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Accurate is Portable XRF Compared to Fire Assay for Gold Analysis?</span></div></div></header> <section class="hero-banner" style="background-image:url(https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2020/10/istock-172703385_goldnecklace.jpg)"> </section> <div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="post-11139 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-metals-and-alloys category-precious-metals tag-gold-necklace tag-how-to-tell-if-gold-is-real tag-how-to-tell-if-jewelery-is-real tag-is-gold-real tag-jewelry tag-precious-metals-2 tag-precious-metals-analysis entry" aria-label="How Accurate is Portable XRF Compared to Fire Assay for Gold Analysis?"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">How Accurate is Portable XRF Compared to Fire Assay for Gold Analysis?</h1> <span class="post-info-author"> By <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/author/juanpablozuluaga/" title="Posts by Juan Pablo Zuluaga" rel="author">Juan Pablo Zuluaga</a> </span> <span class="post-info-date"> 06.10.2024 </span> </header><div class="entry-content"><p>A very common question we receive from folks in the precious metals business is about the accuracy of <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/spectroscopy-elemental-isotope-analysis/portable-analysis-material-id/portable-metal-manufacturing-inspection-recycling-solutions/portable-precious-metals-jewelry-analysis.html?icid=CAD_blog_metals_2024June" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">portable XRF technology</a>.</p> <p>Pawn shops, jewelers, and cash-for-gold operations need to accurately assess if a piece of jewelry is made of real gold and precious metals or if it’s alloyed with other metals, and more importantly, the percentage of the precious metal content so value can be determined.</p> <p>You cannot always tell the exact metal, or the percentage of precious metals in a piece, just by looking at it.</p> <h2>What is Fire Assay</h2> <p>Fire assay is a widely used method for determining the concentration of precious metals, such as gold and silver, in various materials. It is a highly accurate and reliable technique that has been used for centuries.</p> <p>The fire assay process involves several steps. Firstly, a representative sample of the material is taken and mixed with various reagents, including lead, fluxes, and collectors. This mixture is then heated in a furnace at high temperatures, typically around 1,100 to 1,200 degrees Celsius.</p> <p>During this heating process, the precious metals in the sample form a molten alloy with the added lead, while impurities are oxidized and absorbed by the fluxes. The molten alloy is then poured into a mold and allowed to cool, forming a solid button or bead.</p> <p>Next, the solid button is typically subjected to a process called cupellation. Cupellation involves heating the button in a furnace at a temperature of around 950 to 1,000 degrees Celsius in the presence of oxygen. As the button is heated, the lead in the alloy oxidizes and is absorbed by the cupel, leaving behind a bead of precious metals.</p> <p>The final step involves weighing the precious metal bead and calculating its concentration based on the weight of the original sample. This concentration is typically reported as a percentage or in parts per million (ppm).</p> <p>Fire assay is the most accurate technique, and is considered the legal method for gold hallmarking, but it is a destructive method because you have to melt the piece in order to determine the gold or other metal concentration.</p> <h2>What is XRF Technology</h2> <p>Portable <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/spectroscopy-elemental-isotope-analysis/spectroscopy-elemental-isotope-analysis-learning-center/elemental-analysis-information/xrf-technology.html?icid=CAD_blog_metals_2020Oct">X-Ray Fluorescence</a> (XRF) technology is another technique commonly used in pawn shops, cash-for-gold operations, and jewelry stores. With <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/DXLPRECIOUS?icid=CAD_blog_metals_2024June">XRF precious metals analyzers</a> the shop workers can measure the content of all gold and precious metals, as well as determine the presence and concentration of other trace, alloying elements, and dangerous heavy elements, which could impact health and the valuation of the pieces. Most importantly, it is a non-destructive technology, so the piece does not lose any value during testing. This is an especially important factor if you’re dealing with high value items.</p> <p>XRF is an acronym for X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. XRF is a non-destructive analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of materials. Handheld XRF analyzers work by measuring the fluorescent (or secondary) X-rays emitted from a sample when excited by a primary X-ray source. Each of the elements present in a sample produces a set of characteristic fluorescent X-rays, or “unique fingerprints”. These “fingerprints” are distinct for each element, making handheld XRF analysis an excellent tool for quantitative and qualitative measurements.