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The Role of MERS-CoV Accessory Proteins in Viral Pathogenesis – Toxicology
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category-pathogenesis tag-accessory-proteins tag-immune-evasion tag-interferon-inhibition tag-mers-cov tag-nf-b tag-orf3 tag-orf4a tag-orf4b tag-orf5 tag-therapeutic-targets tag-viral-pathogenesis" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="2560" height="1340" src="https://toxicology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_31_-min-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://toxicology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_31_-min-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://toxicology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_31_-min-300x157.jpg 300w, https://toxicology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_31_-min-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https://toxicology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_31_-min-768x402.jpg 768w, https://toxicology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_31_-min-1536x804.jpg 1536w, https://toxicology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_31_-min-2048x1072.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">The Role of MERS-CoV Accessory Proteins in Viral Pathogenesis</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-09-10T19:05:52+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">September 10, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://toxicology.blog/archive/author/toxicology/" title="View all posts by toxicology" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">toxicology</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, or MERS-CoV, was identified in 2012 as a novel zoonotic agent that primarily infects the respiratory system and has a very high mortality rate. Although most studies are centered on the structural proteins of MERS-CoV, the accessory proteins also have a significant effect on the virus’s capacity to replicate and cause disease in humans. These are proteins that are not required by the virus to replicate but play important roles in the pathogenesis of the virus by helping the virus evade the host’s immune system. Thus, this article considers the function and role of MERS-CoV accessory proteins and the significance of these proteins’ involvement in the viral life cycle for the development of antiviral therapies.</span></p> <h3><b>Introduction</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since its appearance, MERS-CoV has become a real threat to the world’s population because of its relatively high mortality rate and the possibility of transmission from one person to another. Information about the processes by which MERS-CoV infects and harms the host is essential for designing therapy and prophylaxis. Another characteristic feature of the MERS-CoV that contributes to its ability to kill the host is its tendency to hide from the immune system that is present in the organism of an infected individual. These are viral proteins that are synthesized from open reading frames (ORFs) within the viral genome, and though they do not directly contribute to viral replication, they have a major impact on the pathogenesis of the virus since they affect the host’s immune system. This article focuses on various accessory proteins found in MERS-CoV, the roles they play in the virus, and the role they play in the occurrence of the disease.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://toxicology.blog/publication-trends/index/pathogenesis" target="_blank" title="pathogenesis - yearwise publication trends">pathogenesis</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 'NA' : count; tableHTML += ` <tr> <td>${year}</td> <td>${displayCount}</td> </tr> `; }); tableHTML += '</table></div>'; resultsContainer.innerHTML = tableHTML; } function displayLineChart(statistics) { var years = Object.keys(statistics); var counts = Object.values(statistics); var ctx = document.getElementById('publicationChart').getContext('2d'); // Destroy existing chart instance if it exists if (chart !== null) { chart.destroy(); } // Create a new chart instance chart = new Chart(ctx, { type: 'line', data: { labels: years, datasets: [{ label: 'Publication Counts', data: counts, fill: false, borderColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 1)', tension: 0.1 }] }, options: { scales: { y: { beginAtZero: true } }, plugins: { legend: { display: true, position: 'top' } } } }); } function displayKeywordStats(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-stats'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://toxicology.blog/publication-trends/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - yearwise publication trends">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var statistics = { "2014": 4891, "2015": 4940, "2016": 6842, "2017": 6113, "2018": 7130, "2019": 9368, "2020": 14478, "2021": 19118, "2022": 22645, "2023": 36388, "2024": 12763 }; var keywordsArray = ["MERS-CoV","Accessory Proteins","ORF3","ORF4a","ORF4b","ORF5","Immune Evasion","Viral Pathogenesis","Interferon Inhibition","NF-\u03baB","Therapeutic Targets"]; displayResults(statistics); displayLineChart(statistics); displayKeywordStats(keywordsArray); </script></p> <h3><b>Introduction of MERS-CoV Accessory Proteins</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">MERS-CoV has four accessory proteins among the genes: ORF3, ORF4a, ORF4b, and ORF5. These proteins are involved in several activities that promote the stability as well as the reproduction of the virus within the host. While structural proteins play a key role in the formation of the virus particle and their participation in the formation of the viral coat, accessory proteins are involved in influencing the host conditions for the propagation of the virus. As for the accessory proteins, in the following, we outline detailed descriptions of each such protein and its contribution to the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV infection.