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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>New changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Show any page [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Show any page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to get help"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Statistics" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Statistics" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Statistics" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Statistics" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collecting_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collecting_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Collecting data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collecting_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptive_and_inferential_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive_and_inferential_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Descriptive and inferential statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptive_and_inferential_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Errors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Errors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Errors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Errors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptive_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Descriptive statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Descriptive_statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Descriptive statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Descriptive_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finding_one_value_to_act_in_place_of_multiple_data_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finding_one_value_to_act_in_place_of_multiple_data_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Finding one value to act in place of multiple data values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finding_one_value_to_act_in_place_of_multiple_data_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Mean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Median" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Median"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Median</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Median-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Mode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finding_the_spread_of_the_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finding_the_spread_of_the_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Finding the spread of the data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finding_the_spread_of_the_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_descriptive_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_descriptive_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other descriptive statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_descriptive_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Statistics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 154 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Statistiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%82%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A5_(%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%89%B2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5)" title="የዝርዝር ሂሳብ (እስታቲስቲክስ) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዝርዝር ሂሳብ (እስታቲስቲክስ)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="إحصاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إحصاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistica" title="Estatistica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estatistica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="পৰিসংখ্যা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰিসংখ্যা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrekokuaa" title="Papyrekokuaa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Papyrekokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آمار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পরিসংখ্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিসংখ্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3ng-k%C3%A8-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Thóng-kè-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thóng-kè-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статыстыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Статыстыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статыстыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Статыстыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Estadistika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikis" title="Statistikis – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Statistikis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadegouriezh" title="Stadegouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stadegouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistica" title="Estadistica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Estadistica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystadegaeth" title="Ystadegaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ystadegaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AA" title="ތަފާސް ހިސާބު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތަފާސް ހިސާބު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Στατιστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στατιστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Statistics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiko" title="Statistiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Statistiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%ADstica" title="Estaística – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estaística" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistika" title="Estatistika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatistika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آمار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aankrraa" title="Aankrraa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aankrraa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Hagfrøði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hagfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistique" title="Statistique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Statistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistyk" title="Statistyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Statistyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiche" title="Statistiche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Statistiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staitistic" title="Staitistic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staitistic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staydraa" title="Staydraa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Staydraa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staitistearachd" title="Staitistearachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Staitistearachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstica" title="Estatística – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estatística" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="統計學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%ED%95%99" title="통계학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통계학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumuhana" title="Kumuhana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kumuhana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վիճակագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիճակագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सांख्यिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सांख्यिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiko" title="Statistiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Statistiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AD%E1%93%AF%E1%91%A6%E1%93%AF%E1%93%AF%E1%96%95%E1%96%91%E1%95%90%E1%93%97%E1%92%8B%E1%91%A6_%E1%90%B9%E1%93%AF%E1%94%85%E1%93%B1%E1%91%8E%E1%94%85%E1%93%B4%E1%91%A6" title="ᑭᓯᑦᓯᓯᖕᖑᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐹᓯᔅᓱᑎᔅᓴᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑭᓯᑦᓯᓯᖕᖑᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐹᓯᔅᓱᑎᔅᓴᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izibalomininingo" title="Izibalomininingo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izibalomininingo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Tölfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="סטטיסטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטטיסטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama%C9%A3_%C3%B1%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%C9%A9l%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Samaɣ ñʊʊ tɩlʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Samaɣ ñʊʊ tɩlʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სტატისტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტატისტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statystek" title="Statystek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Statystek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takwimu" title="Takwimu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Takwimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistik" title="Estatistik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estatistik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar" title="Amar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Amar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estadistika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ສະຖິຕິສາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຖິຕິສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika_(mokslas)" title="Statistika (mokslas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Statistika (mokslas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistega" title="Statistega – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Statistega" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjtatistiek" title="Sjtatistiek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjtatistiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistega" title="Statistega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Statistega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statisztika" title="Statisztika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Statisztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഥിതിഗണിതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥിതിഗണിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संख्याशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संख्याशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სტატისტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტატისტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkaan" title="Perangkaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perangkaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ADstica" title="Statística – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Statística" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="စာရင်းအင်း ပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာရင်းအင်း ပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Statistiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तथ्याङ्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तथ्याङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तथ्याङ्क – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तथ्याङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="統計学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統計学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetistiks" title="Stetistiks – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Stetistiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikk" title="Statistikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikk" title="Statistikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Statistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistica" title="Estatistica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estatistica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପରିସଂଖ୍ୟାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପରିସଂଖ୍ୟାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiinannoo" title="Xiinannoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiinannoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅੰਕੜਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਕੜਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماریات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شماریات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="سرشمیرنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سرشمیرنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistix" title="Statistix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Statistix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstica" title="Statìstica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Statìstica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statystyka" title="Statystyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Statystyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstica" title="Estatística – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estatística" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistic%C4%83" title="Statistică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khipukamay" title="Khipukamay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khipukamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Штатістіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Штатістіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateestics" title="Stateestics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Stateestics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstica" title="Statìstica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Statìstica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="සංඛ්‍යානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංඛ්‍යානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماريات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شماريات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tatistika" title="Štatistika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štatistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ئامار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئامار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilastotiede" title="Tilastotiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tilastotiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estadistika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="புள்ளியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புள்ளியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addadan_(tussna)" title="Addadan (tussna) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Addadan (tussna)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstika" title="Estatístika – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Estatístika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สถิติศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถิติศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Омор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Омор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0statistik" title="İstatistik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İstatistik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماریات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شماریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstega" title="Statìstega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Statìstega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%91ng_k%C3%AA" title="Thống kê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thống kê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiga" title="Statistiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Statistiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistik%C3%A1" title="Estadistiká – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estadistiká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="统计学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="סטאטיסטיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטאטיסטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csir%C3%B2_Statistiki" title="Ìsirò Statistiki – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìsirò Statistiki" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="統計學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0statistik" title="İstatistik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İstatistik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C4%97st%C4%97ka" title="Statėstėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Statėstėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="统计学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12483#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Statistics" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Statistics" rel="nofollow" title="New changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&oldid=9737108" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Statistics&id=9737108&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStatistics"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStatistics"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet 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wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statistics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12483" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For statistics about Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Statistics" title="Wikipedia:Statistics">Wikipedia:Statistics</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_Normal_Distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Standard_Normal_Distribution.png/290px-Standard_Normal_Distribution.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Standard_Normal_Distribution.png/435px-Standard_Normal_Distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Standard_Normal_Distribution.png/580px-Standard_Normal_Distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="5986" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal distribution</a> in Statistics</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Statistics</b> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> that deals with collecting, organizing, analyzing, reading and presenting data.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a> make summaries of data.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inferential_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferential statistics">Inferential statistics</a> makes predictions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics helps in the study of many other fields, such as <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Someone who works in statistics is called a <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a>. In addition to being the name of a field of study, the word "statistics" can also mean numbers that are used to describe data or relationships. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known statistics are <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> data. The <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a> did a census around 3500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> around 2500 BC, and the Ancient <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> around 1000 BC. Several mathematicians during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> studied <a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical inference">statistical inference</a>, mainly for use in <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a>. </p><p>Starting in the 16th century, mathematicians such as <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Gerolamo Cardano</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this led statistics closer to being a science. Since then, people have collected and studied statistics on many things. <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a>, almost anything that can be counted has been a subject of statistics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collecting_data">Collecting data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Collecting data" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Collecting data"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before we can describe the world with statistics, we must collect <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">data</a>. The data that we collect in statistics are called <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurements</a>. After we collect data, we use one or more numbers to describe each observation or measurement. For example, suppose that we want to find out how popular a certain TV show is. We can pick a group of people (called a <i><a href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (statistics)">sample</a></i>) out of the total <a href="/wiki/Population_(statistics)" title="Population (statistics)">population</a> of viewers. Then we ask each viewer in the sample how often they watch the show. The sample is data that one can see, and the population is data that one cannot see (assuming that not every viewer in the population are asked). For another example, if we want to know whether a certain <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a> can help lower <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, we could give the drug to people for some time and measure their blood pressure before and after. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descriptive_and_inferential_statistics">Descriptive and inferential statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Descriptive and inferential statistics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Descriptive and inferential statistics"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numbers that describe the data one can see are called descriptive statistics. Numbers that make predictions about the data one cannot see are called inferential statistics. </p><p>Descriptive statistics involves using numbers to describe features of data. For example, the average height of women in the United States is a descriptive statistic: it describes a feature (average height) of a population (women in the United States). </p><p>Once the results have been summarized and described, they can be used for prediction. This is called <a href="/wiki/Inferential_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferential statistics">inferential statistics</a>. As an example, the size of an animal is dependent on many factors. Some of these factors are controlled by the environment, but others are by inheritance. A biologist might therefore make a model that says that there is a high probability that the offspring will be small in size—if the parents were small in size. This model probably allows to predict the size in better ways than by just guessing at random. Testing whether a certain drug can be used to cure a certain condition or disease is usually done by comparing the results of people who are given the drug against those who are given a placebo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Methods" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Methods"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most often, we collect statistical data by doing <a href="/wiki/Survey" class="mw-disambig" title="Survey">surveys</a> or <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a>. For example, an <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">opinion poll</a> is one kind of survey. We pick a small number of people and we choose <a href="/wiki/Question" title="Question">questions</a> to ask them. Then, we use their answers as the data. This process of choosing which data to collect is called choosing a measurement; and the process of collecting data (in this case, who to ask) is called <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">sampling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samples">Samples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Samples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Samples"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The choice of how to collect data is important; that choice can change the values that are seen. Suppose we want to measure the water quality of a big lake. If we take samples next to the waste drain, we will get different results than if the samples are taken in a far-away and hard-to-reach spot of the lake. </p><p>There are two kinds of problems which are commonly found when taking samples: </p> <ol><li>If there are many samples, the samples will likely be very close to what they are in the real <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a>. If there are very few samples, however, they might be very different from what they are in the real population. This error is called sampling error (see also <a href="/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics" title="Errors and residuals in statistics">Errors and residuals in statistics</a>).</li> <li>If chosen samples only account for one part of the population (like samples near the drain the beginning of the section), the samples might be very different from what they really are in the total population. This is true even if a great number of samples is taken. This kind of error is called <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Errors">Errors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Errors" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Errors"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>We can reduce chance errors by taking a larger sample, and we can avoid some bias by choosing randomly. However, sometimes large random samples are hard to take. And bias can happen if different people are not asked, or refuse to answer our questions, or if they know they are getting a fake treatment. These problems can be hard to fix. See <a href="/wiki/Standard_error" title="Standard error">standard error</a> for more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descriptive_statistics">Descriptive statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Descriptive statistics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Descriptive statistics"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finding_one_value_to_act_in_place_of_multiple_data_values">Finding one value to act in place of multiple data values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Finding one value to act in place of multiple data values" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Finding one value to act in place of multiple data values"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often, people find it easier to decrease the numbers that make up a set of data and work with a single number instead; many people think that the best number to choose is a number in the middle of the data (a "typical" value of the population). This number in the middle of the data is called its <a href="/wiki/Central_tendency" title="Central tendency">central tendency</a>. There are three kinds of central tendencies that are often used: the <a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> (sometimes called the average), the <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mode_(statistics)" title="Mode (statistics)">mode</a>. </p><p>The examples below use this sample data: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Name </td> <td>A </td> <td>B </td> <td>C </td> <td>D </td> <td>E </td> <td>F </td> <td>G </td> <td>H </td> <td>I </td> <td>J </td></tr> <tr> <td>Score </td> <td>23 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>64 </td> <td>66 </td> <td>78 </td> <td>82 </td> <td>92 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mean">Mean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Mean" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Mean"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formula for the commonly used <b><a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a></b> (the so-called "arithmetic mean") is<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}={\frac {x_{1}+x_{2}+\cdots +x_{N}}{N}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>N</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}={\frac {x_{1}+x_{2}+\cdots +x_{N}}{N}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/824fe22b95620609614d884a3c1f35d5119827f8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:36.554ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}={\frac {x_{1}+x_{2}+\cdots +x_{N}}{N}}}"></span> </p><p>Where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ee10fdf382bbdff0a2817290bf8f15902f7b5d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.001ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{N}}"></span> are the data and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span> is the population size (see also <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma Notation">Sigma Notation</a>). </p><p>This means that one calculates the mean by adding up all the <a href="/wiki/Value" title="Value">values</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Division_(mathematics)" title="Division (mathematics)">divide</a> by the number of values. For the example above, the mean is: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}=(23+26+49+49+57+64+66+78+82+92)/10=58.6}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>23</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>26</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>49</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>49</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>57</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>64</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>66</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>78</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>82</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>92</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>58.6</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}=(23+26+49+49+57+64+66+78+82+92)/10=58.6}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86867fb88157da80bbb49cac84a771c7c20fc3ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:65.77ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}=(23+26+49+49+57+64+66+78+82+92)/10=58.6}"></span> </p><p>The problem with the mean is that it is affected by very large or very small values. In statistics, these extreme values might be errors of measurement, but sometimes the population really does contain these values. If a set of data has one of these values, then the mean may not be similar to most or all of the original values. For example, if there are 10 people in a room who make $10 per day and 1 who makes $1,000,000 per day, then the mean of the data is $90,918 per day. </p><p>The average also does not work if a set of data includes multiple groups that are much different that each other. In a room of 10 people with five people who make $10 and five people who make $100 per day, the average of these data is $55 per day. </p><p>In both cases, the mean is not the amount any single person makes; this fact makes the mean not very useful for some purposes. </p><p>Other kinds of means exist, like the <a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean" title="Geometric mean">geometric mean</a>; other means are useful for other purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Median">Median</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Median" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Median"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a></b> is the middle item of the data. For a given data <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}"></span>, this is sometimes written as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\widetilde {X}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo>~</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\widetilde {X}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7333dc05bcf7a18575d85e4d3762ce6f269f21aa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.554ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\widetilde {X}}}"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To find the median, we <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sort (not yet started)">sort</a> the data from the smallest number to the largest number, and then choose the number in the middle. If there is an <a href="/wiki/Even" class="mw-redirect" title="Even">even</a> number of data, there will not be a number right in the middle, so we choose the two middle ones and calculate their mean. In our example above, there are 10 items of data, the two middle ones are "57" and "64", so the median is (57+64)/2 = 60.5. </p><p>As another example, like the income example presented for the mean, consider a room with 10 people who have incomes of $10, $20, $20, $40, $50, $60, $90, $90, $100, and $1,000,000. Here, the median is $55, because $55 is the average of the two middle numbers, $50 and $60. If the extreme value of $1,000,000 is ignored, the mean is $53. In this case, the median is close to the value obtained when the extreme value is thrown out. The median solves the problem of extreme values as described in the first example in the definition of <b>mean</b> above. </p><p>However, the median still does not work as well for data made of multiple groups. In a room of 10 people with five people who make $10 and five people who make $100 per day, the median of these data is still $55 per day, which is still not similar to most of the people in the room. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mode">Mode</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Mode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Mode"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Mode_(statistics)" title="Mode (statistics)">mode</a></b> is the most frequent item of data. For example, if there are 10 people in a room with incomes of $10, $20, $20, $40, $50, $60, $90, $90, $90, $100, and $1,000,000, then the mode is $90, because $90 occurs three times and all other values occur fewer than three times. </p><p>There can be more than one mode. For example, if there are 10 people in a room with incomes of $10, $20, $20, $20, $50, $60, $90, $90, $90, $100, and $1,000,000, the modes are $20 and $90. This is bi-modal, or has two modes. Bi-modality is very common, and it often indicates that the data is the combination of two different groups. For instance, the average height of all adults in the U.S. has a bi-modal distribution. This is because males and females have separate average heights of 1.763 m (5 ft 9 + 1⁄2 in) for men and 1.622 m (5 ft 4 in) for women. These peaks are apparent when both groups are combined. </p><p>The mode is the only form of average that can be used for data that can not be put in order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finding_the_spread_of_the_data">Finding the spread of the data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Finding the spread of the data" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Finding the spread of the data"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another thing we can say about a set of data is how spread out it is. A common way to describe the spread of a set of data is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a>. If the standard deviation of a set of data is small, then most of the data is very close to the average. If the standard deviation is large, though, then a lot of the data is very different from the average. </p><p>The standard deviation of a sample is generally different from the standard deviation of its originating population . Because of that, we write <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>σ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }"></span> for population standard deviation, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}"></span> for sample standard deviation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the data follows the common pattern called the <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal distribution</a>, then it is very useful to know the standard deviation. If the data follows this pattern (we would say the data is <i>normally distributed</i>), about 68 of every 100 pieces of data will be off the average by less than the standard deviation. Not only that, but about 95 of every 100 measurements will be off the average by less than two times the standard deviation, and about 997 in 1000 will be closer to the average by less than three standard deviations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_descriptive_statistics">Other descriptive statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Other descriptive statistics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Other descriptive statistics"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>We also can use statistics to find out that some <a href="/wiki/Percent" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent">percent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percentile" title="Percentile">percentile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">number</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fraction_(mathematics)" title="Fraction (mathematics)">fraction</a> of people or things in a group do something or fit in a certain <a href="/wiki/Category" class="mw-disambig" title="Category">category</a>. </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Social_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Social science">social scientists</a> used statistics to find out that 49% of people in the world are <a href="/wiki/Males" class="mw-redirect" title="Males">males</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_software">Related software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Related software" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Related software"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to support statisticians, many statistical software have been developed: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">SAS (software)</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (made by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">DeGroot, M. H., & Schervish, M. J. (2012). Probability and statistics. Pearson Education.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, R. A., Miller, I., & Freund, J. E. (2000). Probability and statistics for engineers (Vol. 2000, p. 642p). London: Pearson Education.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walpole, R. E., Myers, R. H., Myers, S. L., & Ye, K. (1993). Probability and statistics for engineers and scientists (Vol. 5). New York: Macmillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeanIllowsky" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Susan; Illowsky, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnx.org/contents/IKeXSLMS@14/Descriptive-Statistics-Histogram">"Descriptive Statistics: Histogram"</a>. <i>cnx.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnx.org&rft.atitle=Descriptive+Statistics%3A+Histogram&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Illowsky%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnx.org%2Fcontents%2FIKeXSLMS%4014%2FDescriptive-Statistics-Histogram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AStatistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Larson, M. G. (2006). Descriptive statistics and graphical displays. Circulation, 114(1), 76-81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Asadoorian, M. O., & Kantarelis, D. (2005). Essentials of inferential statistics. University Press of America.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lang, T. A., Lang, T., & Secic, M. (2006). How to report statistics in medicine: annotated guidelines for authors, editors, and reviewers. ACP Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wonnacott, T. H., & Wonnacott, R. J. (1990). Introductory statistics for business and economics (Vol. 4). New York: Wiley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newbold, P., Carlson, W. L., & Thorne, B. (2013). Statistics for business and economics. Boston, MA: Pearson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aron, A., & Aron, E. N. (1999). Statistics for psychology. Prentice-Hall, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fioramonti, D. L. (2014). How numbers rule the world: The use and abuse of statistics in global politics. Zed Books Ltd..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rossi, P. E., Allenby, G. M., & McCulloch, R. (2012). Bayesian statistics and marketing. John Wiley & Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chow, Y. S., & Teicher, H. (2003). Probability theory: independence, interchangeability, martingales. Springer Science & Business Media.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feller, W. (2008). An introduction to probability theory and its applications (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Durrett, R. (2019). Probability: theory and examples (Vol. 49). Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaynes, E. T. (2003). Probability theory: The logic of science. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chung, K. L., & Zhong, K. (2001). A course in probability theory. Academic Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">18.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1">18.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2">18.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/probability-statistics-symbols/">"List of Probability and Statistics Symbols"</a>. <i>Math Vault</i>. 2020-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Math+Vault&rft.atitle=List+of+Probability+and+Statistics+Symbols&rft.date=2020-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathvault.ca%2Fhub%2Fhigher-math%2Fmath-symbols%2Fprobability-statistics-symbols%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AStatistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cho, M., & Martinez, W. L. (2014). Statistics in Matlab: A primer (Vol. 22). CRC Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinez, W. L. (2011). Computational statistics in MATLAB®. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 3(1), 69-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawley, M. J. (2012). The R book. John Wiley & Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalgaard, P. (2008). Introductory statistics with R. Springer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maronna, R. A., Martin, R. D., & Yohai, V. J. (2019). Robust statistics: theory and methods (with R). John Wiley & Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ugarte, M. D., Militino, A. F., & Arnholt, A. T. (2008). Probability and Statistics with R. CRC Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce, P., Bruce, A., & Gedeck, P. (2020). Practical Statistics for Data Scientists: 50+ Essential Concepts Using R and Python. O'Reilly Media.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kruschke, J. (2014). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R, JAGS, and Stan. Academic Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Khattree, R., & Naik, D. N. (2018). Applied multivariate statistics with SAS software. SAS Institute Inc..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner III, W. E. (2019). Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics. Sage Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollock III, P. H., & Edwards, B. C. (2019). An IBM® SPSS® Companion to Political Analysis. Cq Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Babbie, E., Wagner III, W. E., & Zaino, J. (2018). Adventures in social research: Data analysis using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldrich, J. O. (2018). Using IBM® SPSS® Statistics: An interactive hands-on approach. Sage Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stehlik-Barry, K., & Babinec, A. J. (2017). Data Analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics. Packt Publishing Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Parametric & Nonparametric Data Analysis for Social Research: IBM SPSS, <a href="/wiki/Hary_Gunarto" title="Hary Gunarto">Hary Gunarto</a></i>. 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title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continuous_probability_distribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continuous probability distribution (not yet started)">Continuous data</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_tendency" title="Central tendency">Center</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">Mean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_mean" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic mean">arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean" title="Geometric mean">geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_mean" title="Harmonic mean">harmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubic_mean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cubic mean (not yet started)">cubic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generalized_mean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generalized mean (not yet started)">generalized/power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(statistics)" title="Mode (statistics)">Mode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_dispersion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical dispersion (not yet started)">Dispersion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_of_the_distribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shape of the distribution (not yet started)">Shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_limit_theorem" title="Central limit theorem">Central limit theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moment_(mathematics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moment (mathematics) (not yet started)">Moments</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skewness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skewness (not yet started)">Skewness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurtosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurtosis (not yet started)">Kurtosis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-moment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-moment (not yet started)">L-moments</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_data&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count data (not yet started)">Count data</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_dispersion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of dispersion (not yet started)">Index of dispersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Summary tables</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grouped_data" title="Grouped data">Grouped data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_distribution" title="Frequency distribution">Frequency distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contingency_table&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contingency table (not yet started)">Contingency table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_correlation_coefficient" title="Pearson correlation coefficient">Pearson product-moment correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_correlation" title="Rank correlation">Rank correlation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spearman%27s_rank_correlation_coefficient" title="Spearman's rank correlation coefficient">Spearman's ρ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kendall_rank_correlation_coefficient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kendall rank correlation coefficient (not yet started)">Kendall's τ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Control_chart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Control chart (not yet started)">Control chart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Correlogram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Correlogram (not yet started)">Correlogram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_chart_(statistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan chart (statistics) (not yet started)">Fan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_plot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest plot (not yet started)">Forest plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">Histogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">Pie chart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Q%E2%80%93Q_plot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q–Q plot (not yet started)">Q–Q plot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Run_chart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Run chart (not yet started)">Run chart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scatter_plot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scatter plot (not yet started)">Scatter plot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stem-and-leaf_display&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stem-and-leaf display (not yet started)">Stem-and-leaf display</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radar_chart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radar chart (not yet started)">Radar chart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violin_plot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Violin plot (not yet started)">Violin plot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Data_collection" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">Data collection</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_of_experiments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Design of experiments (not yet started)">Study design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistic">Statistic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effect_size&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Effect size (not yet started)">Effect size</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical power (not yet started)">Statistical power</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optimal_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optimal design (not yet started)">Optimal design</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sample_size_determination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sample size determination (not yet started)">Sample size determination</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Replication_(statistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replication (statistics) (not yet started)">Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missing_data&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Missing data (not yet started)">Missing data</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey methodology">Survey methodology</a></th><td 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href="/w/index.php?title=Observational_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observational study (not yet started)">Observational Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-sectional_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-sectional study (not yet started)">Cross-sectional study</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohort_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohort study (not yet started)">Cohort study</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural experiment (not yet started)">Natural experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasi-experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quasi-experiment (not yet started)">Quasi-experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Statistical_inference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical inference">Statistical inference</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical theory (not yet started)">Statistical theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_(statistics)" title="Population (statistics)">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistic">Statistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">Probability distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampling_distribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sampling distribution (not yet started)">Sampling distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_statistic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order statistic (not yet started)">Order statistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empirical_distribution_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empirical distribution function (not yet started)">Empirical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Density_estimation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Density estimation (not yet started)">Density estimation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical model (not yet started)">Statistical model</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_specification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model specification (not yet started)">Model specification</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lp_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lp space (not yet started)">L<sup><i>p</i></sup> space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_parameter" title="Statistical parameter">Parameter</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Location_parameter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Location parameter (not yet started)">location</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scale_parameter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scale parameter (not yet started)">scale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shape_parameter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shape parameter (not yet