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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpetual_melody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpetual_melody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Perpetual melody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perpetual_melody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="نغمة شيبرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نغمة شيبرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_de_Shepard" title="To de Shepard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="To de Shepard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepard-Skala" title="Shepard-Skala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shepard-Skala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepardi_toon" title="Shepardi toon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Shepardi toon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tono_de_Shepard" title="Tono de Shepard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tono de Shepard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamme_de_Shepard" title="Gamme de Shepard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gamme de Shepard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_Shepard" title="Escala de Shepard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escala de Shepard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%B0%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%9D%8C" title="셰퍼드 음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셰퍼드 음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_Shepard" title="Scala Shepard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scala Shepard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepardtoon" title="Shepardtoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shepardtoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="シェパードトーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シェパードトーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_de_Shepard" title="Tom de Shepard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tom de Shepard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Тон Шепарда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тон Шепарда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepardin_asteikko" title="Shepardin asteikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shepardin asteikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepard_melodisi" title="Shepard melodisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Shepard melodisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_Shepard" title="Âm Shepard – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm Shepard" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shepard_Tones_spectrum_linear_scale.png/350px-Shepard_Tones_spectrum_linear_scale.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shepard_Tones_spectrum_linear_scale.png/525px-Shepard_Tones_spectrum_linear_scale.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shepard_Tones_spectrum_linear_scale.png/700px-Shepard_Tones_spectrum_linear_scale.png 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">spectrogram</a> of ascending Shepard tones on a linear frequency scale</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Shepard tone</b>, named after <a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Superposition_principle" title="Superposition principle">superposition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine waves</a> separated by <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>. When played with the bass <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> of the tone moving upward or downward, it is referred to as the <i>Shepard scale</i>. This creates the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">auditory illusion</a> of a tone that seems to continually ascend or descend in pitch, yet which ultimately gets no higher or lower.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepard1964_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepard1964-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shepard_tone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shepard_tone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Shepard_tone.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1: Shepard tones forming a Shepard scale, illustrated in a <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencer</a></figcaption></figure><p> Each square in Figure 1 indicates a tone, with any set of squares in vertical alignment together making one Shepard tone. The color of each square indicates the <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a> of the note, with purple being the quietest and green the loudest. Overlapping notes that play at the same time are exactly one octave apart, and each scale fades in and fades out so that hearing the beginning or end of any given scale is impossible. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="Shepard_A.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Shepard_A.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Shepard_A.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Shepard_A.ogg/Shepard_A.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Shepard tone as of the root note A (A<sub>4</sub> = 440 Hz)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Shepard_scale_diatonic_C.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Shepard_scale_diatonic_C.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Shepard_scale_diatonic_C.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Shepard_scale_diatonic_C.ogg/Shepard_scale_diatonic_C.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Shepard scale, <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_scale" title="Diatonic scale">diatonic</a> in <a href="/wiki/C_major" title="C major">C Major</a>, repeated 5 times</figcaption></figure> <p>As a conceptual example of an ascending Shepard scale, the first tone could be an almost inaudible C<sub>4</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle C">middle C</a>) and a loud C<sub>5</sub> (an octave higher). The next would be a slightly louder C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span><sub>4</sub> and a slightly quieter C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span><sub>5</sub>; the next would be a still louder D<sub>4</sub> and a still quieter D<sub>5</sub>. The two frequencies would be equally loud at the middle of the octave (F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span><sub>4</sub> and F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span><sub>5</sub>), and the twelfth tone would be a loud B<sub>4</sub> and an almost inaudible B<sub>5</sub> with the addition of an almost inaudible B<sub>3</sub>. The thirteenth tone would then be the same as the first, and the cycle could continue indefinitely. (In other words, each tone consists of two sine waves with frequencies separated by octaves; the intensity of each is e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Raised_cosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raised cosine">raised cosine</a> function of its separation in <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitones</a> from a peak frequency, which in the above example would be B<sub>4</sub>. According to Shepard, "almost any smooth distribution that tapers off to subthreshold levels at low and high frequencies would have done as well as the cosine curve actually employed."