</span></p> <p><b>ORF3 Protein: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">The exact function of MERS-CoV ORF3 protein is still in doubt; however, it has been suggested that it may manage the host’s immune response. Research has suggested that ORF3 can interfere with the host’s interferon (IFN) response pathway, which forms a part of the human body’s first-line defense against viruses. Since ORF3 degrades the respective host’s IFN, the innate immune response is delayed, and the virus can easily spread and replicate. Furthermore, ORF3 contributes to the interruption of several cell signaling pathways, which also help the virus evade the immune system of the host.</span></p> <p><b>ORF4a and ORF4b Proteins: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">ORF4a and ORF4b are two of the most intensively researched proteins that are encoded within the MERS-CoV genome. Such proteins are well-documented to suppress the activation of the host’s antiviral innate immunity, especially the IFN cascade. ORF4a can bind with dsRNA, thereby inhibiting the activation of the MDA5 RNA helicase, which is mandatory for IFN production. This inhibition, in essence, suppresses the host’s ability to fight off the virus, and therefore the virus is free to replicate unhindered.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another ORF4b isolate was found to be capable of translocating to the nucleus to suppress the NF-κB signaling pathway that plays a central role in immune response regulation. Through the inhibition of NF-κB activation, ORF4b likely contributes to the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other factors that would help a host mount an effective response to the virus’s presence, which makes it easier for the virus to persist in the host.</span></p> <p><b>ORF5 Protein: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Although little is known about the function of the ORF5 protein in MERS-CoV-infected cells compared to ORF4a and ORF4b, it is assumed that it is involved in the replication and evasion of the host’s immune system. Several studies indicate that ORF5 might interact with the host’s immune response to the virus, and the exact modus operandi of this protein is still under debate. More studies on the role and characteristics of ORF5 and its influence on the course of MERS-CoV infection are required.</span></p> <h3><b>Mechanisms of Immune Evasion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is for this reason that a key feature of MERS-CoV accessory proteins is the fact that they can modulate the host’s immune system. This immune evasion is realized through many factors, especially the suppression of numerous signaling pathways indispensable for antiviral manoeuvres. The IFN pathway is targeted significantly; however, it also consists of proteins like ORF4a and ORF4b that interrupt the formation and signaling of IFNs. This blockade avoids the attainment of an antiviral condition within the host cells and the continued replication of the virus.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, the suppression of the NF-κB pathway by ORF4b down-regulates the manifestation of IL-8, CCL2, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are needed for immune cells to get attracted to the infected area. Thus, MERS-CoV can suppress these responses in the hope that it will not be detected and killed by the host’s immune system, resulting in increased viral longevity as well as pathogenicity.</span></p> <h3><b>Impact on Viral Pathogenesis</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This review will discuss how MERS-CoV has accessory proteins that are capable of altering and/or escaping the host’s immune response, which plays a critical role in the infection’s development. These proteins suppress several important components of the immune system that would normally help clear the virus from the system; in their place, they enable efficient viral replication and dissemination within the host, resulting in higher morbidity and mortality. For instance, the attenuation of IFN responses is observed to be correlated with higher viral content and severe respiratory manifestations due to the inability of the host to launch an effective antiviral campaign.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Moreover, it was noted that accessory proteins suppress many pro-inflammatory pathways and may lead to uncontrolled immune reactions, causing intense inflammation in cases of MERS-CoV infection. Such dysregulation could lead to an over-heightened immune response as the MERS-CoV infection progresses and causes tissue damage and, therefore, higher mortality rates.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://toxicology.blog/recent-publications/index/pathogenesis" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="pathogenesis - yearwise publication list">pathogenesis</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; border-radius:30px; } .publication-block p { margin-bottom: .5em; font-size: 15px; color: #000; } h3 { font-size: 18px !important; margin-bottom: 20px; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; } a { padding: 5px; color: #a71c49; } #keyword-papers{ margin-top: 20px; text-align: center; } </style> <script> function decodeString(str) { str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); str = str.replace(/\\'/g, "'"); return str; } function displayResults_recent(papers) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_recent'); if (!papers || papers.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No recent publications found.</p>'; return; } papers.forEach(paper => { var publicationBlock = document.createElement('div'); publicationBlock.className = 'publication-block'; var title_de = decodeString(paper.title); var publicationHTML = ` <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;line-height: 24px;"><a href="${paper.url}" target="_blank" title="${title_de}">${title_de}</a></div> <p><strong>Issue Release:</strong> ${paper.publishedDate}</p> `; publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://toxicology.blog/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Zebrafish as a Model for Investigating Antiviral Innate Immunity.