</p> <h2>Fire Assay vs XRF</h2> <p>To alleviate concerns, we conducted a study, tested samples, and compared XRF precious metals analysis with fire assay. We analyzed six large and flat items made of different types of gold with various grades and various compositions, and we found that accuracy was typically within 0.1 or 0.2% of the fire assay results.</p> <p>We then analyzed small and irregular samples and found out that the accuracy was better than 0.5 weight percent. Here’s a chart so you can see at a glance the results for the various pieces of gold.</p> <p><img decoding="async" style="vertical-align: middle;border: 0;margin: 10px" title="achievable accuracy of xrf for precious metals" src="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2020/10/xrfaccuracypreciousmetals.jpg" alt="achievable accuracy of xrf for precious metals" width="700" height="328" /></p> <p>There are a few exceptions to this study. We do not recommend using portable XRF analysis on gold-filled jewelry, gold bars, and bullions. If it is used, we strongly suggest that a secondary analysis is done just to ensure the absence of thick plating or any adulteration.</p> <p>We’ve gone into more details about precious metals, alloys, and their testing methods in our webinar <em><a href="https://players.brightcove.net/665001591001/blevZSYeT_default/index.html?videoId=6163404663001">Not All that Glitters is Gold</a>.</em> You can download the recording anytime and see a demo of the analyzers in action.</p> <h2>Additional Resources</h2> <ul> <li>Download the recording<em>: </em><a href="https://players.brightcove.net/665001591001/blevZSYeT_default/index.html?videoId=6163404663001"><em>Not All that Glitters is Gold</em></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/industrial/spectroscopy-elemental-isotope-analysis/spectroscopy-elemental-isotope-analysis-learning-center/elemental-analysis-information/xrf-technology.html?icid=CAD_blog_metals_2024June">How does handheld XRF work?</a></li> <li>ebook: <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/global/forms/industrial/xrf-ebook-download-request.html?icid=CAD_blog_metals_2024June"><em>XRF in the Field: XRF Technology for the Non-Scientist</em></a></li> </ul> <p><em>Editor’s Note: This article was originally published October 13, 2020, but has been updated, refreshed with new information, and broken links repaired.</em></p> <aside class="mashsb-container mashsb-main "><div class="mashsb_above_buttons">Share this article </div><div class="mashsb-box"><div class="mashsb-count mash-large" style="float:left"><div class="counts mashsbcount">222</div><span class="mashsb-sharetext">SHARES</span></div><div class="mashsb-buttons"><a class="mashicon-facebook mash-large mashsb-noshadow" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thermofisher.com%2Fblog%2Fmetals%2Fhow-accurate-is-portable-xrf-compared-to-fire-assay-for-gold-analysis%2F" target="_top" rel="nofollow"><span class="icon"></span><span 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id="article-comment-22878"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2942fae16d08ebf1e73a102db9868394?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2942fae16d08ebf1e73a102db9868394?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">orvie zimmerman</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/how-accurate-is-portable-xrf-compared-to-fire-assay-for-gold-analysis/#comment-22878">January 20, 2023 at 5:28 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>How does a hand XRF analyze the platinum group metals?</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-22878' data-commentid="22878" data-postid="11139" data-belowelement="article-comment-22878" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to orvie zimmerman" aria-label='Reply to orvie zimmerman'>Reply</a></div> </article> <ul class="children"> <li class="comment byuser comment-author-mgasdiacochrane odd alt depth-2" id="comment-22972"> <article id="article-comment-22972"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/abea46e024ce507a3fcbc7ddbec992ee?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/abea46e024ce507a3fcbc7ddbec992ee?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/how-accurate-is-portable-xrf-compared-to-fire-assay-for-gold-analysis/#comment-22972">January 27, 2023 at 7:56 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Maybe this article can help: XRF Helps Meet the Platinum Group Metals Mining Challenge <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/xrf-helps-meet-the-platinum-group-metals-mining-challenge/" rel="nofollow ugc">https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/xrf-helps-meet-the-platinum-group-metals-mining-challenge/</a></p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-22972' data-commentid="22972" data-postid="11139" data-belowelement="article-comment-22972" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane" aria-label='Reply to Marlene Gasdia-Cochrane'>Reply</a></div> </article> <ul class="children"> <li class="comment even depth-3" id="comment-28552"> <article id="article-comment-28552"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2942fae16d08ebf1e73a102db9868394?