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padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It details processes or procedures of some aspect(s) of Wikipedia's norms and practices. It is not one of <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> and <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Achieving_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">vetting</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1007196855">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain>ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:REFB"></span><span id="WP:REFBEGIN"></span><span id="WP:REFSTART"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REFB&redirect=no">WP:REFB</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REFBEGIN&redirect=no">WP:REFBEGIN</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REFSTART&redirect=no">WP:REFSTART</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester.png" class="image"><img alt="A cartoon of a political rally, with someone in the crowd holding up a banner reading "[Citation needed]"" src="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester.png/260px-Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="141" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester.png/390px-Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="271"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>"Wikipedian protester" by <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Munroe" title="Randall Munroe">Randall Munroe</a>, <i><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xkcd" title="Xkcd">xkcd</a></i>. Wikipedians famously demand <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citations for facts</a>!</div></div></div> <p>One of the key policies of Wikipedia is that all article content has to be <b><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiable" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Verifiable">verifiable</a></b>. This means that <b><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a></b> must be able to support the material. All quotations, any material whose verifiability has been challenged or is likely to be challenged, and contentious material (whether negative, positive, or neutral) about <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">living persons</a> must include an <i>inline citation</i> to a source that directly supports the material. This also means that Wikipedia is not the place for <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OR">original work</a>, archival findings that have not been published, or evidence from any source that has not been published. </p><p><br/> If you are adding new content, it is <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BURDEN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BURDEN">your responsibility</a> to add sourcing information along with it. Material provided without a source is significantly more likely to be removed from an article. Sometimes such material will be tagged first with a <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">"citation needed"</a> template to give editors time to find and add sources before it is removed, but often editors will simply remove it because they question its veracity. </p><p><br/> This tutorial will show you how to add inline citations to articles, and also briefly explain what Wikipedia considers to be a reliable source. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"/><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Inline_citations"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Inline citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#RefToolbar"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">RefToolbar</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Reliable_sources"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reliable sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Inline_citations" data-mw-comment="{"type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Inline_citations","replies":[],"headingLevel":2,"placeholderHeading":false}"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Inline_citations"></span>Inline citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Inline_citations"></span></span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1007196855"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:INTREF2"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INTREF2&redirect=no">WP:INTREF2</a></span></li></ul></div> <p>Inline citations are usually small, numbered footnotes like this.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> They are generally added either directly following the fact that they support, or at the end of the sentence that they support, following any punctuation. When clicked, they take the reader to a citation in a reference section near the bottom of the article. </p><p><br/> While editing a page that uses the most common footnote style, you will see inline citations displayed between <code><ref>...</ref></code> tags. </p><p><br/> If you are creating a new page, or adding references to a page that didn't previously have any, remember to add a References section like the one below (<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Order_of_article_elements" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">here is info on where specifically to place it</a>): </p> <pre>==References== {{reflist}} </pre> <p><br/> <i>Note: This is by far the most popular system for inline citations, but sometimes you will find <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Inline citations">other styles</a> being used in an article, such as references in parentheses. This <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR">is acceptable</a>, and you shouldn't change it or mix styles. To add a new reference, just copy and modify an existing one.</i> </p> <div style="color: #000000; background: none; overflow: hidden; page-break-after: avoid; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Georgia,Times,serif; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">References</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFWales2021" class="citation book cs1">Wales, J. (2021). <i>What is an inline citation?</i>. Wikipublisher. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+an+inline+citation%3F&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Wikipublisher&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Wales&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AReferencing+for+beginners" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <hr/> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="RefToolbar" data-mw-comment="{"type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-RefToolbar","replies":[],"headingLevel":2,"placeholderHeading":false}"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-RefToolbar"></span>RefToolbar<span data-mw-comment-end="h-RefToolbar"></span></span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1007196855"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:INTREF3"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INTREF3&redirect=no">WP:INTREF3</a></span></li></ul></div> <div class="floatleft"><img alt="WikiEditor-reference toolbar menu-en.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/WikiEditor-reference_toolbar_menu-en.png" decoding="async" width="642" height="74" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="74"/></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><div id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:260px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/854px--RefTools_rework.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:476px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="303.3" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="RefTools_rework.