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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Compatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mac_clones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_clones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Mac clones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_clones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_1,_2,_3,_and_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>System 1, 2, 3, and 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_1,_2,_3,_and_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_Software_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_Software_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>System Software 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_Software_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_Software_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_Software_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>System Software 6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_Software_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_7/Mac_OS_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_7/Mac_OS_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>System 7/Mac OS 7</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_7/Mac_OS_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System_7.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_7.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>System 7.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_7.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_7.5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_7.5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>System 7.5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_7.5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_7.6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_7.6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Mac OS 7.6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_7.6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mac OS 8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_8.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_8.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Mac OS 8.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_8.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_8.5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_8.5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Mac OS 8.5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_8.5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mac OS 9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_Mac_OS_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_Mac_OS_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transition to Mac OS X</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transition_to_Mac_OS_X-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transition to Mac OS X subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_Mac_OS_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Emulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-68k_emulators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#68k_emulators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>68k emulators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-68k_emulators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PowerPC_emulators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PowerPC_emulators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>PowerPC emulators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PowerPC_emulators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Classic Mac OS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%88_%D8%A5%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="ماك أو إس الكلاسيكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماك أو إس الكلاسيكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dni_Mac_OS" title="Klasični Mac OS – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klasični Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_cl%C3%A0ssic" title="Mac OS clàssic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mac OS clàssic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_(Classic)" title="Mac OS (Classic) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mac OS (Classic)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Classic Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Classic" title="Mac OS Classic – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mac OS Classic" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%85%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="سیستم عامل مک کلاسیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیستم عامل مک کلاسیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Classic" title="Mac OS Classic – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mac OS Classic" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A5_OS%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="맥 OS의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥 OS의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8" title="क्लासिक मैक ओएस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्लासिक मैक ओएस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Klasik" title="Mac OS Klasik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mac OS Klasik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Classic" title="Mac OS Classic – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mac OS Classic" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Classic" title="Mac OS Classic – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Mac OS Classic" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_Mac_OS" title="კლასიკური Mac OS – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლასიკური Mac OS" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Classic Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Classic Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_classegh" title="Mac OS classegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mac OS classegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Classic Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Classic Mac OS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_MacOS" title="Klassisk MacOS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klassisk MacOS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_Classic" title="Mac OS Classic – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mac OS Classic" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Classic Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_Mac_OS" title="Классическая Mac OS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Классическая Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Classic Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Classic Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasik_Mac_OS" title="Klasik Mac OS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klasik Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n" title="Mac OS cổ điển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mac OS cổ điển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Original operating system of Apple Mac (1984–2001)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the pre-Mac OS X operating system for Mac computers. For the similarly-named Apple operating system for modern Mac computers, see <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"System Software" redirects here. For the general concept, see <a href="/wiki/System_software" title="System software">System software</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Classic Mac OS</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MacOS_original_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/MacOS_original_logo.svg/150px-MacOS_original_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/MacOS_original_logo.svg/225px-MacOS_original_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/MacOS_original_logo.svg/300px-MacOS_original_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="261" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mac_OS_9.0.4_emulated_inside_of_the_SheepShaver_emulator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Mac_OS_9.0.4_emulated_inside_of_the_SheepShaver_emulator.png/300px-Mac_OS_9.0.4_emulated_inside_of_the_SheepShaver_emulator.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Mac_OS_9.0.4_emulated_inside_of_the_SheepShaver_emulator.png/450px-Mac_OS_9.0.4_emulated_inside_of_the_SheepShaver_emulator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Mac_OS_9.0.4_emulated_inside_of_the_SheepShaver_emulator.png/600px-Mac_OS_9.0.4_emulated_inside_of_the_SheepShaver_emulator.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Macintosh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Historic, not supported</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">Closed source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">January 24, 1984<span class="noprint">; 41 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1984-01-24</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleconfidential2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-strategy_83_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strategy_83-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.2.2 / December 5, 2001<span class="noprint">; 23 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2001-12-05</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data">Personal computing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68k</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/System_1" title="System 1">1.0</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">8.1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">7.1.2</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">9.2.2</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a> for 68k, <a href="/wiki/Nanokernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanokernel">nanokernel</a> for PowerPC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Support status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Historical, unsupported as of February 1, 2002</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classic Mac OS</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macintosh_128k_transparency.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Macintosh_128k_transparency.png/100px-Macintosh_128k_transparency.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Macintosh_128k_transparency.png/150px-Macintosh_128k_transparency.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Macintosh_128k_transparency.png/200px-Macintosh_128k_transparency.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Versions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_1" title="System 1">System 1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#System_1,_2,_3_and_4">System 2, 3, and 4</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#System_Software_5">System 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a> <ul><li>Mac OS 7</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calculator (macOS)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chooser_(Mac_OS)" title="Chooser (Mac OS)">Chooser</a></li> <li>Drive Setup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(Mac_OS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (Mac OS)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuCalc" title="NuCalc">Graphing Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">PictureViewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment" title="Apple Open Collaboration Environment">PowerTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Browser" title="Network Browser">Network Browser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrapbook_(Mac_OS)" title="Scrapbook (Mac OS)">Scrapbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Software Update</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Mac)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SimpleText" title="SimpleText">SimpleText</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Developer</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacsBug" title="MacsBug">MacsBug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Programmer%27s_Workshop" title="Macintosh Programmer's Workshop">Macintosh Programmer's Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ResEdit" title="ResEdit">ResEdit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Technology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alias_(Mac_OS)" title="Alias (Mac OS)">Alias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appearance_Manager" title="Appearance Manager">Appearance Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_menu" title="Apple menu">Apple menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Ease" title="At Ease">At Ease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_help" title="Balloon help">Balloon help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_(icon)" title="Bomb (icon)">Bomb error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_key" title="Command key">Command key (⌘)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="System Preferences">Control Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Strip" title="Control Strip">Control Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_code" title="Creator code">Creator code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogcow" title="Dogcow">Dogcow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extension_(Mac_OS)" title="Extension (Mac OS)">Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">Hierarchical File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(Mac_OS)" title="Label (Mac OS)">Labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Toolbox" title="Macintosh Toolbox">Macintosh Toolbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_(Mac_OS)" title="Manager (Mac OS)">Managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiFinder" title="MultiFinder">MultiFinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_key" title="Option key">Option key (⌥)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSType" class="mw-redirect" title="OSType">OSType</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICT" title="PICT">PICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickDraw" title="QuickDraw">QuickDraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_fork" title="Resource fork">Resource fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosumi" title="Sosumi">Sosumi sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_startup" title="Macintosh startup">Startup sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_folder" title="System folder">System folder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_suitcase" title="System suitcase">System suitcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Type code">Type code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldScript" title="WorldScript">WorldScript</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_memory_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS memory management">Memory management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_ROM" title="Old World ROM">Old World ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_ROM" title="New World ROM">New World ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_old_Macintosh_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of old Macintosh software">Software</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classic_Mac_OS_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classic Mac OS sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Intel_processors" title="Mac transition to Intel processors">Transition to Intel processors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Apple_silicon" title="Mac transition to Apple silicon">Transition to Apple silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_macOS" title="Architecture of macOS">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Built-in apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">List of applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_games" title="List of Mac games">List of games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Versions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody (Developer Release)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Hera (Server 1.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Kodiak (Public Beta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Cheetah (10.