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attr-class="curent_tax">Multiplatform</a></li> <li><a href="/ko/kotlin/category/ecosystem/" >Ecosystem</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section class="article-section" data-clarity-region="article"> <div class="content js-toc-content"> <a href="/ko/kotlin/category/multiplatform/" class="tag">Multiplatform</a> <h1 id="major-updates">2025년 Kotlin Multiplatform 개발 로드맵</h1> <div class="author-post"> <div class="author-post__info"> <div class="author-post__info-avatars "> <img src="https://blog.jetbrains.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/jessie-200x200.jpg" width="200" height="200" alt="Jessie Cho" loading="lazy" class="avatar"> </div> <div class="author-post__text"> <div class="author-post__text-title"> <a href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/ko/author/jessie-chojetbrains-com">Jessie Cho</a> </div> <time class="publish-date" data-year="2024" data-month="11" data-day="04" data-hours="16" data-minutes="43" datetime="2024-11-04"></time> </div> </div> <div class="author-post__language"><p data-nosnippet>Read this post in other languages:</p><ul class="author-post__language-list"><li><a href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2024/10/kotlin-multiplatform-development-roadmap-for-2025/">English</a></li>, <li><a href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/zh-hans/kotlin/2024/11/kotlin-multiplatform-development-roadmap-for-2025/">简体中文</a></li></ul></div> </div> <p>이제 Kotlin Multiplatform이 확고히 자리를 잡게 되면서 Shopify, Forbes, Haier와 Zürcher Kantonalbank와 같은 주요 기업을 포함한 전 세계의 개발 팀이 프로덕션 환경에서 Kotlin Multiplatform을 활용할 수 있게 되었습니다. 2024년 5월에 열린 Google I/O에서 Google은 Android와 iOS 간에 비즈니스 로직을 공유할 수 있도록 Kotlin Multiplatform을 공식 지원한다고 발표했습니다. 이 발표와 다른 주목할 만한 개선 덕분에 이 기술을 더욱 안정화하고 다듬을 수 있는 탄탄한 토대가 마련되었습니다.</p> <p>JetBrains는 2025년에 Compose Multiplatform for iOS를 안정화 버전으로 업그레이드하고, 올인원 KMP IDE와 Kotlin에서 Swift로 내보내기 기능을 처음으로 공식 출시할 뿐만 아니라 핵심 기술, 도구 및 라이브러리를 크게 개선하는 등 Kotlin Multiplatform 에코 시스템을 강화하는 데 집중합니다. JetBrains의 내년 주요 우선 순위와 목표에 관해서 알아보려면 계속 읽어주세요.</p> <p>또한, JetBrains의 진화하는 비전을 반영하기 위해 <a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/roadmap.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kotlin 로드맵</a>도 최근 업데이트하였으니, 확인해 보시고 JetBrains의 계획에 관한 인사이트를 얻어 보세요.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Compose Multiplatform</h2> <p>JetBrains는 지원되는 모든 플랫폼에서 디자인의 일관성이 유지되고, 아름답고 성능이 뛰어난 애플리케이션을 만들 수 있는 프레임워크인 Compose Multiplatform을 개발하기 위해 최선을 다하고 있습니다. 최우선 목표는 <strong>iOS 대상의 안정화 릴리스</strong>를 출시하는 것입니다. 이는 다른 타깃 플랫폼의 경험을 개선하는 데에도 도움이 됩니다.</p> <p>현재 집중하고 있는 몇 가지 주요 영역은 다음과 같습니다.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Jetpack Compose 기능 동일화</strong>. 모든 핵심 API와 구성 요소가 멀티플랫폼을 지원하도록 하기 위해 작업 중입니다. 작업이 많이 진척되었지만, 아직 안정화 릴리스를 내려면 해결해야 할 요소가 일부 남아 있습니다. 초점은 이 프로세스를 간소화하는 인프라 변경에 두고 있습니다.</li> <li><strong>iOS 렌더링 성능</strong>. iOS의 렌더링 성능도 크게 개선되었습니다. 다음 단계는 벤치마크 인프라를 구현해 성능 저하를 포착하여 사용자가 프레임워크의 성능을 투명하게 파악할 수 있게 만드는 것입니다.</li> <li><strong>핵심 구성 요소의 기능 완성</strong>. 탐색, 리소스 관리, 접근성 및 국제화를 포함한 필수 기능의 완성을 최우선으로 진행하고 있습니다.</li> <li>Compose와 네이티브 뷰의 상호 운용성을 안정화하는 것도 주요 목표입니다.</li> <li><strong>프레임워크의 전반적인 안정화.</strong> JetBrains는 Compose Multiplatform 테스트 버전을 통해 프레임워크의 전반적인 안정성을 개선하고 사용자 경험을 개선하려고 합니다.</li> <li><strong>문서</strong>. 