<sup id="cite_ref-Shepard1964_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepard1964-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory behind the illusion was demonstrated during an episode of the BBC's show <i><a href="/wiki/Bang_Goes_the_Theory" title="Bang Goes the Theory">Bang Goes the Theory</a></i>, where the effect was described as "a musical <a href="/wiki/Barberpole_illusion" title="Barberpole illusion">barber's pole</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scale as described, with discrete steps between each tone, is known as the <b>discrete Shepard scale</b>. The illusion is more convincing if there is a short time between successive notes (<a href="/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">staccato</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marcato" title="Marcato">marcato</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">legato</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">portamento</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shepard_tone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm/220px--Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="301" data-mwtitle="Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm/Shepard_Tone_spectrum_video_visualization.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Moving audio and video visualization of a rising Shepard–Risset glissando. See and hear the higher tones as they fade out.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shepard–Risset_glissando"><span id="Shepard.E2.80.93Risset_glissando"></span>Shepard–Risset glissando</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shepard_tone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shepard–Risset glissando"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Jean-Claude Risset</a> subsequently created a version of the scale where the tones glide continuously, and it is appropriately called the <b>continuous Risset scale</b> or <b>Shepard–Risset glissando</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When done correctly, the tone appears to rise (or fall) continuously in pitch, yet return to its starting note. Risset has also created a similar effect with rhythm in which tempo seems to increase or decrease endlessly.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="296" data-mwtitle="Risset_accelerando_beat1_MCLD.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Risset_accelerando_beat1_MCLD.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Risset_accelerando_beat1_MCLD.ogg/Risset_accelerando_beat1_MCLD.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Risset_accelerando_beat1_MCLD.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>An example of Risset's accelerating rhythm effect using a <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeat</a> loop</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tritone_paradox">Tritone paradox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shepard_tone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tritone paradox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tritone_paradox" title="Tritone paradox">Tritone paradox</a></div> <p>A sequentially played pair of Shepard tones separated by an <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">interval</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Tritone" title="Tritone">tritone</a> (half an octave) produces the <a href="/wiki/Tritone_paradox" title="Tritone paradox">tritone paradox</a>. Shepard had predicted that the two tones would constitute a bistable figure, the auditory equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Necker_cube" title="Necker cube">Necker cube</a>, that could be heard ascending or descending, but never both at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepard1964_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepard1964-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Paradoxa_del_tríton.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Paradoxa_del_tr%C3%ADton.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Paradoxa_del_tr%C3%ADton.wav/Paradoxa_del_tr%C3%ADton.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Paradoxa_del_tr%C3%ADton.wav/Paradoxa_del_tr%C3%ADton.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Paradoxa_del_tr%C3%ADton.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Sequence of Shepard tones producing the tritone paradox</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Deutsch" title="Diana Deutsch">Diana Deutsch</a> discovered that the perception of which tone was higher depended on the absolute frequencies involved and that an individual would usually hear the same pitch as the highest (this is determined by the absolute pitch of the notes).<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsch1986_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsch1986-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interestingly, different listeners may perceive the same pattern as being either ascending or descending, depending on the language or dialect of the listener (Deutsch, Henthorn, and Dolson found that native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> language, heard the tritone paradox differently from Californians who were native speakers of English).<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsch1992_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsch1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perpetual_melody">Perpetual melody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shepard_tone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Perpetual melody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Pedro Patricio observed in 2012 that, by using a Shepard tone as a sound source and applying it to a melody, he could reproduce the illusion of a continuously ascending or descending movement characteristic of the Shepard Scale. Regardless of the tempo and the <a href="/wiki/Envelope_(music)" title="Envelope (music)">envelope</a> of the notes, the auditory illusion is effectively maintained. The uncertainty of the scale the Shepard tones pertain allows composers to experiment with deceiving and disconcerting melodies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="59" data-mwtitle="Melodia_Perpètua.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Melodia_Perp%C3%A8tua.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Melodia_Perp%C3%A8tua.wav/Melodia_Perp%C3%A8tua.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Melodia_Perp%C3%A8tua.wav/Melodia_Perp%C3%A8tua.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Melodia_Perp%C3%A8tua.