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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Муҳтавоҳо" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Офаринишшиносӣ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 131 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131 забон</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AD" title="ሥነ ባህርይ – амҳарӣ" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ባህርይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амҳарӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenetica" title="Chenetica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chenetica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="علم الوراثة – арабӣ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الوراثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen%C3%A9tica" title="Xenética – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xenética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastopa" title="Nastopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nastopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – озарбойҷонӣ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="озарбойҷонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژنتیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژنتیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – бошқирдӣ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="бошқирдӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетыка – белорусӣ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генетыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генэтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генэтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – булғорӣ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="булғорӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বংশাণুবিজ্ঞান – бинғолӣ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বংশাণুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бинғолӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – бретонӣ" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои баргузида"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – босниягӣ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босниягӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои баргузида"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A8tica" title="Genètica – каталонӣ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B0%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85" title="ᎤᎾᏓᏰᎶᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ – черокӣ" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎾᏓᏰᎶᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="черокӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جێنەتیک – курдии марказӣ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جێنەتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="курдии марказӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – чехӣ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чехӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneteg" title="Geneteg – валлӣ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Geneteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – даниягӣ" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="даниягӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – немисӣ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немисӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AAnetik" title="Cênetik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cênetik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γενετική – юнонӣ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενετική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="юнонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои баргузида"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – Англисӣ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Англисӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiko" title="Genetiko – эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genetiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – испанӣ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneetika" title="Geneetika – эстонӣ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geneetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – баскӣ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژنتیک – форсӣ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژنتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="форсӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinn%C3%B6llisyystiede" title="Perinnöllisyystiede – финӣ" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perinnöllisyystiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Génétique – франсузӣ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="франсузӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erflikheidslear" title="Erflikheidslear – фризии ғарбӣ" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Erflikheidslear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="фризии ғарбӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ineola%C3%ADocht" title="Géineolaíocht – ирландӣ" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Géineolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9n%C3%A9tik" title="Jénétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jénétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintinneachd" title="Gintinneachd – шотландии гэлӣ" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gintinneachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландии гэлӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen%C3%A9tica" title="Xenética – галисиягӣ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисиягӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – ҳауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ҳауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="גנטיקה – ибронӣ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ибронӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="आनुवंशिकी – ҳиндӣ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आनुवंशिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ҳиндӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – хорватӣ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetik" title="Jenetik – гаитии креолӣ" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jenetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитии креолӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – маҷорӣ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="маҷорӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Գենետիկա – арманӣ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գենետիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арманӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Байни забонӣ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Байни забонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – индонезӣ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiko" title="Genetiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Genetiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erf%C3%B0afr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Erfðafræði – исландӣ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erfðafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – италиявӣ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиявӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="遺伝学 – японӣ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺伝学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinetix" title="Jinetix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jinetix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ginske" title="ginske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ginske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Ҷаванизӣ" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Ҷаванизӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გენეტიკა – гурҷӣ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენეტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="гурҷӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A9th%C4%A9_(genetics)" title="Maũthĩ (genetics) – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Maũthĩ (genetics)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – қазоқӣ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="қазоқӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ពន្ធុវិទ្យា – кхмерӣ" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពន្ធុវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмерӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ತಳಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಳಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои баргузида"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%ED%95%99" title="유전학 – кореягӣ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="кореягӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genet%C3%AEk" title="Genetîk – курдӣ" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Genetîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – қирғизӣ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="қирғизӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – лотинӣ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="лотинӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneetik" title="Geneetik – люксембургӣ" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geneetik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetica" title="Jenetica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jenetica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabuzaale" title="Essomabuzaale – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomabuzaale" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ພັນທຸສາດ – лаосӣ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພັນທຸສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаосӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – литвонӣ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литвонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2en%C4%93tika" title="Ģenētika – латишӣ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģenētika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латишӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Генетике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Генетике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои баргузида"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – мақдунӣ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="мақдунӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജനിതകശാസ്ത്രം – малаяламӣ" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനിതകശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаяламӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои баргузида"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Генетик – муғулӣ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Генетик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="муғулӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – малайӣ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="မျိုးရိုးဗီဇပညာ – бирманӣ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးရိုးဗီဇပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои баргузида"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – голландӣ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="голландӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetikk" title="Genetikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Genetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetikk" title="Genetikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Genetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetike" title="Genetike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Genetike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica – окситанӣ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Genetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeneetiik" title="Jeneetiik – оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jeneetiik" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Генетикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Генетикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetyka" title="Genetyka – лаҳистонӣ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Genetyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="лаҳистонӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="جینیٹکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جینیٹکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جنتیک – пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جنتیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica" title="Genética – португалӣ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinitika" title="Hinitika – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinitika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%C4%83" title="Genetică – руминӣ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="руминӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – русӣ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои баргузида"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جينيات – синдӣ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جينيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව – сингалӣ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингалӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genetics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – словакӣ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словакӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – словенӣ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambamabari" title="Ruambamabari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambamabari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenetika" title="Gjenetika – албанӣ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjenetika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – сербӣ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tika" title="Génétika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Génétika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои хушсифат"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – шведӣ" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenetikia" title="Jenetikia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jenetikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மரபியல் – тамилӣ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జన్యుశాస్త్రం – телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జన్యుశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои баргузида"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พันธุศาสตร์ – тайӣ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พันธุศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henetika" title="Henetika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henetika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik – туркӣ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genetik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="туркӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – тоторӣ" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="тоторӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генетика – украинӣ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генетика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جینیات – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جینیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika – ӯзбекӣ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genetika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ӯзбекӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="мақолаҳои баргузида"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_truy%E1%BB%81n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Di truyền học – ветнамӣ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Di truyền học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ветнамӣ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henetika" title="Henetika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henetika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="遗传学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გენეტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გენეტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="גענעטיק – идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גענעטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tg" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81:ADN_static.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/220px-ADN_static.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ADN_static.png/330px-ADN_static.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/ADN_static.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Офаринишшиносӣ</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Забони форсӣ">форсӣ:</a> <span lang="fa" dir="rtl" style="font-style:tahoma;font-size:1.2em">آفرینش‌شناسی</span>‎), <b>женетик</b> (аз <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони юнонӣ">юн.</a> <span lang="el"><span style="font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;">γενητως</span></span> — зодан, офаридан, пайдоиш), <b>гене́тика</b> — бахше аз дониши <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Зистшиносӣ">зистшиносӣ</a> аст, ки ба <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Варосат (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">варосат</a> ва тафовутҳои ҷондорон мепардозад. </p><p>Мақсади асосии офаринишшиносӣ дарёфти усулу васоити идора кардани равандҳои марбут ба <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ирсият (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">ирсият</a> ва <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Тағйирпазирӣ">тағйирпазирӣ</a> аст. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Таърих"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B0.D1.8A.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.85"></span>Таърих</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Вироиши қисмат: Таърих" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Таърих"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Истилоҳи офаринишшиносиро соли 1907 олими англис У. Бэтсон пешниҳод карда бошад ҳам, таҳқиқи ирсият ва тағйирпазирии рустанию ҳайвонот хеле пештар оғоз ёфта буд. Боғдорию чорводорӣ шуғли қадимии тоҷикон аст. Ба боғдорӣ аҷдоди тоҷикон – суғдиён, бохтариҳо, сакоиҳо, хоразмиҳо, фарғонагиҳо ва ғ. машғул буданд. Мувофиқи маълумоти М. Г. Попов, дар ҳудуди «тоҷикия» (маҳалҳои тоҷикнишини Осиё) 2000 сол қабл анвои гуногуни дарахтони мева парвариш карда мешуданд. Боғдорон нозукиҳои касби худро хуб медонистанд. Бинобар ин, онҳо баъзе хосиятҳои дарахтони меваро тағйир дода, аз ниҳолҳои самарашон пастсифат навъҳои мевае ба даст оварданд, ки таъми гуворо ва сифати аъло доранд. Бо ҳамин восита анвои серҳосили себу нок, анҷиру олу, анору биҳӣ, зардолуву бодом, чормағзу тут, харбузаву тарбуз рӯёнда шуданд. Имрӯз навъҳои себи Толибӣ, Маликӣ, Хубонӣ, Махмурӣ, Понғозӣ, Пахтасеб, Рахшсеб, Кадусеб, Сангсеб, Гармак, Муллораҷабӣ, Ҳусниюсуф, Аштархонӣ, Шоҳҳусайнӣ, Амирӣ, Мирсангинӣ ва ғ., зардолуҳои Арзамӣ, Аштак, Аҳрорӣ, Бибинигорӣ, Бобоӣ, Ворухӣ, Исфарак, Кафак, Мирсанҷарӣ, Моҳтобӣ, Ниёзӣ, Олимӣ, Паррак, Субҳонӣ, Қандак, Хурмоӣ ва ғ., Сурханору Шоҳанор, харбузаҳои Гургак, Давлатбойӣ, Даҳбедӣ, Зарметанӣ, Обинабот, Алопӯчоқ, Авазҷонӣ, Амирӣ, Аробакаш, Баргинозӣ, Бедонатӯр, Беҳзодӣ, Бӯишоҳӣ, Шакарпора, Сиёҳпӯчоқ ва ғ. шуҳрати хосса пайдо кардаанд. Калонтарин гӯсфанди ҷаҳон – гӯсфанди ҳисорӣ низ офаридаи ниёгони халқи тоҷик мебошад. Гузаштагони мо дар бобати ба вуҷуд овардани дигар зотҳои сермаҳсули чорво низ муваффақ гаштаанд. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Давраҳои"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B0.D0.B2.D1.80.D0.B0.D2.B3.D0.BE.D0.B8"></span>Давраҳои</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Вироиши қисмат: Давраҳои" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Давраҳои"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Пешрафти офаринишшиносиро ба чанд давра тақсим мекунанд: </p> <ol><li>таҳқиқ ва фарзияҳо роҷеъ ба ирсият то охири садаи XIX;</li> <li>инкишофи <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D3%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Менделгароӣ (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">менделгароӣ</a> ва ташаккули офаринишшиносии илмӣ;</li> <li>таҳаввули <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хромосомии ирсият (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">назарияи хромосомии ирсият</a>;</li> <li>рушди офаринишшиносӣ аз нигоҳи молекулавӣ.