사용자가 Compose Multiplatform을 배우고 사용하는 데 필요한 모든 리소스를 한 곳에서 제공하려고 합니다.</li> </ul> <p>또한, 웹에 제공되는 기능을 다른 플랫폼과 동등하게 만들기 위해 주력하고 있습니다. 여기에는 드래그앤드롭 지원, 텍스트 입력 및 렌더링 개선과 HTML 페이지 콘텐츠와의 상호 운용성 보장이 포함됩니다. 이미 Android Studio와 IntelliJ IDEA 코드 베이스에서 사용되고 있는 데스크톱용 Compose Multiplatform에 Jetpack Compose의 신규 API를 도입하며, 성능도 계속 개선하고 있습니다.</p> <p>이러한 이니셔티브를 통해, Compose Multiplatform을 한 줄의 구성만으로 모든 플랫폼을 지원할 수 있는 최고의 애플리케이션 빌드 도구로 만들려고 합니다.</p> <h1 class="wp-block-heading">도구</h1> <p>Kotlin Multiplatform에서 탁월한 개발 경험을 제공하려는 노력은 계속됩니다. 목표는 여러 IDE를 전환해야 하는 상황을 줄여 전체 플랫폼 간에 원활하게 통합된 워크플로를 제공하는 것입니다.</p> <p>IntelliJ IDEA나 Android Studio와 같이 Kotlin Multiplatform 개발에 일반적으로 사용되는 IDE와 KMP를 원활하게 통합하여 비즈니스 로직이나 UI를 더 간단히 공유할 수 있도록 하려고 합니다.</p> <p>기존의 모든 플랫폼에 강력한 KMP 지원 제공을 계속 우선시하겠지만, 전용 IDE도 필요하다고 생각합니다. 그래서 <strong>독립실행형 KMP IDE</strong>를 공식 출시하기 위한 작업을 진행 중입니다. 이 IDE는 Kotlin Multiplatform 개발에 특화되어 있고, 모든 것을 갖춘 최적화된 환경을 제공할 예정입니다. 이 릴리스에서는 모바일 시나리오에 집중하고 있으며 목표는 다음과 같습니다.</p> <ul> <li>개발자가 여러 IDE 간에 전환할 필요가 없도록 만들려고 합니다.</li> <li>언어 지원을 강화하여 동등하게 탁월한 Kotlin과 Swift 경험을 제공하는 동시에, 두 언어의 원활한 상호 운용성을 구현하는 데 초점을 두고 있습니다.</li> <li>개발자가 iOS와 Android 모두에서 자신 있게 생산적으로 작업할 수 있도록 간소화된 통합 워크플로를 만들어 일관성과 명확성을 제공하려고 합니다.</li> </ul> <p>앞으로 개발 경험을 향상할 수 있는 새로운 영역이 있는지도 살펴보고 있습니다.</p> <ul> <li>Apple 기기를 사용할 수 없는 개발자를 위해 클라우드 시스템을 활용하여 iOS 플랫폼용 앱을 빌드하는 방법을 살펴보는 중입니다.</li> <li>AI 도구를 더 긴밀하게 통합하여 코드를 생성할 때뿐만 아니라 복잡한 개발 작업을 해결할 때에도 도움을 받아 전체적으로 효율성을 높일 수 있도록 하려고 합니다.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Kotlin에서 Swift로 내보내기</h2> <p><strong>Kotlin에서 Swift로 직접 내보내기</strong>를 빠르게 개발하고 있습니다. 2024년에는 <a href="https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin/blob/master/docs/swift-export/architecture.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">아키텍처의 기반</a>을 마련하였으며 이제 더 많은 Kotlin 기능을 지원하기 위한 작업을 반복하고 있습니다. 현재 2025년 목표는 첫 번째 공개 버전을 출시하는 것입니다. 이 초기 릴리스에서는 Objective-C의 제약을 극복하면서 기존의 Objective-C 내보내기와 유사한 사용자 경험을 제공하는 것이 목표입니다. 이를 통해 Swift 언어 지원이 확장되고 더욱 원활한 API 내보내기가 가능해집니다. 또한 이를 기반으로 추후 Swift로 내보내기를 활용한 개선 사항이 나올 수 있습니다.</p> <p><a href="https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/KT-64572/The-first-public-release-of-Swift-Export" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">YouTrack</a>에서 진행 상황을 알아보거나 공개 Slack 채널인 <a href="https://slack-chats.kotlinlang.org/c/swift-export" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">#swift-export</a>에서 논의에 참여하실 수 있습니다.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">라이브러리 에코시스템</h2> <p>Kotlin Multiplatform 에코시스템이 빠르게 확장됨에 따라 라이브러리의 역호환성이 중요해졌습니다. 이를 보장하려면 JetBrains 팀과 라이브러리 작성자가 서로 협력해야 합니다. 앞으로의 계획은 다음과 같습니다.</p> <ul> <li>라이브러리 작성자가 JVM 라이브러리 빌드 지식을 활용할 수 있도록 klib 형식을 개선하려고 합니다.</li> <li>JVM과 마찬가지로 Kotlin Multiplatform 라이브러리에서 동일한 코드 인라인화 동작을 구현하려고 합니다.</li> <li>멀티플랫폼 라이브러리 공개 API가 호환되는지 확인할 수 있는 도구를 제공하려고 합니다.</li> </ul> <p>또한, Kotlin Multiplatform 라이브러리를 게시하는 프로세스도 개선하고 있으며, 여기에는 다음이 포함됩니다.</p> <ul> <li>KMP 라이브러리를 생성하고 게시하기 위한 템플릿과 포괄적인 가이드라인을 제공하려고 합니다.</li> <li>여러 플랫폼에서 이루어지는 klib의 교차 컴파일링을 안정화하려고 합니다.</li> <li>완전히 새롭게 디자인된 KMP 라이브러리 게시 프로세스를 출시하려고 합니다.</li> <li>라이브러리 문서화 프로세스를 크게 개선하려고 합니다.</li> </ul> <p>Kotlin Multiplatform은 안정화되었지만, 여전히 주요 업데이트가 계획되어 있습니다. 하지만 걱정하지 마세요. 현재 형식으로 빌드된 라이브러리는 최신 Kotlin 버전에서도 계속 작동합니다.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">웹에서 멀티플랫폼 라이브러리 검색</h2> <p>웹에서 멀티플랫폼 라이브러리를 검색하는 과정을 간소화하는 작업을 현재 진행하고 있습니다. 