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>An example of an ascendent perpetual melody</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shepard_tone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Tenney" title="James Tenney">James Tenney</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/For_Ann_(rising)" title="For Ann (rising)">For Ann (rising)</a></i> consists entirely of a Shepard tone <a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">glissando</a> with gradual modulations.</li> <li>A section near the end of <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hymnen" title="Hymnen">Hymnen</a></i> incorporates multiple descending Shepard tone glissandos.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ending of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>' "<a href="/wiki/I_Am_the_Walrus" title="I Am the Walrus">I Am the Walrus</a>" incorporates a Shepard tone with a chord progression built on ascending and descending lines in the bass and strings that line up to create the auditory illusion.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ending of <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Echoes_(Pink_Floyd_song)" title="Echoes (Pink Floyd song)">Echoes</a>" from their 1971 album <i><a href="/wiki/Meddle" title="Meddle">Meddle</a></i> features an ascending Shepard tone created using a feedback technique involving two tape recorders sharing a single tape, with one set to play and the other to record.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>'s 1976 album <i><a href="/wiki/A_Day_at_the_Races_(album)" title="A Day at the Races (album)">A Day at the Races</a></i> opens and closes with a Shepard tone.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In his 1979 book <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> explained how Shepard scales could be used on the <i>Canon a 2, per tonos</i> in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Musical_Offering" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical Offering">Musical Offering</a></i> (called the <i>Endlessly Rising Canon</i> by Hofstadter<sup id="cite_ref-GEB_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GEB-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup>) for making the <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulation</a> end in the same pitch instead of an octave higher.<sup id="cite_ref-GEB_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GEB-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 717–719">: 717–719 </span></sup></li> <li>In 1995, Ira Braus argued that the final sequence of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>'s 1885 piano piece <i><a href="/wiki/Bagatelle_sans_tonalit%C3%A9" title="Bagatelle sans tonalité">Bagatelle sans tonalité</a></i> could be continued to produce a Shepard scale using Hofstadter's technique.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In a 1967 <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> film by Shepard and E. E. Zajac, a Shepard tone accompanies the ascent of an analogous <a href="/wiki/Penrose_stair" class="mw-redirect" title="Penrose stair">Penrose stair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_64" title="Super Mario 64">Super Mario 64</a></i> (1996) for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a> console, a piece that plays when the player tries to climb the neverending stairs located in the penultimate room of Peach's Castle incorporates a slightly modified Shepard scale played in the background. This auditory illusion complements the spatial loop effect, seemingly giving the impression that the stairs never end.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Godspeed_You!_Black_Emperor" title="Godspeed You! Black Emperor">Godspeed You! Black Emperor</a>'s "The Dead Flag Blues" from their 1997 album <i><a href="/wiki/F%E2%99%AF_A%E2%99%AF_%E2%88%9E" title="F♯ A♯ ∞">F♯ A♯ ∞</a></i>, a section mainly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Slide_guitar" title="Slide guitar">slide guitar</a> is briefly looped into itself to create a downward Shepard tone.</li> <li>On their 1998 album <i><a href="/wiki/LP5" title="LP5">LP5</a></i>, English electronic duo <a href="/wiki/Autechre" title="Autechre">Autechre</a> employed a decelerating Risset rhythm for the track "Fold4,Wrap5".</li> <li>Austrian composer <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Haas" title="Georg Friedrich Haas">Georg Friedrich Haas</a> incorporates Shepard tones at various points in his orchestral piece <i>in vain</i> (2000/02).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Christopher Nolan said in an interview that the soundtrack of his 2006 film <i>The Prestige</i> (composed by David Julyan) explores the potential of Shepard tones as a fundamental basis for compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is fully realised in his 2017 film <i><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_(2017_film)" title="Dunkirk (2017 film)">Dunkirk</a> where</i> a Shepard tone is used to create the illusion of an ever increasing moment of intensity across intertwined storylines.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Stephin_Merritt" title="Stephin Merritt">Stephin Merritt</a>'s 2007 song "Man of a Million Faces", composed for <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>'s "Project Song", the Shepard tone is a key aspect.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2008 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a></i> and its 2012 followup <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a></i>, a Shepard tone was used to create the sound of the Batpod, a motorcycle that the filmmakers did not want to change gear and tone abruptly but to accelerate constantly.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2009 <a href="/wiki/Progressive_house" title="Progressive house">progressive house</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Leave_the_World_Behind_(song)" title="Leave the World Behind (song)">Leave the World Behind</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Swedish_House_Mafia" title="Swedish House Mafia">Swedish House Mafia</a> features a Shepard tone in the form of an ongoing "riser" to build up the tension throughout the track.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Lucrecia_Martel" title="Lucrecia Martel">Lucrecia Martel</a>'s feature film <i>Zama</i> (2017), there is extensive use of the Shepard tone creating a "loud and shreechy soundscape, in order to achieve closeness to the viewer", according to the director.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2018 track "<a href="/wiki/Always_Ascending_(song)" title="Always Ascending (song)">Always Ascending</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ferdinand_(band)" title="Franz Ferdinand (band)">Franz Ferdinand</a> from the album of the same name features a rising Shepard tone throughout the song. The video for the song echoes the effect, with the camera apparently rising continually throughout.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sumio_Kobayashi" title="Sumio Kobayashi">Sumio Kobayashi</a>'s piano work "Unreal Rain", the Shepard tone is entirely used.