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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical context</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical context subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bombing_of_26_April_1937" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombing_of_26_April_1937"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bombing of 26 April 1937</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombing_of_26_April_1937-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_and_the_influence_of_Dora_Maar_on_the_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_and_the_influence_of_Dora_Maar_on_the_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Creation and the influence of Dora Maar on the painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_and_the_influence_of_Dora_Maar_on_the_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism_and_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism_and_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Symbolism and interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism_and_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exhibition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exhibition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exhibition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1937_Paris_International_Exhibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1937_Paris_International_Exhibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>1937 Paris International Exhibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1937_Paris_International_Exhibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>European tour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>American tour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_in_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_in_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Establishment in Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_in_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tapestry_at_the_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tapestry_at_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tapestry at the United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tapestry_at_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Significance and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References and sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Guernica</i> (Picasso)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_(%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9)" title="غرنيكا (لوحة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرنيكا (لوحة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(cuadro)" title="Guernica (cuadro) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guernica (cuadro)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernika_(r%C9%99sm)" title="Gernika (rəsm) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gernika (rəsm)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE)" title="গের্নিকা (চিত্রকর্ম) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গের্নিকা (চিত্রকর্ম)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica" title="Guernica – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Guernica" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Герніка (карціна) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герніка (карціна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Герніка (карціна) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Герніка (карціна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Герника (картина) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Герника (картина)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Guernica (Picasso)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(quadre)" title="Guernica (quadre) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guernica (quadre)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(obraz)" title="Guernica (obraz) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Guernica (obraz)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(llun)" title="Guernica (llun) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Guernica (llun)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(maleri)" title="Guernica (maleri) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guernica (maleri)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Bild)" title="Guernica (Bild) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Guernica (Bild)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1_(%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82)" title="Γκερνίκα (πίνακας) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκερνίκα (πίνακας)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(cuadro)" title="Guernica (cuadro) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guernica (cuadro)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerniko_(pentra%C4%B5o)" title="Gerniko (pentraĵo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gerniko (pentraĵo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernika_(margolana)" title="Gernika (margolana) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gernika (margolana)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_(%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C)" title="گرنیکا (نقاشی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرنیکا (نقاشی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guernica (Picasso)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(picti%C3%BAr)" title="Guernica (pictiúr) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Guernica (pictiúr)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(cadro)" title="Guernica (cadro) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guernica (cadro)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%B9%B4_(%ED%94%BC%EC%B9%B4%EC%86%8C)" title="게르니카 (피카소) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르니카 (피카소)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1_(%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80,_%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8)" title="Գեռնիկա (նկար, Պիկասո) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեռնիկա (նկար, Պիկասո)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Guernica (Picasso)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernika_(pikturo)" title="Gernika (pikturo) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gernika (pikturo)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica" title="Guernica – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guernica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guernica (Picasso)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_(%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8)" title="גרניקה (ציור) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרניקה (ציור)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98)" title="გერნიკა (ნახატი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერნიკა (ნახატი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(tablo)" title="Guernica (tablo) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Guernica (tablo)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernika_(glezna)" title="Gernika (glezna) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gernika (glezna)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(festm%C3%A9ny)" title="Guernica (festmény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Guernica (festmény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="ഗ്വേർണിക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്വേർണിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(pittura)" title="Guernica (pittura) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Guernica (pittura)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="جيرنيكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرنيكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(schilderij)" title="Guernica (schilderij) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Guernica (schilderij)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB_(%E7%B5%B5%E7%94%BB)" title="ゲルニカ (絵画) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルニカ (絵画)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(maleri)" title="Guernica (maleri) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Guernica (maleri)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗਰਨੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰਨੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(obraz)" title="Guernica (obraz) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Guernica (obraz)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(quadro)" title="Guernica (quadro) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guernica (quadro)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(pictur%C4%83)" title="Guernica (pictură) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guernica (pictură)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Герника (картина) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Герника (картина)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guernica (Picasso)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B8" title="ගුවර්නිකා සිතුවම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගුවර්නිකා සිතුවම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guernica (Picasso)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Guernica (Picasso)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Guernica (Picasso)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernika_(Pikaso)" title="Gernika (Pikaso) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Gernika (Pikaso)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Guernica (Picasso)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(maalaus)" title="Guernica (maalaus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guernica (maalaus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(m%C3%A5lning)" title="Guernica (målning) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guernica (målning)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="கெர்னீக்கா (ஓவியம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெர்னீக்கா (ஓவியம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Герника (рәсем) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Герника (рәсем)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE_(%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82)" title="గుయెర్నికా (చిత్రం) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గుయెర్నికా (చిత్రం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B)" title="เกร์นิกา (ปิกาโซ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกร์นิกา (ปิกาโซ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(tablo)" title="Guernica (tablo) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Guernica (tablo)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Герніка (картина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герніка (картина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Guernica (Picasso)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(pintura)" title="Guernica (pintura) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Guernica (pintura)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%A1%EF%BC%88%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB%EF%BC%89" title="格尔尼卡（绘画） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格尔尼卡（绘画）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%A1_(%E7%95%AB)" title="格爾尼卡 (畫) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格爾尼卡 (畫)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%A1_(%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB)" title="格尔尼卡 (绘画) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格尔尼卡 (绘画)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q175036#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 22em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic">Guernica</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PicassoGuernica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/PicassoGuernica.jpg/450px-PicassoGuernica.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/PicassoGuernica.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="211" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Artist</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Year</th><td class="infobox-data">1937</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Medium</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">Oil on canvas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">349.3 cm × 776.5 cm (137.4 in × 305.5 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_Centro_de_Arte_Reina_Sof%C3%ADa" title="Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía">Museo Reina Sofía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Guernica</b></i> is a large 1937 oil painting by Spanish artist <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-measures_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measures-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of his best-known works, regarded by many art critics as the most moving and powerful <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> painting in history.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Reina_Sof%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Reina Sofía">Museo Reina Sofía</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grey, black, and white painting, on a canvas 3.49 meters (11 ft 5 in) tall and 7.76 meters (25 ft 6 in) across, portrays the suffering wrought by violence and chaos. Prominently featured in <a href="#Composition">the composition</a> are a gored horse, a bull, screaming women, a dead baby, a dismembered soldier, and flames. </p><p>Picasso painted <i>Guernica</i> at his home in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in response to the 26 April 1937 <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">bombing of Guernica</a>, a town in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> in northern Spain, by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Fascist Italy</a>. Upon completion, <i>Guernica</i> was exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Pavell%C3%B3_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_CRAI_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavelló de la República CRAI Library">Spanish pavilion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">1937 Paris International Exposition</a> and then at other venues around the world. The touring exhibition was used to raise funds for Spanish war relief.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting soon became widely acclaimed, helping to bring worldwide attention to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> that took place from 1936 to 1939. </p><p>It is widely thought that <a href="/wiki/Surrealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist">Surrealist</a> photographer and anti-fascist activist <a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar" title="Dora Maar">Dora Maar</a>, Picasso’s romantic partner at the time, had a significant influence on the style and politicized theme of <i>Guernica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commission">Commission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1937, while Pablo Picasso was living in Paris on <a href="/wiki/Rue_des_Grands_Augustins" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue des Grands Augustins">Rue des Grands Augustins</a>, he was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republican</a> government to create a large artwork for the Spanish pavilion at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne</a>, a 1937 Paris International Exposition.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Picasso, who had last visited Spain in 1934 and would never return, was the Honorary Director-in-Exile of the <a href="/wiki/Prado_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Prado Museum">Prado Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Picasso worked somewhat dispassionately from January until late April on the project's initial sketches, which depicted his perennial theme of an artist's studio.