started)">shape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics">Parametric family</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Likelihood_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Likelihood function (not yet started)">Likelihood</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monotone_likelihood_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monotone likelihood ratio (not yet started)"><span style="font-size:85%;">(monotone)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Location%E2%80%93scale_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Location–scale family (not yet started)">Location–scale family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exponential_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exponential family (not yet started)">Exponential family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Completeness_(statistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Completeness (statistics) (not yet started)">Completeness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufficient_statistic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufficient statistic (not yet started)">Sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plug-in principle (not yet started)">Statistical functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrapping_(statistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bootstrapping (statistics) (not yet started)">Bootstrap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-statistic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-statistic (not yet started)">U</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-statistic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V-statistic (not yet started)">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optimal_decision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optimal decision (not yet started)">Optimal decision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loss_function" title="Loss function">loss function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficiency_(statistics)" title="Efficiency (statistics)">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_distance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical distance (not yet started)">Statistical distance</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divergence_(statistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divergence (statistics) (not yet started)">divergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asymptotic_theory_(statistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asymptotic theory (statistics) (not yet started)">Asymptotics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robust_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robust statistics (not yet started)">Robustness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequentist_inference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frequentist inference (not yet started)">Frequentist inference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_estimation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point estimation (not yet started)">Point estimation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimating_equations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estimating equations (not yet started)">Estimating equations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" title="Maximum likelihood">Maximum likelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_moments_(statistics)" title="Method of moments (statistics)">Method of moments</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M-estimator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M-estimator (not yet started)">M-estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_distance_estimation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minimum distance estimation (not yet started)">Minimum distance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bias_of_an_estimator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bias of an estimator (not yet started)">Unbiased estimators</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum-variance_unbiased_estimator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minimum-variance unbiased estimator (not yet started)">Mean-unbiased minimum-variance</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rao%E2%80%93Blackwell_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rao–Blackwell theorem (not yet started)">Rao–Blackwellization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehmann%E2%80%93Scheff%C3%A9_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehmann–Scheffé theorem (not yet started)">Lehmann–Scheffé theorem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Median-unbiased_estimator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Median-unbiased estimator (not yet started)">Median unbiased</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plug-in principle (not yet started)">Plug-in</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interval_estimation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interval estimation (not yet started)">Interval estimation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">Confidence interval</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivotal_quantity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pivotal quantity (not yet started)">Pivot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Likelihood_interval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Likelihood interval (not yet started)">Likelihood interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediction_interval" title="Prediction interval">Prediction interval</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolerance_interval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolerance interval (not yet started)">Tolerance interval</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resampling_(statistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resampling (statistics) (not yet started)">Resampling</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootstrapping_(statistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bootstrapping (statistics) (not yet started)">Bootstrap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackknife_resampling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jackknife resampling (not yet started)">Jackknife</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Testing hypotheses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=One-_and_two-tailed_tests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="One- and two-tailed tests (not yet started)">1- & 2-tails</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(statistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power (statistics) (not yet started)">Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniformly_most_powerful_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniformly most powerful test (not yet started)">Uniformly most powerful test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permutation_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permutation test (not yet started)">Permutation test</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randomization_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randomization test (not yet started)">Randomization test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_comparisons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiple comparisons (not yet started)">Multiple comparisons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parametric_statistics" title="Parametric statistics">Parametric tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Likelihood-ratio_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Likelihood-ratio test (not yet started)">Likelihood-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Score_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Score test (not yet started)">Score/Lagrange multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wald_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wald test (not yet started)">Wald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Specific tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z-test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z-test (not yet started)"><i>Z</i>-test <span style="font-size:85%;">(normal)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F-test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F-test (not yet started)"><i>F</i>-test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goodness_of_fit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goodness of fit (not yet started)">Goodness of fit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chi-squared_test" title="Chi-squared test">Chi-squared</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-test (not yet started)"><i>G</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov%E2%80%93Smirnov_test" title="Kolmogorov–Smirnov test">Kolmogorov–Smirnov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderson%E2%80%93Darling_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anderson–Darling test (not yet started)">Anderson–Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lilliefors_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lilliefors test (not yet started)">Lilliefors</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarque%E2%80%93Bera_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarque–Bera test (not yet started)">Jarque–Bera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapiro%E2%80%93Wilk_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shapiro–Wilk test (not yet started)">Normality <span style="font-size:85%;">(Shapiro–Wilk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Likelihood-ratio_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Likelihood-ratio test (not yet started)">Likelihood-ratio test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_selection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model selection (not yet started)">Model selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-validation_(statistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-validation (statistics) (not yet started)">Cross validation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akaike_information_criterion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akaike information criterion (not yet started)">AIC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayesian_information_criterion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayesian information criterion (not yet started)">BIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rank_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rank statistics (not yet started)">Rank statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sign test (not yet