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the song "<a href="/wiki/Fear_Inoculum_(song)" title="Fear Inoculum (song)">Fear Inoculum</a>", Tool drummer <a href="/wiki/Danny_Carey" title="Danny Carey">Danny Carey</a> introduces the track with the Shepard tone</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shepard_tone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shepard1964-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shepard1964_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shepard1964_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shepard1964_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShepard1964" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_N._Shepard" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger N. Shepard">Shepard, Roger N.</a> (December 1964). "Circularity in Judgements of Relative Pitch". <i>Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>36</b> (12): 2346–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ASAJ...36.2346S">1964ASAJ...36.2346S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.1919362">10.1121/1.1919362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Circularity+in+Judgements+of+Relative+Pitch&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2346-53&rft.date=1964-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.1919362&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964ASAJ...36.2346S&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Roger+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00gfdg1">"Clip from Series 4, Episode 6"</a>. <i>Bang Goes the Theory</i>. 18 April 2011. BBC. <q>It's like a barber's pole of sound.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bang+Goes+the+Theory&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp00gfdg1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDM_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.link/2016/11/jean-claude-risset-reimagined-digital-sound-europe-abroad/">"Jean-Claude Risset, who reimagined digital synthesis, has died - CDM Create Digital Music"</a>. <i>CDM Create Digital Music</i>. 22 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>The sound for which Risset is best known is perhaps the most emblematic of his contributions. Creating a sonic illusion much like M.C. Escher's optical ones, the Shepherd-Risset glissando / Risset scale, in its present form invented by the French composer, seems to ascend forever.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CDM+Create+Digital+Music&rft.atitle=Jean-Claude+Risset%2C+who+reimagined+digital+synthesis%2C+has+died+-+CDM+Create+Digital+Music&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm.link%2F2016%2F11%2Fjean-claude-risset-reimagined-digital-sound-europe-abroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swiki.hfbk-hamburg.de:8888/MusicTechnology/826">"Risset rhythm - eternal accelerando"</a>. 12 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Risset+rhythm+-+eternal+accelerando&rft.date=2013-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswiki.hfbk-hamburg.de%3A8888%2FMusicTechnology%2F826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutsch1986-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deutsch1986_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1986" class="citation journal cs1">Deutsch, Diana (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philomel.com/pdf/MP-1986_3_275-280.pdf">"A musical paradox"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Music Perception</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 275–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40285337">10.2307/40285337</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40285337">40285337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Perception&rft.atitle=A+musical+paradox&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=275-280&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40285337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40285337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilomel.com%2Fpdf%2FMP-1986_3_275-280.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutsch1992-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deutsch1992_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1992" class="citation journal cs1">Deutsch, D. (1992). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Christopher+Nolan+explains+the+biggest+challenges+in+making+his+latest+movie+%27Dunkirk%27+into+an+%27intimate+epic%27&rft.aulast=Guerrasio&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fchristopher-nolan-dunkirk-interview-2017-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaubursin2017" class="citation web cs1">Haubursin, Christopher (26 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/videos/2017/7/26/16033868/dunkirk-soundtrack-shepard-tone">"The sound illusion that makes Dunkirk so intense"</a>. <i>Vox</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+sound+illusion+that+makes+Dunkirk+so+intense&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft.aulast=Haubursin&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fvideos%2F2017%2F7%2F26%2F16033868%2Fdunkirk-soundtrack-shepard-tone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2007/11/04/15859351/stephin-merritt-two-days-a-million-faces"><i>Stephin Merritt: Two Days, 'A Million Faces'<span></span></i></a>. <i>NPR</i> (video). 4 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It turns out I was thinking about a Shepard tone, the illusion of ever-ascending pitches.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephin+Merritt%3A+Two+Days%2C+%27A+Million+Faces%27&rft.date=2007-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2007%2F11%2F04%2F15859351%2Fstephin-merritt-two-days-a-million-faces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2009" class="citation news cs1">King, Richard (4 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-feb-04-en-lightsknight4-story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Dark Knight' sound effects"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Dark+Knight%27+sound+effects&rft.date=2009-02-04&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2009-feb-04-en-lightsknight4-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG4AhAnyqvE?t=1m14s"><i>Axwell, Ingrosso, Angello, Laidback Luke ft. Deborah Cox - Leave The World Behind (Original)</i></a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Axwell%2C+Ingrosso%2C+Angello%2C+Laidback+Luke+ft.+Deborah+Cox+-+Leave+The+World+Behind+%28Original%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxG4AhAnyqvE%3Ft%3D1m14s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemündenSpitta2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Gemünden, Gerd; Spitta, Silvia (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/fq/article-abstract/71/4/33/42163/I-Was-Never-Afraid-An-Interview-with-Lucrecia?