라이브러리 에코시스템은 빠르게 성장하고 있으며, 현재 약 2,500개의 Kotlin Multiplatform 라이브러리가 제공되고 있습니다. 그러나 이런 광범위한 선택지에도 불구하고 특정 요구 사항에 맞으면서 선택된 플랫폼을 지원하는 라이브러리를 찾기가 어려울 때도 많습니다.</p> <p>현재 목표는 이러한 라이브러리 검색 과정을 도와 개발자가 쉽게 사용해 볼 수 있도록 하는 솔루션을 도입하여 Kotlin Multiplatform 에코시스템의 전반적인 경험을 개선하는 것입니다. 이 이니셔티브에 관한 자세한 내용은 연중 내내 공유될 예정이니, 소식을 계속 확인해 주세요!</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Amper</h2> <p>JetBrains의 실험적 프로젝트 구성 및 빌드 도구인 <a href="https://github.com/JetBrains/amper" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amper</a>는 얼리어답터들로부터 값진 버그 보고서, 방해 요소, 사용 사례 및 기능 요청과 더불어 긍정적인 피드백을 받았습니다. 개발 범위를 조정하고 제품을 개선하는 데 큰 도움이 되는 이러한 피드백에 감사드립니다.</p> <p>2025년에는 Amper를 Android 및 iOS용 멀티플랫폼 모바일 앱 개발에 완전이 적합하도록 만들고 Compose Multiplatform과 공유되는 UI를 완성하는 데 집중할 것입니다. 이러한 작업에는 다음이 포함됩니다.</p> <ul> <li>애플리케이션 실행 및 테스트(로컬, 물리적 기기, CI에서).</li> <li>Google Play와 App Store에서 애플리케이션을 서명하고 게시.</li> <li>원활하고 쾌적한 경험을 제공하는 다수의 IDE 기능.</li> </ul> <p>모바일 애플리케이션의 백엔드 및 공유 비즈니스 로직이 포함된 프로젝트 같은 서버 측 개발과 관련된 시나리오도 살펴볼 예정입니다.</p> <p><a href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/amper/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amper 블로그</a>의 게시글을 팔로우하고, 최신 릴리스를 계속 확인하며, Kotlinlang Slack의 <a href="https://slack-chats.kotlinlang.org/c/amper" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">#amper 채널</a>에서 토론에 참여해 보세요.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Gradle 및 기타 빌드 도구</h2> <p>2025년을 앞두고 Gradle 개선과 관련된 작업을 <a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/roadmap.html#tooling" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kotlin 로드맵</a>에 간략히 소개했습니다. 작업할 주요 영역은 다음과 같습니다.</p> <ul> <li>프로젝트 수준에서 Kotlin Multiplatform 종속성을 선언할 수 있도록 지원하려고 합니다. 이를 통해 개발자는 프로젝트 종속성을 손쉽게 효율적으로 관리할 수 있습니다.</li> <li>Kotlin/네이티브 툴체인과 Gradle의 통합을 개선하려고 합니다.</li> <li>멀티플랫폼 라이브러리의 차세대 배포 형식을 구현하려고 합니다. 이 이니셔티브는 종속성 모델과 멀티플랫폼 라이브러리의 게시 레이아웃을 간소화하여, 타사 빌드 도구와 편리하게 사용할 수 있도록 하고 라이브러리 제작자가 겪는 복잡성을 줄입니다.</li> <li>선언형 Gradle에서 완벽한 Kotlin Multiplatform 지원을 제공하려고 합니다. 선언형 Gradle을 지원하는 실험적 Kotlin 에코시스템 플러그인을 만들어 개발자가 Gradle 빌드에서 선언형 방식을 시험해 볼 수 있도록 하려 합니다.</li> </ul> <p>또한, Gradle 프로젝트 분리 지원, 공개적으로 사용할 수 있는 Kotlin Gradle 플러그인용 API 참조 및 기타 이니셔티브도 계속해서 작업 중입니다. JetBrains의 다른 프로젝트에 관해서는 자세한 <a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/roadmap.html#multiplatform" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" data-type="link" data-id="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/roadmap.html#multiplatform">Kotlin 로드맵</a> 문서에서 읽어 보실 수 있습니다.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">더 읽어볼 자료</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://kotlinlang.org/docs/roadmap.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kotlin 로드맵</a></li> <li><a href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/ko/kotlin/2025/01/compose-multiplatform-1-7-0-released/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Compose Multiplatform 1.7.0</a></li> <li><a href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/amper/2024/08/amper-update-august-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2024년 8월 Amper 업데이트</a></li> <li><a href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2024/08/kotlin-2-0-20-released/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kotlin 2.0.20</a></li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><em>게시물 원문 작성자</em></p> <div class="about-author "> <div class="about-author__box"> <div class="row"> <div class="about-author__box-img"> <img decoding="async" src="https://blog.jetbrains.