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="476" data-bandwidth="146264" data-framerate="20"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="714" data-bandwidth="223312" data-framerate="20"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="476" data-bandwidth="236832" data-framerate="20"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Full HD VP9 (1080P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1072" data-bandwidth="343680" data-framerate="20"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="714" data-bandwidth="344496" data-framerate="20"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1072" data-bandwidth="540864" data-framerate="20"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file, 1,920 × 1,072 (2.32 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="1920" data-height="1072" data-bandwidth="2323738" data-framerate="20"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-transcodekey="120p.vp9.webm" data-width="214" data-height="118" data-bandwidth="74416" data-framerate="20"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-transcodekey="180p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="178" data-bandwidth="79696" data-framerate="20"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="238" data-bandwidth="117672" data-framerate="20"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="358" data-bandwidth="108336" data-framerate="20"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/RefTools_rework.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="358" data-bandwidth="148944" data-framerate="20"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ARefTools_rework.ogv&amp;lang=en&amp;trackformat=srt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ARefTools_rework.ogv&amp;lang=is&amp;trackformat=srt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="is" label="íslenska (is)" data-dir="ltr"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:RefTools rework.ogv" style="width:260px;height:145px" src="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv/260px--RefTools_rework.ogv.jpg"/><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/RefTools_rework.ogv" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RefTools_rework.ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>This screencast walks through how to use RefTools <small>(5:03 min)</small></div></div></div> <p>Manually adding references can be a slow and tricky process. Fortunately, there is a tool called "<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RefToolbar" title="Wikipedia:RefToolbar">RefToolbar</a>" built into the Wikipedia edit window, which makes it much easier. </p><p><br/> To use it, simply click on <span style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: #FFF; padding: 4px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: center;"><span class="nowrap"><span title="This is not a clickable menu icon; it illustrates the menu icon one should find." class="rt-commentedText"><img alt="MediaWiki Vector skin action arrow.png" src="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/MediaWiki_Vector_skin_action_arrow.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"/> Cite</span></span></span> at the top of the edit window, having already positioned your cursor after the sentence or fact you wish to reference. Then select one of the 'Templates' from the dropdown menu that best suits the type of source. These are: </p><p><br/> </p> <ul><li><code>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code> for references to general websites</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code> for newspapers and news websites</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code> for references to books</li> <li><code>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code> for magazines, academic journals, and papers</li></ul> <p><br/> A template window then pops up, where you fill in as much information as possible about the source, and give a unique name for it in the "Ref name" field. Click the "Insert" button, which will add the required wikitext in the edit window. If you wish, you can also "Preview" how your reference will look first. </p><p><br/> Some fields (such as a web address, also known as a URL) will have a <img alt="System-search.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/20px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/30px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/40px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/> icon next to them. After filling in this field, you can click it to handily autofill the remaining fields. It doesn't always work properly, though, so be sure to double check it. </p><p><br/> Often, you will want to use the same source more than once in an article to support multiple facts. In this case, you can click <span style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: #FFF; padding: 4px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: center;"><span class="nowrap"><span title="This is not a clickable menu icon; it illustrates the menu icon one should find." class="rt-commentedText">Named references<span class="nowrap"> </span><img alt="Nuvola clipboard lined.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg/20px-Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg/30px-Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg/40px-Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></span></span></span> in the toolbar, and select a previously added source to re-use. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reliable_sources" data-mw-comment="{"type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Reliable_sources","replies":[],"headingLevel":2,"placeholderHeading":false}"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reliable_sources"></span>Reliable sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reliable_sources"></span></span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1007196855"/><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:INTREF4"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain plainlist noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:INTREF4&redirect=no">WP:INTREF4</a></span></li></ul></div> <div class="floatleft"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/150px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/200px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></div> <p>Wikipedia articles require <b>reliable, published sources</b> that directly support the information presented in the article. Now you know <i>how</i> to add sources to an article, but <i>which</i> sources should you use? </p><p><br/> The word "source" in Wikipedia has three meanings: the work itself (for example, a document, article, paper, or book), the creator of the work (for example, the writer), and the publisher of the work (for example, Cambridge University Press). All three can affect reliability. </p><p><br/> As a general rule, more reliable sources have more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing in a publication. <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SCHOLARSHIP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SCHOLARSHIP">Academic and peer-reviewed publications</a> are usually the most reliable sources. Other reliable sources include university textbooks, books published by respected publishing houses, magazines, journals, and <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NEWSORG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NEWSORG">mainstream newspapers</a>. (<small>Be aware that some news organisations and magazines, such as CNN's <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IReport" title="IReport">iReport</a>, host "blogs" and user-written articles on their websites. These may be reliable if they are written by the publisher's professional writers, but posts by readers are not usually considered reliable sources.