CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Private spaceflight - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"569bfd8d-6122-49de-b430-e27e26b69b8d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Private_spaceflight","wgTitle":"Private spaceflight","wgCurRevisionId":1257453823,"wgRevisionId":1257453823,"wgArticleId":752732,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Pages with reference errors","Pages with duplicate reference names","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location","CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing cleanup from November 2024","All pages needing cleanup", "Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2024","Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2024","Use dmy dates from March 2018","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2013","Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2015","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2013","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016","Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2021","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","Private spaceflight","Space applications"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Private_spaceflight","wgRelevantArticleId":752732,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Commercial_spaceflight","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Private_spaceflight","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q44906","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg/1200px-Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="848"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg/800px-Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="566"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg/640px-Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="453"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Private spaceflight - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_spaceflight"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_spaceflight"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Private_spaceflight rootpage-Private_spaceflight skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Private+spaceflight" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Private+spaceflight" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Private+spaceflight" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Private+spaceflight" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_commercial_space_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_commercial_space_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of commercial space transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_commercial_space_transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of commercial space transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_commercial_space_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_deregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_deregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>American deregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_deregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_privatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_privatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Russian privatization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_privatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Launch alliances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spaceflight_privatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spaceflight_privatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Spaceflight privatization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spaceflight_privatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Companies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Companies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Companies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venture_capital_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venture_capital_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Venture capital investment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venture_capital_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_launchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_launchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Commercial launchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_launchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_government_commercial_cargo_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_government_commercial_cargo_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>US government commercial cargo services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_government_commercial_cargo_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_personal_spaceflight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_personal_spaceflight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Emerging personal spaceflight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_personal_spaceflight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_foundations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_foundations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Private foundations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_foundations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Plans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private_orbital_spaceflight,_space_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_orbital_spaceflight,_space_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Private orbital spaceflight, space stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_orbital_spaceflight,_space_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-orbit_propellant_depots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-orbit_propellant_depots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>On-orbit propellant depots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-orbit_propellant_depots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asteroid_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asteroid_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asteroid mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asteroid_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_elevators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_elevators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Space elevators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_elevators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-launched_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-launched_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-launched efforts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-launched_efforts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-launched efforts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-launched_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Failed_spaceflight_ventures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_spaceflight_ventures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Failed spaceflight ventures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_spaceflight_ventures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_space_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_space_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Private space stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_space_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_private_ventures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_private_ventures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lunar private ventures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_private_ventures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robotic_Lunar-surface_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robotic_Lunar-surface_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Robotic Lunar-surface missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robotic_Lunar-surface_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_Lunar-surface_crewed_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_Lunar-surface_crewed_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Private Lunar-surface crewed expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_Lunar-surface_crewed_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mars exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NewSpace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NewSpace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>NewSpace</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NewSpace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_ventures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_ventures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Corporate ventures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_ventures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Media coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Private spaceflight</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="رحلات الفضاء الخاصة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رحلات الفضاء الخاصة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_espacial_privat" title="Vol espacial privat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vol espacial privat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Raumfahrt" title="Private Raumfahrt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Private Raumfahrt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelo_espacial_privado" title="Vuelo espacial privado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vuelo espacial privado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_spatial_priv%C3%A9" title="Vol spatial privé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vol spatial privé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EA%B0%84_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89" title="민간 우주 비행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민간 우주 비행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerbangan_antariksa_swasta" title="Penerbangan antariksa swasta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penerbangan antariksa swasta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C" title="民間宇宙飛行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民間宇宙飛行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="پرائیویٹ خلائی پرواز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرائیویٹ خلائی پرواز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voo_espacial_privado" title="Voo espacial privado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Voo espacial privado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Частные космические полёты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Частные космические полёты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privat_rymdfart" title="Privat rymdfart – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Privat rymdfart" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E8%90%A5%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="民营航天 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民营航天" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44906#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Private_spaceflight" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Private_spaceflight" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Private_spaceflight" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&oldid=1257453823" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Private_spaceflight&id=1257453823&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPrivate_spaceflight"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPrivate_spaceflight"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Private_spaceflight&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Private_space_exploration" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44906" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commercial_spaceflight&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial spaceflight">Commercial spaceflight</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spaceflight technology development not paid for by a government agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>article needs editing to resolve problems leftover from the merge of other articles over a decade or more; plus a good copyedit afterwards.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Private_spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Private spaceflight">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For paying space tourists, see <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a>. For general commercial use of space, see <a href="/wiki/Commercialization_of_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercialization of space">Commercialization of space</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NewSpace" and "New space" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/New_Space_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="New Space (disambiguation)">New Space</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg/400px-Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg/600px-Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg/800px-Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Space missions conducted between 1957 and 2020, divided into state and private runs.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA%E2%80%99s_SLS_and_SpaceX%E2%80%99s_Falcon_9_at_Launch_Complex_39A_%26_39B_(NHQ202204060003).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/NASA%E2%80%99s_SLS_and_SpaceX%E2%80%99s_Falcon_9_at_Launch_Complex_39A_%26_39B_%28NHQ202204060003%29.jpg/330px-NASA%E2%80%99s_SLS_and_SpaceX%E2%80%99s_Falcon_9_at_Launch_Complex_39A_%26_39B_%28NHQ202204060003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/NASA%E2%80%99s_SLS_and_SpaceX%E2%80%99s_Falcon_9_at_Launch_Complex_39A_%26_39B_%28NHQ202204060003%29.jpg/495px-NASA%E2%80%99s_SLS_and_SpaceX%E2%80%99s_Falcon_9_at_Launch_Complex_39A_%26_39B_%28NHQ202204060003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/NASA%E2%80%99s_SLS_and_SpaceX%E2%80%99s_Falcon_9_at_Launch_Complex_39A_%26_39B_%28NHQ202204060003%29.jpg/660px-NASA%E2%80%99s_SLS_and_SpaceX%E2%80%99s_Falcon_9_at_Launch_Complex_39A_%26_39B_%28NHQ202204060003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4359" data-file-height="2713" /></a><figcaption>A juxtaposition of private (left) and public (right) spaceflight. From <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Kennedy Space Center LC-39</a>, taken on April 6, 2022.<br />Left: <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> for <a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_1" title="Axiom Mission 1">Axiom Mission 1</a><br />Right: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> for <a href="/wiki/Artemis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 1">Artemis 1</a></figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.5em"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/220px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/330px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/440px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History of spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline of spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Space probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lunar missions">Lunar missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars missions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Applications_of_spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo spacecraft">Cargo spacecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Crewed spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Spaceflight types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of space organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Space agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_forces,_units,_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">Companies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#000 2px solid; border-bottom:#000 2px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/16px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/24px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/32px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Template:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Private spaceflight</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> developments that are not conducted by a <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agency</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> or <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>. </p><p>During the early decades of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a>, the government <a href="/wiki/Space_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Space agency">space agencies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and United States pioneered <a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">space technology</a> in collaboration with affiliated <a href="/wiki/Design_bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Design bureau">design bureaus</a> in the USSR and <a href="/wiki/Private_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Private enterprise">private companies</a> in the US. They entirely funded both the development of new spaceflight technologies and the operational costs of spaceflight. Following a similar model of space technology development, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> was formed in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a>, born out of ESA's independent spaceflight efforts, became the world's first commercial <a href="/wiki/Launch_service_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch service provider">launch service provider</a> in the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaeger1986_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaeger1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arianespace1980_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arianespace1980-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, large <a href="/wiki/Defense_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense contractor">defense contractors</a> began to develop and operate space <a href="/wiki/Launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch system">launch systems</a>, which were derived from government rockets. </p><p>Private spaceflight in Earth orbit includes <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">astronaut transport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-orbital">sub-orbital</a> and orbital <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourism</a>. In the United States, the FAA has created a new certification called <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Astronaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Astronaut">Commercial Astronaut</a>, a new occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneurs</a> began designing—and by the 2010s, deploying—space systems <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competitive</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governmental</a> systems<sup id="cite_ref-gm20120205_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm20120205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo20160819_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo20160819-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the early decades of the space age.