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, immediately upon hearing reports of the 26 April bombing of Guernica, poet <a href="/wiki/Juan_Larrea_(poet)" title="Juan Larrea (poet)">Juan Larrea</a> visited Picasso's home to urge him to make the bombing his subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days later, on 1 May, Picasso read <a href="/wiki/George_Steer" title="George Steer">George Steer</a>'s eyewitness account of the attack, which originally had been published in both <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> on 28 April, and abandoned his initial idea. Acting on Larrea's suggestion, Picasso began sketching a series of preliminary drawings for <i>Guernica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Bombing of Guernica</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War,_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Civil War, 1937">Spanish Civil War, 1937</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombing_of_26_April_1937">Bombing of 26 April 1937</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bombing of 26 April 1937"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224,_Guernica,_Ruinen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Guernica in ruins, 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Spanish Civil War the Republican forces, made up of communists, socialists, anarchists, and others with differing goals, united in their opposition to the Nationalists, led by General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, who sought to establish a fascist dictatorship. The Nationalists perceived <a href="/wiki/Guernica_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernica (town)">Guernica</a>, a quiet village in the province of <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a> in Basque Country, as the northern bastion of the Republican resistance movement and the center of Basque culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Arhheim1973_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arhheim1973-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Monday, 26 April 1937, warplanes of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a>, commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Richthofen" title="Wolfram von Richthofen">Wolfram von Richthofen</a>, bombed Guernica for about two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arhheim1973_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arhheim1973-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 30 April 1937 journal entry von Richthofen noted that when the squadron arrived "there was smoke everywhere" from the attack by three aircraft, and since nobody could see the roads, bridges, and suburbs "they just dropped everything right into the center. The 250s toppled a number of houses and destroyed the water mains. The incendiaries now could spread and become effective. The materials of the houses: tile roofs, wooden porches, and half-timbering resulted in complete annihilation."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monday was Guernica's market day, and since most of its men were away fighting on behalf of the Republicans, at the time of the bombing the town was populated mostly by women and children,<sup id="cite_ref-Preston2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of whom were congregated in the center of town. When the main bombardment began the roads were already full of debris and the bridges leading out of town destroyed, and the residents were unable to escape. </p><p>Guernica, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>, was 10 kilometers from the front lines and in-between the front lines and Bilbao. A Republican retreat towards Bilbao, or an advance towards it, had to pass through Guernica.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richthofen's 26 April 1937 diary entry states the town was targeted "...to halt and disrupt the Red withdrawal which has to pass through here." The following day, Richthofen wrote in his diary, "Guernica burning".<sup id="cite_ref-beevor233_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beevor233-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearest miliary target, a war product factory on Guernica's outskirts, went through the attack unscathed, so the attack was widely condemned as a terror bombing.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_poblado_de_Guernica_en_ruinas_tras_el_bombardeo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/El_poblado_de_Guernica_en_ruinas_tras_el_bombardeo.jpg/300px-El_poblado_de_Guernica_en_ruinas_tras_el_bombardeo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/El_poblado_de_Guernica_en_ruinas_tras_el_bombardeo.jpg/450px-El_poblado_de_Guernica_en_ruinas_tras_el_bombardeo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/El_poblado_de_Guernica_en_ruinas_tras_el_bombardeo.jpg/600px-El_poblado_de_Guernica_en_ruinas_tras_el_bombardeo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Damage sustained during the air attack</figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Times</i> journalist <a href="/wiki/George_Steer" title="George Steer">George Steer</a> propelled this event onto the international scene, and brought it to Pablo Picasso's attention, in an eyewitness account published on 28 April in both <i>The Times</i> and <i>The New York Times</i>. On the 29th it appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i>. Steer wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Guernica, the most ancient town of the Basques and the centre of their cultural tradition, was completely destroyed yesterday afternoon by insurgent air raiders. The bombardment of this open town far behind the lines occupied precisely three hours and a quarter, during which a powerful fleet of aeroplanes consisting of three types of German types, Junkers and Heinkel bombers, did not cease unloading on the town bombs weighing from 1,000 lbs. downwards and, it is calculated, more than 3,000 two-pounder aluminium incendiary projectiles. The fighters, meanwhile, plunged low from above the centre of the town to machinegun those of the civilian population who had taken refuge in the fields."<sup id="cite_ref-Preston2007_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Picasso lived in Paris during its World War II <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">German occupation</a>. A widely repeated story is that a German officer saw a photo of <i>Guernica</i> in Picasso's apartment and asked, "Did you do that?", and Picasso responded, "No, you did."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Referring to Picasso's painting, art theorist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Arnheim" title="Rudolf Arnheim">Rudolf Arnheim</a> writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The women and children make <i>Guernica</i> the image of innocent, defenseless humanity victimized. Also, women and children have often been presented by Picasso as the very perfection of mankind. An assault on women and children is, in Picasso's view, directed at the core of mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-Arhheim1973_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arhheim1973-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_and_the_influence_of_Dora_Maar_on_the_painting">Creation and the influence of Dora Maar on the painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creation and the influence of Dora Maar on the painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>On 11 May the canvas is ready, and immediately the composition is laid down as a linear structure that covers the whole surface. Work on the mural is accompanied by more than thirty studies for the details. The rough plan exists from the beginning, but it takes three weeks before the picture receives its final form. The bull's head remains where it was first put, but the body is turned around to the left. On 20 May the horse lifts its head. The body of the soldier stretched on the floor from left to right changes position on 4 June, then head and hand take on their finished shape. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p>At the last moment the artist makes one decisive adjustment: the drama first took place on a street with burning houses in the background. Now, suddenly, the diagonals are accentuated, and thereby space becomes ambiguous, unreal, inside and outside at the same time. The lamp is hung over the horse's head, looking on the dreadful scene like a wide-open eye. The construction is strengthened, the mural more strongly integrated within <a href="/wiki/Josep_Llu%C3%ADs_Sert" title="Josep Lluís Sert">Sert</a>'s architecture. Into the hand of the dying soldier, next to the broken sword, Picasso puts the little flower of hope. </p><p>The picture was finished about mid-June. Hundreds of thousands of exhibition-goers wandered by, looking on it as a wall decoration, just as Europe wandered by the human drama of the Spanish Civil War—as if it were a matter concerning only the inhabitants of the peninsula. They disregarded the warning, did not understand that democracy on the whole continent was at stake. </p> </div></div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Willem_Sandberg" title="Willem Sandberg">W. J. H. B. Sandberg</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></i>, 1960<sup id="cite_ref-Picasso's_Guernica_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picasso's_Guernica-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar" title="Dora Maar">Dora Maar</a> found a large enough studio for Picasso to paint <i>Guernica</i> in. Through her connections in the left-wing community, she gained access to a space on Rue des Grands-Augustins, near Notre-Dame. This building had previously served as the headquarters of the ‘Contre-Attaque’ group, of which Maar was a dedicated member. Having listened to anti-fascist speeches there, she recognized it as the ideal location for Picasso’s monumental protest artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only did she find the studio large enough for Picasso to paint <i>Guernica</i> in, she also had exclusive access to photograph the work in progress.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>“Maar’s practice of photography influenced the art of Picasso – she had a great influence on his work,” said Antoine Romand, a Dora Maar expert. “She contested him. She pushed him to do something new and to be more creative politically.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Picasso’s request, Maar painted part of the dying horse in <i>Guernica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maar accompanied Picasso in the studio, giving her the opportunity to observe each phase of <i>Guernica</i>’s creation over 36 days. While Picasso painted, she took photographs, turning Picasso into her photographic subject.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars and art critics argue that the black and white photographic style of the painting can be attributed to Maar's own black and white photographs, in stark contrast to Picasso's usual colorful style.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Guernica</i> was painted using a matte house paint specially formulated at Picasso's request to have the least possible gloss.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American artist <a href="/wiki/John_Ferren" title="John Ferren">John Ferren</a> assisted him in preparing the monumental canvas,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and photographer <a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar" title="Dora Maar">Dora Maar</a>, who had been working with Picasso since mid-1936 photographing his studio and teaching him the technique of <a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">cameraless photography</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> documented its creation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from their documentary and publicity value, Maar's photographs "helped Picasso to eschew color and give the work the black-and-white immediacy of a photograph", according to art historian <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(art_historian)" title="John Richardson (art historian)">John Richardson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Picasso, who rarely allowed strangers into his studio to watch him work, admitted influential visitors to observe his progress on <i>Guernica</i>, believing that the publicity would help the antifascist cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As his work on the mural progressed, Picasso explained: "The Spanish struggle is the fight of reaction against the people, against freedom. My whole life as an artist has been nothing more than a continuous struggle against reaction and the death of art. How could anybody think for a moment that I could be in agreement with reaction and death? ... In the panel on which I am working, which I shall call <i>Guernica</i>, and in all my recent works of art, I clearly express my abhorrence of the military caste which has sunk Spain in an ocean of pain and death."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Picasso worked on the painting for 35 days, and finished it on 4 June 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PicassoGuernica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/PicassoGuernica.jpg" decoding="async" width="464" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The scene occurs within a large room. On the left, a wide-eyed bull, with a tail suggesting rising flame and smoke as if seen through a window, stands over a grieving woman holding a dead child in her arms. The woman's head is thrown back and her mouth is wide open. A horse falls in agony in the center of the room, with a large gaping hole in its side, as if it had just been run through by a spear or javelin. The horse appears to be wearing <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">chain mail</a> armor, decorated with vertical tally marks arranged in rows. </p><p>A dead and dismembered soldier lies under the horse. The hand of his severed right arm grasps a shattered sword, from which a flower grows. The open palm of his left hand contains a stigma, a symbol of martyrdom derived from the <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>. A bare light bulb in the shape of an <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Providence" title="Eye of Providence">all-seeing eye</a> blazes over the suffering horse's head. </p><p>To the horse's upper right a frightened woman's head and extended right arm reach through a window. As she witnesses the scene she carries a flame-lit lamp in her right hand, and holds it near the bare bulb. Below her a woman in shock staggers from the right towards the center while looking into the blazing light bulb with a blank stare. </p><p>Daggers that suggest screaming have replaced the tongues of the horse, the bull, and the grieving woman. To the bull's right a dove appears on a cracked wall through which bright light from the outside shines. </p><p>On the far right of the room there is a fourth woman, her arms raised in terror. Her wide-open mouth and thrown back head echo the grieving woman's. She is entrapped by fire from above and below, her right hand suggesting the shape of an airplane. </p><p>A dark wall with an open door defines the right side of the room. </p><p>A "hidden" image formed by the horse appears in <i>Guernica</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the horse's nostrils and upper teeth can be seen as a human skull facing left and slightly downward. </p><p>Another hidden image is of a bull that appears to gore the horse from underneath. The bull's head is formed mainly by the horse's entire front leg which has the knee on the ground. The leg's knee-cap forms the head's nose. A horn appears within the horse's breast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism_and_interpretations">Symbolism and interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Symbolism and interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Interpretations of <i>Guernica</i> vary widely and contradict one another. This extends, for example, to the mural's two dominant elements: the bull and the horse. Art historian Patricia Failing said, </p><blockquote><p>"The bull and the horse are important characters in Spanish culture. Picasso himself certainly used these characters to play many different roles over time. This has made the task of interpreting the specific meaning of the bull and the horse very tough. Their relationship is a kind of ballet that was conceived in a variety of ways throughout Picasso's career."</p></blockquote> <p>When pressed to explain the elements in <i>Guernica</i>, Picasso said, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...this bull is a bull and this horse is a horse... If you give a meaning to certain things in my paintings it may be very true, but it is not my idea to give this meaning. What ideas and conclusions you have got I obtained too, but instinctively, unconsciously. I make the painting for the painting. I paint the objects for what they are.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_and_Lie_of_Franco" title="The Dream and Lie of Franco">The Dream and Lie of Franco</a></i>, a series of narrative sketches Picasso also created for the World's Fair, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> is depicted as a monster that first devours his own horse and later does battle with an angry bull. Work on these illustrations began before the bombing of Guernica, and four additional panels were added, three of which relate directly to the Guernica mural. </p><p>According to scholar Beverly Ray, the following list of interpretations reflects the general consensus of historians: "The shape and posture of the bodies express protest"; "Picasso uses black, white, and grey paint to set a somber mood and express pain and chaos"; "flaming buildings and crumbling walls not only express the destruction of Guernica, but reflect the destructive power of civil war"; "the newspaper print used in the painting reflects how Picasso learned of the massacre"; "The light bulb in the painting represents the sun"; and "The broken sword near the bottom of the painting symbolizes the defeat of the people at the hand of their tormentors".