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39192133", "publishedDate": "2025" }, { "title": "Domain 5 of Beta 2 glycoprotein I: Friend or foe in health? Context matters.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38917928", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Mitochondrial homeostasis in odontoblast: Physiology, pathogenesis and targeting strategies.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38917871", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Astrocyte-secreted C3 signaling impairs neuronal development and cognition in autoimmune diseases.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945516", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Single-cell RNA sequencing in exploring the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946005", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Diosgenin attenuates metabolic-associated fatty liver disease through the hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent signaling pathway.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944952", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Temperature-responsive hydrogel-grafted vessel-on-a-chip: Exploring cold-induced endothelial injury.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946677", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Dihydromyricetin ameliorates diabetic renal fibrosis via regulating SphK1 to suppress the activation of NF-\u03baB pathway.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945289", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "A Rare Case of Thoracic SMARCA4-Deficient Undifferentiated Tumor With Diffuse Brain Metastasis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947666", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Isothiocyanate-Corticosteroid Conjugates against asthma: Unity makes strength.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944936", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Identification of diagnostic signature and immune microenvironment subtypes of venous thromboembolism.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945040", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Recurrent Cerebral Hemorrhaging with Platelet Dysfunction Accompanied by Anti-glycoprotein VI Autoantibodies in a Patient with TAFRO Syndrome.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945933", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Causal relationship between infection and IgA nephropathy: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946159", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "[Clinical characteristics and genetic analysis of two children with X-linked Centronuclear myopathy due to variants of MTM1 gene].", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946363", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Systemic Deletion of ARRDC4 Improves Cardiac Reserve and Exercise Capacity in Diabetes.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946541", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Suppression of MyD88 disturbs gut microbiota and activates the NLR pathway and hence fails to ameliorate DSS-induced colitis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946731", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "GNL3L exhibits pro-tumor activities via NF-\u03baB pathway as a poor prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947394", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals adrenergic and STAT3 signaling in paradoxical low-flow low-gradient -specific cardiomyocyte subclusters: implications for aortic stenosis pathogenesis and treatment.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38943668", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Genetically Predicted Higher Levels of Caffeic Acid Are Protective Against Ulcerative Colitis: A Comprehensive Metabolome Analysis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944808", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "MiR-98-3p alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction by targeting DKK3 in sepsis-induced acute lung injury.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945840", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["MERS-CoV","Accessory Proteins","ORF3","ORF4a","ORF4b","ORF5","Immune Evasion","Viral Pathogenesis","Interferon Inhibition","NF-\u03baB","Therapeutic Targets"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Therapeutic Implications</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The study on the function of MERS-CoV accessory proteins in immune evasion and pathogenesis will provide fresh approaches to curing MERS-CoV infection. It is possible to block these proteins with specific inhibitors by utilizing these amounts, increasing the capability of the host to control and eliminate the virus. For instance, small molecules or peptides that inhibit the binding of ORF4a with dsRNA can hinder the suppression of IFN-making, thus promoting a strong antiviral response.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Likewise, it may be possible to affect ORF4b nuclear localization or function to correct NF-κB signaling and cytokine production, thereby increasing sc infection, immune cell infiltration, and activation. Such measures could perhaps be useful in decreasing viral cyberspace and enhancing the health situation of patients with MERS-CoV.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">MERS-CoV accessory proteins play a crucial role in the virus’s ability to evade the host immune system and cause severe disease. By inhibiting key immune pathways, these proteins enable the virus to replicate and persist within the host, leading to increased pathogenicity and high mortality rates. Understanding the functions of these accessory proteins provides valuable insights into MERS-CoV pathogenesis and highlights potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Continued research into the mechanisms of action of these proteins will be essential for developing effective treatments and preventive measures against MERS-CoV and other emerging coronaviruses.