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">Puma (10.1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">Jaguar (10.2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Panther (10.3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Tiger (10.4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Leopard (10.5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Snow Leopard (10.6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">Lion (10.7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">Mountain Lion (10.8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">Mavericks (10.9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">Yosemite (10.10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">El Capitan (10.11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">Sierra (10.12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">High Sierra (10.13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">Mojave (10.14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">Catalina (10.15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">Big Sur (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">Monterey (12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">Ventura (13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">Sonoma (14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">Sequoia (15)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Automator" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Automator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Chess" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(macOS)" title="Dashboard (macOS)">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_(software)" title="Dictionary (software)">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (macOS)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapher" title="Grapher">Grapher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes" title="History of iTunes">history</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchpad_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launchpad (macOS)">Launchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music (software)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Safari_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari version history">version history</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Utilities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Monitor_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Monitor (macOS)">Activity Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="AirPort Utility">AirPort Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Utility">Archive Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_MIDI_Setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio MIDI Setup">Audio MIDI Setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_File_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth File Exchange">Bluetooth File Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Console_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Console (macOS)">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crash_Reporter_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash Reporter (macOS)">Crash Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigitalColor_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="DigitalColor Meter">DigitalColor Meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory Utility">Directory Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskImageMounter" class="mw-redirect" title="DiskImageMounter">DiskImageMounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_Book" title="Font Book">Font Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (macOS)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Help_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Help Viewer">Help Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Capture">Image Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer (macOS)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Keychain Access">Keychain Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Assistant_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Assistant (Apple)">Migration Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Utility">Network Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC Administrator">ODBC Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Install Mac OS X">Remote Install Mac OS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="System Preferences">System Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Mac_OS)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac OS)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(macOS)" title="Terminal (macOS)">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Access">Universal Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classic Mac OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS_sidebar" title="Template:MacOS sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MacOS_sidebar" title="Template talk:MacOS sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mac OS</b> (originally <b>System Software</b>; <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronym</a>: <b>Classic Mac OS</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the series of <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> developed for the <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a> from 1984 to 2001, starting with <a href="/wiki/System_1" title="System 1">System 1</a> and ending with <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a>. The Macintosh operating system is credited with having popularized the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> concept.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was included with every Macintosh that was sold during the era in which it was developed, and many updates to the system software were done in conjunction with the introduction of new Macintosh systems. </p><p>Apple released the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">original Macintosh</a> on January 24, 1984. The <a href="/wiki/System_1" title="System 1">first version of the system software</a>, which had no official name, was partially based on the <a href="/wiki/Lisa_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa OS">Lisa OS</a>, which Apple previously released for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a> computer in 1983. As part of an agreement allowing <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> to buy <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> in Apple at a favorable price, it also used concepts from the <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Alto</a> computer, which former Apple CEO <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> and other Lisa team members had previewed.<sup id="cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleconfidential2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This operating system consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Toolbox" title="Macintosh Toolbox">Macintosh Toolbox</a> <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> and the "System Folder", a set of files that were loaded from disk. The name <b>Macintosh System Software</b> came into use in 1987 with System 5. Apple rebranded the system as <b>Mac OS</b> in 1996, starting officially with version 7.6, due in part to its <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_clone#Licensed_Macintosh_clones" title="Macintosh clone">Macintosh clone program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That program ended after the release of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-endofclones_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endofclones-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last major release of the system was Mac OS 9 in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-macos9release_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macos9release-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial versions of the System Software ran one application at a time. With the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_512K" title="Macintosh 512K">Macintosh 512K</a>, a system extension called the <a href="/wiki/MultiFinder#Switcher" title="MultiFinder">Switcher</a> was developed to use this additional memory to allow multiple programs to remain loaded. The software of each loaded program used the memory exclusively; only when activated by the Switcher did the program appear, even the Finder's desktop. With the Switcher, the now familiar Clipboard feature allowed copy and paste between the loaded programs across switches including the desktop. </p><p>With the introduction of System 5, a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">cooperative multitasking</a> extension called <a href="/wiki/MultiFinder" title="MultiFinder">MultiFinder</a> was added, which allowed content in windows of each program to remain in a layered view over the desktop, and was later integrated into System 7 as part of the operating system along with support for <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a>. By the mid-1990s, however, contemporary operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> had all brought <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_multitasking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive multitasking">pre-emptive multitasking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">protected memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">access controls</a>, and multi-user capabilities to desktop computers. The Macintosh's limited <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS_memory_management" title="Classic Mac OS memory management">memory management</a> and susceptibility to conflicts among <a href="/wiki/Extension_(Mac_OS)" title="Extension (Mac OS)">extensions</a> that provide additional functionality, such as networking or support for a particular device,<sup id="cite_ref-MeaCulpa_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeaCulpa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to significant criticism of the operating system, and was a factor in Apple's declining market share at the time. </p><p>After two aborted attempts at creating a successor to the Macintosh System Software called <a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">four-year development effort</a> spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Return_to_Apple" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs's return to Apple</a> in 1997, Apple replaced Mac OS with a new operating system in 2001 named <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a>. It retained most of the user interface design elements of the Classic Mac OS, and there was some overlap of <a href="/wiki/Application_framework" title="Application framework">application frameworks</a> for compatibility, but the two operating systems otherwise have completely different origins and architectures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9#Mac_OS_9_and_the_Classic_Environment" title="Mac OS 9">final updates to Mac OS 9</a> released in 2001 provided interoperability with Mac OS X. The name "Classic" that now signifies the historical Mac OS as a whole is a reference to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_macOS_components#Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS components">Classic Environment</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layer</a> that helped ease the transition to Mac OS X (now macOS).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_concept">Initial concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Initial concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a></div> <p>The Macintosh project started in late 1978 with <a href="/wiki/Jef_Raskin" title="Jef Raskin">Jef Raskin</a>, who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. In September 1979, Raskin began looking for an engineer who could put together a prototype. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Atkinson" title="Bill Atkinson">Bill Atkinson</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Apple Lisa</a> team, introduced Raskin to <a href="/wiki/Burrell_Smith" title="Burrell Smith">Burrell Smith</a>, a service technician who had been hired earlier that year. </p><p>Apple's concept for the Macintosh deliberately sought to minimize the user's awareness of the operating system. Many basic tasks that required more operating system knowledge on other systems could be accomplished by mouse gestures and graphic controls on a Macintosh. This would differentiate it from its contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, which use a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> consisting of terse, abbreviated textual commands. </p><p>In January 1981, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> completely took over the Macintosh project. Jobs and a number of Apple engineers visited Xerox PARC in December 1979, three months after the Lisa and Macintosh projects had begun. After hearing about the pioneering <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> technology being developed at <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a> from former Xerox employees like Raskin, Jobs negotiated a visit to see the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> computer and <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> development tools in exchange for Apple stock options.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final Lisa and Macintosh operating systems use concepts from the Xerox Alto, but many elements of the graphical user interface were created by Apple including the menu bar, pull-down menus, and the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Drag_and_drop" title="Drag and drop">drag and drop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct manipulation">direct manipulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a>, which uses 8 kB of system <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> for <a href="/wiki/Power-on_self-test" title="Power-on self-test">power-on self-test</a> (POST) and basic input/output system (<a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>), the Mac ROM is significantly larger (64 kB) and holds key OS code. Much of the original Mac ROM code was written by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Hertzfeld" title="Andy Hertzfeld">Andy Hertzfeld</a>, a member of the original Macintosh team. He was able to conserve precious ROM space by writing routines in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> code optimized with "hacks", or clever programming tricks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the ROM, he also coded the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Toolbox" title="Macintosh Toolbox">Macintosh Toolbox</a>, and some of the <a href="/wiki/Desk_accessory" title="Desk accessory">desktop accessories</a> (DAs). The <a href="/wiki/Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icons</a> of the operating system, which represent <a href="/wiki/Folder_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folder (computing)">folders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>, were designed by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Kare" title="Susan Kare">Susan Kare</a>, who later designed the icons for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_3.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Windows 3.0">Microsoft Windows 3.0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Horn" title="Bruce Horn">Bruce Horn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Capps" title="Steve Capps">Steve Capps</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Finder" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh Finder">Macintosh Finder</a>, as well as a number of Macintosh system utilities. </p><p>Apple aggressively advertised their new machine. After its release, the company bought all 39 pages of advertisement space in the 1984 November/December edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> magazine. The Macintosh quickly outsold its more sophisticated but much more expensive predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a>. Apple quickly developed <a href="/wiki/MacWorks_XL" title="MacWorks XL">MacWorks</a>, a product that allowed the Lisa to emulate Macintosh system software through System 3, by which time it had been discontinued as the rebranded <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_XL" title="Macintosh XL">Macintosh XL</a>. Many of the Lisa's operating system advances would not appear in the Macintosh operating system until <a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a> or later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compatibility">Compatibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compatibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early versions of Mac OS are compatible only with <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>-family Macintoshes. As Apple introduced computers with <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> hardware, the OS was ported to support this architecture. Mac OS 8.1 is the last version that could run on a 68k processor (the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">68040</a>). </p><p>In systems prior to <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_G3" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPC G3">PowerPC G3</a>-based systems, significant parts of the system are stored in physical <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> on the motherboard. The initial purpose of this is to avoid having the OS use up most of the 128KiB RAM of the initial Macintosh—the initial ROMs were 64KiB. This architecture also allows for a completely graphical OS interface at the lowest level without the need for a text-only console or command-line mode: boot time errors, such as finding no functioning disk drives, are communicated to the user graphically, usually with an icon or the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(typeface)" title="Chicago (typeface)">Chicago</a> bitmap font and a <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_startup#Chimes_of_Death" title="Macintosh startup">Chime of Death</a> or a series of beeps. This is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> computers of the time, which display such messages in a mono-spaced font on a black background, and require the use of the keyboard rather than a mouse, for input. To provide such niceties at a low level, early Mac OS depends on core system software in <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> on the motherboard, which also ensured that only Apple computers or licensed clones (with the copyright-protected ROMs from Apple) can run Mac OS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mac_clones">Mac clones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mac clones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_clone" title="Macintosh clone">Macintosh clone</a></div> <p>Several computer manufacturers over the years made <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_clone" title="Macintosh clone">Macintosh clones</a> that were capable of running Mac OS. From 1995 to 1997, Apple licensed Macintosh ROMs to several companies, notably <a href="/wiki/Power_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Computing">Power Computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/UMAX_Technologies" title="UMAX Technologies">UMAX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>. These machines normally ran various versions of Classic Mac OS. <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> ended the clone-licensing program after returning to Apple in 1997. </p><p>Support for Macintosh clones was first exhibited in System 7.5.1, which was the first version to include the "Mac OS" logo (a variation on the original <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_startup#Happy_Mac" title="Macintosh startup">Happy Mac</a> startup icon), and Mac OS 7.6 was the first to be named "Mac OS" instead of "System". These changes were made to disassociate the operating system from Apple's own Macintosh models.