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2021-05-27-10.50.48-200x200.jpg" width="200" height="200" alt="Egor Tolstoy" loading="lazy" class="avatar avatar-200 wp-user-avatar wp-user-avatar-200 photo avatar-default"> </div> <div class="about-author__box-text"> <h4>Egor Tolstoy</h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__row"> <div class="tag-list"> <a href="/ko/kotlin/tag/compose-multiplatform/" class="tag">Compose Multiplatform</a> <a href="/ko/kotlin/tag/kotlin-multiplatform/" class="tag">Kotlin Multiplatform</a> <a href="/ko/kotlin/tag/roadmap-ko/" class="tag">Roadmap</a> </div> <ul class="social"> <li><span>Share</span></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.jetbrains.com%2Fko%2Fkotlin%2F2024%2F11%2Fkotlin-multiplatform-development-roadmap-for-2025%2F?facebook_ko_KR" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="icon-facebook"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?source=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.jetbrains.com%2Fko%2Fkotlin%2F2024%2F11%2Fkotlin-multiplatform-development-roadmap-for-2025%2F&text=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.jetbrains.com%2Fko%2Fkotlin%2F2024%2F11%2Fkotlin-multiplatform-development-roadmap-for-2025%2F&via=kotlin?twitter_ko_KR" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.jetbrains.com%2Fko%2Fkotlin%2F2024%2F11%2Fkotlin-multiplatform-development-roadmap-for-2025%2F?linkedin_ko_KR" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="icon-linkedin"><span class="sr-only">Linkedin</span></i></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="content__pagination"><a class="content__pagination-prev" href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/ko/kotlin/2024/09/data-analytics-with-kotlin-notebooks-dataframe-and-kandy/"><i class="icon-arrow-left"><span class="sr-only">Prev post</span></i> Kotlin Notebook, DataFrame과 Kandy를 사용하여 데이터 분석</a><a class="content__pagination-next" href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/ko/kotlin/2024/11/kotlin-multiplatform-contest/">Kotlin Multiplatform으로 창작 활동을 하고 KotlinConf 2025에 참석할 수 있는 기회를 잡으세요! 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Compose Multiplatform이 탐색 그…</p> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="author"> <img class="avatar" src="https://blog.jetbrains.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/jessie-50x50.jpg" width="50" height="50" alt="Jessie Cho" loading="lazy"> <div class="author__info"> <span>Jessie Cho</span> <time class="publish-date" data-year="2025" data-month="01" data-day="17" data-hours="05" data-minutes="49" datetime="2025-01-17"></time> </div> </div> <span class="remark42__counter icon-comments" data-url="https://blog.jetbrains.com/ko/kotlin/2025/01/compose-multiplatform-1-7-0-released/"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="col" post_id="508711"> <a class="card img-visible" href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/ko/kotlin/2024/09/compose-multiplatform-1-6-10-ios-beta/"> <img width="2560" height="1440" src="https://blog.jetbrains.