started)">Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sample_median&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sample median (not yet started)">Sample median</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilcoxon_signed-rank_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilcoxon signed-rank test (not yet started)">Signed rank <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wilcoxon)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hodges%E2%80%93Lehmann_estimator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hodges–Lehmann estimator (not yet started)">Hodges–Lehmann estimator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mann%E2%80%93Whitney_U_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mann–Whitney U test (not yet started)">Rank sum <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mann–Whitney)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonparametric_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonparametric statistics (not yet started)">Nonparametric</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analysis_of_variance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analysis of variance (not yet started)">anova</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruskal%E2%80%93Wallis_one-way_analysis_of_variance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance (not yet started)">1-way <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kruskal–Wallis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedman_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedman test (not yet started)">2-way <span style="font-size:85%;">(Friedman)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonckheere%27s_trend_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonckheere's trend test (not yet started)">Ordered alternative <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jonckheere–Terpstra)</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_inference" title="Bayesian inference">Bayesian inference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_probability" title="Bayesian probability">Bayesian probability</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior_probability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prior probability (not yet started)">prior</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posterior_probability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posterior probability (not yet started)">posterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Credible_interval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Credible interval (not yet started)">Credible interval</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayes_factor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayes factor (not yet started)">Bayes factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayes_estimator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayes estimator (not yet started)">Bayesian estimator</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximum_a_posteriori_estimation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximum a posteriori estimation (not yet started)">Maximum posterior estimator</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CorrelationRegression_analysis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122542">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Correlation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">Correlation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_product-moment_correlation_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient">Pearson product-moment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_correlation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partial correlation (not yet started)">Partial correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confounding (not yet started)">Confounding variable</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coefficient_of_determination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coefficient of determination (not yet started)">Coefficient of determination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics" title="Errors and residuals in statistics">Errors and residuals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regression_validation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regression validation (not yet started)">Regression validation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mixed model (not yet started)">Mixed effects models</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simultaneous_equations_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simultaneous equations model (not yet started)">Simultaneous equations models</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivariate_adaptive_regression_splines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multivariate adaptive regression splines (not yet started)">Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">Linear regression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_linear_regression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple linear regression (not yet started)">Simple linear regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares" title="Ordinary least squares">Ordinary least squares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_linear_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General linear model (not yet started)">General linear model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayesian_linear_regression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayesian linear regression (not yet started)">Bayesian regression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em">Non-standard predictors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonlinear_regression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonlinear regression (not yet started)">Nonlinear regression</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonparametric_regression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonparametric regression (not yet started)">Nonparametric</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiparametric_regression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiparametric regression (not yet started)">Semiparametric</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotonic_regression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotonic regression (not yet started)">Isotonic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robust_regression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robust regression (not yet started)">Robust</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heteroscedasticity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heteroscedasticity (not yet started)">Heteroscedasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homoscedasticity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homoscedasticity (not yet started)">Homoscedasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generalized_linear_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generalized linear model (not yet started)">Generalized linear model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exponential_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exponential family (not yet started)">Exponential families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">Logistic <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bernoulli)</span></a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Binomial_regression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binomial regression (not yet started)">Binomial</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poisson_regression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poisson regression (not yet started)">Poisson regressions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_sums_of_squares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partition of sums of squares (not yet started)">Partition of variance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analysis_of_variance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analysis of variance (not yet started)">Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analysis_of_covariance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analysis of covariance (not yet started)">Analysis of covariance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivariate_analysis_of_variance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multivariate analysis of variance (not yet started)">Multivariate ANOVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)" title="Degrees of freedom (statistics)">Degrees of freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Categorical_/_Multivariate_/_Time-series_/_Survival_analysis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categorical_variable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categorical variable (not yet started)">Categorical</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivariate_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multivariate statistics (not yet started)">Multivariate</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time series (not yet started)">Time-series</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Survival_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survival analysis (not yet started)">Survival analysis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categorical_variable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categorical variable (not yet started)">Categorical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohen%27s_kappa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohen's kappa (not yet started)">Cohen's kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contingency_table&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contingency table (not yet started)">Contingency table</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphical_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graphical model (not yet started)">Graphical model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poisson_regression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poisson regression (not yet started)">Log-linear model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McNemar%27s_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McNemar's test (not yet started)">McNemar's test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics (not yet started)">Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivariate_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multivariate statistics (not yet started)">Multivariate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_linear_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General linear model (not yet started)">Regression</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivariate_analysis_of_variance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multivariate