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Piante senzienti? Le prove a favore per ora scarseggiano – Query Online
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Le prove a favore per ora scarseggiano </h1> </header> <div class="cm-below-entry-meta "><span class="cm-post-date" itemprop="datePublished" ><a href="https://www.queryonline.it/2024/08/06/piante-senzienti-le-prove-a-favore-per-ora-scarseggiano/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-08-06T11:06:16+02:00" itemprop="datePublished">6 Agosto 2024</time></a></span><span class="cm-reading-time"> <svg class="cm-icon cm-icon--hourglass" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 20h-.4v-1.8c0-2-.9-3.8-2.5-5L13.4 12l1.6-1.2c1.6-1.2 2.5-3 2.5-5V4.1h.5c.6 0 1-.4 1-1s-.4-1-1-1H6c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1s.4 1 1 1h.4v1.8c0 2 .9 3.8 2.5 5l1.6 1.2L9 13.2c-1.6 1.2-2.5 3-2.5 5V20H6c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1s.4 1 1 1h12c.6 0 1-.4 1-1s-.4-1-1-1zM8.5 6.1V4h7.1v2.4c-1.1-.5-3.2-1-7.1-.3zM8.4 20v-1.8c0-1.3.6-2.6 1.7-3.4l1.8-1.3 1.8 1.3c1.1.8 1.7 2 1.7 3.4V20h-7z"></path></svg> 6 minuti di lettura </span> <span class="cm-author cm-vcard"> <svg class="cm-icon cm-icon--user" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7 7c0-2.8 2.2-5 5-5s5 2.2 5 5-2.2 5-5 5-5-2.2-5-5zm9 7H8c-2.8 0-5 2.2-5 5v2c0 .6.4 1 1 1h16c.6 0 1-.4 1-1v-2c0-2.8-2.2-5-5-5z"></path></svg> <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.queryonline.it/author/redazioneq/" title="Redazione" > Redazione </a> </span> </div> <div class="cm-entry-summary" itemprop="articleBody" > <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">di Georgy Kurakin, da </span><a href="https://www.skeptic.org.uk/2024/06/the-evidence-from-plant-neurobiology-for-the-sentience-of-plants-is-far-from-well-grounded/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Skeptic</span></i></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">聽</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Per molto tempo le piante sono state considerate creature semplici e indolenti, capaci solo di fotosintetizzare e crescere. Negli ultimi anni, per貌, questa opinione 猫 cambiata radicalmente. Un’area di ricerca emergente chiamata “</span><b>neurobiologia vegetale</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">” postula che le piante abbiano una sorta di senzienza, intelligenza, personalit脿 o altre funzioni cognitive. Queste ipotesi sembrano controintuitive, ma fanno notizia: vengono pubblicati </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1360138506001646"><span style="font-weight: 400;">articoli accademici</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> sulla neurobiologia vegetale, il problema della cognizione delle piante ha una propria </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cognition"><span style="font-weight: 400;">voce su Wikipedia</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> e riviste scientifiche come</span> <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25534012-800-the-radical-new-experiments-that-hint-at-plant-consciousness/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">New Scientist</span></i></a> <span style="font-weight: 400;">e, in misura minore, </span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brains-are-not-required-when-it-comes-to-thinking-and-solving-problems-simple-cells-can-do-it/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Scientific American</span></i></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, ne parlano.聽</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ma la scienza ha </span><b>argomenti validi</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> a favore delle capacit脿 cognitive delle piante? Io ne dubito. Esiste un ampio </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">corpus</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> di articoli e libri in cui i “neurobiologi delle piante” promuovono le loro teorie. 脠 vasto, ed esaminarlo frase per frase richiederebbe la stesura di un libro piuttosto che di un breve articolo su una rivista. Tutti i loro argomenti, per貌, hanno </span><b>due difetti </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">in comune. In primo luogo, fanno spesso riferimento a </span><a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/12/23/the-intelligent-plant"><span style="font-weight: 400;">prove aneddotiche</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> piuttosto che a esperimenti controllati con un’adeguata elaborazione statistica dei dati. Inoltre, la maggior parte degli scritti di “divulgazione scientifica” sulla neurobiologia delle piante – che si tratti di un articolo di </span><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25534012-800-the-radical-new-experiments-that-hint-at-plant-consciousness/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">New Scientist</span></i></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> o di un </span><a href="https://thebiologist.rsb.org.uk/biologist-book-reviews/brilliant-green-the-surprising-history-and-science-of-plant-intelligence"><span style="font-weight: 400;">libro di Stefano Mancuso</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> – consiste nella discussione di funzioni non cognitive.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">La scienza 猫 lontana dall’avere una </span><b>definizione esaustiva di cognizione</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> ma, sia per la ricerca di base che per la medicina, consideriamo la possibilit脿 di cognizione se c’猫 integrazione di informazioni nel cervello (o in un suo analogo). Le funzioni cognitive sono funzioni integrative; per essere senzienti, 猫 necessario mettere continuamente insieme tutti gli input sensoriali di diverse modalit脿, uniti ai ricordi. Sulla base di questo quadro integrato, si prendono decisioni su ci貌 che si far脿 nel secondo successivo. L’integrazione non 猫 ancora una cognizione, ma 猫 la </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">conditio sine qua non </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">della cognizione.