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_systems">File systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: File systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Macintosh originally used the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a> (MFS), a <a href="/wiki/Flat_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat file system">flat file system</a> with only one level of folders. This was quickly replaced in 1985 by the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">Hierarchical File System</a> (HFS), which had a true <a href="/wiki/Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">directory</a> tree. Both file systems are otherwise compatible. An improved file system named <a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS Plus</a> ("HFS+" or "Mac OS Extended") was announced in 1997 and implemented in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Files in most file systems used with <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, or other operating systems have only one "<a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">fork</a>". By contrast, MFS and HFS give files two different "forks". The data fork contains the same sort of information as a file in other file systems, such as the text of a document or the bitmaps of an image file. The <a href="/wiki/Resource_fork" title="Resource fork">resource fork</a> contains other structured data such as menu definitions, graphics, sounds, or code segments that would be incorporated into a program's <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> on other systems. An <a href="/wiki/Executable_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Executable file">executable file</a> might consist only of resources (including <a href="/wiki/Code_segment" title="Code segment">code segments</a>) with an empty data fork, while a <a href="/wiki/Data_file" title="Data file">data file</a> might have only a data fork with no resource fork. A <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a> file could contain its text in the data fork and styling information in the resource fork so that an application that does not recognize the styling information can still read the raw text. </p><p>On the other hand, these forks would challenge <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> with different operating systems. In copying or transferring a Mac OS file to a non-Mac system, the default implementations would strip the file of its resource fork. Most <a href="/wiki/Data_files" class="mw-redirect" title="Data files">data files</a> contained only nonessential information in their resource fork, such as window size and location, but program files would be inoperative without their resources. This necessitated such encoding schemes as <a href="/wiki/BinHex" title="BinHex">BinHex</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacBinary" title="MacBinary">MacBinary</a>, which allowed a user to encode a dual-forked file into a single stream, or inversely take a single stream so-encoded and reconstitute it into a dual-forked file usable by Mac OS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release_history">Release history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Release history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_1,_2,_3,_and_4"><span id="System_1.2C_2.2C_3.2C_and_4"></span>System 1, 2, 3, and 4<span class="anchor" id="System_1"></span><span class="anchor" id="System_1.1"></span><span class="anchor" id="System_2"></span><span class="anchor" id="System_2.1"></span><span class="anchor" id="System_3"></span><span class="anchor" id="System_4"></span><span class="anchor" id="System_4.1"></span><span class="anchor" id="System_1,_2,_3_and_4"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: System 1, 2, 3, and 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Special:EditPage/Classic Mac OS">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As part of Apple's goal of creating a computer with appliance-like simplicity, there is no explicit distinction made between the operating system software and the hardware it runs on. Because of this, early versions of the operating system do not have a distinct name. The software consists of two user-visible files: the System file, and the <a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application</a> used for file management that also displays the <a href="/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">Desktop</a>. The two files are contained in a folder directory labeled "System Folder", which contains other resource files, like a <a href="/wiki/Printer_driver" title="Printer driver">printer driver</a>, needed to interact with the System.<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Version numbers of the operating system are based on the version numbers of these two files. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_1" title="System 1">System 1.0, 1.1</a>, and 2.0 use a <a href="/wiki/Flat_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat file system">flat file system</a> named <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a> (MFS). The Finder provides virtual folders that could be used to organize files, but these folders are not visible from any other application and do not exist on the disk.</li> <li>System 2.0 added support for <a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a> and the newly introduced <a href="/wiki/LaserWriter" title="LaserWriter">LaserWriter</a> to use it.</li> <li>System 2.1 (Finder 5.0) introduced the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">Hierarchical File System</a> (HFS) which has real directories. This version was specifically to support the <a href="/wiki/Hard_Disk_20" title="Hard Disk 20">Hard Disk 20</a> and only implements HFS in <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a>; startup and most floppy disks remain MFS 400 K volumes.</li> <li>System 3.0 (Finder 5.1) was introduced with the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Plus" title="Macintosh Plus">Macintosh Plus</a>, officially implementing HFS, 800K startup drives, support for several new technologies including <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> and <a href="/wiki/AppleShare" title="AppleShare">AppleShare</a>, and Trash "bulging" (i.e., when the Trash contains files, it gains a bulged appearance).</li> <li>System 4.0 was released with the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_SE" title="Macintosh SE">Macintosh SE</a> and System 4.1 first shipped with the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_II" title="Macintosh II">Macintosh II</a>—these new machines required additional support for the first <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion slots</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a> (ADB), internal hard drives and, on the Macintosh II, external color displays and the first <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68020" title="Motorola 68020">Motorola 68020</a> processor. System 4.0 was the first release to support color graphics; previous releases did not support color.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These releases can only run one application at a time, except for desk accessories, though special application shells such as <i>Multi-Mac</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Switcher</i> (discussed under <a href="/wiki/MultiFinder" title="MultiFinder">MultiFinder</a>) could work around this. Visible changes are best reflected in the version number of the <a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a>, where major leaps are found between 1.x, 4.x, 5.x, and 6.x. </p><p>In the late 1990s, Apple retroactively gave these older releases a single name. </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #ececec;">System Software Release<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;">System Version<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;">Release Date<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;"><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a> Version<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;"><a href="/wiki/LaserWriter" title="LaserWriter">LaserWriter</a> Version<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;">Release Information<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Macintosh System Software </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">1.0 (.97)<sup id="cite_ref-versiontable_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versiontable-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>January 24, 1984<sup id="cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleconfidential2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-strategy_83_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strategy_83-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Initial Release </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Macintosh System Software (0.1) </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">1.1 </th> <td>May 1984<sup id="cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleconfidential2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.1g </td> <td> </td> <td>Maintenance Release, Added Mountain scene, About box, Clean Up Command </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Macintosh System Software (0.3 & 0.5) </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">2.0 </th> <td>April 1985<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td> </td> <td>Finder Update: Introduced "New Folder" and "Shut Down" commands, and installation of a "MiniFinder" application for quickly launching any of the chosen applications <p>System: Introduced screenshots using <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⌘ Command</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">3</kbd> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Macintosh System Software<sup id="cite_ref-versiontable_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versiontable-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5.0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5.0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">2.1<sup id="cite_ref-versiontable_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versiontable-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>September 1985<sup id="cite_ref-versiontable_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versiontable-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5.0<sup id="cite_ref-5.0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5.0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Release for <a href="/wiki/Hard_Disk_20" title="Hard Disk 20">Hard Disk 20</a> support<sup id="cite_ref-versiontable_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versiontable-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5.0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5.0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Macintosh System Software (0.7) </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">3.0 </th> <td>January 1986<sup id="cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleconfidential2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>1.1<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Introduced with <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Plus" title="Macintosh Plus">Macintosh Plus</a><sup id="cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleconfidential2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System Software 1.0 </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">3.1 </th> <td>February 1986<sup id="cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleconfidential2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System Software 1.1 </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">3.2 </th> <td>June 1986<sup id="cite_ref-3.2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>Fixed problems with data loss, system crashes; updated Chooser and Calculator.<sup id="cite_ref-3.2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">AppleShare 1.0 </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">3.3 </th> <td>January 1987 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td> </td> <td>AppleShare 1.0 Work Station Installer disk (for the Macintosh 512K) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">AppleShare 1.1<sup id="cite_ref-3.4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">3.3<sup id="cite_ref-3.4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>1987 </td> <td>5.5<sup id="cite_ref-3.4_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>AppleShare 1.1 Work Station Installer disk (for the Macintosh 512K)<sup id="cite_ref-3.4_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">AppleShare 2.0<sup id="cite_ref-3.4_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">3.4<sup id="cite_ref-3.4_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>1988 </td> <td>6.1<sup id="cite_ref-3.4_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>AppleShare 2.0 <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_512Ke" title="Macintosh 512Ke">Macintosh 512Ke</a> Work Station Installer disk<sup id="cite_ref-3.4_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3.4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System Software 2.0 </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">4.0 </th> <td>January 1987<sup id="cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleconfidential2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>Release for <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_SE" title="Macintosh SE">Macintosh SE</a>. Introduced <a href="/wiki/AppleShare" title="AppleShare">AppleShare</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System Software 2.0.1 </th> <th style="background:#fff; text-align:left;">4.1 </th> <td>March 2, 1987 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>4.0 </td> <td>Release for <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_II" title="Macintosh II">Macintosh II</a>. Updated LaserWriter Driver </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_Software_5">System Software 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: System Software 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the end of 1987, Apple introduced a package titled "Apple Macintosh System Software Update 5.0".<sup id="cite_ref-system5macuser_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-system5macuser-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time, the Macintosh operating system was offered as a distinct retail product that included four 800K disks and three manuals, at a cost of US$49. The software itself was still freely available through user groups and bulletin board services. While the product box presented this update to the operating system as "version 5.0", this number does not appear in the software itself. Three of the four disks (System Tools 1, System Tools 2 and Utilities 1) are all bootable, and the user can boot off whichever floppy contains the tools the user needs. For instance, System Tools 2 is the only disk with printer drivers, and Utilities 1 is the only disk with <a href="/wiki/Disk_First_Aid" title="Disk First Aid">Disk First Aid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_HD_SC_Setup" title="Apple HD SC Setup">Apple HD SC Setup</a>. Because the disks are named System Tools, users and the press commonly referred to this version as "System Tools 5.0". </p><p>The primary new feature of System 5 is <a href="/wiki/MultiFinder" title="MultiFinder">MultiFinder</a>, an extension that lets the system run several programs at once. The system uses a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">cooperative multitasking</a> model, meaning that time is given to the background applications only when the foreground application yields control. A change in system functions that applications were already calling to handle events make many existing applications share time automatically, as well as being allowed to perform tasks in the background.<sup id="cite_ref-system5macuser_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-system5macuser-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users can also choose not to use MultiFinder, thereby using a single application at a time. In 1990 <i>InfoWorld</i> tested four multitasking options for PC and Mac, viewing MultiFinder positively overall, but noting that its presence halved the speed of file transfer and printing compared to the single-tasking System 6 without MultiFinder.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestrating_applications_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestrating_applications-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #ececec;" rowspan="2">System Software<br />Release<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;" rowspan="2">Release<br />Date<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;" rowspan="2">System<br />Version<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;" colspan="3">Software Version<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;" rowspan="2">Release Information<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec;"><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;"><a href="/wiki/MultiFinder" title="MultiFinder">MultiFinder</a> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;"><a href="/wiki/LaserWriter" title="LaserWriter">LaserWriter</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">5.0 </th> <td>October 1987<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td rowspan="2">6.0 </td> <td rowspan="2">1.0 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>Initial Release </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">5.1 </th> <td>November 1987 </td> <td>4.3 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>Updated LaserWriter Driver and new version of Apple HD SC Setup </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_Software_6">System Software 6</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: System Software 6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a></div> <p>System Software 6 (also referred to as "System 6") is a consolidation release of the Macintosh system software, producing a complete, stable, and long-lasting operating system. Two major hardware introductions requiring additional support under System 6 are the <a href="/wiki/68030" class="mw-redirect" title="68030">68030</a> processor and 1.44 MB <a href="/wiki/SuperDrive#Floppy_disk_drive" title="SuperDrive">SuperDrive</a> debuting with the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_IIx" title="Macintosh IIx">Macintosh IIx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_SE/30" title="Macintosh SE/30">Macintosh SE/30</a>. Later updates include support for the first specialized laptop features with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Portable" title="Macintosh Portable">Macintosh Portable</a>. From System 6 forward, the Finder has a unified version number closely matching that of the System, alleviating much of the confusion caused by the often considerable differences between earlier Systems.