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2942fae16d08ebf1e73a102db9868394?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">orvie zimmerman</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/how-accurate-is-portable-xrf-compared-to-fire-assay-for-gold-analysis/#comment-28552">April 22, 2024 at 6:42 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>How good is the XRF on analyzing a complex clausthalite ore that contains all the precious metals and base metals with the monazite rare earth minerals. Here is a list of the minerals and metals that were analyzed with microbe at the Colorado School of Mines, Au,Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cu, PB, Sb, AS, Hg, MN, Fe, Sn SE, Te, W, Co, Mo, Bi,V, and the monazite rare earth group, I thank you for the info on platinum metals.</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-28552' data-commentid="28552" data-postid="11139" data-belowelement="article-comment-28552" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to orvie zimmerman" aria-label='Reply to orvie zimmerman'>Reply</a></div> </article> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-28551"> <article id="article-comment-28551"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author"> <img alt='' src='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2942fae16d08ebf1e73a102db9868394?s=48&d=mm&r=g' srcset='httpss://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2942fae16d08ebf1e73a102db9868394?s=96&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/><span class="comment-author-name">orvie zimmerman</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/how-accurate-is-portable-xrf-compared-to-fire-assay-for-gold-analysis/#comment-28551">April 22, 2024 at 6:40 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content"> <p>How good is the XRF on analyzing a complex clausthalite ore that contains all the precious metals and base metals with the monazite rare earth minerals. Here is a list of the minerals and metals that were analyzed with microbe at the Colorado School of Mines, Au,Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cu, PB, Sb, AS, Hg, MN, Fe, Sn SE, Te, W, Co, Mo, Bi,V, and the monazite rare earth group, I thank you for the info on platinum metals.</p> </div> <div class="comment-reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='#comment-28551' data-commentid="28551" data-postid="11139" data-belowelement="article-comment-28551" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to orvie zimmerman" aria-label='Reply to orvie zimmerman'>Reply</a></div> </article> </li> </ol></div> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/metals/how-accurate-is-portable-xrf-compared-to-fire-assay-for-gold-analysis/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment">Comment <span class="required">*</span></label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="65525" required></textarea></p><p class="comment-form-author"><label for="author">Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" autocomplete="name" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-email"><label for="email">Email <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" maxlength="100" aria-describedby="email-notes" autocomplete="email" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-url"><label for="url">Website</label> <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" maxlength="200" autocomplete="url" /></p> <p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='11139' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="e0479bf8da" /></p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_2" name="ak_js" value="39"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div> <div class="adjacent-entry-pagination pagination"><div class="pagination-previous alignleft"><i class="fa fa-icon fa-chevron-left"></i> <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/edxrf-measures-platinum-group-metals-in-automotive-catalytic-converters/" rel="prev">EDXRF Measures Platinum Group Metals in Automotive Catalytic Converters</a></div><div class="pagination-next alignright"><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/do-you-really-need-to-calibrate-your-xrf-analyzer-annually/" rel="next">Enhancing Your XRF Instrument Investment: The Value of Preventative Maintenance</a> <i class="fa fa-icon fa-chevron-right"></i></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrap"><div class="creds"><p class="footer-links"><a href="https://corporate.thermofisher.com/en/footer/privacy-statement.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Privacy Statement</a><a href="https://corporate.thermofisher.com/en/footer/terms-and-conditions.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Terms & Conditions</a><a href="/blog/locations/">Locations</a><a href="/blog/sitemap/">Sitemap</a></p><p>© 2024 <a href="https://www.thermofisher.com">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a>. 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