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Di solito, i testi dei neurobiologi delle piante includono dettagli affascinanti sulle</span><b> funzioni percettive o comunicative</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> dei vegetali, come la percezione della luce o la comunicazione chimica. Non si tratta di funzioni cognitive, e il tutto pu貌 funzionare senza alcuna intelligenza.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">I </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptochrome"><span style="font-weight: 400;">criptocromi</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> vegetali – proteine che percepiscono la luce – regolano </span><b>i ritmi circadiani</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. I criptocromi sono conservati nell鈥檈ssere umano, nonostante abbiano perso le loro funzioni di rilevamento della luce. Coordinano ancora il nostro ciclo sonno-veglia. Per quanto ne sappiamo, per貌, non hanno praticamente nulla a che fare con funzioni superiori come il pensiero e la cognizione o l’elaborazione delle informazioni visive. Dopo aver individuato un nuovo criptocromo vegetale o qualcosa di simile 猫 troppo ottimistico affermare che le piante possano vedere: la visione 猫 un processo integrativo anche a livello della retina dell’occhio. E non abbiamo alcuna prova dell’esistenza di organi per l’elaborazione di simili informazioni nelle piante.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Con un esame pi霉 approfondito, si pu貌 dimostrare che la</span><b> comunicazione tra vegetali</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> che tanto affascina i “neurobiologi delle piante” 猫 priva di intelligenza. Molti testi popolari sostengono che le piante si “avvertono” a vicenda dei pericoli – come l’attacco di un erbivoro – tramite sostanze chimiche volatili. Ma queste sostanze chimiche sono semplicemente delle forme volatili di</span><b> ormoni vegetali</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Le piante hanno “inventato” una soluzione geniale e semplice: se i vostri ormoni possono essere convertiti in forma volatile e trasmessi per via aerea, agiranno non solo sulle vostre cellule, ma anche su quelle del vostro vicino, suscitando le stesse risposte.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Questa 猫 la base di tali “avvertimenti”: se una pianta rilascia ormoni dello stress che coordinano la sua risposta alle lesioni, anche le piante vicine ne risentono. Se gli esseri umani potessero fare lo stesso, ci verrebbe la febbre quando incontriamo una persona affetta da Covid, e avvertiremmo dolore quando picchiamo qualcuno. Quella delle piante 猫 un’abilit脿 davvero sorprendente, ma questo modo di comunicare non richiede pensiero o intelligenza. Tecnicamente 猫 una segnalazione da cellula a cellula, non una comunicazione da persona a persona.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Questo esempio dimostra quanto le piante siano diverse da noi. Le piante hanno evoluto la loro </span><b>multicellularit脿</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> indipendentemente dai nostri antenati e noi abbiamo modi diversi di essere multicellulari. Se gli animali sono tecnicamente ammassi mobili di cellule mobili, le piante sono tecnicamente esseri sessili ramificati fatti di cellule immobilizzate. Ecco perch茅 le piante non hanno affatto bisogno di funzioni cognitive. L’evoluzione porter脿 all’intelligenza se gi脿 all鈥檌nizio si 猫 in grado di </span><b>muoversi o di parlare</b><span style="font-weight: 400;">: un’elaborazione rapida ed efficiente delle informazioni potrebbe aiutarvi a coordinare le reazioni motorie o vocali. Ma se non ne avete, e risolvete tutti i vostri problemi chimicamente come fanno le piante, non subirete alcuna pressione verso la selezione per diventare pi霉 intelligenti.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Considerazioni analoghe potrebbero essere applicate a tutti i casi in cui processi di livello inferiore, come la generazione di </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential"><span style="font-weight: 400;">potenziali d’azione</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, vengono utilizzati come argomento fallace per la presenza di funzioni psichiche nelle piante. Neanche la presenza di tutti i prerequisiti neuronali per i processi di ordine superiore garantisce che esse siano realmente presenti. Nel documentario </span><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4158540/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dolphins: Beauty Before Brains</span></i></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, il professor Paul Manger esprime dubbi sul fatto che anche i delfini, con i loro grandi cervelli circonvoluti, siano davvero intelligenti. Negli insetti, anche sensi di alto livello come il dolore </span><a href="https://www.skeptic.org.uk/2024/04/did-we-really-discover-pain-in-insects-maybe-but-we-cant-be-sure-they-feel-it-like-we-do/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">sono difficili</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> da dimostrare, considerando che disponiamo di una grande quantit脿 di informazioni sull’attivit脿 neurale dei cervelli di insetti e delfini.