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li>Menachery, V.D., Mitchell, H.D., Cockrell, A.S., Gralinski, L.E., Yount Jr, B.L., Graham, R.L., McAnarney, E.T., Douglas, M.G., Scobey, T., Beall, A. and Dinnon III, K., 2017. <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mbio.00665-17">MERS-CoV accessory ORFs play key role for infection and pathogenesis.</a> <i>MBio</i>, <i>8</i>(4), pp.10-1128.</li> <li>Lau, S.K., Zhang, L., Luk, H.K., Xiong, L., Peng, X., Li, K.S., He, X., Zhao, P.S.H., Fan, R.Y., Wong, A.C. and Ahmed, S.S., 2018. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/218/2/197/4810771">Receptor usage of a novel bat lineage C betacoronavirus reveals evolution of Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus spike proteins for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 binding.</a> <i>The Journal of infectious diseases</i>, <i>218</i>(2), pp.197-207.</li> <li>Paden, C.R., Yusof, M.F.B.M., Al Hammadi, Z.M., Queen, K., Tao, Y., Eltahir, Y.M., Elsayed, E.A., Marzoug, B.A., Bensalah, O.K.A., Khalafalla, A.I. and Al Mulla, M., 2018. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/zph.12435">Zoonotic origin and transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the UAE.</a> <i>Zoonoses and public health</i>, <i>65</i>(3), pp.322-333.</li> <li>Tao, Y., Shi, M., Chommanard, C., Queen, K., Zhang, J., Markotter, W., Kuzmin, I.V., Holmes, E.C. and Tong, S., 2017. <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.01953-16">Surveillance of bat coronaviruses in Kenya identifies relatives of human coronaviruses NL63 and 229E and their recombination history.</a> <i>Journal of virology</i>, <i>91</i>(5), pp.10-1128.</li> <li>Chu, D.K., Hui, K.P., Perera, R.A., Miguel, E., Niemeyer, D., Zhao, J., Channappanavar, R., Dudas, G., Oladipo, J.O., Traoré, A. and Fassi-Fihri, O., 2018. <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1718769115">MERS coronaviruses from camels in Africa exhibit region-dependent genetic diversity.</a> <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, <i>115</i>(12), pp.3144-3149.</li> <li>Tahir, F., Arif, T.B., Ahmed, J., Malik, F. and Khalid, M., 2020. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7282369/">Cardiac manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a comprehensive review.</a> <i>Cureus</i>, <i>12</i>(5).</li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Harcourt JL, Rudoler N, Tamin A, Leshem E, Rasis M, Giladi M, Haynes LM. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29855166/">The prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) antibodies in dromedary camels in Israel. Zoonoses Public Health.</a> 2018 Sep;65(6):749-754. doi: 10.1111/zph.12482. Epub 2018 May 31. PMID: 29855166; PMCID: PMC6274617.</div> <div class="citation-actions"></div> </li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">pathogenesis</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://toxicology.blog/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .author-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #227cdc; } .author-block p { margin: 5px 0; } .author-b { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom:10px; } .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 30%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 10px; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 100%; margin: 10px 0; } } </style> <script> function displayResults_author(authors) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_author'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!authors || Object.keys(authors).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No authors found.</p>'; return; } Object.values(authors).slice(0, 10).forEach(author => { if (author.affiliation.length > 400) { return; } var authorBlock = document.createElement('div'); authorBlock.className = 'author-block'; var author_name=author.name; let key_replace = author_name.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); var authorHTML = ` <h3><a href="https://toxicology.blog/author/index/${key_replace}\/${author.aid}" target="_blank" title="${author.name}">${author.name}</a></h3> <div class="author-b"> <div class="ainfo"><strong>H-Index:</strong> ${author.hindex}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Publication Count:</strong> ${author.paper_count}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Citation Count:</strong> ${author.citation_count}</div> </div> <p><strong>Affiliation:</strong> ${author.affiliation}</p> `; authorBlock.innerHTML = authorHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(authorBlock); }); } function displayKeywordAuthors(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-authors'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach(key => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://toxicology.blog/expert-search/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key}">${key}</a>`; }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var authors_data = { "qUNAK4wBWBy50K-rO4CA": { "aid": "qUNAK4wBWBy50K-rO4CA", "name": "T. 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Ruggeri", "citation_count": 35518, "hindex": 102, "paper_count": 470, "affiliation": "Department of Molecular Medicine, MERU-Roon Research Center on Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. ", "email": "ruggeri@scripps.edu", "slug_tail": "z-ruggeri" } }; //console.log(authors_data); displayResults_author(authors_data); var keywordsArray = ["MERS-CoV","Accessory Proteins","ORF3","ORF4a","ORF4b","ORF5","Immune Evasion","Viral Pathogenesis","Interferon Inhibition","NF-\u03baB","Therapeutic Targets"]; displayKeywordAuthors(keywordsArray); </script></p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="gp-icon icon-categories"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 112c0-26.51 21.49-48 48-48h110.014a48 48 0 0143.592 27.907l12.349 26.791A16 16 0 00228.486 128H464c26.51 0 48 21.49 48 48v224c0 26.51-21.49 48-48 48H48c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48V112z" /></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://toxicology.blog/archive/category/pathogenesis/" rel="category tag">Pathogenesis</a></span> <span class="tags-links"><span 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