</li></ol> <p>Ҳар яке аз ин давраҳо усулҳои хосси таҳқиқ дорад. Дар давраи якум таҷрибаҳои селексионерон дар соҳаи чорводорӣ ва рустанипарварӣ ҷамъбаст ва баъзе маълумоти абстрактии ирсият ба даст оварда шуданд. Дар давраи дуввум таҳқиқи ирсият бо роҳи дурагакунонии рустаниҳои дараҷаи олӣ ва ҷуфтикунонии ҳайвонот ривоҷ ёфт. Дар давраи севвум <i>ситология</i> рӯ ба пешравӣ ниҳода, истифодаи усулҳои ситологии таҳқиқот боиси пайдоиши назарияи хромосомӣ гашт. Такмили техникаи микроскопӣ ва равнақи офаринишшиносии вирусу бактерияҳо ба давраи кунунии офаринишшиносӣ – ба омӯзиши ирсият аз нигоҳи молекулавӣ ва ташаккули офаринишшиносии молекулавӣ ибтидо гузоштанд. </p><p>Усули асосии таҳқиқи ирсият ва тағйирпазирӣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Таҳлили генетикӣ (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">таҳлили генетикӣ</a> мебошад. Тарзҳои <i>ҷуфтиро</i> дар силсилаи наслҳо таҳлили дурагакунонӣ меноманд (аз унсурҳои омори риёзӣ иборат аст). Дар назарияи таҳаввулот (эволютсия) қонунҳое, ки соли 1865 олими чех Г. Мендел муқаррар кард (нигар <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Қонунҳои Мендел (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">Қонунҳои Мендел</a>), аҳаммияти калон доштанд. Онҳо яке аз мабдаъҳои асосии тағйирпазирӣ – тарзи нигоҳдошти аломоти мувофиқати намуд дар силсилаи наслро ошкор намуданд. Ақидаҳои Г. Мендел чандин хулосаи мантиқӣ ба вуҷуд оварданд, ки онҳо аз ҷумлаи масоили муҳимми офаринишшиносии ҷузъӣ мебошанд. офаринишшиносии ҷузъӣ вобаста ба соҳаи таҳқиқ ба офаринишшиносии одам, офаринишшиносии ҳайвонот, офаринишшиносии рустанӣ, офаринишшиносии микроорганизмҳо ва ғ. тақсим мешавад. офаринишшиносии молекулавӣ, офаринишшиносии биокимиёӣ, офаринишшиносии популятсионӣ, офаринишшиносии экологӣ, офаринишшиносии физиологӣ, офаринишшиносии иммунологӣ, офаринишшиносии тиббӣ, офаринишшиносии байторӣ, офаринишшиносии радиатсионӣ ва ғ. қисмҳои мустақили офаринишшиносии умумӣ ба шумор мераванд. офаринишшиносии биокимиёӣ синтези махсуси биокимиёии аз ҷиҳати генетикӣ қобили назоратро меомӯзад. офаринишшиносии физиологӣ имкон медиҳад, ки табиати биокимиёии маводди генетикӣ ошкор ва таъсиру ҷойгоҳи он дар хромосома омӯхта шавад, асари маводди мазкур дар дохили ҳаста ва ситоплазмаи ҳуҷайратухм, инчунин таъсири он ба ҳуҷайра дар давраи нашв, рушд ва таснифоти биокимиёии организм муқаррар гардад. Генетикаи радиатсионӣ тарзу қонунмандиҳои таъсири анвои гуногуни афканишотро ба маводди генетикии қаламча, тухмӣ ва ғаметаҳои мева меомӯзад. офаринишшиносии иммуннологӣ масъалаи генетикӣ ва тарзи меросгирии устувориро нисбат ба зараррасону касалиҳо, инчунин муносибати мутақобилаи паразиту ҳомилро таҳқиқ мекунад. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Офаринишшиносии_одам"><span id=".D0.9E.D1.84.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.88.D1.88.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.B8_.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BC"></span>Офаринишшиносии одам</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Вироиши қисмат: Офаринишшиносии одам" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Офаринишшиносии одам"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Офаринишшиносии одам ба <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Антропология">антропология</a> ва <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Пизишкӣ">пизишкӣ</a> алоқаманд аст. Аз ин рӯ, онро шартан ба антропогенетика (ирсият ва тағйирпазирии аломатҳои солими одамро меомӯзад) ва офаринишшиносии тиббӣ тақсим мекунанд. Таҳкурсии офаринишшиносии имрӯзаи одам, ки бо омӯзиши организми инсон алоқаманд аст, охири садаи XIX гузошта шуда буд. Соли 1875 олими англис Ф. Галтон барои муайян кардани мавқеи ирсият ва муҳит дар рушди аломатҳои одам, усули омӯзиши ташаккули онҳоро дар ҳамзодон (дугоникҳо) пешниҳод намуд. Ин тарзи таҳқиқи қонунмандиҳои генетикӣ минбаъд «усули ҳамзодон» ном гирифт. Соли 1908 бори нахуст бемориҳои ирсии мубодилаи моддаҳо тавсиф гардиданд; офаринишшиносии популятсионии одам, ки сохтору таркиби генҳоро дар гурӯҳи маҳдуди одамон (популятсияҳо) меомӯзад, ифодаи мушаххаси худро ёфт. Яке аз вазифаҳои асосии офаринишшиносии популятсионии одам «рӯйхат»-и фонди генҳои башарият аст. Ин соҳаи офаринишшиносиро <i>геногеография</i> меноманд. Рушди соҳаи офаринишшиносии популятсионӣ баҳри гузариш ба таҳлили таҳаввулоти силсилаи томи генҳо имкон фароҳам овард. Он тағйиротро дар табиати инсон пешгӯӣ мекунад. Солҳои 20 садаи XX евгеника – таълимот дар бораи пешгирии ихтилоли имконпазири сифатҳои ирсии одам арзи ҳастӣ намуд. Таҳқиқи офаринишшиносии одам нишон дод, ки ирсият ва тағйирпазирии организм, ҳамчунин гуногунии онҳо ба нишонаҳои истеъдоди ирсӣ ва шароити зиндагӣ (иҷтимоию иқтисодӣ, табиию иқлимӣ, фарҳангӣ ва ғайра) алоқаманд аст. Барои муҳофизати ирсияти одам, ҳифзи он аз таъсироте, ки боиси мутатсияи зарарнок ва марговар мегардад, муҳим аст. Шумораи чунин омилҳои мутагенӣ баробари пешрафти техника дар ҳаёти одамон меафзояд. Солҳои 50 садаи XX бинобар тараққии офаринишшиносии умумӣ ва радиатсионӣ мавҷи нави таҳқиқот