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/compose-featured_blog_1280x720-1.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Compose Multiplatform 1.6.10: iOS Beta, Web Alpha" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 768px , 525px" /> <div class="card__header"> <h4>Compose Multiplatform 1.6.10 – iOS 베타, Web 알파, Lifecycle, 탐색 등</h4> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Compose Multiplatform은 개발자가 다양한 플랫폼에서 UI 구현을 공유할 수 있도록 JetBrains에서 빌드한 선언적 UI 프레임워크입니다. Compose Multiplatform을 이용하면 Kotlin Multiplatform 프로젝트에서 유연하게 코드를 공유할 수 있어 앱을 100%의 Kotlin 코드로도 제작 가능합니다. 1.6.10 릴리스에는 몇몇 강력한 기능이 포함되며, iOS 지원은 베타로, 웹 지원은 알파로 업그레이드됩니다. Compose Multiplatform 시작하기 이번 릴리스의 주요 사항은 다음…</p> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="author"> <img class="avatar" src="https://blog.jetbrains.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/jessie-50x50.jpg" width="50" height="50" alt="Jessie Cho" loading="lazy"> <div class="author__info"> <span>Jessie Cho</span> <time class="publish-date" data-year="2024" data-month="09" data-day="09" data-hours="04" data-minutes="59" datetime="2024-09-09"></time> </div> </div> <span class="remark42__counter icon-comments" data-url="https://blog.jetbrains.com/ko/kotlin/2024/09/compose-multiplatform-1-6-10-ios-beta/"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="col" post_id="457640"> <a class="card img-visible" href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/ko/kotlin/2024/02/compose-multiplatform-1-6-0-release/"> <img width="2560" height="1440" src="https://blog.jetbrains.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/compose-social_share_blog_1280x720.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="Compose Multiplatform 1.6.0" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 768px , 525px" /> <div class="card__header"> <h4>Compose Multiplatform 1.6.0 – 리소스, UI 테스트, iOS 접근성 및 Preview 어노테이션</h4> </div> <div class="card__body"> <p>Compose Multiplatform은 개발자가 다양한 플랫폼에서 UI 구현을 공유할 수 있도록 JetBrains에서 빌드한 선언적 UI 프레임워크입니다. 1.6.0 릴리스에서는 최신 Kotlin 버전과의 호환성 및 Google의 최신 Jetpack Compose 업데이트 변경 사항과 더불어 여러 가지 강력한 기능을 제공합니다. Compose Multiplatform 시작하기 이번 Compose Multiplatform 릴리스의 하이라이트: 리소스 관리 라이브러리를 개선했습니다. UI 테스트 API를 도입했습니다. iOS 접근성…</p> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="author"> <img class="avatar" src="https://blog.jetbrains.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/jessie-50x50.jpg" width="50" height="50" alt="Jessie Cho" loading="lazy"> <div class="author__info"> <span>Jessie Cho</span> <time class="publish-date" data-year="2024" data-month="02" data-day="29" data-hours="18" data-minutes="58" datetime="2024-02-29"></time> </div> </div> <span class="remark42__counter icon-comments" data-url="https://blog.jetbrains.com/ko/kotlin/2024/02/compose-multiplatform-1-6-0-release/"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="col" post_id="417324"> <a class="card img-visible" href="https://blog.jetbrains.com/ko/kotlin/2023/12/kotlin-multiplatform-development-roadmap-for-2024/"> <img width="1280" height="720" src="https://blog.jetbrains.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/DSGN-18169-Localize-Kotlin-Multiplatform-Development-Roadmap-for-2024_Blog-Featured-image-1280x720-KO.png" class="attachment-full 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