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">I dati oggi disponibili ci permettono di collocare le piante solo al </span><b>livello pi霉 basso di coscienza </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">proposto nello </span><a href="https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/sentient-beings/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">schema a 9 livelli della cognizione animale</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Quindi, le piante sono senzienti come le meduse. Ma questo non dovrebbe essere un motivo per considerarle primitive. Al contrario, 猫 una ragione in pi霉 per amarle: fanno davvero parte di una realt脿 vivente alternativa in cui l’intelligenza non 猫 necessaria. Sono una sorta di </span><b>mondo alieno </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">sotto i nostri piedi e sopra le nostre teste – e questi “alieni” non hanno alcun obbligo di essere intelligenti.</span></p> <p><b>Georgy Kurakin </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">猫 biologo, membro della </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Royal Society of Biology</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (MRSB). Le sue principali aree di competenza sono la biologia computazionale e la </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">data science</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in biologia. Ha pubblicazioni </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">peer-reviewed</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> sulla biochimica e l鈥檈voluzione dei batteri e ha un </span><a href="https://communities.springernature.com/users/georgy-kurakin"><span style="font-weight: 400;">suo blog</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> su </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Nature Portfolio Microbiology Community</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Georgy 猫 anche un giornalista scientifico che collabora con diversi </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">media</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> scientifici russi e partecipa regolarmente come conferenziere a eventi di “divulgazione” a Mosca.</span></p> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Articolo pubblicato originariamente su </span></i><a href="https://www.skeptic.org.uk/2024/06/the-evidence-from-plant-neurobiology-for-the-sentience-of-plants-is-far-from-well-grounded/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Skeptic</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">. 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scienza</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/coronavirus/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2672 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 8.1891891891892pt;" aria-label="coronavirus (32 elementi)">coronavirus</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/covid-19/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2706 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 10.081081081081pt;" aria-label="Covid-19 (41 elementi)">Covid-19</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/criptozoologia/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-78 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 12.162162162162pt;" aria-label="criptozoologia (53 elementi)">criptozoologia</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/fact-checking/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-377 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 10.081081081081pt;" aria-label="fact checking (41 elementi)">fact checking</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/fantasmi/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-751 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 15.378378378378pt;" aria-label="fantasmi 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class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-94 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 17.459459459459pt;" aria-label="misteri (102 elementi)">misteri</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/nasa/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-106 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 9.7027027027027pt;" aria-label="NASA (39 elementi)">NASA</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/omeopatia/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-29 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 13.297297297297pt;" aria-label="omeopatia (61 elementi)">omeopatia</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/paranormale/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-95 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 12.162162162162pt;" aria-label="paranormale (53 elementi)">paranormale</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/paranormale-religioso/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-334 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 11.783783783784pt;" aria-label="paranormale religioso (50 elementi)">paranormale religioso</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/piemonte/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-895 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 21.810810810811pt;" aria-label="Piemonte (174 elementi)">Piemonte</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/profezie/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-200 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 11.594594594595pt;" aria-label="profezie (49 elementi)">profezie</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/pseudoscienza/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-73 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 13.297297297297pt;" aria-label="pseudoscienza (60 elementi)">pseudoscienza</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/pseudoscienze/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-174 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 10.459459459459pt;" aria-label="pseudoscienze (43 elementi)">pseudoscienze</a> <a href="https://www.queryonline.it/tag/psicologia/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-114 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 8.9459459459459pt;" aria-label="psicologia (35 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