оид ба офаринишшиносии одам мушоҳида шуд: соли 1956 шумораи дақиқи хромосомаҳо (46) муқаррар гашт; соли 1959 бемориҳои хромосомии одам (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Синдроми Даун (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">синдроми Даун</a>)-ро кашф намуданд. </p><p>Офаринишшиносии одам генҳои ҳар як хромосома ва аломатҳоеро, ки онҳо назорат мекунанд, ҳамчунин саҳми ирсият ва муҳитро дар рушди аломатҳои муқаррарӣ ва пайдоиши мутатсия меомӯзад. Дар ин ҷода комёбиҳои назаррас ба даст омадаанд, ки гуногуншаклии ирсӣ ё полиморфизм аз ҷумлаи онҳост. Мас., имрӯз тақр. 200 варианти гемоглобин ва шаклҳои зиёди ферментҳо кашф карда шудаанд. Бо ёрии офаринишшиносии биокимиёӣ усулҳои ташхиси <i>бемориҳои ирсиро</i> дарёфт мекунанд. Мавҷудияти шумораи зиёди аломатҳои иммунологие, ки онҳоро аз ҷиҳати генетикӣ муайян кардан мумкин аст, собит гашт, аз ҷумла: сафедаҳои махсус ва карбогидратҳои сатҳи эритроситҳо ё лейкоситҳо; сафедаҳое, ки дар молекула қисми карбогидрат (гликопротеид) ва муайянсозандаи хусусиятҳои <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D3%AF%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Гурӯҳи хунӣ">гурӯҳҳои хунро</a> доранд ва ғ. Ҳамин тавр, илми мустақили <i>иммуногенетика</i> ба миён омад. Хромосомаҳоро ситогенетика меомӯзад. Олимон исбот намуданд, ки ҳуҷайраҳои омос нисбат ба ҳуҷайраҳои муқаррарӣ, одатан, маҷмӯи хромосомаҳои тағйирёфта доранд. Онҳо дар мавриди рушди омоси саратонӣ бо ҳуҷайраҳои бетағйир, ҳамчунин байни якдигар дар рақобат мебошанд. офаринишшиносии одам аз рӯйи қоидаи таъсири мутақобилаи омилҳои биологӣ ва иҷтимоӣ амал мекунад. Маълумоти офаринишшиносӣ далел бар он аст, ки инсон дар масъалаи пешрафти иҷтимоӣ ҳеч маҳдудияти ирсӣ надорад. Дар дунё ду шахси хусусиятҳои ирсиашон яксон мавҷуд нест. Аз назари офаринишшиносӣ ҳеч як нажод ё миллат аз нажод ё миллати дигар боло намеистад. Соли 1939 дар Конгресси II байналхалқии генетикҳо ба ҳамаи одамон, сарфи назар аз нажод, миллат ва ранги пӯст, барои рушду тараққӣ имконоти баробар ва комил дода шуд. Ба туфайли комёбиҳои офаринишшиносӣ саноати микробиологӣ ташкил ёфт, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D2%B3%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Антибиотикҳо">антибиотикҳо</a><i>,</i> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Аминокислотаҳо">аминокислотаҳо</a><i>,</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сафеда (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">сафеда</a><i>,</i> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Бактерияҳо">бактерияҳо</a><i>,</i> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Вирусҳо">вирусҳо</a> ва занбӯруғҳои микроскопии аз ҷиҳати генетикӣ тағйирёфта ба даст оварда шуданд. Офаринишшиносӣ барои ҳалли бисёр масъалаҳои тиббӣ, пеш аз ҳама дар мубориза бо <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Бемориҳои сироятӣ">бемориҳои сироятӣ</a> ва ирсӣ муҳим аст. Дар ин бобат офаринишшиносии тиббӣ аҳаммияти беандоза дорад. Бахши асосии офаринишшиносии тиббӣ генетикаи клиникӣ аст. Он сабабҳои пайдоиш, инкишоф, ҷараён ва оқибати бемориҳои ирсиро меомӯзад. Генетикаи клиникӣ нейрогенетика, дерматогенетика, офталмогенетика, фармакогенетика ва ғ-ро дар бар мегирад. Тамоми мардуми рӯйи олам аз якдигар фарқ доранд, ба ҷуз ҳамзодҳои яктухмае, ки нишонаҳои ирсии онҳо асосан яксонанд. Асли ин гуногуниро тафовути меросӣ ташкил медиҳад, ки дар ҳазорҳо ген ва омезишҳои онҳо рамз (код) мондааст. Ғайр аз ин, ба туфайли мутатсия дар табиат ирсият ҳамеша тағйир меёбад. </p><p>Офаринишшиносии тиббӣ ҳамчун илм ибтидои садаи XX ба миён омад. Аввалҳо кӯшиш ба кор бурда мешуд, ки қонунмандии дар асоси таҷриба дар рустаниҳо анҷомёфтаро бевосита ба инсон нисбат диҳанд. Аммо солҳои 50-ум ба туфайли пажӯҳишҳо дар соҳаи офаринишшиносии биокимиёӣ, офаринишшиносии молекулавӣ, биологияи молекулавӣ ва ғ. зарурати амиқтар омӯхтани асосҳои генетикии ирсияти инсон ва бемориҳои ирсӣ пеш омад. Муқаррар гардид, ки генҳо мӯҷиби дар ҳуҷайраҳои ҳар ҷонвар (аз ҷумла инсон) ҳосил шудани ферментҳои барои ҳаёт муҳим ва кафили ҷараёни тибиии аксуламалҳои биокимиёии организм мебошанд. Ҷараёни нодурусти аксуламали биокимиёӣ боиси пайдоиши беморӣ мегардад. Сабаби аввалини ихтилоли биокимиёӣ тағйири генҳо аст. Он зуд намоён намешавад. Бисёр генҳо фақат дар давраи муайяни инкишофи фардии организм фаъол мебошанд. Аз ин рӯ, бемории аслан ирсӣ дар шахси ҳомили гени иллатнок метавонад дар миёнсолӣ ва ё ҳатто дар пирсолӣ зуҳур намояд. </p><p>Зиёда аз 2000 бемориҳои ирсии инсон маълуманд. Аломатҳои бо ҳам монанди бемориҳо маънои бемории ирсиро надорад. Мас., атрофия (хурд шудани ҳаҷму андоза)-и мушакҳо метавонад ҳам нишонаи <i>миопатия</i> ва ҳам нишонаи камғизоӣ – <i>дистрофия</i> бошад. Аломатҳои мазкур аз нигоҳи физиологӣ шабеҳанд, вале аз ҷиҳати биокимиёӣ фарқ мекунанд. Таҳлили дақиқи генетикӣ имкон медиҳад, ки бемории ирсӣ аз бемории ғайриирсии аломату нишонаҳояшон монанд фарқ карда шавад. Чунончи, микросефалия (хурд шудани андозаи косахонаи сар ва майна), ки мӯҷиби ноқисулақлӣ мегардад, бемории ирсӣ аст. Вале баъзе доруҳое низ, ки модар дар давраи ҳомилагӣ истеъмол кардааст, метавонанд сабабгори ин