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee201201_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee201201-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-belfiore2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belfiore2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> These new offerings have brought about significant <a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">market competition in space launch services</a> after 2010 that had not been present previously, principally through the reduction of the cost of space launch and the availability of more space launch <a href="/wiki/Supply_(economics)" title="Supply (economics)">capacity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tc20200818_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc20200818-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Private spaceflight accomplishments to date include flying <a href="/wiki/Suborbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital">suborbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplanes</a> (<a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a>), launching <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>, flying two orbital <a href="/wiki/Expandable_space_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Expandable space habitat">expandable</a> test modules (<a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">Genesis I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genesis_II_(space_habitat)" title="Genesis II (space habitat)">II</a>). On the opposite, launching astronauts to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> launches are performed on behalf of and financed by government agencies. </p><p>Planned private spaceflights beyond Earth orbit include <a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism on Moon">personal spaceflights around the Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two private <a href="/wiki/Space_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Space habitat">orbital habitat</a> prototypes are already in Earth orbit, with larger versions to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planned private spaceflights beyond Earth orbit include <a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">solar sailing</a> prototypes (<a href="/wiki/LightSail-3" class="mw-redirect" title="LightSail-3">LightSail-3</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_commercial_space_transportation">History of commercial space transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of commercial space transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_private_spaceflight" title="Timeline of private spaceflight">Timeline of private spaceflight</a></div> <p>During the principal period of <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> in the mid-twentieth century, only <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a> developed and flew spacecraft above the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a>, the nominal boundary of space. Both the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">U.S. civilian space program</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a> were operated using mainly military pilots as <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a>. During this period, no commercial space launches were available to private operators, and no private organization was able to offer space launches. Eventually, private organizations were able to both offer and purchase space launches, thus beginning the period of private spaceflight. </p><p>The first phase of private space operation was the launch of the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a>. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act of 1962</a> allowed commercial consortia owning and operating their own satellites, although these were still deployed on state-owned launch vehicles. </p><p>In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> created <a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a>, a company to be operated commercially after initial hardware and launch facilities were developed with <a href="/wiki/European_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="European Government">government</a> funding.<sup id="cite_ref-stAriane20130301_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stAriane20130301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arianespace has since launched numerous satellites as a commercial entity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of full private space transportation includes early efforts by German company <a href="/wiki/OTRAG" title="OTRAG">OTRAG</a> in the 20th century. Founded in 1975 as the first private company to attempt to launch a private spacecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-2012:May:Torchinsky_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012:May:Torchinsky-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> testing of its <a href="/wiki/OTRAG_(rocket)" title="OTRAG (rocket)">OTRAG rocket</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-1978:October:Zuckerman_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1978:October:Zuckerman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history also covers numerous modern orbital and suborbital launch systems in the 21st century. More recent commercial spaceflight projects include the suborbital flights of <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a>, the orbital flights of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">COTS</a> participants. </p><p>Development of alternatives to government-provided <a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">space launch</a> services began in earnest in the 2000s. Private interests began funding limited development programs, but the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a> later sponsored a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">series of</a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Crew Development">programs</a> to incentivize and encourage private companies to begin offering both cargo, and later, crew <a href="/wiki/Space_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Space transport">space transportation</a> services. </p><p>Lower prices for launch services after 2010, and published prices for standard launch services, have brought about significant <a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">space launch market competition</a> that had not been present previously.<sup id="cite_ref-vance2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vance2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc20141203_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc20141203-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fp20131209_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp20131209-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj20150917_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj20150917-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo20160819_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo20160819-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2012, a private company had begun transporting cargo to and from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, while a second private company was scheduled to begin making deliveries in 2013, ushering in a time of regular private space cargo delivery to and return from the government-owned space facility in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO).<sup id="cite_ref-wired20121227_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired20121227-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this new paradigm for LEO cargo transport, the government contracts for and pays for cargo services on substantially privately developed <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">space vehicles</a> rather than the government operating each of the cargo vehicles and <a href="/wiki/Space_logistics" title="Space logistics">cargo delivery systems.</a> As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there is a <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_space_station_cargo_vehicles" title="Comparison of space station cargo vehicles">mix of private and government resupply vehicles</a> being used for the ISS, as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a> vehicles, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) <a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">ATV</a> (through 2014) and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle" title="H-II Transfer Vehicle">Kounotori</a> (through 2021) remain in operation after the 2011 retirement of the US <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>. </p><p>In June 2013, British newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> claimed that "the space race is flaring back into life, and it's not massive institutions such as NASA that are in the running. The old view that human space flight is so complex, difficult and expensive that only huge government agencies could hope to accomplish it is being disproved by a new breed of flamboyant space privateers, who are planning to send humans out beyond the Earth's orbit for the first time since 1972,"<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph20130611_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph20130611-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly noting projects underway by <a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph20130611_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph20130611-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_deregulation">American deregulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American deregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Act_of_1984" title="Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984">Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984</a> required encouragement of commercial space ventures, adding a new clause to NASA's <a href="/wiki/Mission_statement" title="Mission statement">mission statement</a>: </p> <dl><dd>(c) Commercial Use of Space. --Congress declares that the general welfare of the United States requires that the Administration seek and encourage, to the maximum extent possible, the fullest commercial use of space.</dd></dl> <p>Yet one of NASA's early actions was to effectively prevent private space flight through a large amount of regulation. From the beginning, though, this met significant opposition not only by the private sector, but in Congress. In 1962, Congress passed its first law pushing back the prohibition on private involvement in space, the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act of 1962</a>. While largely focusing on the satellites of its namesake, this was described by both the law's opponents <i>and</i> advocates of private space, as the first step on the road to privatisation. </p><p>While launch vehicles were originally bought from private contractors, from the beginning of the Shuttle program until the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a> disaster in 1986, NASA attempted to position its shuttle as the sole legal space launch option.<sup id="cite_ref-uscbo19861001_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscbo19861001-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But with the mid-launch explosion/loss of <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> came the suspension of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">government</a>-operated shuttle flights, allowing the formation of a commercial launch industry.