<sup id="cite_ref-Ray2006_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alejandro Escalona said, "The chaos unfolding seems to happen in closed quarters provoking an intense feeling of oppression. There is no way out of the nightmarish cityscape. The absence of color makes the violent scene developing right before your eyes even more horrifying. The blacks, whites, and grays startle you—especially because you are used to see war images broadcast live and in high-definition right to your living room."<sup id="cite_ref-75years_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75years-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In drawing attention to a number of preliminary studies, the so-called primary project,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that show an atelier installation incorporating the central triangular shape which reappears in the final version of <i>Guernica</i>, Becht-Jördens and Wehmeier interpret the painting as a self-referential composition in the tradition of atelier paintings such as <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Meninas" title="Las Meninas">Las Meninas</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>. In his <i>chef d'oeuvre</i>, Picasso seems to be trying to define his role and his power as an artist in the face of political power and violence. But far from being a mere political painting, <i>Guernica</i> should be seen as Picasso's comment on what art can actually contribute towards the self-assertion that liberates every human being and protects the individual against overwhelming forces such as political crime, war, violence and death.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibition">Exhibition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exhibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937_Paris_International_Exhibition">1937 Paris International Exhibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1937 Paris International Exhibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_expo_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_expo_1937.jpg/220px-Paris_expo_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_expo_1937.jpg/330px-Paris_expo_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paris_expo_1937.jpg/440px-Paris_expo_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>The large <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Flag of the Second Spanish Republic">flag of the Second Spanish Republic</a>, with horizontal bars of red, yellow, and purple, marking the place of exhibition of Picasso's painting <i>Guernica</i> in Paris during the World Expo in 1937 (<a href="/wiki/Agfacolor" title="Agfacolor">Agfacolor</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pabell%C3%B3n_Rep%C3%BAblica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pabell%C3%B3n_Rep%C3%BAblica.jpg/220px-Pabell%C3%B3n_Rep%C3%BAblica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pabell%C3%B3n_Rep%C3%BAblica.jpg/330px-Pabell%C3%B3n_Rep%C3%BAblica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pabell%C3%B3n_Rep%C3%BAblica.jpg/440px-Pabell%C3%B3n_Rep%C3%BAblica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>A replica (built in Barcelona in 1992) of the pavilion of the Spanish Republic at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">1937 Paris International Exhibition</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Guernica</i> was unveiled and initially exhibited in July 1937 at the Spanish Pavilion at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">Paris International Exposition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union had huge pavilions. The Pavilion, which was financed by the Spanish Republican government at the time of civil war, was built to exhibit the Spanish government's struggle for existence contrary to the Exposition's technology theme. The Pavilion's entrance presented an enormous photographic mural of Republican soldiers accompanied by the slogan: </p> <dl><dd>We are fighting for the essential unity of Spain.</dd> <dd>We are fighting for the integrity of Spanish soil.</dd> <dd>We are fighting for the independence of our country and for the right of the Spanish people to determine their own destiny.</dd></dl> <p>The display of <i>Guernica</i> was accompanied by the poem "The Victory of Guernica" by <a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Paul Éluard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the pavilion displayed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reaper_(Mir%C3%B3_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reaper (Miró painting)">The Reaper</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mercury_fountain" title="Mercury fountain">Mercury Fountain</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a>, both of whom were sympathetic to the Republican cause.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-calder_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calder-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <i>Guernica</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Paris Exhibition unveiling it garnered little attention. The public's reaction to the painting was mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Max_Aub" title="Max Aub">Max Aub</a>, one of the officials in charge of the Spanish pavilion, was compelled to defend the work against a group of Spanish officials who objected to the mural's modernist style and sought to replace it with a more traditional painting that was also commissioned for the exhibition, <i>Madrid 1937 (Black Aeroplanes)</i> by Horacio Ferrer de Morgado.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Marxist groups criticized Picasso's painting as lacking in political commitment, and faulted it for not offering a vision of a better future.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Morgado's painting was a great success with Spanish Communists and with the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art critic <a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Clement Greenberg</a> was also critical of <i>Guernica</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a later essay he termed the painting "jerky" and "too compressed for its size", and compared it unfavorably to the "magnificently lyrical" <i><a href="/wiki/The_Charnel_House" title="The Charnel House">The Charnel House</a></i> (1944–1948), a later antiwar painting by Picasso.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the painting's admirers were art critic <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cassou" title="Jean Cassou">Jean Cassou</a> and poet <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bergam%C3%ADn" title="José Bergamín">José Bergamín</a>, both of whom praised the painting as quintessentially Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Leiris" title="Michel Leiris">Michel Leiris</a> perceived in <i>Guernica</i> a foreshadowing: "On a black and white canvas that depicts ancient tragedy ... Picasso also writes our letter of doom: all that we love is going to be lost..."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> also praised the painting and declared it a cross that "[General] Franco would always carry on his shoulder."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possibly as a riposte to Picasso’s painting, the Nazis in June or July 1937 commissioned their official war artist <a href="/wiki/Claus_Bergen" title="Claus Bergen">Claus Bergen</a> to produce a patriotic painting of <i>The Bombardment of Almeria by the 'Admiral Scheer'</i> (<a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a>, London).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work, done in a realistic style, was completed quickly for display in the <a href="/wiki/Great_German_Art_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Great German Art Exhibition">Great German Art Exhibition</a> in Munich, 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_tour">European tour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European tour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Guernica</i>, for which Picasso was paid 150,000 francs for his costs by the Spanish Republican government, was one of the few major paintings that Picasso did not sell directly to his exclusive contracted <a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">art dealer</a> and friend, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rosenberg_(art_dealer)" title="Paul Rosenberg (art dealer)">Paul Rosenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after its exhibition Rosenberg organised a four-man extravaganza <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> tour of 118 works by Picasso, <a href="/wiki/Matisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Matisse">Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braque" class="mw-redirect" title="Braque">Braque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Laurens" title="Henri Laurens">Henri Laurens</a>. The tour's main attraction was <i>Guernica</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From January to April 1938 the tour visited <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Göteborg</a>. Starting in late September <i>Guernica</i> was exhibited in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitechapel Art Gallery">Whitechapel Art Gallery</a>. This stop was organized by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Penrose" title="Roland Penrose">Sir Roland Penrose</a> with Labour Party leader <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, and the painting arrived in London on 30 September, the same day the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> was signed by the leaders of the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. It then travelled to <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, and, in early 1939, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. There, Manchester Foodship For Spain, a group of artists and activists engaged in sending aid to the people of Spain, exhibited the painting in the HE Nunn & Co Ford automobile showroom for two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Guernica</i> then returned briefly to France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_tour">American tour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: American tour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Francisco Franco's victory in Spain, <i>Guernica</i> was sent to the United States to raise funds and support for Spanish refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first shown at the Valentine Gallery in New York City in May 1939. The San Francisco Museum of Art (later renamed the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="San Francisco Museum of Modern Art">San Francisco Museum of Modern Art</a>) gave the work its first museum appearance in the United States from 27 August to 19 September 1939. New York's <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> (MoMA) then mounted an exhibition from 15 November until 7 January 1940, entitled: <i>Picasso: 40 Years of His Art</i>. The exhibition, which was organized by MoMA's director <a href="/wiki/Alfred_H._Barr" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred H. Barr">Alfred H. Barr</a> in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, contained 344 works, including <i>Guernica</i> and its studies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Picasso's request the safekeeping of <i>Guernica</i> was then entrusted to the Museum of Modern Art, and it was his expressed desire that the painting should not be delivered to Spain until liberty and democracy had been established in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1939 and 1952, <i>Guernica</i> traveled extensively in the United States. Between 1941 and 1942, it was exhibited at Harvard University's <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums" title="Harvard Art Museums">Fogg Museum</a> twice.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1953 and 1956 it was shown in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, then at the first Picasso retrospective in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy, and then in numerous other major European cities before returning to MoMA for a retrospective celebrating Picasso's 75th birthday. It then went to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. By this time, concern for the state of the painting resulted in a decision to keep it in one place: a room on MoMA's third floor, where it was accompanied by several of Picasso's preliminary studies and some of <a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar" title="Dora Maar">Dora Maar</a>'s photographs of the work in progress. The studies and photos were often loaned for other exhibitions, but until 1981, <i>Guernica</i> itself remained at MoMA.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the room containing the painting became the site of occasional anti-war vigils. These were usually peaceful and uneventful, but on 28 February 1974, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Shafrazi" title="Tony Shafrazi">Tony Shafrazi</a>—ostensibly protesting Second Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/William_Calley" title="William Calley">William Calley</a>'s petition for habeas corpus following his indictment and sentencing for the murder of 109 Vietnamese civilians during the <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai massacre</a>—defaced the painting with red spray paint, painting the words "KILL LIES ALL". The paint was removed with relative ease from the varnished surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoberman_2004_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoberman_2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_in_Spain">Establishment in Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Establishment in Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 1968, Franco had expressed an interest in having <i>Guernica</i> come to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Picasso refused to allow this until the Spanish people again enjoyed a republic. He later added other conditions, such as the restoration of "public liberties and democratic institutions". Picasso died in 1973. Franco, ten years Picasso's junior, died two years later, in 1975. After Franco's death, Spain was transformed into a democratic <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, ratified by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">a new constitution</a> in 1978. However, MoMA was reluctant to give up one of its greatest treasures and argued that a monarchy did not represent the republic that had been stipulated in Picasso's will as a condition for the painting's delivery. Under great pressure from a number of observers, MoMA finally ceded the painting to Spain in 1981. The Spanish historian <a href="/wiki/Javier_Tusell" title="Javier Tusell">Javier Tusell</a> was one of the negotiators.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Upon its arrival in Spain in September 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-uned_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uned-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was first displayed behind bomb-and bullet-proof glass screens<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Cas%C3%B3n_del_Buen_Retiro" title="Casón del Buen Retiro">Casón del Buen Retiro</a> in Madrid in time to celebrate the centenary of Picasso's birth, 25 October.<sup id="cite_ref-uned_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uned-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition was visited by almost a million people in the first year.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time there has never been any attempted vandalism or other security threat to the painting. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_del_Gernika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mural_del_Gernika.jpg/220px-Mural_del_Gernika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mural_del_Gernika.jpg/330px-Mural_del_Gernika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mural_del_Gernika.jpg/440px-Mural_del_Gernika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>A tiled wall in Gernika claims <i>"Guernica" Gernikara</i>, "The <i>Guernica</i> (painting) to Gernika"</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, the painting was moved from the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a> to a purpose-built gallery at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_Centro_de_Arte_Reina_Sof%C3%ADa" title="Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía">Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía</a>, both in Madrid, along with about two dozen preparatory works.<sup id="cite_ref-his_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-his-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action was controversial in Spain, since Picasso's will stated that the painting should be displayed at the Prado. However, the move was part of a transfer of all of the Prado's collections of art after the early 19th century to other nearby buildings in the city for reasons of space; the Reina Sofía, which houses the capital's national collection of 20th-century art, was the natural place to move it to. At the Reina Sofía, the painting has roughly the same protection as any other work.