjsLtmnbo.xpekcRCe7nLTClIRcga10U"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913586f2ba0b5f3c';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=high%20strength%20steel&__cf_chl_rt_tk=W_XzLWmB24OV3zPoWHfeeEly7cCF5iPYIdOIf8dLbIA-1739792683-1.0.1.1-0mFDv2rlPDdQgTmWaGHLtx3exghXEma.J9.9L.7eCZU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>