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #ececec;" rowspan="2">System<br />Version<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;" rowspan="2">Release<br />Date<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;" colspan="3">Software Version<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;" rowspan="2">Release Information<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec;"><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;"><a href="/wiki/MultiFinder" title="MultiFinder">MultiFinder</a> </th> <th style="background: #ececec;"><a href="/wiki/LaserWriter" title="LaserWriter">LaserWriter</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">6.0 </th> <td>April 1988 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td rowspan="8">5.2 </td> <td>Initial Release </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">6.0.1 </th> <td>September 19, 1988 </td> <td>6.1.1 </td> <td rowspan="2">6.0.1 </td> <td>Release for <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_IIx" title="Macintosh IIx">Macintosh IIx</a> (1988) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">6.0.2 </th> <td>Late 1988 </td> <td rowspan="2">6.1 </td> <td>Maintenance Release </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">6.0.3 </th> <td>March 7, 1989 </td> <td>6.0.3 </td> <td>Release for <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_IIcx" title="Macintosh IIcx">Macintosh IIcx</a> (1989) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">6.0.4 </th> <td>September 20, 1989 </td> <td>6.1.4 </td> <td>6.0.4 </td> <td>Release for <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Portable" title="Macintosh Portable">Macintosh Portable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_IIci" title="Macintosh IIci">IIci</a> (1989) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">6.0.5 </th> <td>March 19, 1990<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6.1.5 </td> <td>6.0.5 </td> <td>Release for <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_IIfx" title="Macintosh IIfx">Macintosh IIfx</a> (1990) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">6.0.6 </th> <td>October 15, 1990 </td> <td>6.1.6 </td> <td>6.0.6 </td> <td>Not released because of <a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a> bug<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">6.0.7 </th> <td>October 16, 1990 </td> <td>6.1.7 </td> <td>6.0.7 </td> <td>Official release for <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_LC" title="Macintosh LC">Macintosh LC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_IIsi" title="Macintosh IIsi">IIsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Classic" title="Macintosh Classic">Classic</a> (1990) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">6.0.8 </th> <td>May 13, 1991 </td> <td rowspan="2">6.1.8 </td> <td rowspan="2">6.0.8 </td> <td rowspan="2">7.0 </td> <td>Updated printing software to match software of <a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7.0</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">6.0.8L </th> <td>March 23, 1992 </td> <td>Limited maintenance release for Pacific customers </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_7/Mac_OS_7"><span id="System_7.2FMac_OS_7"></span>System 7/Mac OS 7</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: System 7/Mac OS 7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a></div> <p>On May 13, 1991, System 7 was released. It was a major upgrade over System 6, adding a significant <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> overhaul, new applications, stability improvements and many new features. Its introduction coincides with the release of and provided support for the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">68040</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Macintosh_models_grouped_by_CPU_type#Motorola_68040" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Macintosh models grouped by CPU type">Macintosh line</a>. The System 7 era saw numerous changes in the Macintosh platform including <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Macintosh_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Macintosh models">a proliferation of Macintosh models</a>, the 68k to <a href="/wiki/Power_Macintosh" title="Power Macintosh">Power Macintosh</a> transition as well as the rise of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">computer networking</a> and the explosion in the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p><p>One of the most significant features of System 7 is <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> support, an essential subsystem anticipated for years, which only exists for previous Systems in a third party extension named Virtual from <a href="/wiki/Connectix" title="Connectix">Connectix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Orchestrating_applications_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orchestrating_applications-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accompanying this was a move to <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Memory_addressing" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory addressing">memory addressing</a>, necessary for the ever-increasing amounts of RAM available to the Motorola 68030 CPU, and 68020 CPUs with a <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68851" title="Motorola 68851">68851</a> <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">PMMU</a>. This process involves making all of the routines in OS code use the full 32-bits of a pointer as an address—prior systems used the upper 8 bits as <a href="/wiki/Flag_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag (computing)">flags</a>. This change is known as being "32-bit clean". While System 7 itself is 32-bit clean, many existing machines and thousands of applications were not, so it was some time before the process was completed. To ease the transition, the "Memory" control panel contains a switch to disable this feature, allowing for compatibility with older applications. </p><p>Another notable System 7 feature is built-in <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">cooperative multitasking</a>. In System Software 6, this function was optional through the <a href="/wiki/MultiFinder" title="MultiFinder">MultiFinder</a>. System 7 also introduced <a href="/wiki/Alias_(Mac_OS)" title="Alias (Mac OS)">aliases</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">symbolic links</a> on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_shortcut" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer shortcut">shortcuts</a> that were introduced in later versions of Microsoft Windows, and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_(OS/2)" title="Shadow (OS/2)">shadows</a> in IBM <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Extension_(Mac_OS)" title="Extension (Mac OS)">System extensions</a> were enhanced by being moved to their own subfolder; a subfolder in the <a href="/wiki/System_Folder_(Mac_OS)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Folder (Mac OS)">System Folder</a> was also created for the <a href="/wiki/Control_panel_(Mac_OS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control panel (Mac OS)">control panels</a>. In System 7.5, Apple includes the <a href="/wiki/Extensions_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensions Manager">Extensions Manager</a>, a previously third-party program which simplified the process of enabling and disabling extensions. </p><p>The Apple menu, home only to desk accessories in System 6, was made more general-purpose: the user could now make often-used folders and applications—or anything else they desired—appear in the menu by placing aliases to them in an "Apple Menu Items" subfolder of the System Folder. System 7 also introduced the following: <a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> for automating tasks; <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/QuickDraw" title="QuickDraw">QuickDraw</a>, supporting so-called "true color" imaging, previously available as a system extension; and <a href="/wiki/TrueType" title="TrueType">TrueType</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Outline_font" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline font">outline font</a> standard. </p><p>The Trash, under System 6 and earlier, empties itself automatically when shutting down the computer—or, if MultiFinder is not running, when launching an application. System 7 reimplements the Trash as a special hidden folder, allowing files to remain in it across reboots until the user deliberately chose the "Empty Trash" command. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="System_7.1">System 7.1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: System 7.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>System 7.1 is mainly a bugfix release, with a few minor features added. One of the major new features of System 7.1 was moving fonts out of the System file into the Fonts folder in the System Folder. Previously a resource-copying utility such as ResEdit or Font D/A Mover was required for installing fonts. System 7.1 is not only the first Macintosh operating system to cost money (all previous versions were free or sold at the cost of the floppies), but also received a "Pro" sibling (version 7.1.1) with extra features. System 7.1.2 was the first version to support PowerPC-based Macs. System 7.1 also introduces the System Enablers as a method to support new models without updating the actual System file. This leads to extra files inside the system folder (one per new model supported). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="System_7.5">System 7.5</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: System 7.5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>System 7.5 introduces a large number of new features, many of which are based on shareware applications that Apple bought and included into the new system.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the newer PowerPC machines, System 7.5 may have stability problems partly due to a new memory manager (which can be turned off),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and issues with the handling of errors in the PowerPC code (all PowerPC exceptions map to Type 11). These issues do not affect 68k-architecture machines. System 7.5 is contemporary with Apple's failed <a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a> effort as well as the release of <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mac_OS_7.6">Mac OS 7.6</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mac OS 7.6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stability improved in PowerPC-based Macs with Mac OS 7.6, which dropped the "System" moniker as a more trademarkable name was needed in order to license the OS to the growing market of third-party <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_clone" title="Macintosh clone">Macintosh clone</a> manufacturers. Mac OS 7.6 required 32-bit-clean ROMs, and so it dropped support for every Mac with a <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">68000</a> processor, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_II" title="Macintosh II">Mac II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_IIx" title="Macintosh IIx">Mac IIx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_IIcx" title="Macintosh IIcx">Mac IIcx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_SE/30" title="Macintosh SE/30">Mac SE/30</a>. </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System Version<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Release Information<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.0 </th> <td>integrated MultiFinder always enabled </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.0.1 </th> <td>introduced with <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_LC" title="Macintosh LC">LC II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra" title="Macintosh Quadra">Quadra</a> series </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.0.1P </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7 Tuner </th> <td>update for both 7.0 and 7.0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.1 </th> <td>introduced the Fonts folder </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.1P </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.1P1 </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.1P2 </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.1P3 </th> <td>last "P" release with new features </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.1P4 </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.1P5 </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.1P6 </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.1 Pro </th> <td>version 7.1.1, combined with <a href="/wiki/Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment" title="Apple Open Collaboration Environment">PowerTalk</a>, Speech Manager, <a href="/wiki/PlainTalk" title="PlainTalk">MacInTalk</a>, Thread Manager </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.1.2 </th> <td>Macs equipped with a PowerPC processor </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.1.2P </th> <td>only for Performa/LC/Quadra 630 series, very quickly replaced by 7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.5 </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.5.1 </th> <td>System 7.5 Update 1.0—the first Macintosh operating system to call itself "Mac OS" </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.5.2 </th> <td>Power Macs that use <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a>, usable only on these Power Macs and PowerBooks <a href="/wiki/PowerBook_5300" title="PowerBook 5300">5300</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerBook_190" title="PowerBook 190">190</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PowerBook_Duo" title="PowerBook Duo">Duo 2300</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.5.3 </th> <td>System 7.5 Update 2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.5.3L </th> <td>only for Macintosh clones </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.5.3 Revision 2 </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.5.3 Revision 2.1 </th> <td>only for Performa 6400/180 and 6400/200 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.5.4 </th> <td>withdrawn within hours of release and replaced by 7.5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System 7.5.5 </th> <td>last to support non-32-bit-clean Macs, including all with less than a <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68030" title="Motorola 68030">68030 CPU</a> except the Macintosh LC </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 7.6 </th> <td>name formally changed because of the experimental <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_clone" title="Macintosh clone">clone program</a>, although System 7.5.1 and later used the "Mac OS" name on the <a href="/wiki/Splash_screen" title="Splash screen">splash screen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 7.6.1 </th> <td>proper PowerPC error handling introduced </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_8">Mac OS 8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mac OS 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MacOS81_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/MacOS81_screenshot.png/384px-MacOS81_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="384" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/MacOS81_screenshot.png/576px-MacOS81_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/MacOS81_screenshot.png/768px-MacOS81_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mac OS 8.1 desktop</figcaption></figure> <p>Mac OS 8 was released on July 26, 1997, the same month <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> became the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> CEO of Apple. It was mainly released to keep the Mac OS moving forward during a difficult time for Apple. Initially planned as Mac OS 7.7, it was renumbered "8" to exploit a legal <a href="/wiki/Loophole" title="Loophole">loophole</a> and accomplish Jobs's goal of terminating third-party manufacturers' licenses to System 7 and shutting down the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_clone" title="Macintosh clone">Macintosh clone</a> market.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mac OS 8 added a number of features from the abandoned <a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a> project, while leaving the underlying operating system unchanged. A <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">multi-threaded</a> Finder was included; files could now be copied in the background. The GUI was changed in appearance to a new shaded greyscale look named <a href="/wiki/Platinum_(Macintosh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum (Macintosh)">Platinum</a>, and the ability to change the appearance themes (also known as <a href="/wiki/Skin_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin (computing)">skins</a>) was added with a new control panel (though Platinum was the only one shipped). This capability was provided by a new "appearance" API layer within the OS, one of the few significant changes. </p><p>Apple sold 1.2 million copies of Mac OS 8 in its first two weeks of availability and 3 million within six months. In light of Apple's financial difficulties at the time, there was a large grassroots movement among Mac users to upgrade and "help save Apple". Even some pirate groups refused to redistribute the OS.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mac_OS_8.1">Mac OS 8.1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mac OS 8.