analysis of variance (not yet started)">Manova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principal_component_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principal component analysis (not yet started)">Principal components</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canonical_correlation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canonical correlation (not yet started)">Canonical correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_discriminant_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linear discriminant analysis (not yet started)">Discriminant analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Cluster analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_classification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical classification (not yet started)">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_equation_modeling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural equation modeling (not yet started)">Structural equation model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">Factor analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivariate_distribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multivariate distribution (not yet started)">Multivariate distributions</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elliptical_distribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elliptical distribution (not yet started)">Elliptical distributions</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivariate_normal_distribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multivariate normal distribution (not yet started)">Normal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time series (not yet started)">Time-series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decomposition_of_time_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decomposition of time series (not yet started)">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trend_estimation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trend estimation (not yet started)">Trend</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stationary_process&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stationary process (not yet started)">Stationarity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seasonal_adjustment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seasonal adjustment (not yet started)">Seasonal adjustment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exponential_smoothing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exponential smoothing (not yet started)">Exponential smoothing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cointegration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cointegration (not yet started)">Cointegration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_break&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural break (not yet started)">Structural break</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granger_causality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granger causality (not yet started)">Granger causality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Specific tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dickey%E2%80%93Fuller_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dickey–Fuller test (not yet started)">Dickey–Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johansen_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johansen test (not yet started)">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ljung%E2%80%93Box_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ljung–Box test (not yet started)">Q-statistic <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ljung–Box)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durbin%E2%80%93Watson_statistic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durbin–Watson statistic (not yet started)">Durbin–Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breusch%E2%80%93Godfrey_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breusch–Godfrey test (not yet started)">Breusch–Godfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocorrelation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autocorrelation (not yet started)">Autocorrelation (ACF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partial_autocorrelation_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partial autocorrelation function (not yet started)">partial (PACF)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-correlation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-correlation (not yet started)">Cross-correlation (XCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoregressive%E2%80%93moving-average_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoregressive–moving-average model (not yet started)">ARMA model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Box%E2%80%93Jenkins_method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Box–Jenkins method (not yet started)">ARIMA model <span style="font-size:85%;">(Box–Jenkins)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoregressive_conditional_heteroskedasticity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (not yet started)">Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vector_autoregression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vector autoregression (not yet started)">Vector autoregression (VAR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frequency_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frequency domain (not yet started)">Frequency domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_density_estimation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spectral density estimation (not yet started)">Spectral density estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_analysis" title="Fourier analysis">Fourier analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whittle_likelihood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whittle likelihood (not yet started)">Whittle likelihood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Survival_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survival analysis (not yet started)">Survival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Survival_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survival function (not yet started)">Survival function</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaplan%E2%80%93Meier_estimator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaplan–Meier estimator (not yet started)">Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proportional_hazards_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proportional hazards model (not yet started)">Proportional hazards models</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerated_failure_time_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accelerated failure time model (not yet started)">Accelerated failure time (AFT) model</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First-hitting-time_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First-hitting-time model (not yet started)">First hitting time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Failure_rate" title="Failure rate">Hazard function</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%E2%80%93Aalen_estimator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nelson–Aalen estimator (not yet started)">Nelson–Aalen estimator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Test</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Log-rank_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Log-rank test (not yet started)">Log-rank test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Applications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_fields_of_application_of_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of fields of application of statistics (not yet started)">Applications</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_study_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical study design (not yet started)">studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical statistics (not yet started)">Medical statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineering_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engineering statistics (not yet started)">Engineering statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemometrics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemometrics (not yet started)">Chemometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methods_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methods engineering (not yet started)">Methods engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Probabilistic_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probabilistic design (not yet started)">Probabilistic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_process_control" title="Statistical process control">Process</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quality_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quality control (not yet started)">quality control</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reliability_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reliability engineering (not yet started)">Reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_identification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System identification (not yet started)">System identification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social statistics (not yet started)">Social statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actuarial_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actuarial science (not yet started)">Actuarial science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime statistics (not yet started)">Crime statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographic_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographic statistics (not yet started)">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurimetrics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurimetrics (not yet started)">Jurimetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_accounts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National accounts (not yet started)">National accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Official statistics (not yet started)">Official statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population statistics (not yet started)">Population statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spatial_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spatial analysis (not yet started)">Spatial statistics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental statistics (not yet started)">Environmental statistics</a></li> 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