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque nationalists</a> have advocated that the picture be brought to the Basque Country,<sup id="cite_ref-ElMundoIbarretxe_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElMundoIbarretxe-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially after the building of the <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Bilbao_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Guggenheim Bilbao Museum">Guggenheim Bilbao Museum</a>. Officials at the Reina Sofía claim<sup id="cite_ref-ElMundoMncars_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElMundoMncars-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the canvas is now thought to be too fragile to move. Even the staff of the Guggenheim do not see a permanent transfer of the painting as possible, although the Basque government continues to support the possibility of a temporary exhibition in <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tapestry_at_the_United_Nations">Tapestry at the United Nations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tapestry at the United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A full-size <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> copy of Picasso's <i>Guernica</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_de_la_Baume_D%C3%BCrrbach" title="Jacqueline de la Baume Dürrbach">Jacqueline de la Baume Dürrbach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IPoG_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPoG-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hangs at the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters of the United Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> at the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> room.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSreturns_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSreturns-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is less monochromatic than the original and uses several shades of brown. </p><p>The <i>Guernica</i> tapestry was first displayed from 1985 to 2009, and returned in 2015. Originally commissioned in 1955 by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, since Picasso refused to sell him the original,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tapestry was placed on loan to the United Nations by the Rockefeller estate in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 February 2003 a large blue curtain was placed to cover over the work at the UN, so that it would not be visible in the background during press conferences by <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Negroponte" title="John Negroponte">John Negroponte</a> as they were arguing in favor of war on Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the following day, UN officials claimed that the curtain was placed there at the request of television news crews, who had complained that the wild lines and screaming figures made for a bad backdrop, and that a horse's hindquarters appeared just above the faces of any speakers. Some diplomats, however, in talks with journalists claimed that the Bush administration pressured UN officials to cover the tapestry, rather than have it in the background while Powell or other US diplomats argued for war on Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a critique of the covering, columnist Alejandro Escalona hypothesized that <i>Guernica</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s "unappealing ménage of mutilated bodies and distorted faces proved to be too strong for articulating to the world why the US was going to war in Iraq", while referring to the work as "an inconvenient masterpiece".<sup id="cite_ref-75years_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75years-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 March 2009, Deputy Spokesperson for the Secretary-General Marie Okabe announced that the <i>Guernica</i> tapestry had been moved to a gallery in London in advance of extensive renovations at UN Headquarters. The <i>Guernica</i> tapestry was the showcase piece for the grand reopening of the <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Gallery" title="Whitechapel Gallery">Whitechapel Gallery</a>. It was located in the 'Guernica room' which was originally part of the old Whitechapel Library.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 the tapestry was on loan from the Rockefeller family to the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art" title="San Antonio Museum of Art">San Antonio Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was returned to the UN by March 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nelson A. Rockefeller Jr., the owner of the tapestry, took it back in February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2022, it was returned to the wall outside the UN Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSreturns_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSreturns-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_and_legacy">Significance and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Significance and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"<i>Guernica</i> is to painting what <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Ninth Symphony</a> is to music: a cultural icon that speaks to mankind not only against war but also of hope and peace. It is a reference when speaking about genocide from <a href="/wiki/El_Mozote_massacre" title="El Mozote massacre">El Salvador</a> to <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Bosnia</a>." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Alejandro Escalona, on the 75th anniversary of the painting's creation<sup id="cite_ref-75years_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75years-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>During the 1970s, <i>Guernica</i> was a symbol for Spaniards of both the end of the Franco regime following Franco's death and of <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque nationalism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Basque_National_Liberation_Movement" title="Basque National Liberation Movement">Basque left</a> has repeatedly used imagery from the picture. An example is the organization <a href="/wiki/Etxerat" title="Etxerat">Etxerat</a>, which uses a reversed image of the lamp as its symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Guernica</i> has since become a universal and powerful symbol warning humanity against the suffering and devastation of war.<sup id="cite_ref-75years_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75years-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no obvious references to the specific attack, making its message universal and timeless.<sup id="cite_ref-75years_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75years-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Art historian and curator <a href="/wiki/Willem_Sandberg" title="Willem Sandberg">W. J. H. B. Sandberg</a> argued in <i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></i> in 1960 that Picasso pioneered a "new language" combining expressionistic and cubist techniques in <i>Guernica</i>. Sandberg wrote that <i>Guernica</i> conveyed an “expressionistic message” in its focus on the inhumanity of the air raid, while using "the language of cubism". For Sandberg, the work's defining cubist features included its use of diagonals, which rendered the painting's setting "ambiguous, unreal, inside and outside at the same time".<sup id="cite_ref-Picasso's_Guernica_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picasso's_Guernica-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the British art critic <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Jones_(journalist)" title="Jonathan Jones (journalist)">Jonathan Jones</a> called the painting a "Cubist apocalypse" and stated that Picasso "was trying to show the truth so viscerally and permanently that it could outstare the daily lies of the age of dictators".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Works inspired by <i>Guernica</i> include <a href="/wiki/Faith_Ringgold" title="Faith Ringgold">Faith Ringgold</a>'s 1967 painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_People_Series_20:_Die" title="The American People Series 20: Die">The American People Series #20: Die</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Goshka_Macuga" title="Goshka Macuga">Goshka Macuga</a>'s <i>The Nature of the Beast</i> (2009–2010), which used the Whitechapel-hosted <a href="#Tapestry_at_the_United_Nations">United Nations <i>Guernica</i> tapestry</a>; <i>The Keiskamma Guernicas</i> (2010–2017); and Erica Luckert's theatrical production of <i>Guernica</i> (2011–2012).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_review_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_review-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art and design historian Dr Nicola Ashmore curated an exhibition, <i>Guernica Remakings</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">University of Brighton</a> galleries from 29 July 2017 to 23 August 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(1950_film)" title="Guernica (1950 film)">Guernica</a></i>, 1950 film directed by <a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Alain Resnais</a> and Robert Hessens</li> <li>The 2018 television series <i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)" title="Genius (American TV series)">Genius</a></i> features Picasso's life and work, including <i>Guernica</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weeping_Woman" title="The Weeping Woman">The Weeping Woman</a></i>, 1937 Picasso painting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(sculpture)" title="Guernica (sculpture)"><i>Guernica</i></a>, 1937 sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Ich%C3%A9" title="René Iché">René Iché</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charnel_House" title="The Charnel House">The Charnel House</a>,</i> 1944–45 Picasso painting</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Korea" title="Massacre in Korea">Massacre in Korea</a></i>, 1951 Picasso painting<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dove_(Picasso)" title="Dove (Picasso)">Dove</a></i>, 1949 Picasso lithograph</li> <li>1980 BBC series <i><a href="/wiki/100_Great_Paintings" title="100 Great Paintings">100 Great Paintings</a></i></li> <li>"Guernica", 2023 song by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hunter_(singer)" title="Ian Hunter (singer)">Ian Hunter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hiroshima_Panels" title="The Hiroshima Panels">The Hiroshima Panels</a></i>, a series of 15 panels each measuring 1.8 metres x 7.2 metres depicting the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_sources">References and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Richardson_2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_2016_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson (2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-measures-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-measures_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Picasso, Pablo. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museoreinasofia.es/coleccion/obra/guernica">Guernica.</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_Centro_de_Arte_Reina_Sof%C3%ADa" title="Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía">Museo Reina Sofía</a>. <i>(Retrieved 2017-09-07.)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/pablo-picasso-9440021#surrealism">"Pablo Picasso"</a>. <i>Biography.com</i>. 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography.com&rft.atitle=Pablo+Picasso&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fpablo-picasso-9440021%23surrealism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest_Brown2019" class="citation web cs1">Forrest Brown (21 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/most-famous-paintings/index.html">"10 most famous paintings in the world"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=10+most+famous+paintings+in+the+world&rft.date=2019-11-21&rft.au=Forrest+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2Fmost-famous-paintings%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen_2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2024" class="citation news cs1">Ferguson, Donna (16 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/article/2024/jun/16/rare-photographs-dora-maar-picasso-tormented-muse">"Rare photographs by Dora Maar cast Picasso's tormented muse in a new light"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rare+photographs+by+Dora+Maar+cast+Picasso%27s+tormented+muse+in+a+new+light&rft.date=2024-06-16&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fjun%2F16%2Frare-photographs-dora-maar-picasso-tormented-muse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mymodernmet.com/pablo-picasso-guernica/">"Picasso and 'Guernica': Exploring the Anti-War Symbolism of This Famous Painting"</a>. <i>My Modern Met</i>. 31 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Modern+Met&rft.atitle=Picasso+and+%27Guernica%27%3A+Exploring+the+Anti-War+Symbolism+of+This+Famous+Painting&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmymodernmet.com%2Fpablo-picasso-guernica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/guernica/glevel_1/gtimeline.html">Timeline</a>, part of a series of web pages on <i>Guernica</i> in <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS's</a> <i>Treasures of the World</i> series. Accessed 16 July 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Preston,_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Preston, Paul">Preston, Paul</a> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOpqVkAyFkAC&q=Steer%27s+report+preston"><i>The Destruction of Guernica</i>. HarperCollins</a> At Google Books. Retrieved 18 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arhheim1973-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arhheim1973_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arhheim1973_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arhheim1973_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arhheim, (1973) p. ???</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray2006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ray2006_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ray2006_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray (2006), 168–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Oppler (1988), p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preston2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Preston2007_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preston2007_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston (2007). 12–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor (2006), 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beevor233-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beevor233_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor (2006), 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saul, Toby (8 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708162632/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2018/05-06/pablo-picasso-guernica-painting-history/">"The horrible inspiration behind one of Picasso's great works"</a>. nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 21 May 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Overy, Richard (2013). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEcXfXoSdgwC">The Bombing War: Europe, 1939-1945</a></i>. Penguin UK. p. ix. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141927828" title="Special:BookSources/0141927828">0141927828</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Lubbock2005" class="citation web cs1">Tom Lubbock (8 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/jan/08/highereducation.news">"Review: Guernica by Gijs van Hensbergen | Books"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Guernica+by+Gijs+van+Hensbergen+%26%23124%3B+Books&rft.date=2005-01-08&rft.au=Tom+Lubbock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2005%2Fjan%2F08%2Fhighereducation.news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picasso's_Guernica-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Picasso's_Guernica_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picasso's_Guernica_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandberg1960" class="citation journal cs1">Sandberg, W.J.H.B (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/publication/picassos-guernica">"Picasso's "Guernica"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Daedalus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=Picasso%27s+%22Guernica%22&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=W.J.H.B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublication%2Fpicassos-guernica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Millington, Ruth (2 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6172547/picasso-dora-maar-anti-fascist-influence-art/">"Dora Maar's Anti-Fascist Worldview Influenced Picasso's Art"</a>. <i>TIME</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Dora+Maar%27s+Anti-Fascist+Worldview+Influenced+Picasso%27s+Art&rft.date=2022-05-02&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6172547%2Fpicasso-dora-maar-anti-fascist-influence-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/john-ferren">John Ferren biography</a>, guggenheim.org. