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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Fessi dialect</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Fessi Darija</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Arabic_languages" title="Classification of Arabic languages">North Arabian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Fessi dialect</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fezm1238">fezm1238</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Fessi dialect</b> (<a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Arabic language">Moroccan Arabic</a>: <span lang="ary" dir="rtl">هضرة أهل فاس</span>) is a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan vernacular Arabic</a>, or Darija, associated with the city of <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a>, especially with the old elite families of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is considered <a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">pre-Hilalian</a> and some of its distinguishing phonological features are the pronunciation of <i><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_Rāʾ" title="Resh">rāʾ</a></i> ( ر ) as a <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar approximant">postalveolar approximant</a> (like the American pronunciation of /ɹ/ in the word "red") instead of a <a href="/wiki/Trilled_r" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilled r">trilled [r]</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_Qāf" title="Qoph"><i>qāf</i></a> ( ق or, traditionally, ڧ ) as a <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">voiceless uvular plosive</a> instead of a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> ([<a href="/wiki/G_(IPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="G (IPA)">g</a>]). </p><p>The Fessi dialect has traditionally been regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige dialect</a> over other forms of Moroccan Darija, as a function of the historic social and economic power of its speakers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fessi_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other urban Moroccan dialects, it is considered <a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">pre-Hilalian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Pre-Hilalian' in this context refers to dialects believed to descend from the Arabic spoken in the region prior to the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ma%27qil" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Ma'qil">Banu Ma'qil</a> tribes that began in the 12th century. After this event, "Hilalian" dialects became dominant in the rural regions of central Morocco and are a major component of wider Moroccan Arabic today.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–10">: 2–10 </span></sup> </p><p>Due to social and demographic changes that started in the 20th century such as mass rural migration into the city and the departure of most of the city's old urban elites to Casablanca, the traditional linguistic features are no longer dominant in the speech of Arabic speakers in Fes today.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:31_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5, 24">: 5, 24 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Fessi_dialect">Jewish Fessi dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fessi_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jewish Fessi dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mellah_of_Fez" title="Mellah of Fez">Jewish community in Fes</a>, prior to the departure of most of the city's Jewish residents in the second half of the 20th century, also spoke <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">an Arabic dialect</a> similar to the rest of city.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_features">Linguistic features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fessi_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Linguistic features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fessi_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has traditionally had distinctive linguistic features, many of which were shared with other pre-Hilalian dialects in the region:<sup id="cite_ref-:31_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5, 24">: 5, 24 </span></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> level, these include the stereotypical use of a <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar approximant">postalveolar approximant</a> (like the American pronunciation of /ɹ/ in the word "red") in the place of a <a href="/wiki/Trilled_r" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilled r">trilled [r]</a> for /<a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a>/, or a <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">voiceless uvular plosive</a> in the place of a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> ([<a href="/wiki/G_(IPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="G (IPA)">g</a>]) for /<a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">ق</a>/.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphosyntax">Morphosyntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fessi_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Morphosyntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphosyntactic">morphosyntactic</a> level, gender distinction in pronouns and verb <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> is neutralized in the second <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> singular.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociolinguistic_features">Sociolinguistic features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fessi_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistic features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fessi dialect has traditionally been regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige dialect</a> over other forms of Moroccan Darija—particularly those seen as rural or <i>'arūbi</i> (<span title="Egyptian Arabic-language text"><span lang="arz" dir="rtl">عروبي</span></span> "of the rural Arabs")—due to its "association with the socio-economic power and dominance that its speakers enjoy at the national level," in the words of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Errihani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Errihani (page does not exist)">Mohammed Errihani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fessi_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are competing theories about the historical roots of Moroccan Jewish dialects of Arabic. Some scholars argue that they were strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi Arabic</a> dialects (which were similar to North African dialects) brought by Jewish refugees from Spain after 1492, while other scholars argue that these same refugees mostly spoke <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> when they arrived and eventually adopted existing Arabic dialects in the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–12">: 10–12 </span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fessi_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:34-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:34_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:34_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHachimi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hachimi, Atiqa (2012-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404512000279">"The urban and the urbane: Identities, language ideologies, and Arabic dialects in Morocco"</a>. <i>Language in Society</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 321–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0047404512000279">10.1017/s0047404512000279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-4045">0047-4045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144607607">144607607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=The+urban+and+the+urbane%3A+Identities%2C+language+ideologies%2C+and+Arabic+dialects+in+Morocco&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321-341&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144607607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0047-4045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0047404512000279&rft.aulast=Hachimi&rft.aufirst=Atiqa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0047404512000279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFessi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:31-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:31_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2002" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Jeffrey (2002). <i>Jewish and Muslim Dialects of Moroccan Arabic</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415567787" title="Special:BookSources/9780415567787"><bdi>9780415567787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+and+Muslim+Dialects+of+Moroccan+Arabic&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415567787&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFessi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHachimi2011" class="citation book cs1">Hachimi, Atiqa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdCWpuRrAogC&dq=fez+languages&pg=PT70">"The story of old urban vernaculars in North Africa"</a>. In Mc Laughlin, Fiona (ed.). <i>The Languages of Urban Africa</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441158130" title="Special:BookSources/9781441158130"><bdi>9781441158130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+story+of+old+urban+vernaculars+in+North+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Urban+Africa&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781441158130&rft.aulast=Hachimi&rft.aufirst=Atiqa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDdCWpuRrAogC%26dq%3Dfez%2Blanguages%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFessi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErrihani2016" class="citation journal cs1">Errihani, Mohammed (2016-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2016.1212706">"Language and social distinction: speaking Darija* with the right accent"</a>. <i>The Journal of North African Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (5): 741–764. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629387.2016.1212706">10.1080/13629387.2016.1212706</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1362-9387">1362-9387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147855077">147855077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+North+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Language+and+social+distinction%3A+speaking+Darija%2A+with+the+right+accent&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=741-764&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147855077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1362-9387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629387.2016.1212706&rft.aulast=Errihani&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F13629387.2016.1212706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFessi+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/40px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/60px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg/80px-Arabic_albayancalligraphy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="151" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This article related to the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic language</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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