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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arabic-based creole languages</div> <p><b>Gulf Pidgin Arabic</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> which is primarily used by <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant workers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>. The variety was first published on in 1990, with the author reporting that the variety existed as early as the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other pidgins, Gulf Pidgin Arabic does not have a standard form and will vary in features and vocabulary between communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GPA is thought to have first arisen in the 1950s, when the development of the oil industry in the area resulted in the arrival of migrant workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers place the emergence of GPA later, in the 1970s or 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_context">Social context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of migrant workers hailing from central and South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia (Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand) work in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf region</a>. These workers speak a variety of languages, but are unlikely to speak Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because these workers are never naturalized, nor do they marry and start families, there are no native speakers of the language, thereby preventing it from developing into a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the infrequent cases of intermarriage between migrant workers and Arabic speakers, the migrant worker tends to favor Arabic rather than PGA when interacting with their spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For workers who do permanently settle in the region, the social stigma attached to GPA incentivizes them to learn Gulf Arabic in order to gain social prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gulf Pidgin Arabic (GPA) is primarily used between south Asian migrant workers, who are non-native speakers of Arabic, and their Arabic-speaking employers. It is also used between migrant workers if they lack another common language.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other languages, such as English, Arabic dialects from outside of the Persian Gulf region, Gulf Arabic, and Persian might be used alongside it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers of PGA may also borrow words or simple phrases or sentences from these other languages to better facilitate communication.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social stigma is attached to speaking GPA, and the pidgin is used to invoke humor.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally speaking, GPA does not have a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> distinction, which is present in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPA also does not <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a> consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic_shifts">Phonetic shifts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonetic shifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phonetic shifts are dependent on the speaker's native language.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of time workers spend in the region also tends to correspond to pronunciations that more closely resemble Gulf Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Gulf Arabic </th> <th>Gulf Pidgin Arabic </th></tr> <tr> <td>/x/ خ </td> <td>/x/ </td> <td>/k/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɣ/ غ </td> <td>/ɣ/ </td> <td>/k/ or /h/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GPA borrows from English as well as Arabic in its lexicon, although these loanwords do usually have already-existing equivalents in Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personal pronouns are underdeveloped, with the singular first person and singular second-person being most commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs in GPA do not conjugate for person; rather, the third person singular masculine imperfect form is used in all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Aspect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense</a> markers are missing, so speakers must glean that information from context.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPA does not utilize the Arabic dual noun form. Instead, speakers preface nouns with the cardinal number two.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Reduplication</a> with both Arabic and English words is used to emphasize or intensify that word's meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another innovation in GPA is the use of "fi" as a <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a>, which Gulf Arabic lacks in the present tense.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlqahtaniAlmoaily2022" class="citation journal cs1">Alqahtani, Mufleh; Almoaily, Mohammad (28 October 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgac022">"Debuccalization in Gulf Pidgin Arabic: OT Parallelism or Harmonic Serialism"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Semitic Studies</i>. <b>68</b> (1): 139–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjss%2Ffgac022">10.1093/jss/fgac022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.atitle=Debuccalization+in+Gulf+Pidgin+Arabic%3A+OT+Parallelism+or+Harmonic+Serialism&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=139-164&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjss%2Ffgac022&rft.aulast=Alqahtani&rft.aufirst=Mufleh&rft.au=Almoaily%2C+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjss%2Ffgac022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Pidgin+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlshammari2022" class="citation journal cs1">Alshammari, Wafi Fhaid (24 August 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075/lia.21010.als">"Numeral form selection and accommodation in Gulf Pidgin Arabic"</a></span>. <i>Language, Interaction and Acquisition</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 29–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Flia.21010.als">10.1075/lia.21010.als</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251823493">251823493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language%2C+Interaction+and+Acquisition&rft.atitle=Numeral+form+selection+and+accommodation+in+Gulf+Pidgin+Arabic&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-62&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Flia.21010.als&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251823493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alshammari&rft.aufirst=Wafi+Fhaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1075%2Flia.21010.als&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Pidgin+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart1990" class="citation journal cs1">Smart, J. 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(1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30028141">"Pidginization in Gulf Arabic: A First Report"</a>. <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>32</b> (1/2): 83–119. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5483">0003-5483</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30028141">30028141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Pidginization+in+Gulf+Arabic%3A+A+First+Report&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=83-119&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30028141%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-5483&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30028141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+Pidgin+Arabic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtta_M._S._Salem2013" class="citation journal cs1">Atta M. 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