беморӣ шаванд. Ҳамчунин бемории <i>сурхакон,</i> ки модар дар оғози ҳамл аз сар гузарондааст, боиси карӣ, нақси дил ва осеби чашми тифл мегардад, ҳол он ки чунин аломатҳо дар мавриди баъзе бемориҳои ирсӣ низ ба мушоҳида мерасанд. </p><p>Барои ташхиси дурусти беморӣ бояд донист, ки он ба хешовандони бемор чӣ тавр мерос мемонад. Тартиб додани насабнома, инчунин ба мушоҳида расидани бемории мавҷуда ё бемории табиатан ба он наздик дар хешовандони бемор, барои муқаррар сохтани ниҳоди ирсии дард ва дараҷаи хавфи ба фарзандон мерос мондани он аҳаммияти бузург дорад. Вусъат ёфтани шабакаи машваратгоҳҳои офаринишшиносии тиббӣ баҳри бармаҳал ошкор сохтани хавфи ба дунё омадани кӯдаки бемор шароити мусоид фароҳам овард. Донистани сабабҳои молекулавии бемориҳои ирсӣ барои муолиҷаи босамари онҳо зарур аст. </p><p>офаринишшиносии тиббӣ тамоюли ирсии шахсро нисбат ба баъзе бемориҳо низ таҳқиқ мекунад. Дар бобати майли ирсӣ доштани бемориҳои гипертония, атеросклероз, шизофрения ва ғ. комёбиҳои назаррас ба даст омадаанд. Ин ба духтур имкон медиҳад, ки ба бемор ғизои мувофиқ ё парҳез фармояд. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Офаринишшиносии_рустанӣ"><span id=".D0.9E.D1.84.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.88.D1.88.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.B8_.D1.80.D1.83.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D3.A3"></span>Офаринишшиносии рустанӣ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Вироиши қисмат: Офаринишшиносии рустанӣ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Офаринишшиносии рустанӣ"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Офаринишшиносии рустанӣ ба рустаниҳои олиташаккул сарукор дошта, аз усулҳои зерин истифода мебарад: таҳлили моносомӣ (аҳаммияти ҳар як хромосомаро дар ворисият ва ташаккули аломатҳои гуногуни рустанӣ муқаррар менамояд); мутагенези таҷрибавӣ (гуногуншаклии дар селексия мавриди истифодаро ба вуҷуд меоварад); таҳлили <i>конъюгатсияи</i> хромосомаҳо ҳангоми мейози дурагаҳо; дурагакунӣ ва ғ. Истифодаи усулҳои биологияи молекулавӣ (дурагакунии КДН, КДН-КРН ва ғайра), офаринишшиносии популятсионӣ, биометрия ва ғ. дар офаринишшиносии рустанӣ беш аз пеш меафзояд. офаринишшиносии микроорганизмҳо бактерияҳо, вируси ҳайвоноту рустанӣ, занбӯруғҳои микроскопӣ, актинофагҳо, бактериофагҳо ва ғ.-ро таҳқиқ мекунад. Омӯзиши офаринишшиносии микроорганизмҳо боиси рушди офаринишшиносии молекулавӣ гашт. Дар ҷумҳурӣ оид ба масъалаҳои умдаи офаринишшиносии рустанӣ дар Институти ботаника, физиология ва биофизикаи рустанӣ, Институти биологияи Помир, Институти зироат таҳқиқот мебаранд. Солҳои 30 садаи XX дар водии Вахш бо ташаббуси Н. И. <i>Вавилов</i> Стансияи селексионию таҷрибавии пахтаю юнучқаи Институти умумииттифоқии тадқиқоти илмии пахтакорӣ ташкил карда шуд, ки заминаи асосии таҳқиқоти генетикӣ дар соҳаи селексияи пахтаи маҳиннах гардид. Худи ҳамон солҳо П. А. <i>Баранов</i> ақидаеро оид ба аҳаммияти <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Полиплоидия (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">полиплоидия</a> дар ҷараёни таҳаввулот ривоҷ дод. Бо ташаббуси ӯ Стансияи биологии Помир таъсис ёфт, ки дар он оид ба қобилияти мутатсионии навъҳои маҳаллии гандуму ҷав пажӯҳишҳои назаррас анҷом пазируфтанд. Дар Институти ботаника, физиология ва биофизикаи рустанӣ доир ба генетикаи <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез">фотосинтез</a> ва асосҳои физиологию генетикии серҳосилии рустаниҳо таҳқиқот карда мешавад. Олимони институт роҷеъ ба таъсири мутақобилаи кооперативии омилҳои ирсии геноми ядро ва пластоми хлоропласт дар назорати сохту вазифаи дастгоҳи фотосинтези рустаниҳои олиташаккул таҳқиқоти ҷолиб гузарониданд. Дар институт намунаи мутантҳои нахӯд, ҷав ва помидор ба вуҷуд оварда шудаанд. Институт муассисаи асосии илмӣ оид ба танзими корҳо дар соҳаи генетикаи фотосинтез ва ҳосилнокии рустанӣ мебошад. Июни 1975 дар назди Раёсати АИ ИҶШС Шуъбаи умумии генетикаи пахта таъсис ёфт. Шуъба вазифаи дарёфти тадбирҳои афзун гардондани ҳосили пахта ва масоили муҳофизати муҳитро ба зимма дошт. Кормандони Институти зироат доир ба селексияи навъҳои маҳиннахи пахта таҳқиқоти ҷолиб анҷом доданд. Онҳо бо усули мутагенези таҷрибавӣ ҳосилнокӣ ва сифати нахи бисёр навъҳои пахтаи маҳиннахро беҳтар сохтанд. Дар лабораторияҳои генетика ва селексияи Институти биологияи Помир қобилияти мутатсиявии анвои маҳаллии гандуму ҷав, ки дар ВМКБ мерӯянд, омӯхта мешаванд. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Офаринишшиносии_ҳайвонот"><span id=".D0.9E.D1.84.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.88.D1.88.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.B8_.D2.B3.D0.B0.D0.B9.