<sup id="cite_ref-bromberg1999_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bromberg1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 July 1982, the Reagan administration released National Security Decision Directive Number 42 which officially set its goal to expand United States private-sector investment and involvement in civil space and space-related activities.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 May 1983, the Reagan administration issued National Security Decision Directive Number 94 encouraging the commercialization of expendable launch vehicles (ELVs), which directed that, "The U.S. Government will license, supervise, and/or regulate U.S. commercial ELV operations only to the extent required to meet its national and international obligations and to ensure public safety."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 October 1984, US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Act_of_1984" title="Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984">Commercial Space Launch Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csla1984_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csla1984-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enabled an American industry of private operators of <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable launch systems</a>. Prior to the signing of this law, all commercial satellite launches in the United States were restricted by Federal regulation to NASA's <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a>. </p><p>On 11 February 1988, the Presidential Directive declared that the government should purchase commercially available space goods and services to the fullest extent feasible and shall not conduct activities with potential commercial applications that preclude or deter Commercial Sector space activities except for national security or public safety reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 November 1990, United States President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Purchase_Act_of_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990">Launch Services Purchase Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act, in a complete reversal of the earlier Space Shuttle monopoly, ordered NASA to purchase launch services for its primary payloads from commercial providers whenever such services are required in the course of its activities. </p><p>In 1996, the United States government selected <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> to each develop <a href="/wiki/Evolved_Expendable_Launch_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle">Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicles</a> (EELV) to compete for launch contracts and provide assured access to space. The government's acquisition strategy relied on the strong commercial viability of both vehicles to lower unit costs. This anticipated market demand did not materialise, but both the <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta IV rocket">Delta IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> EELVs remain in active service. </p><p>Commercial launches outnumbered government launches at the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Act_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Space Act of 1998">Commercial Space Act</a> was passed in 1998 and implements many of the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Purchase_Act_of_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990">Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usg19981028_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usg19981028-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, until 2004 NASA kept private space flight effectively illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But that year, the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Amendments_Act_of_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004">Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004</a> required that NASA and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> legalise private space flight.<sup id="cite_ref-nbc2004_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbc2004-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2004 Act also specified a "learning period" which restricted the ability of the FAA to enact regulations regarding the safety of people who might actually fly on commercial spacecraft through 2012, ostensibly because spaceflight participants would share the risk of flight through <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a> procedures of human spaceflight risks, while requiring the launch provider to be legally liable for potential losses to uninvolved persons and structures.<sup id="cite_ref-tsr20150526_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsr20150526-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the end of 2014, commercial passenger flights in space has remained effectively illegal, as the FAA has refused to give a commercial operator's license to any private space company.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States</a> updated US commercial space legislation with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/SPACE_Act_of_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="SPACE Act of 2015"><i>Spurring Private Aerospace Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship Act of 2015</i> (SPACE Act of 2015)</a> in November 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-hr2262_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hr2262-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The update US law explicitly allows "US citizens to engage in the commercial exploration and exploitation of 'space resources' [including... water and minerals]". The right does not extend to <a href="/wiki/Biological_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological life">biological life</a>, so anything that is alive may not be exploited commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-wired20151112_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired20151112-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act further asserts that "the United States does not [(by this Act)] assert <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, or sovereign or <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_right" title="Exclusive right">exclusive rights</a> or jurisdiction over, or the ownership of, any <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body">celestial body</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-wired20151112_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired20151112-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SPACE Act includes the extension of <a href="/wiki/Indemnification" class="mw-redirect" title="Indemnification">indemnification</a> of US launch providers for extraordinary catastrophic third-party losses of a failed launch through 2025, while the previous indemnification law was scheduled to expire in 2016. The Act also extends, through 2025, the "learning period" restrictions which limit the ability of the FAA to enact regulations regarding the safety of spaceflight <i>participants</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tsr20150526_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsr20150526-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indemnification for extraordinary third-party losses has, as of 2015, been a component of US space law for over 25 years, and during this time, "has never been invoked in any commercial launch mishap".<sup id="cite_ref-tsr20150526_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsr20150526-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_privatization">Russian privatization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Russian privatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry of Russia</a></div> <p>In 1992, a Resurs-500 capsule containing gifts was launched from <a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a> in a private spaceflight called <a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Europe-America_500" title="Space Flight Europe-America 500">Europe-America 500</a>. The flight was conceived by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Social_Inventions" title="Foundation for Social Inventions">Foundation for Social Inventions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progress_State_Research_and_Production_Rocket_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center">TsSKB-Progress</a>, a Russian rocket-building company, to increase trade between Russia and the United States, and to promote the use of technology once reserved only for military forces. Money for the launch was raised from a collection of Russian companies. The capsule parachuted into the Pacific Ocean and was brought to Seattle by a Russian missile-tracking ship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_alliances">Launch alliances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Launch alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg/220px-Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg/330px-Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg/440px-Proton_Zvezda_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Launch of a Proton rocket</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1995 Khrunichev's <a href="/wiki/Proton_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton rocket">Proton rocket</a> has been marketed through <a href="/wiki/International_Launch_Services" title="International Launch Services">International Launch Services</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz rocket</a> is marketed via <a href="/wiki/Starsem" title="Starsem">Starsem</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sea_Launch" title="Sea Launch">Sea Launch</a> project flew the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Zenit_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenit rocket">Zenit rocket</a>. </p><p>In 2003, Arianespace joined with <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> Launch Services and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries" title="Mitsubishi Heavy Industries">Mitsubishi Heavy Industries</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Alliance" title="Launch Services Alliance">Launch Services Alliance</a>. In 2005, continued weak commercial demand for EELV launches drove Lockheed Martin and Boeing to propose a joint venture called the <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> to service the United States government launch market.