CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '914c41a0df1581aa',cH: 'NyoNCIF8LymxptzTQTyVibt15MIRusSIVyPZqh1P__M-1740031017-1.2.1.1-6yGLLAcFBqzdLvj0dOE89tw0CIjkuiRHGzj0M_Gfa6ySOXE0ZOyd4N.vXXljhmkd',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=web%20mapping&__cf_chl_tk=TvM3uiRtNylj4A0MDpcxFG5wySIbfnY6F6Ci0BlvTck-1740031017-1.0.1.1-BoYRMyoKDZmanohNj4b5CIj3qqtN33NzRtZqHJjUdj0",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740031017',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=web%20mapping&__cf_chl_f_tk=TvM3uiRtNylj4A0MDpcxFG5wySIbfnY6F6Ci0BlvTck-1740031017-1.0.1.1-BoYRMyoKDZmanohNj4b5CIj3qqtN33NzRtZqHJjUdj0",md: "Holrlm9WGUAG3_7VJRZTPbStZ7Jy0A2YQC2aQPzznGk-1740031017-1.2.1.1-LM50U_20z7zev6TuHUcVLDoEDAPBFcF9sQUhR_eBF7OzKUzrZn17kpjePFlfSTQRfZp.zFDaTnUV0sPSyf9evQJSN3i1uQvCTDZ7KVT7Q4aeX14jQ2z2xVC.IGkbqxud59Z4HZqTZIihvwEpwaNzRb_kbgbhGJJVXDWPqITGoVCotmwvsee5NF8wjUUEsChSNFhw9SIyG6GdfyZB30JijzU2s_fpYx98jJfnEEWEvAjMNhF1HsjS65GgAAej0SKcH393Ck6bbBkRQ6AF4IC_Ihf.5rJRjdu3TD3yaHf.fYUx3Ng676XT.moOt8OrzWK.byqS5GqUEuVs0Y9ab4saV5kGpKRrkseQ_ItRWEGd6gCAOqfl.jDXoI1X14KVhWrM4WHvbQQe_uEYyzwj7Zhu9BZNY.mzHJ1AcNPEhsjemfTPrb4owMctMvIjartzmzqO3CFbh_VVhKfP9lYFhrzoSfBAeyIUVGIyYYmruhI5Ly0MI1Kxncr3tC2Td5FBKzB_QPqGRpXpuCbh3dfmBSvGkmW7vGqMxPKo9eJEBc0IV8VpPnGB2Cyeptq4HNK3D3eTkB_HhC.IlgckcrN5GzSLeoEh5GP0dQ5T9xkhjTQtvcee9b_pa.jHj2optFK7uuR0_XWM9kZFW9cjC07_xx5DxsPu7hsox_MQxXrDTp2Seyx2CjiE7cwLYquu8pCDuL0TiKNosD_5inJ8KpqALS4jNCMNqIIjBkrZC0MHGy9J.ViuoiGFvukxSQ93erXb_5nG.6zOb7ScHVHMaqwSArXRmJ.lOnqb2Zs5Z9b5FRqIie57hXDp.wp70ECexe1trCmq9z4CZRzYQQvWooIpDqGqieqgTO1BLu3I7zyk9WWpvAbaLH4JCsk1CO7qCcvjUPMxESywP.wYWFUP2oYiTK8QA8rDKdgumN0d0AtwMhbvg4ftD_Cidf3sFNMeGcDDoDYQIUbPS88MyHDoiAHVbSVtrdi3luAVGYR0WKBc9uCQEX_IN60GAI22GQ2rKOPLFhqblRTRGL5admZGvBsOa8Bg2Pk3mHrx3cmCMaI7UBeB5n73R_Judb4961NWaF038wFPDe929nzX1b.MB7sPMaD2OQlpnKnWdmFBmsj1IgFZQ4Njc4AR_6Xuc.XWUt9rL4sYxXeQruCYypHLLU4fj9WoJPZaskdl3DBblnsP4rdhTd0CfoSnlLKKNLvTaIVbBqcOk10Wm5NcZd80ge9tYaklD7ExC3BLky6qSWAX4fQDnpT6B8MyMBU.1PGOWuYErjyMtJzH3v3.TNHR6K5bnLAnCAJp9gFbX3eUQ0YDy8Y8NUCAfwcFmT.ll5STCyEJL70AjULPwHvCZ9ECcTSc3D9y1PA0qJyH7lrxTMojoBNGJDCRHaB95thlHiHNNhCHTW3LbgY2wpU.Qh0i2Iv40qERt7Iv1bB8lATrUgPkSTyV.EoqneUhC4QRGESzLpe60FdyRbPVC3uiUju3nGW6rBaavga7hYYQYUksc6DVqiFA5YceI61h87K0eZ.vaODnAcfCiIJra3aPD.PmnTCXLryXY5_._S4JWnCY0fBImFAqLJvZ7wyQKJQPrz32j1pE7Qd9md93X6U._e2S7uEakwn039XbpZP_YK.bHt6G5LrdlbZojidqXSJJJRsAO2srKx22.n54Ybc1wb1KYF8tT.5DpDgZmkq6RLEzkd7fsEIIHliBHEw6Awuj3DddJlUOiWZ6Ql16FjicHHHMANrT9Bju9qXhIQz6Qx3rY3ObIzTGgAMGpIZOjifwh..GihwQDyPBlIC44yJYROJpLyF9yPaCa.VJZbrlkJAgHP3Vs2aYdyuVdoq17dbBxXDSRhzJgVHzww_c6isnqjrZ9XOPjFmgyQVz.W_JJlh318WkLidm3CKNyFJZ6HWxGbBIm3SEchkKK1IsB6peE7pahYn2Qxvc24kQfarvxMHOmgrnefv_ntQ",mdrd: "6YzwUZDQoTxPNoXp0uf_bTZDKiBu6O_J_3Rxa31Du9s-1740031017-1.2.1.1-oHFNBRNxOo1q.Yvap65vbtRJLLOO7NXbsc5WDWlG8cDUBuPPjGFX4cYfz7Of0TEUs63GgKVv4a9njGqZ0TL2eEtXnz1RTjRNCJw9E8gvOYLLdCwalCMWYlTp_qRtmBP2q2bCAmfkj347e6.utGmt.Xb.Ibpqar.cDQFuN6Y_tEO00vmU9SL1QJ5cVvgot_d0JMuD.ZrPEKZaNC0_l.O56xp1aHQPv1opSwe4dN1GbY4vxcJyU4Vy6L5YqbyhhIzuZmp2sPYOnOVZVuaZ2UZgYMKFzRnh_iufJDtaZvlAtLJHX1oGPrUDclZLiQrtP8e4p7h8BUy4c10pY7D66DegDp6ICbYAG9bPO7oLBTEyXn.kTvqOMc0SfktDxblvwNQjQPozWH9lg67NNqVwVIkaj_7KJAn1tDKyLZZuhjHnnt1X2S532_Dz_x8ctMXrGNYIHkPuaFv9.cXfIUKbajApUvdDEqh65Yvj6YgIC_Y8DQc4BRHMivOQbho5ec_.uB4FjXAqyNLcak2IXmas3Zhz8stCPhTsfmapEpz4MNKYZiBTPFmoV8iWR5yJ0c6wJ4yQtfFTzd3S5sQYIFW_OiZ32fRYndqXnLvUdSW9eIJi_KbufyoIY6.aEjBwtCgXs4J0COLhUcGeXhLvmlUXUl1uxxOmj6yCmGquwBcxz8j.HNL2EOkFacPWr3Qfsnc6SGCU2iyIEKhKWexho2lcBA85BtwGlaO5CCsoqGotKiGWyDNI5Csj1BiUi0Xak8KcVaoyvJaQgzOVJGDJmJbSKxxLciJMhGNqe5TAuGw5jhrceMYe10yiiVCZQvnfRhjbi.SpQM7BtCdOrX2Zav7gaIXz90TX0tWifeYFd9mCVjqFrQ008xZNaCN1WarWuqsr_HbdoMQoGYRt4RV934USHXOhUwoo0Wun.YlyUQtYNDKHe6DoZ19zfhxh6DzoBFah.lagMBzAiWvKKpzUSix0mDpxqmDvFai0lOxjNhE27YR0x4OPvYkur1Gv4EKgKkxDFVfaNXpO7bOdKjGzjMnuRQ0p02e0JDQwI4TYggj0QYaPaDuEf09kxnofkfayxzWKjcLDtapCG7XMszeiR_Pn2Mf8BIAmpCgm_fYfCA40vPn2yCVdyqjphj73FgjNu7Cf6QEG8IHMFaOzv4u5Sg54ssALNEP1pieeMjhEawC6xYxC.VIar9xBVECszU6dajIjuAyVzaueOa63XgDdTdwtykl4rLQ5ZWcrKSWAtoG9gFa19Zk2N5wTztNOUzCPww5baN3Mf77IwCjBTMfW6ihn7GqQ9CxkjdOasSerN16QoW8mqS_neMvo0_F0HvJ05CX4t8tFz3KRft5nNm2wxrjCRp1YAzBFiFCE8E2Ov0h1qqMJCVDw9PJEOeKT42JdDSqeOExo6yLN2ozZw63_5J9jqA79TAV5a7UC1rQ9.AFFADaIyqyJtMLa66S1tgE7eO5VwSPabl2xt.ug7XpqZUG6JHItWTWbokCzZ6L0iIj68ZyiMS_fnZAA3uHrQ3Nugokl4_pXPVQOoyirToTZ3fdxl7PdDHO_laNfl44I2HUKQ6rjsVIpsVvLolddb7ICy1ph63aZHvbhxXjXYs_dtw7juQaBcO5y3II_Ymr7HRHo9H9UxCd4AtXmZWCOXqHVPWGuiutzWNlVgIoH2ALZGHlr_qKPjcm60Mi0D.Mg2xQwxvcfmjHFMkWCuQKgKv4_9RnIOlQHabr0p84Ew2UZMBzIS3tkZ8k.iPLrTHNiuWebLxOZCzj5RkieQC7Sa2JVG2._1JKzMMw.ovuft.4ghpurA9zEI5jK58MJ8.gOGVr372i.Rxk0WH3a5rs5SCBxFcCIq2lajg_2iZptLWBmfm_Knq12PJ4YV8zYI6_Aceb4aXiQpk7y7Js0BqYhtzZXh1g0_bOoADaWsvv8npOu6wDN9avwKVIUoYxNk37SV5Jmix4tfrWi7uxW88Xf45ro2zuBhSRK"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914c41a0df1581aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=web%20mapping&__cf_chl_rt_tk=TvM3uiRtNylj4A0MDpcxFG5wySIbfnY6F6Ci0BlvTck-1740031017-1.0.1.1-BoYRMyoKDZmanohNj4b5CIj3qqtN33NzRtZqHJjUdj0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>