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.82"></span>Офаринишшиносии ҳайвонот</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Вироиши қисмат: Офаринишшиносии ҳайвонот" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Офаринишшиносии ҳайвонот"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Офаринишшиносии ҳайвонот дар робита ба ҷонварони ваҳшӣ, хонагӣ ва кишоварзӣ (аз ҷумла моҳӣ ва занбӯр) таҳқиқот анҷом медиҳад. Он асосан аз усулҳои офаринишшиносии умумӣ истифода мекунад. Аломатҳои миқдории ҳайвонот (тез ба воя расидан, маҳсулнокии шир, пашм, тухм ва ғайра)-ро бо усулҳои офаринишшиносии математикӣ меомӯзанд. офаринишшиносии устувории ҳайвонот ба бемориҳо бахши наву асосии офаринишшиносии ҳайвонот мебошад. Дар Институти чорводорӣ оид ба зиёд кардани маҳсулнокии моли майда ва чорвои калон таҳқиқот анҷом медиҳанд. Ходимони институт барои ба вуҷуд овардани <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гови швитсии зебумонанд (саҳифа вуҷуд надорад)">гови швитсии зебумонанд</a> пажӯҳишҳои ҷолиб анҷом доданд. Дар натиҷаи кори бисёрсолаи онҳо зотҳои <i>бузи серпашми шӯравӣ, гӯсфанди тоҷикӣ, гӯсфанди дарвозӣ, гӯсфанди фархорӣ</i> низ ба вуҷуд оварда шуданд. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Эзоҳ"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.B7.D0.BE.D2.B3"></span>Эзоҳ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Вироиши қисмат: Эзоҳ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Эзоҳ"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Адабиёт"><span id=".D0.90.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.B8.D1.91.D1.82"></span>Адабиёт</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Вироиши қисмат: Адабиёт" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>вироиш</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Адабиёт"><span>вироиши манбаъ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFЭМТ2015">Генетика / С. Савлатов, А. Тошев // Вичлас — Гӯянда. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Душанбе">Д</span>. : <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сарредаксияи илмии Энсиклопедияи Миллии Тоҷик">СИЭМТ</a>, 2015. — (<a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Энсиклопедияи Миллии Тоҷик">Энсиклопедияи Миллии Тоҷик</a> : <span class="nowrap">[<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232970">.mw-parser-output .ts-comment-commentedText{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}@media(hover:none){.mw-parser-output .ts-comment-commentedText:not(.rt-commentedText){border-bottom:0;cursor:auto}}</style><span class="ts-comment-commentedText" title="То ҳол 11 ҷилд чоп шудааст, нашр идома дорад.">тахм. 25 ҷ.</span>]</span> / <span class="nowrap"> сармуҳаррир <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D3%A3" title="Нурмуҳаммад Амиршоҳӣ">Н. Амиршоҳӣ</a></span> ; 2011—2023, ҷ. 4). — <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D2%B3%D0%BE/9789994733774" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-99947-33-77-4</a>.</span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Навигационный шаблон" data-name="External links"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><div style="padding: 0 35px 0 0; width: 100%;"><div style="float: left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks nowrap" style="font-size:85%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дидани ин шаблон"><img alt="⚙️" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/28px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span> </span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162#identifiers" title="Гузариш ба унсури Викидода"><img alt="Гузариш ба унсури Викидода" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/14px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/21px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/28px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div>  Фарҳангҳо ва донишномаҳо</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/&id=genetik">Большая датская</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/genetikk">Большая норвежская</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/2350394">Большая российская (старая версия)</a></li> <li><a href="https://tg.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="s:БСЭ1/Генетика">Большая советская (1 изд.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/biologiya/GENETIKA.html">Кругосвет</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/génétique/54999">Ларусса</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/genetics/">Стэнфордская философская</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/genetics">Britannica (онлайн)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3904791.html">PWN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/genetica">Treccani</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/genetique/">Universalis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=29060">Современной Украины</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116160">.mw-parser-output .ts-navbox-plaintitle{font-size:100%!important;margin:0 6em!important}</style></div><table class="nowraplinks authoritycontrol collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th scope="colgroup" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Дар_феҳристҳои_китобшинохтӣ" class="ts-navbox-plaintitle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em">Дар феҳристҳои китобшинохтӣ</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Китобхонаи миллии Фаронса" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; 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