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mac OS 8.1 introduced an updated version of the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">Hierarchical File System</a> named <a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a>, which fixed many of the limitations of the earlier system and continued to be used in <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> up until <a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">macOS High Sierra</a>, when it was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">Apple File System</a>. There are some other interface changes such as separating network features from printing, and some improvements to application switching. However, in underlying technical respects, Mac OS 8 is not very different from System 7. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mac_OS_8.5">Mac OS 8.5</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mac OS 8.5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mac OS 8.5 focuses on speed and stability, with most 68k code replaced by modern code native to the PowerPC. It also improved the appearance of the user interface, although the theming feature was cut late in development. </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System Version<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Release Information<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 8.0 </th> <td>first version to require a <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">68040</a> processor, dropping support for the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_II_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh II series">Macintosh II series</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68030" title="Motorola 68030">68030</a> Macs. It also added support for the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_G3" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerPC G3">PowerPC G3</a> processor </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 8.1 </th> <td>last Mac OS release to run on a <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">68k</a> processor, and it added support for <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> and added support for the <a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a> filesystem, also called Mac OS Extended </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 8.5 </th> <td>first version to run solely on a <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> processor, and it added built-in support for <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a>. It also added <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a> and added support for the <a href="/wiki/Power_Macintosh_G3" title="Power Macintosh G3">Power Macintosh G3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 8.5.1 </th> <td>added bug fixes to lessen system crashes </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 8.6 </th> <td>included a new <a href="/wiki/Nanokernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanokernel">nanokernel</a> for improved performance and <a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing_Services" title="Multiprocessing Services">Multiprocessing Services</a> 2.0 support, improved PowerBook battery life, and added support for the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC_G4" title="PowerPC G4">PowerPC G4</a> processor </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_9">Mac OS 9</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mac OS 9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a></div> <p>Mac OS 9, the last major revision of the Classic Mac OS, was released on October 23, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-macos9release_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macos9release-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally a steady evolution from Mac OS 8. Early development releases of Mac OS 9 were numbered 8.7. </p><p>Mac OS 9 added improved support for <a href="/wiki/AirPort" title="AirPort">AirPort</a> <a href="/wiki/Wireless_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless networking">wireless networking</a>. It introduced an early implementation of multi-user support. Though not a true multi-user operating system, Mac OS 9 does allow multiple desktop users to have their own data and system settings. An improved <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a> search engine added several new search plug-ins. Mac OS 9 also provides a much improved memory implementation and management. <a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a> was improved to allow <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> and networking control. Mac OS 9 also makes the first use of the centralized <a href="/wiki/Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Apple Software Update</a> to find and install OS and hardware updates. </p><p>Other new features included its on-the-fly <a href="/wiki/File_encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="File encryption">file encryption</a> software with <a href="/wiki/Code_signing" title="Code signing">code signing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain</a> technologies, Remote Networking and <a href="/wiki/File_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="File Server">File Server</a> packages, and much improved list of <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a>. </p><p>Mac OS 9 also added some transitional technologies to help application developers adopt some <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a> features before the introduction of the new OS to the public, to help ease the transition. These included new APIs for the <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> and the bundling of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a> library that apps could link against instead of the traditional API libraries—apps that were adapted to do this could be run natively on Mac OS X as well. Other changes were made beginning with the Mac OS 9.1 update to allow it to be launched in the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Environment">Classic Environment</a> within Mac OS X. </p><p>The final update to the Classic Mac OS was version 9.2.2, released on December 5, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-macos922_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macos922-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">System Version<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Release Information<sup id="cite_ref-versionhistory_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-versionhistory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 9.0 </th> <td>initial retail version of Mac OS 9 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 9.0.2 </th> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 9.0.3 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 9.0.4 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 9.1 </th> <td>included with <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 9.2 </th> <td>update for improved <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> compatibility </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 9.2.1 </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ececec; text-align:left;">Mac OS 9.2.2 </th> <td>final release of Classic Mac OS </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_to_Mac_OS_X">Transition to Mac OS X</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transition to Mac OS X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">macOS version history</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osxboxes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/Osxboxes.png/384px-Osxboxes.png" decoding="async" width="384" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/Osxboxes.png/576px-Osxboxes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/65/Osxboxes.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>Logos/box-art of <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Cheetah 10.0</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">Puma 10.1</a> through to <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">Ventura 13</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (originally "Mac OS X" and then "OS X")<sup id="cite_ref-ten_not_x_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ten_not_x-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is Apple's current Mac operating system that officially succeeded the Classic Mac OS in 2001. Although it was originally marketed as simply "version 10" of Mac OS, it has <a href="/wiki/History_of_macOS" class="mw-redirect" title="History of macOS">a history</a> that is largely independent of the earlier Mac OS releases. </p><p>The macOS architectural legacy is the successor to <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a> and the Classic Mac OS legacy. However, unlike the Classic Mac OS, it is a <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-based operating system<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built on <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> and technology developed at <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a> from the late 1980s until early 1997, when Apple purchased the company, and its CEO <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> returned to Apple.<sup id="cite_ref-apple-acquisition_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple-acquisition-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> macOS also makes use of the <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> codebase and the <a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a> kernel,<sup id="cite_ref-OS_X_also_makes_use_of_the_BSD_code_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OS_X_also_makes_use_of_the_BSD_code-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its core set of components is based upon Apple's <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin operating system</a>. </p><p>An early version of the operating system, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a>, was released in 1999. It retains the "Platinum" appearance from the Classic Mac OS and even resembles <a href="/wiki/OPENSTEP" class="mw-redirect" title="OPENSTEP">OPENSTEP</a> in places, with the first version to arrive with the new <a href="/wiki/Aqua_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua user interface">Aqua user interface</a>. The first consumer version, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</a>, was released on March 24, 2001, supporting the new <a href="/wiki/Aqua_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua user interface">Aqua user interface</a>. Mac OS X was renamed "OS X" in 2011 and "macOS" in 2016. </p><p>Users of the Classic Mac OS generally upgraded to Mac OS X, but it was criticized in its early years as more difficult and less user-friendly than the original Mac OS, for the lack of certain features that had not yet been reimplemented in the new OS, for being slower on the same hardware (especially older hardware), and for incompatibilities with the older OS.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because drivers (for printers, scanners, tablets, etc.) written for the older Mac OS were not compatible with Mac OS X, inconsistent program support with the Classic Environment program used to run the older operating system's programs on Mac OS X, and the lack of Mac OS X support for older Apple computers before late 1997; some Macintosh users continued using the older Classic Mac OS for a few years after the original release of Mac OS X. <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> encouraged people to upgrade to Mac OS X by staging a mock <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a> for Mac OS 9 at <a href="/wiki/WWDC" class="mw-redirect" title="WWDC">WWDC</a> 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic">Classic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Classic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_macOS_components#Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS components">List of macOS components § Classic</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> versions of Mac OS X up to and including <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger</a> include a <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layer</a> for running older Mac applications, the Classic Environment. Originally codenamed the "blue box", the environment runs a nearly complete Mac OS 9 operating system, version 9.1 or later, as a Mac OS X application. This allows applications that have not been ported to the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon API</a> to run on Mac OS X. This is reasonably seamless, though "classic" applications retain their original Mac OS 9 appearance and do not gain the Mac OS X "Aqua" appearance. </p><p>Early <a href="/wiki/New_World_ROM" title="New World ROM">New World ROM</a> PowerPC-based Macs shipped with Mac OS 9.2 as well as Mac OS X. Mac OS 9.2 had to be installed by the user—it was not installed by default on hardware revisions released after Mac OS X 10.4. Most well-written "classic" Mac OS applications function properly under this environment, but compatibility is assured only if the software was written to be unaware of the actual hardware and to interact solely with the operating system. The Classic Environment is not available on <a href="/wiki/Apple%E2%80%93Intel_architecture" title="Apple–Intel architecture">Intel-based Mac systems</a> or the latest <a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Apple_silicon" title="Mac transition to Apple silicon">Apple silicon Macs</a> due to the incompatibility of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a> with both the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARM_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM (architecture)">ARM</a> hardware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emulation">Emulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Emulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="68k_emulators">68k emulators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 68k emulators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_nanokernel" title="Mac OS nanokernel">Mac OS nanokernel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mac_68k_emulator" title="Mac 68k emulator">Mac 68k emulator</a></div> <p>Third-party Macintosh <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulators</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/VMac" title="VMac">vMac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilisk_II" title="Basilisk II">Basilisk II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Executor_(software)" title="Executor (software)">Executor</a>, eventually made it possible to run the Classic Mac OS on <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>-based PCs. These emulators were restricted to emulating the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">68k</a> series of processors, and as such most could not run versions of the Mac OS that succeeded 8.1, which required <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> processors. Most also required a Mac ROM image or a hardware interface supporting a real Mac ROM chip; those requiring an image are of dubious legal standing as the ROM image may infringe on Apple's intellectual property. </p><p>A notable exception was the <a href="/wiki/Executor_(software)" title="Executor (software)">Executor</a> commercial software product from Abacus Research & Development, the only product that used 100% reverse-engineered code without the use of Apple technology. It ran extremely quickly but never achieved more than a minor subset of functionality. Few programs were completely compatible and many were extremely crash-prone if they ran at all. Executor filled a niche market for porting 68k Mac applications to <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> platforms; development ceased in 2002 and the source code was released by the author in late 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emulators using Mac ROM images offered near complete Mac OS compatibility, and later versions offered excellent performance as modern x86 processor performance increased exponentially. </p><p>Apple included its own <a href="/wiki/Mac_68k_emulator" title="Mac 68k emulator">Mac 68k emulator</a> that ran seamlessly on all PowerPC-based versions of the Classic Mac OS.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple also sold a Mac 68k emulator for <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>-based (<a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a>) and <a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a> based (<a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>) systems called <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Application_Environment" title="Macintosh Application Environment">Macintosh Application Environment</a> (MAE), which could run variants of System 7.x inside an <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a> window. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PowerPC_emulators">PowerPC emulators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: PowerPC emulators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2021 the most capable <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> emulator is <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison with 68k-emulator development, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> emulation is more complex and requires more CPU power. The emulator is capable of running Classic Mac OS and OS X at full speed with networking and sound in most cases.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> QEMU has official support for Classic Mac OS version 9.0 through 9.2 and Mac OS X 10.0 up to and including 10.5.