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I Was Never Afraid': An Interview with Lucrecia Martel"</a>. <i>Film Quarterly</i>. Vol. 71, no. 4. pp. 33–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Ffq.2018.71.4.33">10.1525/fq.2018.71.4.33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-1386">0015-1386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%27I+Was+Never+Afraid%27%3A+An+Interview+with+Lucrecia+Martel&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=33-40&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Ffq.2018.71.4.33&rft.issn=0015-1386&rft.aulast=Gem%C3%BCnden&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Spitta%2C+Silvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Ffq%2Farticle-abstract%2F71%2F4%2F33%2F42163%2FI-Was-Never-Afraid-An-Interview-with-Lucrecia%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2018" class="citation web cs1">McCormick, Neil (9 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/franz-ferdinand-still-operating-elevated-plateau-always-ascending/">"Franz Ferdinand are still operating on an elevated plateau – Always Ascending, review"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Franz+Ferdinand+are+still+operating+on+an+elevated+plateau+%E2%80%93+Always+Ascending%2C+review&rft.date=2018-02-09&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Fwhat-to-listen-to%2Ffranz-ferdinand-still-operating-elevated-plateau-always-ascending%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXjiC8IRC3o"><i>Sumio Kobayashi "Unreal Rain" (Japan)</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/wXjiC8IRC3o">archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumio+Kobayashi+%22Unreal+Rain%22+%28Japan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwXjiC8IRC3o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShepard+tone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shepard_tone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shepard_tone" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shepard tone">Shepard tone</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00gfdg1">BBC science show, Bang Goes the Theory, explains the Shepard Tone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/highest_note/ex.about.fr.html">Demonstration of discrete Shepard tone (requires Macromedia Shockwave)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netalive.org/tinkering/shepard-effect/">Visualization of the Shepard Effect using Java</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCs1lckF5vI">A demonstration of a rising Shepard Scale as a ball bounces endlessly up a Penrose staircase</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boJD_gTLavA">and down</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://codepen.io/yukulele/pen/PPgxbG">Shepard tone Keyboard</a> on <a href="/wiki/CodePen" title="CodePen">CodePen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.ubc.ca/labs/imager/contributions/flinn/Illusions/TT/tt.html">Tritone paradox example (requires Java)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/pp2007pt/music">Pedro Patricio's compositions formed around the auditory illusion of the perpetual melody (<i>Perpetual Melody - contrasting moments</i>, 1-7)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8RgeUa7_WI">An E5 Shinkansen Bullet Train Departing Tokyo Station plays the sound of a Shepard Tone possibly due to how many cars and systems have to activate</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Auditory_illusions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Auditory_illusions" title="Template:Auditory illusions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Auditory_illusions" title="Template talk:Auditory illusions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Auditory_illusions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Auditory illusions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Auditory_illusions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_beats" class="mw-redirect" title="Binaural beats">Binaural beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_spectrum_melody" title="Constant spectrum melody">Constant spectrum melody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsch%27s_scale_illusion" title="Deutsch's scale illusion">Deutsch's scale illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franssen_effect" title="Franssen effect">Franssen effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando_illusion" title="Glissando illusion">Glissando illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_continuity_of_tones" title="Illusory continuity of tones">Illusory continuity of tones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_discontinuity" title="Illusory discontinuity">Illusory discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossy_audio_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy audio compression">Lossy audio compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGurk_effect" title="McGurk effect">McGurk effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_fundamental" title="Missing fundamental">Missing fundamental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_illusion" title="Octave illusion">Octave illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Risset's rhythmic effect</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shepard-Risset tone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tritone_paradox" title="Tritone paradox">Deutsch tritone paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-to-song_illusion" title="Speech-to-song illusion">Speech-to-song illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanny_or_Laurel" title="Yanny or Laurel">Yanny or Laurel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">Optical illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_illusion" title="Tactile illusion">Tactile illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Temporal illusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_psychology" title="Template:Music psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_psychology" title="Template talk:Music psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_music" title="Neuroscience of music">Cognitive neuroscience of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_music_cognition" title="Culture in music cognition">Culture in music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychology" title="Category:Music psychology">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">Absolute pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_imagery" title="Auditory imagery">Auditory imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_music" title="Background music">Background music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">Consonance and dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsch%27s_scale_illusion" title="Deutsch's scale illusion">Deutsch's scale illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earworm" title="Earworm">Earworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_music_cognition" title="Embodied music cognition">Embodied music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(biomusicology)" title="Entrainment (biomusicology)">Entrainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Exercise and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_movement_in_music_reading" title="Eye movement in music reading">Eye movement in music reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franssen_effect" title="Franssen effect">Franssen effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_theory_of_tonal_music" title="Generative theory of tonal music">Generative theory of tonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando_illusion" title="Glissando illusion">Glissando illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonic_music_consumption_model" title="Hedonic music consumption model">Hedonic music consumption model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_continuity_of_tones" title="Illusory continuity of tones">Illusory continuity of tones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitin_effect" title="Levitin effect">Levitin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipps%E2%80%93Meyer_law" title="Lipps–Meyer law">Lipps–Meyer law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_expectation" title="Melodic expectation">Melodic expectation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_fission" title="Melodic fission">Melodic fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_effect" title="Mozart effect">Mozart effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Music and movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_psychological_operations" title="Music in psychological operations">Music in psychological operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_music_preference" title="Psychology of music preference">Music preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-related_memory" title="Music-related memory">Music-related memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_gesture" title="Musical gesture">Musical gesture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_semantics" title="Musical semantics">Musical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_syntax" title="Musical syntax">Musical syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_illusion" title="Octave illusion">Octave illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pitch" title="Relative pitch">Relative pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadji_effect" title="Sharawadji effect">Sharawadji effect</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shepard tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-to-song_illusion" title="Speech-to-song illusion">Speech-to-song illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_dynamics_of_music_and_language" title="Temporal dynamics of music and language">Temporal dynamics of music and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonal_memory" title="Tonal memory">Tonal memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritone_paradox" title="Tritone paradox">Tritone paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusia" title="Amusia">Amusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_arrhythmia" title="Auditory arrhythmia">Auditory arrhythmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_deafness" title="Beat deafness">Beat deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_hallucinations" title="Musical hallucinations">Musical hallucinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_dystonia" title="Focal dystonia">Musician's dystonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_deafness" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone deafness">Tone deafness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioacoustics" title="Bioacoustics">Bioacoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_intonation_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic intonation therapy">Melodic intonation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Neurologic music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuronal_encoding_of_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal encoding of sound">Neuronal encoding of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_science" title="Performance science">Performance science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis_and_music" title="Psychoanalysis and music">Psychoanalysis and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_musicology" title="Systematic musicology">Systematic musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychologists" title="Category:Music psychologists">Researchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamshed_Bharucha" title="Jamshed Bharucha">Jamshed Bharucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Cuddy" title="Lola Cuddy">Lola Cuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutietta" title="Robert Cutietta">Robert Cutietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_W._Davidson" title="Jane W. Davidson">Jane W. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Deli%C3%A8ge" title="Irène Deliège">Irène Deliège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Deutsch" title="Diana Deutsch">Diana Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuomas_Eerola" title="Tuomas Eerola">Tuomas Eerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkjan_Honing" title="Henkjan Honing">Henkjan Honing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Huron" title="David Huron">David Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Kraus" title="Nina Kraus">Nina Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_L._Krumhansl" title="Carol L. Krumhansl">Carol L. Krumhansl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Lerdahl" title="Fred Lerdahl">Fred Lerdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Levitin" title="Daniel Levitin">Daniel Levitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Meyer" title="Leonard B. Meyer">Leonard B. Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Friedrich_Meyer" title="Max Friedrich Meyer">Max Friedrich Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mursell" title="James Mursell">James Mursell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parncutt" title="Richard Parncutt">Richard Parncutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Schoen" title="Max Schoen">Max Schoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sloboda" title="John Sloboda">John Sloboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Forde_Thompson" title="William Forde Thompson">William Forde Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Trehub" title="Sandra Trehub">Sandra Trehub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_Perception" title="Music Perception">Music Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicae_Scientiae_(journal)" title="Musicae Scientiae (journal)">Musicae Scientiae (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicophilia" title="Musicophilia">Musicophilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Music,_Thought,_and_Feeling" title="Music, Thought, and Feeling">Music, Thought, and Feeling</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of Music (journal)">Psychology of Music (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_in_Six_Songs" title="The World in Six Songs">The World in Six Songs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Music" title="This Is Your Brain on Music">This Is Your Brain on Music</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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