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spaceflight_privatization">Spaceflight privatization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spaceflight privatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1980s, various private initiatives have <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">started up</a> to pursue the private use of <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a>. Traditional costs to launch anything to space have been high—on the order of tens of thousands of US dollars per kilogram—but by 2020, costs on the order of a few thousand dollars per kilogram are being seen from one private launch provider that was an early 2000s startup, with the cost projected to fall to less than a few hundred dollars per kilogram as the technology of a second private spaceflight startup of ~2000 comes into service.<sup id="cite_ref-tc20200818_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc20200818-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first privately funded rocket to reach the boundary of space, the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a>, (although not orbit) was <a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(rocket)" title="Conestoga (rocket)">Conestoga I</a>, which was launched by <a href="/wiki/Space_Services_Inc." title="Space Services Inc.">Space Services Inc.</a> on a suborbital flight to 309 kilometres (192 mi) altitude on 9 September 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1995, their first (and only) attempt at an orbital launch, Conestoga 1620, failed to achieve orbit due to a guidance system failure.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pegasus_Air_Launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pegasus_Air_Launch.jpg/220px-Pegasus_Air_Launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pegasus_Air_Launch.jpg/330px-Pegasus_Air_Launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pegasus_Air_Launch.jpg/440px-Pegasus_Air_Launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>First launch of the Pegasus rocket, from a NASA-owned <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On April 5, 1990, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences_Corporation" title="Orbital Sciences Corporation">Orbital Sciences Corporation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Air_launch" title="Air launch">air launched</a> rocket, was the first launch vehicle fully developed by a private company to reach orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2000s, several public-private corporate partnerships were established in the United States to privately develop spaceflight technology. Several purely private initiatives have shown interest in private endeavors to the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Solar System">inner Solar System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iac_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iac-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, NASA initiated a program to purchase commercial <a href="/wiki/Space_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Space transport">space transport</a> to carry cargo to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, while funding a portion of the development of new technology in a <a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnership">public-private partnership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-belfiore2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belfiore2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p>In May 2015, the Japanese legislature considered legislation to allow private company spaceflight initiatives in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-jn20150603_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jn20150603-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the United States granted its first clearance for a private flight to the Moon, from the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-2016:August:Fingas_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016:August:Fingas-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 May 2020, <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> became the first crewed mission to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a>. </p><p>After 2015, European-based private small-lift launch vehicle development got underway, particularly in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, but "France has largely been left out of this new commercial launch industry".<sup id="cite_ref-ars20211207_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars20211207-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government of France</a> announced a plan to fund the "France-based rocket firm <a href="/wiki/ArianeGroup" title="ArianeGroup">ArianeGroup</a> to develop a new small-lift rocket called <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AFa_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maïa (rocket)">Maïa</a> by the year 2026,"<sup id="cite_ref-ars20211207_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars20211207-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would be a government-funded but commercially developed rocket. </p><p>On 22 February 2024, Intuitive Machine's private <a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines_Nova-C#IM-1_mission" title="Intuitive Machines Nova-C"><i>Odysseus</i></a> successfully landed on the Moon after taking off on a SpaceX <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> liftoff on 15 February 2024 in a mission between <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines" title="Intuitive Machines">Intuitive Machines</a>. This event marked the first successful landing of a privately owned spacecraft on the Moon and the United States' first lunar landing in over 50 years and the first lander to do so with <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Companies">Companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">List of private spaceflight companies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Today many commercial space transportation companies offer launch services to satellite companies and government space organizations around the world. In 2005, there were 18 total commercial launches and 37 non-commercial launches. Russia flew 44% of commercial orbital launches, while Europe had 28% and the United States had 6%.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's first private launch, a suborbital flight by <a href="/wiki/OneSpace" title="OneSpace">OneSpace</a>, took place in May 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn20180517_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn20180517-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">funding</a> to support private spaceflight has begun to be raised from a larger pool of sources than the comparatively limited pool of the 1990s. For example, as of June 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> and in the United States alone, ten <a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">billionaires</a> had made "serious investments in private spaceflight activities"<sup id="cite_ref-hc20130628_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc20130628-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at six companies, including <a href="/wiki/Stratolaunch_Systems" title="Stratolaunch Systems">Stratolaunch Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Resources" title="Planetary Resources">Planetary Resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a>. The ten investors were <a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Shriram" title="Ram Shriram">Ram Shriram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi">Charles Simonyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot_Jr." title="Ross Perot Jr.">Ross Perot Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bigelow" title="Robert Bigelow">Robert Bigelow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hc20130628_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc20130628-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the private space era it was not yet clear to what extent these entrepreneurs see "legitimate business opportunity, [for example], space tourism and other commercial activities in space, or [are] wealthy men seeking the exclusivity that space offers innovators and investors."<sup id="cite_ref-hc20130628_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc20130628-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been speculation as to whether these investments are a "gamble", and whether they will prove lucrative.<sup id="cite_ref-hc20130628_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc20130628-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of the early 2020s some of these investments have paid off, with Musk's SpaceX coming to dominate the launch market in mass to orbit and with a $100 billion valuation.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other companies such as <a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a> though have collapsed and left the market.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some aerospace startups, such as <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a>, have gone public via <a href="/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company" title="Special-purpose acquisition company">special-purpose acquisition company</a>, but their SPAC values have been affected by market volatility.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venture_capital_investment">Venture capital investment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Venture capital investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some investors see the traditional spaceflight industry as ripe for <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">disruption</a>, with "a 100-fold improvement [relatively straightforward and] a thousand-fold improvement [possible]".