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> QEMU has several advantages over other PowerPC emulators namely supporting a wide range of platforms from Linux to Mac and Windows on current CPU architectures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another PowerPC emulator is <a href="/wiki/SheepShaver" title="SheepShaver">SheepShaver</a>, which has been around since 1998 for <a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a> on the PowerPC platform, but in 2002 was <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-sourced</a>, and efforts began to port it to other platforms. Originally it was not designed for use on x86 platforms and required an actual PowerPC processor present in the machine it was running on similar to a <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a>. Although it provides PowerPC processor support, it can run only up to <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9.0.4</a> because it does not emulate a <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">memory management unit</a>. </p><p>Other examples include ShapeShifter (by the same developer that created <a href="/wiki/SheepShaver" title="SheepShaver">SheepShaver</a>), Fusion, PearPC and iFusion. The latter ran Classic Mac OS with a PowerPC "coprocessor" accelerator card. Using this method has been said to equal or better the speed of a Macintosh with the same processor, especially with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">68k</a> series due to real Macs running in <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMU</a> trap mode, hampering performance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Apple's initial version of <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a> is a PowerPC emulator allowing <a href="/wiki/Apple%E2%80%93Intel_architecture" title="Apple–Intel architecture">Intel-based Macs</a> to run PowerPC Mac OS X applications, but is unable to run non-<a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a> Classic Mac OS (9.2.2 or earlier) applications.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosetta was available for all Intel releases of OS X until version <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="width:100%;overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Timeline of Mac operating systems <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_Mac_operating_systems" title="Template:Timeline of Mac operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timeline_of_Mac_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Timeline of Mac operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline_of_Mac_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline of Mac operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_plvv12987tak0ne29q100mlg86j7p4p"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" coords="1000,187,1053,208" title="ARM architecture family" alt="ARM architecture family" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/x86" coords="595,187,648,208" title="x86" alt="x86" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/PowerPC" coords="273,187,348,208" title="PowerPC" alt="PowerPC" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/68k" coords="-4,187,47,208" title="68k" alt="68k" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/MacBook_Air_(Apple_silicon)" coords="1000,167,1092,188" title="MacBook Air (Apple silicon)" alt="MacBook Air (Apple silicon)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/iMac_Pro" coords="921,167,1001,188" title="iMac Pro" alt="iMac Pro" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Retina_MacBook_Pro" coords="770,167,907,188" title="Retina MacBook Pro" alt="Retina MacBook Pro" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" coords="651,167,749,188" title="MacBook Air" alt="MacBook Air" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Apple%E2%80%93Intel_architecture" coords="595,167,659,188" title="Apple–Intel architecture" alt="Apple–Intel architecture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Power_Mac_G5" coords="526,167,573,188" title="Power Mac G5" alt="Power Mac G5" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Power_Mac_G4" coords="422,167,469,188" title="Power Mac G4" alt="Power Mac G4" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/iMac_G3" coords="393,167,452,188" title="iMac G3" alt="iMac G3" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Power_Macintosh" coords="273,167,392,188" title="Power Macintosh" alt="Power Macintosh" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra" coords="207,167,277,188" title="Macintosh Quadra" alt="Macintosh Quadra" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Macintosh_Portable" coords="160,167,240,188" title="Macintosh Portable" alt="Macintosh Portable" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Macintosh_SE/30" coords="132,167,196,188" title="Macintosh SE/30" alt="Macintosh SE/30" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Macintosh_II" coords="81,167,150,188" title="Macintosh II" alt="Macintosh II" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Macintosh_Plus" coords="50,167,109,188" title="Macintosh Plus" alt="Macintosh Plus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" coords="-4,167,81,188" title="Macintosh 128K" alt="Macintosh 128K" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Sequoia" coords="1105,108,1208,129" title="macOS Sequoia" alt="macOS Sequoia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Sonoma" coords="1078,88,1176,109" title="macOS Sonoma" alt="macOS Sonoma" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Ventura" coords="1053,147,1156,168" title="macOS Ventura" alt="macOS Ventura" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Monterey" coords="1026,128,1134,148" title="macOS Monterey" alt="macOS Monterey" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Big_Sur" coords="1000,108,1103,129" title="macOS Big Sur" alt="macOS Big Sur" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Catalina" coords="970,88,1084,109" title="macOS Catalina" alt="macOS Catalina" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Mojave" coords="942,147,1045,168" title="macOS Mojave" alt="macOS Mojave" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_High_Sierra" coords="915,128,1045,148" title="macOS High Sierra" alt="macOS High Sierra" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Sierra" coords="887,108,990,129" title="macOS Sierra" alt="macOS Sierra" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" coords="861,88,986,109" title="OS X El Capitan" alt="OS X El Capitan" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" coords="834,147,948,168" title="OS X Yosemite" alt="OS X Yosemite" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" coords="808,128,922,148" title="OS X Mavericks" alt="OS X Mavericks" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" coords="774,108,910,129" title="OS X Mountain Lion" alt="OS X Mountain Lion" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" coords="746,88,832,109" title="Mac OS X Lion" alt="Mac OS X Lion" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" coords="694,147,825,168" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard" alt="Mac OS X Snow Leopard" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" coords="644,128,747,148" title="Mac OS X Leopard" alt="Mac OS X Leopard" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" coords="576,108,668,129" title="Mac OS X Tiger" alt="Mac OS X Tiger" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" coords="535,88,638,109" title="Mac OS X Panther" alt="Mac OS X Panther" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.2" coords="503,147,600,168" title="Mac OS X 10.2" alt="Mac OS X 10.2" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" coords="478,128,564,148" title="Mac OS X 10.1" alt="Mac OS X 10.1" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" coords="464,108,567,129" title="Mac OS X 10.0" alt="Mac OS X 10.0" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" coords="409,88,512,109" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0" alt="Mac OS X Server 1.0" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" coords="450,108,497,129" title="Mac OS X Public Beta" alt="Mac OS X Public Beta" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/A/UX" coords="221,68,262,89" title="A/UX" alt="A/UX" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/A/UX" coords="171,68,212,89" title="A/UX" alt="A/UX" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/A/UX" coords="107,68,176,89" title="A/UX" alt="A/UX" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/MacWorks_XL" coords="171,49,246,69" title="MacWorks XL" alt="MacWorks XL" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/MacWorks_XL" coords="121,49,179,69" title="MacWorks XL" alt="MacWorks XL" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sun_Remarketing" coords="50,49,120,69" title="Sun Remarketing" alt="Sun Remarketing" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/MacWorks_XL" coords="-3,49,71,69" title="MacWorks XL" alt="MacWorks XL" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" coords="471,29,524,49" title="Mac OS 9" alt="Mac OS 9" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" coords="459,29,512,49" title="Mac OS 9" alt="Mac OS 9" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" coords="426,29,467,49" title="Mac OS 9" alt="Mac OS 9" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" coords="413,29,466,49" title="Mac OS 8" alt="Mac OS 8" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" coords="398,29,451,49" title="Mac OS 8" alt="Mac OS 8" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" coords="378,29,431,49" title="Mac OS 8" alt="Mac OS 8" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" coords="365,29,406,49" title="Mac OS 8" alt="Mac OS 8" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/System_7" coords="350,29,402,49" title="System 7" alt="System 7" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/System_7" coords="287,29,339,49" title="System 7" alt="System 7" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/System_7" coords="230,29,282,49" title="System 7" alt="System 7" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/System_7" coords="195,29,237,49" title="System 7" alt="System 7" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/System_6" coords="111,29,153,49" title="System 6" alt="System 6" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" coords="98,29,139,49" title="Classic Mac OS" alt="Classic Mac OS" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" coords="77,29,119,49" title="Classic Mac OS" alt="Classic Mac OS" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" coords="50,29,92,49" title="Classic Mac OS" alt="Classic Mac OS" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" coords="30,29,71,49" title="Classic Mac OS" alt="Classic Mac OS" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/System_1" coords="-3,29,55,49" title="System 1" alt="System 1" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="425,9,478,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="350,9,403,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="195,9,248,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="98,9,151,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="43,9,96,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="30,9,82,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="-3,9,65,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_plvv12987tak0ne29q100mlg86j7p4p" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/plvv12987tak0ne29q100mlg86j7p4p.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">List of Apple operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_graphical_user_interface" title="History of the graphical user interface">History of the graphical user interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Macintosh" title="Inside Macintosh">Inside Macintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_old_Macintosh_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of old Macintosh software">List of old Macintosh software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The retronym "Classic Mac OS" was coined after the introduction of <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a>. See below.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_Mac_OS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-appleconfidential2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appleconfidential2_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLinzmayer2004" class="citation book cs1">Linzmayer, Owen W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apple+Confidential+2.0&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Linzmayer&rft.aufirst=Owen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nostarch.com%2Fapple2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strategy_83-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strategy_83_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strategy_83_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013724/http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/docs/pip83.html">"The Macintosh Product Introduction Plan"</a>. <i>Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+9.2.2+Document+and+Software&rft.pub=Apple+Computer&rft.date=2001-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.info.apple.com%2Farticle.html%3Fartnum%3D75186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenstern" class="citation web cs1">Morgenstern, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/useful-command-line-tips-for-programmers-and-mac-managers/">"Useful command line tips for programmers and Mac managers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728155435/https://www.zdnet.com/article/useful-command-line-tips-for-programmers-and-mac-managers/">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Mac OS 7.6 deserves some special mention. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+GUI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacgui.com%2Fusenet%2F%3Fgroup%3D14%26id%3D49373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.apple.com/kb/TA45090">"System 6.0.7 Fixed Two System 6.0.6 Problems"</a>. Support.apple.com. February 18, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810140547/http://support.apple.com/kb/TA45090">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=System+6.0.7+Fixed+Two+System+6.0.6+Problems&rft.pub=Support.apple.com&rft.date=2012-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fkb%2FTA45090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEan_Houts1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Ean Houts (1994-09-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XDgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94">"QuickDraw GX is the big draw for System 7.5"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020020750/https://books.google.com/books?id=XDgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-27</span></span>. <q>Apple has added a few features to spruce up the interface in System 7.5, although these have previously been available as utilities or shareware for quite some time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=QuickDraw+GX+is+the+big+draw+for+System+7.5&rft.date=1994-09-05&rft.au=Ean+Houts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXDgEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1999" class="citation web cs1">Wood, Steve (June 18, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathdittos2.com/columns/bh/bh990618.html">"Busman's Holiday: Disappearing Software"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327214939/http://www.mathdittos2.com/columns/bh/bh990618.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Busman%27s+Holiday%3A+Disappearing+Software&rft.date=1999-06-18&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathdittos2.com%2Fcolumns%2Fbh%2Fbh990618.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeale1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Beale, Steven (October 1997). 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Vol. 14, no. 10. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft.atitle=Mac+OS+8+Ships+with+No+License+Deal&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1997-10&rft.aulast=Beale&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Walsh1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Jeff Walsh (1997-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTsEAAAAMBAJ&q=mac%20os%208%20piracy%201997&pg=PA34">"Latest Mac OS pleases end-users"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121192525/https://books.google.com/books?id=vTsEAAAAMBAJ&q=mac+os+8+piracy+1997&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Latest+Mac+OS+pleases+end-users&rft.date=1997-07-28&rft.au=Jeff+Walsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTsEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dmac%2520os%25208%2520piracy%25201997%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/1997/08/08/column.html">"Where do you want to pirate today?"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. August 8, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827074855/https://www.forbes.com/1997/08/08/column.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>. <q>the latest word out in the Macwarez scene is that pirates shouldn't copy Apple's OS8—Mac's latest operating system—they should buy it, since Apple so desperately needs the money.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Where+do+you+want+to+pirate+today%3F&rft.date=1997-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F1997%2F08%2F08%2Fcolumn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macos922-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macos922_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421074349/http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=75186">"Mac OS 9.2.2 Document and Software"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> December 5, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=75186">the original</a> on April 21, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+9.2.2+Document+and+Software&rft.pub=Apple+Inc.&rft.date=2001-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.info.apple.com%2Farticle.html%3Fartnum%3D75186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ten_not_x-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ten_not_x_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.apple.com/kb/TA22541?viewlocale=en_US">"What is an operating system (OS)?"</a>. Apple, Inc. July 15, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722104618/http://support.apple.com/kb/TA22541?viewlocale=en_US">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+an+operating+system+%28OS%29%3F&rft.pub=Apple%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fkb%2FTA22541%3Fviewlocale%3Den_US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530001035/http://images.apple.com/macosx/pdf/MacOSX_UNIX_TB_v2.pdf">"Mac OS X and Unix – Apple"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.apple.com/macosx/pdf/MacOSX_UNIX_TB_v2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+X+and+Unix+%E2%80%93+Apple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.apple.com%2Fmacosx%2Fpdf%2FMacOSX_UNIX_TB_v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apple-acquisition-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apple-acquisition_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Computer1996" class="citation web cs1">Apple Computer (December 20, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990116225648/http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1997/q1/961220.pr.rel.next.html">"Apple Computer, Inc. Agrees to Acquire NeXT Software Inc"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+X%3A+What+is+BSD%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fkb%2FTA25633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2001/10/macosx-10-1.ars">"OS X 10.1"</a>. 