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fluegel (1980), p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tóibín (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spokenvision.com/the-7-hidden-symbols-in-picassos-guernica/">"Hidden Symbols"</a>. 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hidden+Symbols&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspokenvision.com%2Fthe-7-hidden-symbols-in-picassos-guernica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/guernica_nav/gnav_level_1/5meaning_guerfrm.html">...questions of meaning</a>, part of a series of web pages on <i>Guernica</i> in <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS's</a> <i>Treasures of the World</i> series. Accessed 16 July 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75years-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-75years_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-75years_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-75years_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-75years_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-75years_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Escalona, Alejandro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alejandro-escalona/75-years-of-picassos-guernica-_b_1538776.html">75 years of Picasso's Guernica: An Inconvenient Masterpiece</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>, 23 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Spies" title="Werner Spies">Werner Spies</a>: Guernica und die Weltausstellung von 1937. In: Id.: Kontinent Picasso. Ausgewählte Aufsätze, Munich 1988, S. 63–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Becht-Jördens (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCueto_Asín2012" class="citation web cs1">Cueto Asín, Elena (17 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albavolunteer.org/2012/09/guernica-and-guernica-in-british-and-american-poetry/">"Guernica and Guernica in British and American Poetry"</a>. <i>The Volunteer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Volunteer&rft.atitle=Guernica+and+Guernica+in+British+and+American+Poetry&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.aulast=Cueto+As%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falbavolunteer.org%2F2012%2F09%2Fguernica-and-guernica-in-british-and-american-poetry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeritxell2011" class="citation web cs1">Meritxell, Beatriu (1 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/tate-etc/issue-22-summer-2011/hymn-freedom">"A hymn of freedom Joan Miró I"</a>. <i>The Tate.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tate.org&rft.atitle=A+hymn+of+freedom+Joan+Mir%C3%B3+I&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.aulast=Meritxell&rft.aufirst=Beatriu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Ftate-etc%2Fissue-22-summer-2011%2Fhymn-freedom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoby1959" class="citation book cs1">Soby, James Thrall (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_1933_300062190.pdf"><i>Joan Miró</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Museum of Modern Art, New York. p. 91<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joan+Mir%C3%B3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Museum+of+Modern+Art%2C+New+York&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Soby&rft.aufirst=James+Thrall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.moma.org%2Fdocuments%2Fmoma_catalogue_1933_300062190.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calder-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-calder_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessop2016" class="citation web cs1">Jessop, Tara (8 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/spain/articles/calder-mercury-fountain-the-worlds-most-beautiful-yet-deadly-monument/">"Calder Mercury Fountain: The World's Most Beautiful Yet Deadly Monument"</a>. <i>Culture Trip</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=Calder+Mercury+Fountain%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Beautiful+Yet+Deadly+Monument&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft.aulast=Jessop&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Feurope%2Fspain%2Farticles%2Fcalder-mercury-fountain-the-worlds-most-beautiful-yet-deadly-monument%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witham (2013), p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greeley, Robin A. (2006). <i>Surrealism and the Spanish Civil War</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 241. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300112955" title="Special:BookSources/0300112955">0300112955</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witham (2013), p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg (1993), p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2003), p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2003), p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnaud2016" class="citation book cs1">Arnaud, Claude (2016). <i>Jean Cocteau: A Life</i>. Yale University Press. p. 576.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Cocteau%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Arnaud&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-12163">"The German Pocket Battleship 'Admiral Scheer' Bombarding the Spanish Coast, 1937"</a>, Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlies Schmidt, Dissertation, “Die Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung 1937 im Haus der Deutschen Kunst zu München“, Rekonstruktion und Analyse, Halle, 2012, page 56 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://opendata.uni-halle.de//handle/1981185920/7723">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">How important this work was to his clients and the exhibition management is shown by the fact that the painting was hung before the paint was dry (Claus Bergen in ‘Claus Bergen, Leben und Werk’, by Bodo Herzog, Urbes Verlag, 1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MbJ7bzsbo8C&pg=PA83">Van Hensbergen, Gijs (2005) <i>Guernica</i> p. 83 Bloomsbury Publishing</a> At Google Books. Retrieved 4 November 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungs2012" class="citation web cs1">Youngs, Ian (15 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16927120">"BBC News – Picasso's Guernica in a car showroom"</a>. Bbc.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Picasso%27s+Guernica+in+a+car+showroom&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft.aulast=Youngs&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-16927120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Schieder: A Painting Goes into Exile. Picasso’s „Guernica” in the United States, in: Entangled Histories of Art and Migration. Theories, Sites and Research Methods, ed. by Cathrine Bublatzky, Burcu Dogramaci, Kerstin Pinther and Mona Schieren, Bristol 2024, pp. 184-197; URL <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.20753033.17">https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.20753033.17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fluegel (1980), p. 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuno1996" class="citation book cs1">Cuno, James B., ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33948167"><i>Harvard's art museums: 100 years of collecting</i></a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Museums. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3427-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-3427-2"><bdi>0-8109-3427-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33948167">33948167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard%27s+art+museums%3A+100+years+of+collecting&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Museums&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33948167&rft.isbn=0-8109-3427-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F33948167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1941/10/1/picassos-guernica-borrowed-by-fogg-art/">"Picasso's "Guernica" borrowed by Fogg Art Museum for Two Weeks"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i>. 1 October 1941<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Picasso%27s+%22Guernica%22+borrowed+by+Fogg+Art+Museum+for+Two+Weeks&rft.date=1941-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F1941%2F10%2F1%2Fpicassos-guernica-borrowed-by-fogg-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoberman_2004-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoberman_2004_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoberman 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uned-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uned_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uned_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.uned.es/portal/page?_pageid=93,24557421&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL">"30 años del “Guernica” en España"</a> <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Educaci%C3%B3n_a_Distancia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia">Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia</a> (UNED). Retrieved 18 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TO5wF6wUfoC&pg=PA294">Van Hensbergen, Gijs (2005) <i>Guernica</i> p. 305. Bloomsbury Publishing</a> At Google Books. Retrieved 18 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpais.com/diario/1982/09/10/cultura/400456802_850215.html">"Un millón de personas ha visto el 'Guernica' en el Casón del Buen Retiro"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i>. Retrieved 18 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-his-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-his_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museodelprado.es/en/la-institucion/the-extension/el-cason-del-buen-retiro/historia/">The Casón del Buen Retiro: History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621031828/http://www.museodelprado.es/en/la-institucion/the-extension/el-cason-del-buen-retiro/historia/">Archived</a> 21 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picassoswar.com/interview.html">Author interview</a> on Russell Martin's <i>Picasso's War</i> site. Accessed 16 July 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElMundoIbarretxe-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElMundoIbarretxe_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/06/29/cultura/1183129952.html">Ibarretxe reclama 'para siempre' el 'Guernica'</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a></i>, 29 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElMundoMncars-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElMundoMncars_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/06/22/cultura/1150974391.html">El Patronato del Reina Sofía rechaza la cesión temporal del 'Guernica' al Gobierno vasco</a></i>, <i>El Mundo</i>, 22 June 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPoG-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPoG_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/26/pablo-picasso-guernica-spain-war">"In praise of ... Guernica"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=In+praise+of+...+Guernica&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2009%2Fmar%2F26%2Fpablo-picasso-guernica-spain-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBSreturns-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBSreturns_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBSreturns_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2022" class="citation news cs1">Falk, Pamela (5 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/guernica-tapestry-returns-united-nations/">"Picasso's anti-war tapestry Guernica returns to the U.N."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Picasso%27s+anti-war+tapestry+Guernica+returns+to+the+U.N.&rft.date=2022-02-05&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fguernica-tapestry-returns-united-nations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conrad, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2004/oct/03/art">"A scream we can't ignore"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 10 March 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell (2009), 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hensbergen (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArt" class="citation web cs1">Art, San Antonio Museum of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samuseum.org">"San Antonio Museum of Art - Home"</a>. <i>Samuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samuseum.org&rft.atitle=San+Antonio+Museum+of+Art+-+Home&rft.aulast=Art&rft.aufirst=San+Antonio+Museum+of&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samuseum.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remnick, David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/03/23/todays-woman">"Today's Woman"</a>, <i>The New Yorker</i>, 23 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/iconic-tapestry-picasso-s-guernica-gone-u-n-n1258934">"Iconic tapestry of Picasso's 'Guernica' is gone from the U.N."</a> <i>NBC News</i>. AP. 26 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Iconic+tapestry+of+Picasso%27s+%27Guernica%27+is+gone+from+the+U.N.&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Ficonic-tapestry-picasso-s-guernica-gone-u-n-n1258934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922132908/http://www.etxerat.eus/index.php/eu/txostenak/hilabetekaria">"Etxerat"</a>. Etxerat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etxerat.eus/index.php/eu/txostenak/hilabetekaria">the original</a> on 22 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etxerat&rft.pub=Etxerat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etxerat.eus%2Findex.php%2Feu%2Ftxostenak%2Fhilabetekaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Jonathan (12 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2016/oct/12/picasso-guernica-aleppo-syria">"As Aleppo burns in this age of lies, Picasso's Guernica still screams the truth about war"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=As+Aleppo+burns+in+this+age+of+lies%2C+Picasso%27s+Guernica+still+screams+the+truth+about+war&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Fjonathanjonesblog%2F2016%2Foct%2F12%2Fpicasso-guernica-aleppo-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/nazi-war-crime-guernica-80-anniversary-bombing-spain-picasso-hitler-franco-a7704916.html">"Eighty years later, the Nazi war crime in Guernica still matters"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 28 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Eighty+years+later%2C+the+Nazi+war+crime+in+Guernica+still+matters&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flong_reads%2Fnazi-war-crime-guernica-80-anniversary-bombing-spain-picasso-hitler-franco-a7704916.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814011640/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/136959-guernica-remakings-2019">"136959 Guernica Remakings 2019"</a>. <i>Southbank Centre</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/136959-guernica-remakings-2019">the original</a> on 14 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southbank+Centre&rft.atitle=136959+Guernica+Remakings+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southbankcentre.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2F136959-guernica-remakings-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_review-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_review_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmee2020" class="citation news cs1">Smee, Sebastian (12 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/entertainment/faith-ringgold-american-people-series-20-die/">"American carnage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322214018/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/entertainment/faith-ringgold-american-people-series-20-die/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=American+carnage&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.aulast=Smee&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgraphics%2F2020%2Fentertainment%2Ffaith-ringgold-american-people-series-20-die%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrovier" class="citation web cs1">Grovier, Kelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190620-picasso-the-ultimate-painter-of-war">"Picasso: The ultimate painter of war?"</a>. <i>bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=Picasso%3A+The+ultimate+painter+of+war%3F&rft.aulast=Grovier&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20190620-picasso-the-ultimate-painter-of-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuernica+%28Picasso%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Arnheim" title="Rudolf Arnheim">Arnheim, Rudolf</a>. (1973). <i>The Genesis of a Painting: Picasso's Guernica</i>. London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25007-9">978-0-520-25007-9</a></li> <li>Barton, Simon. (2004). <i>A History of Spain</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li>Becht-Jördens, Gereon: Picassos <i>Guernica</i> als kunsttheoretisches Programm. In: Becht-Jördens, Gereon and Wehmeier, (In German) Peter M.: <i>Picasso und die christliche Ikonographie. Mutterbeziehung und künstlerische Position</i>. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin 2003, S. 209–237 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-496-01272-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-496-01272-2">3-496-01272-2</a></li> <li>Becraft, Melvin E. <i>Picasso's Guernica – Images within Images 3rd Edition</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.novacaster.com/attach.pl/341/387/Images_within_images_3rd_Ed.pdf">PDF download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a>. (2006) <i>The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84832-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84832-5">978-0-297-84832-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Blunt, Anthony</a>. (1969) <i>Picasso's Guernica</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-500135-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-500135-4">0-19-500135-4</a></li> <li>Bonazzoli, Francesca, and Michele Robecchi. (2014) "Pablo Picasso: Guernica", in <i>Mona Lisa to Marge: How the World's Greatest Artworks Entered Popular Culture</i>. New York: Prestel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-379134877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-379134877-3">978-379134877-3</a></li> <li>Campbell, Peter (2009). "At the New Whitechapel" <i>London Review of Books</i> <b>31</b>(8), 30 April 2009.</li> <li>Cohen, David. (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2078242/">Hidden Treasures: What's So Controversial About Picasso's <i>Guernica</i>?</a>, <i>Slate</i>, 6 February 2003. Accessed 16 July 2006.</li> <li>Fluegel, Jane. (1980) "Chronology" in Rubin (1980) <i>Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective</i>.</li> <li>Francesconi, Elizabeth. (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901162324/http://smu.edu/ecenter/discourse/Francesconi.htm">"A Look Inside Picasso's War Images"</a>, <i>discourse: An Online Journal by the students of Southern Methodist University</i>, Spring 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Granell" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Fernández Granell">Granell, Eugenio Fernándes</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/7573154"><i>Picasso's Guernica: the end of a Spanish era</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810092429/http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/7573154">Archived</a> 10 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Research Press, 1981) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8357-1206-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8357-1206-0">0-8357-1206-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1206-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1206-4">978-0-8357-1206-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg, Clement</a> (1993). <i>The Collected Essays and Criticism; Volume 4: Modernism with a Vengeance, 1957–1969</i>. University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226306240" title="Special:BookSources/0226306240">0226306240</a></li> <li>Harris, Mark and Becraft, Melvin E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.org.uk/picasso/secret_guernica.html">Picasso's Secret <i>Guernica</i></a></li> <li>Hensbergen, Gijs van. (2004) <i>Guernica: The Biography of a Twentieth-Century Icon</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-124-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-124-8">978-1-58234-124-8</a></li> <li>Hensbergen, Gijs van. (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7986540.stm">"Piecing together <i>Guernica</i>"</a>. <i>BBC News Magazine</i>: 7 April 2009. Accessed: 14 August 2009.</li> <li>Hoberman, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050301174151/http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20041213&s=hoberman&c=1">"Pop and Circumstance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(U.S._periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation (U.S. periodical)">The Nation</a></i>, 13 December 2004, 22–26.</li> <li>Kennedy, Maev. (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/jan/26/picasso-tapestry-guernica">"Picasso tapestry of <i>Guernica</i> heads to UK"</a>, London: <i>The Guardian</i>, 26 January 2009. Accessed: 14 August 2009.</li> <li>Mallen, Enrique <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://picasso.csdl.tamu.edu/picasso/WorksIndex?Year=1937&ViewStyle=detail&CurrentItem=151">On-Line Picasso Project – OPP.37:001.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2013">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Martin, Russell. (2003). <i>Picasso's War</i>. London: Simon & Schuster UK. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-7863-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-7863-2">978-0-7434-7863-2</a></li> <li>Martin, Russell. (2002) <i>Picasso's War: The Destruction of Guernica and the Masterpiece that Changed the World</i> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picassoswar.com/index.html">On-line excerpts link</a>.</li> <li>Oppler, Ellen C. (ed). (1988). <i>Picasso's Guernica (Norton Critical Studies in art History)</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-95456-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-95456-0">0-393-95456-0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/guernica_nav/main_guerfrm.html">PBS On-line supplement to "Treasures of the World" series, "<i>Guernica</i>: Testimony to War"</a> with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/guernica/glevel_1/gtimeline.html">Guernica timeline</a>.</li> <li>Pisik, Betsy. (2003) "The Picasso Cover-Up". The <i>Washington Times</i>, 3 February 2003. Re-published at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206000659/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0203-13.htm">CommonDreams.org</a>. Accessed: 14 August 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a>. (2007) "George Steer and <i>Guernica</i>". <i>History Today</i> 57 (2007): 12–19.</li> <li>Ray, Beverly. (2006) "Analyzing Political Art to Get at Historical Fact: <i>Guernica</i> and the Spanish Civil War". The Social Studies 97 (2006): 168–171.</li> <li>Richardson, John (2016) "A Different Guernica". <i>The New York Review of Books</i>, 12 May 2016, <b>63</b> (8): 4–6.</li> <li>Rubin, William, ed. (1980) <i>Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">The Museum of Modern Art</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87070-519-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87070-519-9">0-87070-519-9</a></li> <li>Thomas, Gordon & Morgan-Witts, Max. (1975). <i>The Day Guernica Died</i>. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-19043-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-19043-4">0-340-19043-4</a></li> <li>Tóibín, Colm. (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,,1764206,00.html">"The art of war"</a>, London: <i>The Guardian</i>, 29 April 2006. Accessed: 14 August 2009.</li> <li>Witham, Larry (2013). <i>Picasso and the chess player: Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, and the battle for the soul of modern art</i>. Hanover; London : University Press of New England. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611682533" title="Special:BookSources/9781611682533">9781611682533</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernica_(Picasso)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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of July 1936">July 1936 uprising</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Revolution</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Melilla" title="July 1936 military uprising in Melilla">Melilla</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Seville" title="July 1936 military uprising in Seville">Seville</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Barcelona" title="July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona">1st Barcelona</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Monta%C3%B1a_barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Montaña barracks">Cuartel de la Montaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gij%C3%B3n" title="Siege of Gijón">Gijón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oviedo" title="Siege of Oviedo">Oviedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Loyola_barracks" title="Siege of the Loyola barracks">Cuartel de Loyola</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1936_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1936 in the Spanish Civil War">1936</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="German involvement in the Spanish Civil War">German intervention</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadarrama" title="Battle of Guadarrama">Guadarrama</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusia_campaign" title="Andalusia campaign">Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Extremadura_campaign" title="Extremadura campaign">Extremadura</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_de_la_Victoria" title="Convoy de la Victoria">Convoy de la Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almendralejo" title="Battle of Almendralejo">Almendralejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sig%C3%BCenza" title="Battle of Sigüenza">Sigüenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Battle of Mérida">1st Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badajoz_(1936)" title="Battle of Badajoz (1936)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majorca" title="Battle of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sierra_Guadalupe" title="Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe">Sierra Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_offensive" title="Córdoba offensive">Córdoba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Gipuzkoa" title="Campaign of Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Irún">Irún</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Pelado" title="Battle of Monte Pelado">Monte Pelado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera_de_la_Reina_(1936)" title="Battle of Talavera de la Reina (1936)">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santuario_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Cabeza" title="Siege of Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza">Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_uprising_in_Spanish_Guinea" title="1936 uprising in Spanish Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Muriano" title="Battle of Cerro Muriano">Cerro Muriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel_(1936)" title="Battle of Cape Spartel (1936)">Cape Spartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sese%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Seseña">Seseña</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">Madrid</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Universitaria" title="Battle of Ciudad Universitaria">Ciudad Universitaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="First Battle of the Corunna Road">1st Corunna Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villarreal_Offensive" title="Villarreal Offensive">Villarreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ursula" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ursula"><i>Ursula</i></a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aceituna_Campaign" title="Aceituna Campaign">Aceituna</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lopera" title="Battle of Lopera">Lopera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="Second Battle of the Corunna Road">2nd Corunna Road</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1937_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1937 in the Spanish Civil War">1937</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="Third Battle of the Corunna Road">3rd Corunna Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1937)" title="Battle of Málaga (1937)">Málaga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga%E2%80%93Almer%C3%ADa_road_massacre" title="Málaga–Almería road massacre">Road massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarama" title="Battle of Jarama">Jarama</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Machichaco" title="Battle of Cape Machichaco">Cape Machichaco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalajara" title="Battle of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozoblanco" title="Battle of Pozoblanco">Pozoblanco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_North" title="War in the North">War in the North</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantabrian campaign (page does not exist)">Cantabrian Sea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Biscay_Campaign" title="Biscay Campaign">Biscay</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Durango" title="Bombing of Durango">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Guernica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bilbao" title="Battle of Bilbao">Bilbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santander" title="Battle of Santander">Santander</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Asturias_Offensive" title="Asturias Offensive">Asturias</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Mazuco" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of El Mazuco">El Mazuco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Bombing of Jaén">Jaén</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">2nd Barcelona</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschland_incident_(1937)" title="Deutschland incident (1937)"><i>Deutschland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Bombardment of Almería">Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovia_Offensive" title="Segovia Offensive">Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huesca_Offensive" title="Huesca Offensive">Huesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albarrac%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Albarracín">Albarracín</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete" title="Battle of Brunete">Brunete</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza_Offensive" title="Zaragoza Offensive">Zaragoza</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)" title="Battle of Belchite (1937)">1st Belchite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Cherchell" title="Battle of Cape Cherchell">Cape Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabi%C3%B1%C3%A1nigo" title="Battle of Sabiñánigo">Sabiñánigo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_L%C3%A9rida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Lérida (page does not exist)">1st Lérida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel" title="Battle of Teruel">Teruel</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War">1938</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Valladolid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Valladolid (page does not exist)">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alfambra" title="Battle of Alfambra">Alfambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1938)" title="Battle of Cape Palos (1938)">Cape Palos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aragon_Offensive" title="Aragon Offensive">Aragon</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Belchite_(1938)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Belchite (1938) (page does not exist)">2nd Belchite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcelona" title="Bombing of Barcelona">3rd Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caspe" title="Battle of Caspe">Caspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%A9rida_(1938)" title="Battle of Lérida (1938)">2nd Lérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gandesa_(1938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gandesa (1938)">1st Gandesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Segre" title="Battle of the Segre">Segre</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Levante_Offensive" title="Levante Offensive">Levante</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaguer_Offensive" title="Balaguer Offensive">Balaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Bl%C3%A1zquez_Offensive" title="Los Blázquez Offensive">Los Blázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Alicante" title="Bombing of Alicante">Alicante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Granollers" title="Bombing of Granollers">Granollers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bielsa_pocket" title="Battle of Bielsa pocket">Bielsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Merida_pocket" title="Battle of the Merida pocket">2nd Mérida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro" title="Battle of the Ebro">Ebro</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gandesa_(1938)" title="Siege of Gandesa (1938)">2nd Gandesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cantabria_(1919)" title="SS Cantabria (1919)"><i>Cantabria</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cabra" title="Bombing of Cabra">Cabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sant_Vicen%C3%A7_de_Calders" title="Bombing of Sant Vicenç de Calders">Sant Vicenç de Calders</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War">1939</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_Offensive" title="Catalonia Offensive">Catalonia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valsequillo" title="Battle of Valsequillo">Valsequillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_X%C3%A0tiva" title="Bombing of Xàtiva">Xàtiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_La_Garriga" title="Bombing of La Garriga">La Garriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minorca_(1939)" title="Battle of Minorca (1939)">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_uprising" title="Cartagena uprising">Cartagena</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Final offensive</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guernica.museoreinasofia.es/en"><i>Rethinking Guernica</i> – Museo Reina Sofía site with more than 2000 documents referenced and a gigapixel image of the painting.