<sup id="cite_ref-wapo20160128_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo20160128-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2005 and 2015, there was <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$10 billion</span> of <a href="/wiki/Private_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Private capital">private capital</a> invested in the space sector,<sup id="cite_ref-ibt20151009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibt20151009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of it in the United States. This <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Space Launch Act">liberalized private space sector investments</a> beginning in the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-csla1984_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csla1984-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with additional legislative reforms in the 1990s–2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-bromberg1999_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bromberg1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usg19981028_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usg19981028-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nbc2004_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbc2004-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2000 through the end of 2015, a total of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$13.3 billion</span> of investment finance was invested in the space sector, with <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$2.9 billion</span> of that being <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fortune20160222_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortune20160222-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, venture capital firms invested <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1.8 billion</span> in private spaceflight companies, more than they had in the previous 15 years combined.<sup id="cite_ref-fortune20160222_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortune20160222-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the largest and most active investors in space were <a href="/wiki/Lux_Capital" title="Lux Capital">Lux Capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_Venture_Partners" title="Bessemer Venture Partners">Bessemer Venture Partners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khosla_Ventures" title="Khosla Ventures">Khosla Ventures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Founders_Fund" title="Founders Fund">Founders Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/RRE_Ventures" title="RRE Ventures">RRE Ventures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Draper_Fisher_Jurvetson" title="Draper Fisher Jurvetson">Draper Fisher Jurvetson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ibt20151009_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibt20151009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasing interest by investors in economically driven spaceflight had begun to appear by 2016, and some space ventures had to turn away investor funding.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo20160128_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo20160128-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBInsights in August 2016 published that funding to space startups was "in a slump", although the number of space investment deals per quarter had gone from 2 or 3 in 2012 to 14 by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-2016:August:CBInsights_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016:August:CBInsights-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, CB Insights ranked the most active space tech investors, ranked from highest to lowest, were Space Angels Networks, Founders Fund, RRE Ventures, Data Collective, Bessemer, Lux Capital, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabet (company)">Alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tencent_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Tencent Holdings">Tencent Holdings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rothenberg_Ventures" title="Rothenberg Ventures">Rothenberg Ventures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2017:May_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017:May-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2019, Miriam Kramer of <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a> wrote that private spaceflight companies and investors were poised to capitalize on NASA's plan to open up the International Space Station to commercial space ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-2019:June:Kramer_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019:June:Kramer-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_launchers">Commercial launchers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Commercial launchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Space transport">Space transport</a></div> <p>The space transport business has, historically, had its primary customers in national governments and large commercial segments. Launches of government <a href="/wiki/Payload_(air_and_space_craft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload (air and space craft)">payloads</a>, including military, civilian and scientific satellites, was the largest market segment in 2007 at nearly $100 billion a year. This segment was dominated by domestic favorites such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> for U.S. government payloads and <a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a> for European satellites until the 2020s when NewSpace launch providers like SpaceX and Blue Origin were able to compete for these contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_government_commercial_cargo_services">US government commercial cargo services</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: US government commercial cargo services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg/220px-COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg/330px-COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg/440px-COTS2_Dragon_is_berthed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon">SpaceX Dragon</a> berthing with the ISS during its <a href="/wiki/Dragon_C2%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon C2+">final demonstration mission</a>, on 25 May 2012</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a> determined to begin a process to purchase <a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">orbital launch</a> services for cargo deliveries to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) beginning in the mid-2000s, rather than operate the launch and delivery services as they had with the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, which was to retire in less than half a decade, and ultimately did retire in 2011. On 18 January 2006, NASA announced an opportunity for US commercial providers to demonstrate orbital transportation services.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008, NASA planned to spend $500 million through 2010 to finance development of <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> capability to transport payloads to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2013)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> This was considered more challenging than then-available commercial space transportation because it would require precision <a href="/wiki/Orbit_insertion" title="Orbit insertion">orbit insertion</a>, <a href="/wiki/In-orbit_rendezvous" class="mw-redirect" title="In-orbit rendezvous">rendezvous</a> and possibly docking with another spacecraft. The commercial vendors competed in specific service areas.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2006, NASA announced that two relatively young aerospace companies, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocketplane_Kistler" title="Rocketplane Kistler">Rocketplane Kistler</a>, had been awarded $278 million and $207 million, respectively, under the COTS program.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, NASA anticipated that commercial <a href="/wiki/Space_logistics" title="Space logistics">cargo delivery services to and return services from</a> the ISS would be necessary through at least 2015. The NASA Administrator suggested that space transportation services procurement may be expanded to orbital <a href="/wiki/Propellant_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Propellant depot">fuel depots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moon#Physical_characteristics" title="Moon">lunar surface</a> deliveries should the first phase of COTS prove successful.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After it transpired that Rocketplane Kistler was failing to meet its contractual deadlines, NASA terminated its contract with the company in August 2008, after only $32 million had been spent. Several months later, in December 2008, NASA awarded the remaining $170 million in that contract to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences_Corporation" title="Orbital Sciences Corporation">Orbital Sciences Corporation</a> to develop resupply services to the ISS.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emerging_personal_spaceflight">Emerging personal spaceflight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Emerging personal spaceflight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></div> <p>Before 2004, the year it was legalized in the US, no privately operated crewed spaceflight had ever occurred. The only private individuals to journey to space went as <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> or on Russian <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a> flights to <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> or the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. </p><p>All private individuals who flew to space before <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a>'s self-financed International Space Station visit in 2001 had been sponsored by their home governments or by private corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those trips include US Congressman <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Nelson (politician)">Bill Nelson's</a> January 1986 flight on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i></a> and Japanese television reporter <a href="/wiki/Toyohiro_Akiyama" title="Toyohiro Akiyama">Toyohiro Akiyama</a>'s 1990 flight to the <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> Space Station. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ansari_X_PRIZE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansari X PRIZE">Ansari X PRIZE</a> was intended to stimulate private investment in the development of spaceflight technologies. 