2001-10-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119131002/http://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2001/10/macosx-10-1.ars">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OS+X+10.1&rft.date=2001-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fapple%2Freviews%2F2001%2F10%2Fmacosx-10-1.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macworld.com/article/1001445/06wwdc.html">"Jobs: OS 9 is Dead, Long Live OS X – Macworld"</a>. <i>Macworld</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft.atitle=Jobs%3A+OS+9+is+Dead%2C+Long+Live+OS+X+%E2%80%93+Macworld&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macworld.com%2Farticle%2F1001445%2F06wwdc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ctm/executor/tree/master">"Executor source code"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. 2018-12-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180102022119/https://github.com/ctm/executor/tree/master">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Executor+source+code&rft.date=2018-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fctm%2Fexecutor%2Ftree%2Fmaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/legacy/mac/library/documentation/mac/PPCSoftware/PPCSoftware-13.html">"The 68LC040 Emulator (IM: PS)"</a>. <i>Apple Developer</i>. 1996-07-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121192525/https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/mac/PPCSoftware/PPCSoftware-13.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Developer&rft.atitle=The+68LC040+Emulator+%28IM%3A+PS%29&rft.date=1996-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Flegacy%2Fmac%2Flibrary%2Fdocumentation%2Fmac%2FPPCSoftware%2FPPCSoftware-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/emulation/comments/9d2sl9/why_emulation_of_powerpc_macs_was_underwhelming/">"Why emulation of PowerPC Macs was underwhelming"</a>. <i>Reddit.com</i>. Reddit. September 4, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114062934/https://www.reddit.com/r/emulation/comments/9d2sl9/why_emulation_of_powerpc_macs_was_underwhelming/">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reddit.com&rft.atitle=Why+emulation+of+PowerPC+Macs+was+underwhelming&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Femulation%2Fcomments%2F9d2sl9%2Fwhy_emulation_of_powerpc_macs_was_underwhelming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emaculation.com/doku.php/ppc-osx-on-qemu-for-osx">"Running Qemu-system-ppc with Mac OS/OSX guests in macOS"</a>. <i>emaculation.com</i>. emaculation. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emaculation.com&rft.atitle=Running+Qemu-system-ppc+with+Mac+OS%2FOSX+guests+in+macOS&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emaculation.com%2Fdoku.php%2Fppc-osx-on-qemu-for-osx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/Platforms/PowerPC">"Documentation/Platforms/PowerPC"</a>. <i>wiki.qemu.org</i>. February 27, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220000701/https://wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/Platforms/PowerPC">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.qemu.org&rft.atitle=Documentation%2FPlatforms%2FPowerPC&rft.date=2021-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.qemu.org%2FDocumentation%2FPlatforms%2FPowerPC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+Mac+OS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803080328/http://developer.apple.com/legacy/mac/library/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/universal_binary/universal_binary.pdf">"What Can Be Translated?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Universal Binary Programming Guidelines, Second Edition</i>. Apple. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/legacy/mac/library/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/universal_binary/universal_binary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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7</a> <ul><li>Mac OS 7</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chooser_(Mac_OS)" title="Chooser (Mac OS)">Chooser</a></li> <li>Drive Setup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (macOS)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuCalc" title="NuCalc">Graphing Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">PictureViewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment" title="Apple Open Collaboration Environment">PowerTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Browser" title="Network Browser">Network Browser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrapbook_(Mac_OS)" title="Scrapbook (Mac OS)">Scrapbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Software Update</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Mac)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SimpleText" title="SimpleText">SimpleText</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" 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href="/wiki/Bomb_(icon)" title="Bomb (icon)">Bomb error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_key" title="Command key">Command key (⌘)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="System Preferences">Control Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Strip" title="Control Strip">Control Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_code" title="Creator code">Creator code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogcow" title="Dogcow">Dogcow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extension_(Mac_OS)" title="Extension (Mac OS)">Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">Hierarchical File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(Mac_OS)" title="Label (Mac OS)">Labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Toolbox" title="Macintosh Toolbox">Macintosh Toolbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_(Mac_OS)" title="Manager (Mac OS)">Managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiFinder" title="MultiFinder">MultiFinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing_Services" title="Multiprocessing Services">Multiprocessing Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_key" title="Option key">Option key (⌥)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSType" class="mw-redirect" title="OSType">OSType</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICT" title="PICT">PICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickDraw" title="QuickDraw">QuickDraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_fork" title="Resource fork">Resource fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosumi" title="Sosumi">Sosumi sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_startup" title="Macintosh startup">Startup sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_folder" title="System folder">System folder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_suitcase" title="System suitcase">System suitcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Type code">Type code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldScript" title="WorldScript">WorldScript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_memory_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS memory management">Memory management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_ROM" title="Old World ROM">Old World ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_ROM" title="New World ROM">New World ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Classic_Mac_OS_software" title="List of Classic Mac OS software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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GS/OS">GS/OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_III" title="Apple III">Apple III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">SOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa#Software" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacWorks_XL" title="MacWorks XL">MacWorks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classic Mac OS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_1" title="System 1">System 1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#System_1,_2,_3,_and_4">Systems 2, 3, and 4</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#System_Software_5">System 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li></ul></li> <li>Core <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Desktop <ul><li>Mac OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li>OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul></li> <li>macOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shipped <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A/ROSE" title="A/ROSE">A/ROSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIX_for_Apple_Network_Servers" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX for Apple Network Servers">AIX for Apple Network Servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Application_Environment" title="Macintosh Application Environment">MAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerOpen_Environment" title="PowerOpen Environment">PowerOpen Environment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cancelled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nukernel" title="Nukernel">Nukernel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>iPhone OS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li>iOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_4" title="IOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_10" title="IOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_11" title="IOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_16" title="IOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_17" title="IOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_18" title="IOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV#Software" title="Apple TV">Apple TV Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_OS" title="Newton OS">Newton OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes#Devices" title="History of iTunes">iPod software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">List</a> • <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._operating_systems" title="Category:Apple Inc. operating systems">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_by_Apple316" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_software" title="Template:Apple software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_software" title="Template talk:Apple software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_by_Apple316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Software by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_operating_systems" title="Template:Apple operating systems">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">Apple III (SOS)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classic Mac OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_GS/OS" title="Apple GS/OS">GS/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa#Software" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (OS X)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacWorks_XL" title="MacWorks XL">MacWorks XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">ProDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro#Software" title="Apple Vision Pro">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bento_(database)" title="Bento (database)">Bento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clips_(software)" title="Clips (software)">Clips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Express" title="Final Cut Express">Final Cut Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Row_(software)" title="Front Row (software)">Front Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDVD" title="IDVD">iDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILife" title="ILife">iLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMovie" title="IMovie">iMovie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software)" title="Keynote (presentation software)">Keynote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)" title="Numbers (spreadsheet)">Numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Logic Express">Logic Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aperture_(software)" title="Aperture (software)">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Media_Tool" title="Apple Media Tool">Apple Media Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Qmaster" title="Apple Qmaster">Apple Qmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_(software)" title="Color (software)">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Studio_Pro" title="DVD Studio Pro">DVD Studio Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileMaker" title="FileMaker">FileMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(software)" title="Motion (software)">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_(software)" title="Compressor (software)">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Studio" title="Final Cut Studio">Final Cut Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Tools" title="Cinema Tools">Cinema Tools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Studio" title="Logic Studio">Logic Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacProject" title="MacProject">MacProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacTerminal" title="MacTerminal">MacTerminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MainStage_(software)" title="MainStage (software)">MainStage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_(software)" title="Shake (software)">Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack_Pro" title="Soundtrack Pro">Soundtrack Pro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classroom_(Apple)" title="Classroom (Apple)">Classroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bundled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleWorks" title="AppleWorks">AppleWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDraw" title="MacDraw">MacDraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacPaint" title="MacPaint">MacPaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacWrite" title="MacWrite">MacWrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(app)" title="Music (app)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passwords_(Apple)" title="Passwords (Apple)">Passwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Remote_Desktop" title="Apple Remote Desktop">Apple Remote Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FoundationDB" title="FoundationDB">FoundationDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">macOS Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebObjects" title="WebObjects">WebObjects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xgrid" title="Xgrid">Xgrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruments_(software)" title="Instruments (software)">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_Composer" title="Quartz Composer">Quartz Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ResEdit" title="ResEdit">ResEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobileMe#.Mac" title="MobileMe">.Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashcode" title="Dashcode">Dashcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAd_Producer" title="IAd Producer">iAd Producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWeb" title="IWeb">iWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_macOS_built-in_apps#AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS built-in apps">AirPort Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleWorks" title="AppleWorks">AppleWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_(software)" title="Bonjour (software)">Bonjour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Camp_(software)" title="Boot Camp (software)">Boot Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_macOS_built-in_apps#Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS built-in apps">Software Update</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_II_application_software" title="List of Apple II application software">List of Apple II application software</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">List of Mac software</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_old_Macintosh_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of old Macintosh software">List of old Macintosh software</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apple_Inc.606" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_Inc." title="Template talk:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apple_Inc.606" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Apple_Inc." title="Outline of Apple Inc.">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Apple Inc. products">Timeline of products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_practices_of_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental practices of Apple">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_of_Apple_Inc." title="Marketing of Apple Inc.">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_supply_chain" title="Apple supply chain">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._products" title="Category:Apple Inc. products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._hardware" title="Category:Apple Inc. hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">Pro</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Studio" title="Mac Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Pro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic" title="IPod Classic">Classic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Mini" title="IPod Mini">Mini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano" title="IPod Nano">Nano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Shuffle" title="IPod Shuffle">Shuffle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">Touch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_hardware" title="IPhone hardware">Hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_iPhone" title="History of the iPhone">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhone models</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini" title="IPad Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="IPad Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro" title="IPad Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_accessories" title="List of iPad accessories">Accessories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AirPods" title="AirPods">AirPods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Pro" title="AirPods Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Max" title="AirPods Max">Max</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SIM" title="Apple SIM">Apple SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirTag" title="AirTag">AirTag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Pill" title="Beats Pill">Pill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePod" title="HomePod">HomePod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HomePod_Mini" title="HomePod Mini">Mini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Vision Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._software" title="Category:Apple Inc. software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operatingsystems58" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> / <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_models" title="List of iPad models">iPads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_version_history" title="IOS version history">iOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_version_history" title="IPadOS version history">iPadOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_iOS_apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-installed iOS apps">Apps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classic Mac OS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CarPlay" title="CarPlay">CarPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classroom_(Apple)" title="Classroom (Apple)">Classroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" class="mw-redirect" title="HomeKit">HomeKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileMaker" title="FileMaker">FileMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Cut Pro X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_(software)" title="Compressor (software)">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(software)" title="Motion (software)">Motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MainStage_(software)" title="MainStage (software)">MainStage</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ILife" title="ILife">iLife</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMovie" title="IMovie">iMovie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software)" title="Keynote (presentation software)">Keynote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)" title="Numbers (spreadsheet)">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SceneKit" title="SceneKit">SceneKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._services" title="Category:Apple Inc. services">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Card" title="Apple Card">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pay" title="Apple Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Wallet" title="Apple Wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Arcade" title="Apple Arcade">Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_1" title="Apple Music 1">1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beats_Music" title="Beats Music">Beats Music</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Up_Next" title="Apple Music Up Next">Up Next</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Festival" title="Apple Music Festival">Festival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Radio" title="ITunes Radio">iTunes Radio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(app)" title="Music (app)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newsstand_(software)" title="Newsstand (software)">Newsstand</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_app" title="Apple TV app">TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_TV%2B_original_programming" title="List of Apple TV+ original programming">originals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLS_Season_Pass" title="MLS Season Pass">MLS Season Pass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkie-Talkie_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkie-Talkie (Apple)">Walkie-Talkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail and<br />digital sales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">App Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">macOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Connect" title="ITunes Connect">Connect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Store" title="Apple Store">Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Fifth_Avenue" title="Apple Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Michigan_Avenue" title="Apple Michigan Avenue">Michigan Avenue</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleCare%2B" title="AppleCare+">AppleCare+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Authorized_Service_Provider" title="Apple Authorized Service Provider">AASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_certification_programs" title="Apple certification programs">Certifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_Bar" title="Genius Bar">Genius Bar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ProCare" title="ProCare">ProCare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_to_One_(Apple)" title="One to One (Apple)">One to One</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Account" title="Apple Account">Apple Account</a> (formerly <i>Apple ID</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_in_with_Apple" title="Sign in with Apple">Sign in with Apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_One" title="Apple One">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer" title="Apple Developer">Developer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IAd" title="IAd">iAd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TestFlight" title="TestFlight">TestFlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Developers_Conference" title="Worldwide Developers Conference">WWDC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_My" title="Find My">Find My</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(Apple)" title="Fitness (Apple)">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Maps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flyover_(Apple_Maps)" title="Flyover (Apple Maps)">Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_Around_(Apple)" title="Look Around (Apple)">Look Around</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._subsidiaries" title="Category:Apple Inc. subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_IMC" title="Apple IMC">Apple IMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Studios" title="Apple Studios">Apple Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn_Capital" title="Braeburn Capital">Braeburn Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claris" title="Claris">Claris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._acquisitions" title="Category:Apple Inc. acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple">Completed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AuthenTec" title="AuthenTec">AuthenTec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIS_Records" title="BIS Records">BIS Records</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cue_(search_engine)" title="Cue (search engine)">Cue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EditGrid" title="EditGrid">EditGrid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emagic" title="Emagic">Emagic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FingerWorks" title="FingerWorks">FingerWorks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intrinsity" title="Intrinsity">Intrinsity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InVisage_Technologies" title="InVisage Technologies">InVisage Technologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keyboard_Company" title="The Keyboard Company">The Keyboard Company</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lala_(website)" title="Lala (website)">Lala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaio" title="Metaio">Metaio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothing_Real" title="Nothing Real">Nothing Real</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.A._Semi" title="P.A. Semi">P.A. Semi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_Computing_Corporation" title="Power Computing Corporation">Power Computing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PrimeSense" title="PrimeSense">PrimeSense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam Entertainment Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texture_(app)" title="Texture (app)">Texture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Topsy_Labs" title="Topsy Labs">Topsy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Potential <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_acquisition_of_Disney_by_Apple" title="Potential acquisition of Disney by Apple">Disney</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._partnerships" title="Category:Apple Inc. partnerships">Partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_Holdings" title="Arm Holdings">Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiDi" title="DiDi">DiDi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Ocean" title="Digital Ocean">Digital Ocean</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFund" title="IFund">iFund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_Technologies" title="Imagination Technologies">Imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Consortium" title="Rockstar Consortium">Rockstar Consortium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._advertising" title="Apple Inc. advertising">Advertising</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)">1984</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Think_different" title="Think different">Think different</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Get_a_Mac" title="Get a Mac">Get a Mac</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_advertising" title="IPod advertising">iPod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ecosystem" title="Apple ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_Inc._media_events" title="List of Apple Inc. media events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Apple_Inc." title="Criticism of Apple Inc.">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple%27s_EU_tax_dispute" title="Apple's EU tax dispute">Tax</a></li></ul></li> <li>Headquarters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Park" title="Apple Park">Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_University" title="Apple University">University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._design_motifs" title="Apple Inc. design motifs">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Industrial_Design_Group" title="Apple Industrial Design Group">IDg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography_of_Apple_Inc." title="Typography of Apple Inc.">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designed_by_Apple_in_California" title="Designed by Apple in California">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_codenames" title="List of Apple codenames">Codenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_FileWare" title="Apple FileWare">Apple FileWare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_community" title="Apple community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleMasters" title="AppleMasters">AppleMasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litigation_involving_Apple_Inc." title="Litigation involving Apple Inc.">Litigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2024)" title="United States v. Apple (2024)">2024 U.S. antitrust case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Pepper" title="Apple Inc. v. Pepper">App Store antitrust case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">Non-recruiting agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2012)" title="United States v. Apple (2012)">Price-fixing ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–Apple encryption dispute">FBI encryption dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Apple" title="Epic Games v. Apple">Epic Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_app_approvals" title="IOS app approvals">iOS app approvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleToo" title="AppleToo">#AppleToo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_depictions_of_Steve_Jobs" title="List of depictions of Steve Jobs">Depictions of Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_Apple_devices" title="Linux on Apple devices">Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Linux" title="Asahi Linux">Asahi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPodLinux" title="IPodLinux">iPodLinux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_car_project" title="Apple car project">Car project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._executives" title="Category:Apple Inc. executives">Executives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Williams_(Apple)" title="Jeff Williams (Apple)">Jeff Williams</a> (COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevan_Parekh" title="Kevan Parekh">Kevan Parekh</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_L._Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine L. Adams">Katherine Adams</a> (General Counsel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Cue" title="Eddy Cue">Eddy Cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Federighi" title="Craig Federighi">Craig Federighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Ge_Mahe" title="Isabel Ge Mahe">Isabel Ge Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Giannandrea" title="John Giannandrea">John Giannandrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Joswiak" title="Greg Joswiak">Greg Joswiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabih_Khan" title="Sabih Khan">Sabih Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Maestri" title="Luca Maestri">Luca Maestri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_O%27Brien" title="Deirdre O'Brien">Deirdre O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Riccio" title="Dan Riccio">Dan Riccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Schiller" title="Phil Schiller">Phil Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johny_Srouji" title="Johny Srouji">Johny Srouji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ternus" title="John Ternus">John Ternus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jony_Ive" title="Jony Ive">Jony Ive</a> (CDO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Ahrendts" title="Angela Ahrendts">Angela Ahrendts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browett" title="John Browett">John Browett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrino_De_Luca" title="Guerrino De Luca">Guerrino De Luca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deneve" title="Paul Deneve">Paul Deneve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Fadell" title="Tony Fadell">Tony Fadell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Forstall" title="Scott Forstall">Scott Forstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hancock" title="Ellen Hancock">Ellen Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_R._Heinen" title="Nancy R. Heinen">Nancy R. Heinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson_(businessman)" title="Ron Johnson (businessman)">Ron Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nagel" title="David Nagel">David Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oppenheimer" title="Peter Oppenheimer">Peter Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Papermaster" title="Mark Papermaster">Mark Papermaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Rubinstein" title="Jon Rubinstein">Jon Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Serlet" title="Bertrand Serlet">Bertrand Serlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sewell" title="Bruce Sewell">Bruce Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sina_Tamaddon" title="Sina Tamaddon">Sina Tamaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Directors_of_Apple_Inc." title="Category:Directors of Apple Inc.">Board of<br />directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson" title="Arthur D. Levinson">Arthur D. Levinson</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bell" title="James A. Bell">James A. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jung" title="Andrea Jung">Andrea Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sugar" title="Ronald Sugar">Ronald D. Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wagner" title="Susan Wagner">Susan L. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Campbell_(business_executive)" title="Bill Campbell (business executive)">Bill Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Drexler" title="Mickey Drexler">Mickey Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Iger" title="Bob Iger">Robert A. Iger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delano_Lewis" title="Delano Lewis">Delano Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rock" title="Arthur Rock">Arthur Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_S._Woolard_Jr." title="Edgar S. Woolard Jr.">Edgar S. Woolard Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_York_(businessman)" title="Jerry York (businessman)">Jerry York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Wayne" title="Ronald Wayne">Ronald Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc." title="Category:Apple Inc.">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br />algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" 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