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aestheticrealism.org/GUERNICA_dk.htm">Art Opposes Injustice! – Picasso's <i>Guernica</i>: For Life</a> by Dorothy Koppelman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jc1Nfx4c5LQ"><i>3-D Guernica</i>, YouTube</a></li> <li><i>Guardian</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/artblog/2007/apr/26/picassosguernicabattlelives">Picasso's <i>Guernica</i> Battle Lives On</a> 26 April 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elrelojdesol.com/zoomable-paintings/pablo-ruiz-picasso/index2.htm"><i>Guernica</i> – Zoomable version.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.org.uk/picasso/secret_guernica.html">Picasso's "Secret" <i>Guernica</i></a></li> <li><i>Socialist Worker</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=11233"><i>Guernica</i>: Shock and Awe in Paint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103241/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=11233">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 24 April 2007</li> <li><i>The New Yorker</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/19/060619craw_artworld?currentPage=all">Spanish Lessons, Picasso in Madrid</a> by Peter Schjeldahl, 19 June 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/23/arts/Picassos-Guernica.php">X-ray Shows Picasso's <i>Guernica</i> Painting has Suffered a lot but is not in Danger</a> Associated Press, 23 July 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guernicaremakings.com"><i>Guernica</i> Remakings</a> Website collating and analysing the activity of remaking versions the iconic painting.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guernica_(1937_painting)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guernica" title="Template:Guernica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guernica" title="Template talk:Guernica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guernica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guernica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guernica_(1937_painting)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernica</a></i> (1937 painting)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspiration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Bombing of Guernica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Larrea_(poet)" title="Juan Larrea (poet)">Juan Larrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Steer" title="George Steer">George Steer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_Centro_de_Arte_Reina_Sof%C3%ADa" title="Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía">Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">1937 Paris International Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cas%C3%B3n_del_Buen_Retiro" title="Casón del Buen Retiro">Casón del Buen Retiro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(1950_film)" title="Guernica (1950 film)">Guernica</a></i> (1950 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)#Season_2:_Picasso_(2018)" title="Genius (American TV series)">Genius</a></i> (2018 TV series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar" title="Dora Maar">Dora Maar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ferren" title="John Ferren">John Ferren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Llu%C3%ADs_Sert" title="Josep Lluís Sert">Josep Lluís Sert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pablo_Picasso" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pablo_Picasso" title="Template:Pablo Picasso"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pablo_Picasso" title="Template talk:Pablo Picasso"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pablo_Picasso" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pablo Picasso"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pablo_Picasso" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picasso%27s_Blue_Period" title="Picasso's Blue Period">Blue</a> (1901–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picasso%27s_Rose_Period" title="Picasso's Rose Period">Rose</a> (1904–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picasso%27s_African_Period" title="Picasso's African Period">African</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> (1910–1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Picasso_artworks_1889%E2%80%931900" title="List of Picasso artworks 1889–1900">1889–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Picasso_artworks_1901%E2%80%931910" title="List of Picasso artworks 1901–1910">1901–1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Picasso_artworks_1911%E2%80%931920" title="List of Picasso artworks 1911–1920">1911–1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Picasso_artworks_1921%E2%80%931930" title="List of Picasso artworks 1921–1930">1921–1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Picasso_artworks_1931%E2%80%931940" title="List of Picasso artworks 1931–1940">1931–1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Picasso_artworks_1941%E2%80%931950" title="List of Picasso artworks 1941–1950">1941–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Picasso_artworks_1951%E2%80%931960" title="List of Picasso artworks 1951–1960">1951–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Picasso_artworks_1961%E2%80%931970" title="List of Picasso artworks 1961–1970">1961–1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Picasso_artworks_1971%E2%80%931973" title="List of Picasso artworks 1971–1973">1971–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picasso%27s_written_works" title="Picasso's written works">Picasso's written works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_petit_picador_jaune" title="Le petit picador jaune">Le petit picador jaune</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Charity" title="Science and Charity">Science and Charity</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Moulin_de_la_Galette_(Picasso)" title="Le Moulin de la Galette (Picasso)">Le Moulin de la Galette</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Appointment_(Picasso)" title="The Appointment (Picasso)">The Appointment</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Child_with_a_Dove" title="Child with a Dove">Child with a Dove</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Gommeuse" title="La Gommeuse">La Gommeuse</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yo,_Picasso" title="Yo, Picasso">Yo, Picasso</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Jaime_Sabart%C3%A9s" title="Portrait of Jaime Sabartés">Portrait of Jaime Sabartés</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Room_(Picasso)" title="The Blue Room (Picasso)">The Blue Room</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Femme_aux_Bras_Crois%C3%A9s" title="Femme aux Bras Croisés">Femme aux Bras Croisés</a></i> (1901–1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Jewish_Man_with_a_Boy" title="Old Jewish Man with a Boy">Old Jewish Man with a Boy</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guitarist" title="The Old Guitarist">The Old Guitarist</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Vie_(painting)" title="La Vie (painting)">La Vie</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Angel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Soto" title="Portrait of Angel Fernández de Soto">Portrait of Angel Fernández de Soto</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Suzanne_Bloch" title="Portrait of Suzanne Bloch">Portrait of Suzanne Bloch</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Actor_(painting)" title="The Actor (painting)">The Actor</a></i> (1904–1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Ironing" title="Woman Ironing">Woman Ironing</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girl_in_a_Chemise" title="Girl in a Chemise">Girl in a Chemise</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1905</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acrobat_and_Young_Harlequin" title="Acrobat and Young Harlequin">Acrobat and Young Harlequin</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Saltimbanques" title="Family of Saltimbanques">Family of Saltimbanques</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%A7on_%C3%A0_la_pipe" title="Garçon à la pipe">Garçon à la pipe</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girl_on_a_Ball" title="Girl on a Ball">Girl on a Ball</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Noces_de_Pierrette" title="Les Noces de Pierrette">Les Noces de Pierrette</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Au_Lapin_Agile" title="Au Lapin Agile">Au Lapin Agile</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Girl_with_a_Flower_Basket" title="Young Girl with a Flower Basket">Young Girl with a Flower Basket</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Famille_d%27acrobates_avec_singe" title="Famille d'acrobates avec singe">Famille d'acrobates avec singe</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boy_Leading_a_Horse" title="Boy Leading a Horse">Boy Leading a Horse</a></i> (1905–1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Gertrude_Stein" title="Portrait of Gertrude Stein">Portrait of Gertrude Stein</a></i> (1905–1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Head_of_a_Young_Woman" title="Head of a Young Woman">Head of a Young Woman</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i></span> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_a_Fan_(Picasso,_1908)" title="Woman with a Fan (Picasso, 1908)">Woman with a Fan</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brick_Factory_at_Tortosa" title="Brick Factory at Tortosa">Brick Factory at Tortosa</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_a_Fan_(Picasso,_1909)" title="Woman with a Fan (Picasso, 1909)">Woman with a Fan</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Femme_et_pot_de_moutarde" title="Femme et pot de moutarde">Femme et pot de moutarde</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girl_with_a_Mandolin" title="Girl with a Mandolin">Girl with a Mandolin</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Ambroise_Vollard_(Picasso)" title="Portrait of Ambroise Vollard (Picasso)">Portrait of Ambroise Vollard</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniel-Henry_Kahnweiler_(Picasso)" title="Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (Picasso)">Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Accordionist" title="The Accordionist">The Accordionist</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_pigeon_aux_petits_pois" title="Le pigeon aux petits pois">Le pigeon aux petits pois</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Coiffeuse" title="La Coiffeuse">La Coiffeuse</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violon_et_Raisins" title="Violon et Raisins">Violon et Raisins</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bottle,_Glass,_Fork" title="Bottle, Glass, Fork">Bottle, Glass, Fork</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Jolie_(Picasso,_New_York)" title="Ma Jolie (Picasso, New York)">Ma Jolie</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arlequin_(Kunstmuseum,_The_Hague)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlequin (Kunstmuseum, The Hague)">Arlequin</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Jolie_(Picasso,_Indianapolis)" title="Ma Jolie (Picasso, Indianapolis)">Ma Jolie</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Musicians_(Picasso)" title="Three Musicians (Picasso)">Three Musicians</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reading_the_Letter" title="Reading the Letter">Reading the Letter</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1921</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pipes_of_Pan_(painting)" title="The Pipes of Pan (painting)">The Pipes of Pan</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Dancers" title="The Three Dancers">The Three Dancers</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_a_Red_Armchair" title="Woman in a Red Armchair">Woman in a Red Armchair</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Repos_(Picasso)" title="Le Repos (Picasso)">Le Repos</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girl_before_a_Mirror" title="Girl before a Mirror">Girl before a Mirror</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Lecture" title="La Lecture">La Lecture</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%AAve_(Picasso)" title="Le Rêve (Picasso)">Le Rêve</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nude,_Green_Leaves_and_Bust" title="Nude, Green Leaves and Bust">Nude, Green Leaves and Bust</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_in_a_Black_Armchair" title="Nude in a Black Armchair">Nude in a Black Armchair</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Femme_%C3%A0_la_montre" title="Femme à la montre">Femme à la montre</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Girls_Reading" title="Two Girls Reading">Two Girls Reading</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Fille_Endormie" title="Jeune Fille Endormie">Jeune Fille Endormie</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernica</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Dora_Maar" title="Portrait of Dora Maar">Portrait of Dora Maar</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_Hat_and_Fur_Collar" title="Woman in Hat and Fur Collar">Woman in Hat and Fur Collar</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weeping_Woman" title="The Weeping Woman">The Weeping Woman</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girl_with_a_Red_Beret_and_Pompom" title="Girl with a Red Beret and Pompom">Girl with a Red Beret and Pompom</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Femme_au_b%C3%A9ret_et_%C3%A0_la_robe_quadrill%C3%A9e_(Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Walter)" title="Femme au béret et à la robe quadrillée (Marie-Thérèse Walter)">Femme au béret et à la robe quadrillée (Marie-Thérèse Walter)</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maya_with_Doll" title="Maya with Doll">Maya with Doll</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Head_(Picasso)" title="Woman's Head (Picasso)">Woman's Head</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar_au_Chat" title="Dora Maar au Chat">Dora Maar au Chat</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charnel_House" title="The Charnel House">The Charnel House</a></i> (1944–1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_morte_au_poron" title="Nature morte au poron">Nature morte au poron</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Korea" title="Massacre in Korea">Massacre in Korea</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Femmes_d%27Alger" title="Les Femmes d'Alger"><i>Les Femmes d'Alger</i> series</a> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Las_Meninas_(Picasso)" title="Las Meninas (Picasso)">Las Meninas</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Icarus_(Picasso)" title="The Fall of Icarus (Picasso)">The Fall of Icarus</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_a_Seated_Woman_(Jacqueline_Roque)" title="Bust of a Seated Woman (Jacqueline Roque)">Bust of a Seated Woman (Jacqueline Roque)</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_(painting)" title="Jacqueline (painting)">Jacqueline</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Femme_au_Chien" title="Femme au Chien">Femme au Chien</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_a_Woman_(Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se)" title="Bust of a Woman (Marie-Thérèse)">Bust of a Woman (Marie-Thérèse)</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AAte_de_femme_(Dora_Maar)" title="Tête de femme (Dora Maar)">Tête de femme (Dora Maar)</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull%27s_Head" title="Bull's Head">Bull's Head</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baboon_and_Young" title="Baboon and Young">Baboon