</small>) </p><p><br/> <b><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Self-published_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Self-published sources">Self-published media</a></b>, where the author and publisher are the same, including newsletters, personal websites, books, patents, open wikis, personal or group blogs, and tweets, are usually <b>not</b> acceptable as sources. The general exception is where the author is an established expert with a previous record of third-party publications on a topic; in this case, their self-published work <i>may</i> be considered reliable for that topic (but not other topics). Even then, third-party publications are still preferable. </p><p><br/> Whether a source is usable also depends on context. Sources that are reliable for some material are not reliable for other material. You should always try to find the best possible source for the information you have. For information about <b><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">living people</a></b>, only the most reliable sources should be used. On the other hand, self-published sources written by articles' subjects can <i>sometimes</i> be used as sources of information about themselves. </p><p><br/> These are general guidelines, but the topic of reliable sources is a complicated one, and is impossible to fully cover here. You can find more information at <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a> and at <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Wikipedia:Reliable sources</a>. There is also a <a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">list of commonly used sources</a> with information on their reliability. </p><p><br/> <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/reliable_sources_quiz" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/reliable sources quiz"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Try it! Take a quiz on reliable sources</span></a></span> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" data-mw-comment="{"type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-See_also","replies":[],"headingLevel":2,"placeholderHeading":false}"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></span></h2> <div class="floatright"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clipboard.svg" class="image"><img alt="Clipboard.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/120px-Clipboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/180px-Clipboard.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20211005230518im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/240px-Clipboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></a></div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide#Adding_a_new_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide § Adding a new reference</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide#Editing_references" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide § Editing references</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Help:Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Wikipedia:Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nick_Moyes/Easier_Referencing_for_Beginners" title="User:Nick Moyes/Easier Referencing for Beginners">User:Nick Moyes/Easier Referencing for Beginners</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_referencing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia_referencing&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:LSA_style_citation_templates" title="Category:LSA style citation templates">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist template</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Template documentation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Edit_refs" title="Template:Edit refs">Edit refs</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refref" title="Template:Refref">Refref</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refref2" title="Template:Refref2">Refref2</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refstart" title="Template:Refstart">Refstart</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">Deprecated</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing">Parenthetical referencing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Citation_Style_1" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Template:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Template talk:Citation Style 1"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_Style_1&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Citation_Style_1" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br/>templates</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl><dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a>}}</dt> <dd>books</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">Cite conference</a>}}</dt> <dd>conference papers</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">Cite encyclopedia</a>}}</dt> <dd>edited collections</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">Cite interview</a>}}</dt> <dd>interviews</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Cite journal</a>}}</dt> <dd>academic journals and papers</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Cite magazine</a>}}</dt> <dd>magazines</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">Cite mailing list</a>}}</dt> <dd>public mailing lists</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">Cite map</a>}}</dt> <dd>maps</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Cite news</a>}}</dt> <dd>news articles</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">Cite newsgroup</a>}}</dt> <dd>online newsgroups</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">Cite press release</a>}}</dt> <dd>press releases</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">Cite report</a>}}</dt> <dd>unpublished reports</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_sign" title="Template:Cite sign">Cite sign</a>}}</dt> <dd>signs, plaques</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">Cite speech</a>}}</dt> <dd>speeches</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_techreport" title="Template:Cite techreport">Cite techreport</a>}}</dt> <dd>technical reports</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">Cite thesis</a>}}</dt> <dd>theses</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</dt> <dd>web sources</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preprint templates</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">Cite arXiv</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_bioRxiv" title="Template:Cite bioRxiv">Cite bioRxiv</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_citeseerx" title="Template:Cite citeseerx">Cite citeseerx</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_ssrn" title="Template:Cite ssrn">Cite ssrn</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audiovisual-related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">Cite AV media</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">Cite AV media notes</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">Cite episode</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">Cite podcast</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_serial" title="Template:Cite serial">Cite serial</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 templates">Citation Style 1 templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_specific-source_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates">Citation Style 1 specific-source templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Help talk:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1 noticeboard</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Introduction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ededed;"><div id="Introduction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Introduction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_Wikipedia" title="Help:Introduction to Wikipedia">Starting introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_policies_and_guidelines/1" title="Help:Introduction to policies and guidelines/1">Policies and Guidelines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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title="Help:Introduction to images with VisualEditor/1">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_tables_with_VisualEditor/1" title="Help:Introduction to tables with VisualEditor/1">Tables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_navigating_Wikipedia/1" title="Help:Introduction to navigating Wikipedia/1">Navigating</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_the_Manual_of_Style/1" title="Help:Introduction to the Manual of Style/1">Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20211005230518/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction/Conclusion" title="Help:Introduction/Conclusion">Conclusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>     </div><noscript><img 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