and Young</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Figure_d%C3%A9coup%C3%A9e" title="Figure découpée">Figure découpée</a></i> (1963, 1964, 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Picasso" title="Chicago Picasso">Chicago Picasso</a> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvette" title="Sylvette">Sylvette</a></i> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Etchings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vollard_Suite" title="Vollard Suite">Vollard Suite</a></i> (1930–1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_Kneeling_over_Sleeping_Girl" title="Minotaur Kneeling over Sleeping Girl">Minotaur Kneeling over Sleeping Girl</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minotauromachy" title="Minotauromachy">Minotauromachy</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_and_Lie_of_Franco" title="The Dream and Lie of Franco">The Dream and Lie of Franco</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/347_Series" title="347 Series">347 Series</a></i> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drawings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Girl_from_Majorca" title="Girl from Majorca">Girl from Majorca</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(Picasso)" title="Don Quixote (Picasso)">Don Quixote</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toros_y_toreros" title="Toros y toreros">Toros y toreros</a></i> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lithographs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Taureau" title="Le Taureau">Le Taureau</a></i> (1945–1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dove_(Picasso)" title="Dove (Picasso)">Dove</a></i> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Murals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picasso%27s_Regjeringskvartalet_murals" title="Picasso's Regjeringskvartalet murals">Regjeringskvartalet murals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Desire_Caught_by_the_Tail" title="Desire Caught by the Tail">Desire Caught by the Tail</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1941</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Little_Girls" title="The Four Little Girls">The Four Little Girls</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1947–1948</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picasso%27s_written_works" title="Picasso's written works">Picasso's written works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballet designs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picasso_and_the_Ballets_Russes" title="Picasso and the Ballets Russes">Picasso and the Ballets Russes</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parade_(ballet)" title="Parade (ballet)">Parade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three-Cornered_Hat" title="The Three-Cornered Hat">The Three-Cornered Hat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulcinella_(ballet)" title="Pulcinella (ballet)">Pulcinella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Train_Bleu_(ballet)" title="Le Train Bleu (ballet)">Le Train Bleu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mercure_(ballet)" title="Mercure (ballet)">Mercure</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso" title="Musée Picasso">Musée Picasso</a> <small>(Paris)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso_(Antibes)" title="Musée Picasso (Antibes)">Musée Picasso</a> <small>(Antibes)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museu_Picasso" title="Museu Picasso">Museu Picasso</a> <small>(Barcelona)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Picasso_M%C3%A1laga" title="Museo Picasso Málaga">Museo Picasso Málaga</a> <small>(Malaga)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3n_Picasso" title="Fundación Picasso">Museo Casa Natal</a> <small>(Malaga)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Boisgeloup" title="Château de Boisgeloup">Château de Boisgeloup</a> <small>(Normandy)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernande_Olivier" title="Fernande Olivier">Fernande Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Walter" title="Marie-Thérèse Walter">Marie-Thérèse Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Maar" title="Dora Maar">Dora Maar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Gilot" title="Françoise Gilot">Françoise Gilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Laporte" title="Geneviève Laporte">Geneviève Laporte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Khokhlova" title="Olga Khokhlova">Olga Khokhlova</a> <small>(first wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Roque" title="Jacqueline Roque">Jacqueline Roque</a> <small>(second wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Widmaier-Picasso" title="Maya Widmaier-Picasso">Maya Widmaier-Picasso</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Picasso" title="Claude Picasso">Claude Picasso</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloma_Picasso" title="Paloma Picasso">Paloma Picasso</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Widmaier_Picasso" title="Diana Widmaier Picasso">Diana Widmaier Picasso</a> <small>(granddaughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Picasso" title="Marina Picasso">Marina Picasso</a> <small>(granddaughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ruiz-Picasso" title="Bernard Ruiz-Picasso">Bernard Ruiz-Picasso</a> <small>(grandson)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ruiz_y_Blasco" title="José Ruiz y Blasco">José Ruiz y Blasco</a> <small>(father)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residences<br />(France)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bateau-Lavoir" title="Bateau-Lavoir">Bateau-Lavoir</a> (Montmartre Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Vigie,_Juan-les-Pins" title="Villa La Vigie, Juan-les-Pins">Villa La Vigie</a> (Juan-les-Pins, Summer 1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Boisgeloup" title="Château de Boisgeloup">Château de Boisgeloup</a> (Gisors, 1930–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Vauvenargues" title="Château of Vauvenargues">Château of Vauvenargues</a> (Vauvenargues, 1958–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Californie" title="Villa La Californie">Villa La Californie</a> (Cannes, 1955–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vie,_Mougins" title="Château de Vie, Mougins">Château de Vie</a> (Mougins, 1961–1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films and<br />television about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Visit_to_Picasso" title="Visit to Picasso">Visit to Picasso</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(1950_film)" title="Guernica (1950 film)">Guernica</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Picasso" title="The Mystery of Picasso">The Mystery of Picasso</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Picasso" title="The Adventures of Picasso">The Adventures of Picasso</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surviving_Picasso" title="Surviving Picasso">Surviving Picasso</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picasso:_Magic,_Sex_%26_Death" title="Picasso: Magic, Sex & Death">Picasso: Magic, Sex & Death</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modigliani_(film)" title="Modigliani (film)">Modigliani</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)" title="Genius (American TV series)">Genius</a></i> (2018 TV series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carles_Casagemas" title="Carles Casagemas">Carles Casagemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nesjar" title="Carl Nesjar">Carl Nesjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Corbett" title="Lydia Corbett">Lydia Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lump_(dog)" title="Lump (dog)">Lump (dog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3n_Picasso" title="Fundación Picasso">Fundación Picasso</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picasso._In_the_heart_of_darkness_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Picasso. In the heart of darkness (1939–1945)">Picasso. In the heart of darkness (1939–1945)</a></i> (2019–2020 exhibition)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picasso_%26_Lump" title="Picasso & Lump">Picasso & Lump</a></i> (2006 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Basel_Picasso_paintings_purchase_referendum" title="1967 Basel Picasso paintings purchase referendum">Picasso referendum of Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft_of_The_Weeping_Woman_from_the_National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="Theft of The Weeping Woman from the National Gallery of Victoria">Theft of <i>The Weeping Woman</i> from the National Gallery of Victoria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Pablo_Picasso" title="Portrait of Pablo Picasso">Portrait of Pablo Picasso</a></i> (1915 painting)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/If_I_Told_Him:_A_Completed_Portrait_of_Picasso" title="If I Told Him: A Completed Portrait of Picasso">If I Told Him: A Completed Portrait of Picasso</a>" (1924 poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman,_Bird,_Star_(Homage_to_Pablo_Picasso)" title="Woman, Bird, Star (Homage to Pablo Picasso)">Woman, Bird, Star (Homage to Pablo Picasso)</a></i> (1973 painting)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso_(song)" title="Pablo Picasso (song)">Pablo Picasso</a>" (1976 song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Guitar" title="The Blue Guitar">The Blue Guitar</a></i> (1977 etchings)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picasso_at_the_Lapin_Agile" title="Picasso at the Lapin Agile">Picasso at the Lapin Agile</a></i> (1993 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picasso_(crater)" title="Picasso (crater)">Picasso (crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Queen_Sofía_Art_Center_National_Museum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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id="Queen_Sofía_Art_Center_National_Museum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_Centro_de_Arte_Reina_Sof%C3%ADa" title="Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía">Queen Sofía Art Center National Museum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Buildings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buildings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sabatini building</li> <li>Nouvel building</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Cristal_del_Retiro" title="Palacio de Cristal del Retiro">Crystal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Palacio de Velázquez">Velázquez Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Paintings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Paintings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Spanish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="smallcaps"><b>Casas</b></span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Garrote_vil_(Garrotte)" title="Garrote vil (Garrotte)">Garrote vil</a></i></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><b>Dalí</b></span>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Enigma_of_Hitler" title="The Enigma of Hitler">The Enigma of Hitler</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Masturbator" title="The Great Masturbator">The Great Masturbator</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Man_(painting)" title="The Invisible Man (painting)">The Invisible Man</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Woman_at_a_Window" title="Young Woman at a Window">Young Woman at a Window</a></i></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><b>Gris</b></span>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anisette_Bottle" title="The Anisette Bottle">The Anisette Bottle</a></i></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><b>Miró</b></span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Woman,_Bird,_Star_(Homage_to_Pablo_Picasso)" title="Woman, Bird, Star (Homage to Pablo Picasso)">Woman, Bird, Star (Homage to Pablo Picasso)</a></i></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><b>Picasso</b></span>: <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernica</a></i> - <i><a href="/wiki/Head_of_a_Young_Woman" title="Head of a Young Woman">Head of a Young Woman</a></i></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><b>Renau</b></span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Tropic_(Josep_Renau)" title="Tropic (Josep Renau)">Tropic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="smallcaps"><b>Delaunay</b></span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Tristan_Tzara" title="Portrait of Tristan Tzara">Portrait of Tristan Tzara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Sculptures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sculptures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="American" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="smallcaps"><b>Serra</b></span>: <i><a href="/wiki/Equal-Parallel/Guernica-Bengasi" title="Equal-Parallel/Guernica-Bengasi">Equal-Parallel/Guernica-Bengasi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1937_Paris_International_Exposition_of_Arts_and_Techniques_Applied_to_Modern_Life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1937_Paris_International_Exposition_of_Arts_and_Techniques_Applied_to_Modern_Life" title="Template:1937 Paris International Exposition of Arts and Techniques Applied to Modern Life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1937_Paris_International_Exposition_of_Arts_and_Techniques_Applied_to_Modern_Life" title="Template talk:1937 Paris International Exposition of Arts and Techniques Applied to Modern Life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1937_Paris_International_Exposition_of_Arts_and_Techniques_Applied_to_Modern_Life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1937 Paris International Exposition of Arts and Techniques Applied to Modern Life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1937_Paris_International_Exposition_of_Arts_and_Techniques_Applied_to_Modern_Life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">1937 Paris International Exposition of Arts and Techniques Applied to Modern Life</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Site</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars" title="Champ de Mars">Champ de Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a>, esplanade des <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Invalides</a> and banks of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pavilions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Chaillot" title="Palais de Chaillot">Palais de Chaillot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Tokyo" title="Palais de Tokyo">Palace of the Museums of Modern Art</a></li> <li>Pavilion of Spain <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guernica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_fountain" title="Mercury fountain">Mercury fountain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reaper_(Mir%C3%B3_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reaper (Miró painting)">The Reaper</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Pavilion of the USSR <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Worker_and_Kolkhoz_Woman" title="Worker and Kolkhoz Woman">Worker and Kolkhoz Woman</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naissance_d%27une_cit%C3%A9" title="Naissance d'une cité">Naissance d'une cité</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerelle_Debilly" title="Passerelle Debilly">Passerelle Debilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III" title="Pont Alexandre III">Pont Alexandre III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Métro <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_8" title="Paris Métro Line 8">Line 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_10" title="Paris Métro Line 10">Line 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_14_(1937%E2%80%9376)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Métro Line 14 (1937–76)">Line 14</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_des_belles_eaux" title="Fête des belles eaux">Fête des belles eaux</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phare_du_Monde" title="Phare du Monde">Phare du Monde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175036#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175036#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175036#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/184003393">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4103358-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98095625">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968416h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11968416h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2008484276&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007592874505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027697363">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/images/222754">RKD ID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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