21 June 2004, test flight of <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a>, a contender for the X PRIZE, was the first <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> in a privately developed and operated vehicle. </p><p>On 27 September 2004, following the success of SpaceShipOne, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a>, owner of <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Group" title="Virgin Group">Virgin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burt_Rutan" title="Burt Rutan">Burt Rutan</a>, SpaceShipOne's designer, announced that <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a> had licensed the craft's technology, and were planning commercial space flights in 2.5 to 3 years. A fleet of five craft (<a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a>, launched from the <a href="/wiki/WhiteKnightTwo" class="mw-redirect" title="WhiteKnightTwo">WhiteKnightTwo</a> carrier airplane) were to be constructed, and flights would be offered at around $200,000 each, although Branson said he planned to use this money to make flights more affordable in the long term. A test flight of SpaceShipTwo in October 2014 resulted in a crash during one of the two pilots died.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2004, United States President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signed into law the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act resolved the regulatory ambiguity surrounding private spaceflights and is designed to promote the development of the emerging U.S. commercial human space flight industry. </p><p>On 12 July 2006, <a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a> launched the <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">Genesis I</a></i>, a subscale pathfinder of an orbital space station module. <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_II_(space_habitat)" title="Genesis II (space habitat)">Genesis II</a></i> was launched on 28 June 2007, and there are plans for additional prototypes to be launched in preparation for the production model <i><a href="/wiki/BA_330" class="mw-redirect" title="BA 330">BA 330</a></i> spacecraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (November 2010)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 2009, <a href="/wiki/Zero2infinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero2infinity">Zero 2 Infinity</a>, a Spanish aerospace company announced plans for a balloon-based nears space tourism vehicle called Bloon.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 2015 it started developing a <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_balloon" title="High-altitude balloon">high-altitude balloon</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> named <a href="/wiki/Bloostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloostar">bloostar</a> to launch small satellites to orbit for customers, as well as platform for near-space tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_View_Enterprises" title="World View Enterprises">World View</a>, a stratospheric balloon exploration company based in Tucson, Ariz., is similarly leveraging its <a href="/wiki/Stratospheric_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratospheric balloon">stratospheric balloon</a> technology to launch its <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> services<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for government and commercial customers, as well as developing its own space tourism offering that would lift passengers up to 100,000 feet for a 6-8 journey.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar projects of stratospheric balloon tourism are being developed by multiple other companies around the world (Zephalto,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Space Perspective,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>...), though none has yet made a high altitude crewed flight (as of Aug. 2022). </p><p>On July 11, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a> <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic_Unity_22" title="Virgin Galactic Unity 22">made their first successful flight to space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 20, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-16" title="Blue Origin NS-16">also made a successful flight to space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 16, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crew Dragon">Crew Dragon</a> <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Resilience" title="Crew Dragon Resilience"><i>Resilience</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Inspiration4" title="Inspiration4">Inspiration4</a> mission operated by <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">orbital spaceflight</a> with only private citizens aboard. In September 2024, the SpaceX mission <a href="/wiki/Polaris_Dawn" title="Polaris Dawn">Polaris Dawn</a> included the first private spacewalk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_foundations">Private foundations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Private foundations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/B612_Foundation" title="B612 Foundation">B612 Foundation</a> was<sup id="cite_ref-cancel1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancel1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designing and building an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>-finding space telescope named <a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-B612-20120913_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B612-20120913-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would have launched in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-B612-20120919_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B612-20120919-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a>, a nonprofit space research and advocacy organization, has sponsored a series of small satellites to test the feasibility of <a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">solar sailing</a>. Their first such project, <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_1" title="Cosmos 1">Cosmos 1</a>, was launched in 2005 but failed to reach space, and was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Lightsail-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightsail-1">Lightsail</a> series, the first of which launched on 20 May 2015. A second spacecraft is expected to launch in 2016 on a more complex mission.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Suborbitals" title="Copenhagen Suborbitals">Copenhagen Suborbitals</a> is a crowd funded amateur crewed space programme. As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it has flown four home-built rockets and two mock-up space capsules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plans">Plans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many have speculated on where private spaceflight may go in the near future. Numerous projects of orbital and suborbital launch systems for satellites and crewed flights exist. Some orbital crewed missions would be state-sponsored like most COTS participants. (that develop their own launch systems). Another possibility is for paid suborbital tourism on craft like those from <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Adventures" title="Space Adventures">Space Adventures</a>, <a href="/wiki/XCOR_Aerospace" title="XCOR Aerospace">XCOR Aerospace</a>, <a href="/wiki/RocketShip_Tours" title="RocketShip Tours">RocketShip Tours</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARCASPACE" class="mw-redirect" title="ARCASPACE">ARCASPACE</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlanetSpace" title="PlanetSpace">PlanetSpace</a>-<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arrow" title="Canadian Arrow">Canadian Arrow</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Starchaser_Industries" title="Starchaser Industries">Starchaser Industries</a> or non-commercial like <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Suborbitals" title="Copenhagen Suborbitals">Copenhagen Suborbitals</a>. Additionally, suborbital spacecraft have applications for faster intercontinental package delivery and passenger flight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_orbital_spaceflight,_space_stations"><span id="Private_orbital_spaceflight.2C_space_stations"></span>Private orbital spaceflight, space stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Private orbital spaceflight, space stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket, first launched in 2010 with no passengers,<sup id="cite_ref-sfn20100604_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn20100604-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was designed to be subsequently <a href="/wiki/Human-rating_certification" title="Human-rating certification">human-rated</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> launch vehicle is also a contender for human-rating. </p><p>Plans and a full-scale prototype for the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon">SpaceX Dragon</a>, a capsule capable of carrying up to seven passengers, were announced in March 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dragon_V2" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon V2">Dragon version 2</a> flight hardware was unveiled in May 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-aw20140530_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aw20140530-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, both SpaceX and <a href="/wiki/CST-100" class="mw-redirect" title="CST-100">Boeing</a> have received contracts from NASA to complete building, testing, and flying up to six flights of human-rated space capsules to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> beginning in 2017 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2010, SpaceX launched the second Falcon 9 and the first operational Dragon spacecraft. The mission was deemed fully successful, marking the first launch to space, atmospheric reentry and recovery of a capsule by a private company. Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">COTS</a> missions included increasingly complex orbital tasks, culminating in Dragon first docking to the ISS in 2012. </p><p>The British Government partnered in 2015 with the <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> to promote a possibly commercial <a href="/wiki/Single-stage_to_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-stage to orbit">single-stage to orbit</a> <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> concept called <a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design was pioneered by the privately held <a href="/wiki/Reaction_Engines_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction Engines Limited">Reaction Engines Limited</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a company founded by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bond_(engineer)" title="Alan Bond (engineer)">Alan Bond</a> after <a href="/wiki/HOTOL" class="mw-redirect" title="HOTOL">HOTOL</a> was canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-ReactionEngines1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReactionEngines1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, private company <a href="/wiki/NanoRacks" class="mw-redirect" title="NanoRacks">NanoRacks</a> provides commercial access to the US National Laboratory space on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS). Science experiments can be conducted on a variety of standard rack-sized experimental platforms, with <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">standard</a> interfaces for power and data acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes20130304_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes20130304-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-orbit_propellant_depots">On-orbit propellant depots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: On-orbit propellant depots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propellant_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Propellant depot">Propellant depot</a></div> <p>In a presentation given 15 November 2005 to the 52nd Annual Conference of the <a href="/wiki/American_Astronautical_Society" title="American Astronautical Society">American Astronautical Society</a>, NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin">Michael D. Griffin</a> suggested that establishing an on-orbit propellant depot is, "Exactly the type of enterprise which should be left to industry and to the marketplace."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Space Technology and Applications International Forum in 2007, Dallas Bienhoff of <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> made a presentation detailing the benefits of propellant depots.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shackleton_Energy_Company" title="Shackleton Energy Company">Shackleton Energy Company</a> has established operational plans, an extensive teaming and industrial consortium for developing LEO Propellant Depots supplied by Lunar polar sourced water ice.<sup id="cite_ref-ss20121214c_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss20121214c-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asteroid_mining">Asteroid mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Asteroid mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asteroidmining.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Asteroidmining.jpg/220px-Asteroidmining.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Asteroidmining.jpg/330px-Asteroidmining.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Asteroidmining.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Artists impression of an asteroid mining spacecraft</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></div> <p>Some have speculated on the profitability of <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroids">asteroids</a>. According to some estimates, a one kilometer-diameter asteroid would contain 30 million tons of nickel, 1.5 million tons of metal <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> and 7,500tons of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>; the platinum alone would have a value of more than $150 billion at 2008 terrestrial prices.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_elevators">Space elevators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Space elevators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_elevator" title="Space elevator">Space elevator</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Space_elevator" title="Space elevator">space elevator</a> system is a possible launch system, currently under investigation by at least one private venture.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are concerns over cost, general feasibility and some political issues. On the plus side the potential to scale the system to accommodate traffic would (in theory) be greater than some other alternatives. Some factions contend that a space elevator — if successful — would not supplant existing launch solutions but complement them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-launched_efforts">Non-launched efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Non-launched efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failed_spaceflight_ventures">Failed spaceflight ventures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Failed spaceflight ventures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After earlier first effort of <a href="/wiki/OTRAG" title="OTRAG">OTRAG</a>, in the 1990s the projection of a significant demand for <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a> launches attracted the development of a number of commercial space launch providers. The launch demand largely vanished when some of the largest satellite constellations, such as 288 satellite <a href="/wiki/Teledesic" title="Teledesic">Teledesic</a> network, were never built. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-33_Venture_Star_in_Orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/X-33_Venture_Star_in_Orbit.jpg/220px-X-33_Venture_Star_in_Orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/X-33_Venture_Star_in_Orbit.jpg/330px-X-33_Venture_Star_in_Orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/X-33_Venture_Star_in_Orbit.jpg/440px-X-33_Venture_Star_in_Orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> <a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> selected <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> <a href="/wiki/Skunk_Works" title="Skunk Works">Skunk Works</a> to build the X-33 <a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a> prototype for a single stage to orbit (<a href="/wiki/SSTO" class="mw-redirect" title="SSTO">SSTO</a>) <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch vehicle</a>. In 1999, the subscale X-33 prototype's composite liquid hydrogen fuel tank failed during testing. At project termination on 31 March 2001, NASA had funded US$912 million of this wedge-shaped spacecraft while Lockheed Martin financed US$357 million of it.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a> was to have been a full-scale commercial space transport operated by Lockheed Martin. </p><p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Beal_Aerospace" title="Beal Aerospace">Beal Aerospace</a> proposed the BA-2, a low-cost heavy-lift commercial launch vehicle. On 4 March 2000, the BA-2 project tested the largest <a href="/wiki/Liquid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid rocket">liquid rocket</a> engine built since the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2000, Beal Aerospace ceased operations citing a decision by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> to commit themselves to the development of the competing government-financed <a href="/wiki/Evolved_Expendable_Launch_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle">EELV</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Rotary_Rocket" title="Rotary Rocket">Rotary Rocket</a> proposed the Roton, a Single Stage to Orbit (<a href="/wiki/SSTO" class="mw-redirect" title="SSTO">SSTO</a>) piloted Vertical Take-off and Landing (<a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a>) space transport.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A full scale Roton Atmospheric Test Vehicle flew three times in 1999. After spending tens of millions of dollars in development the Roton failed to secure launch contracts and Rotary Rocket ceased operations in 2001. </p><p>On 28 September 2006, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Benson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Benson">Jim Benson</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceDev" title="SpaceDev">SpaceDev</a> founder, announced he was founding <a href="/wiki/Benson_Space_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Benson Space Company">Benson Space Company</a> with the intention of being first to market with the safest and lowest cost suborbital personal spaceflight launches, using the vertical takeoff and horizontal landing <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a> vehicle based on the NASA HL-20 Personnel Launch System vehicle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (November 2010)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz" title="Excalibur Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</a> had plans in 2007 to launch a modernized <a href="/wiki/TKS_Spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS Spacecraft">TKS Spacecraft</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> space station), for tourism and other uses. It was to feature the largest window ever on a spacecraft. Their equipment was never launched, and their hangar facility closed in 2016. It is to be converted into an educational exhibit.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Escape_Dynamics" title="Escape Dynamics">Escape Dynamics</a> operated from 2010 to 2015, with the goal of making single stage to orbit spaceplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-sn20160206_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20160206-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Spike_Company" title="Golden Spike Company">Golden Spike Company</a> announced plans to privately transport space exploration participants to the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and return, beginning as early as 2020, for US$750 million per passenger.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/XCOR_Aerospace" title="XCOR Aerospace">XCOR Aerospace</a> planned to initiate a <a href="/wiki/Suborbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital">suborbital</a> commercial spaceflight service with the <a href="/wiki/Lynx_rocketplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynx rocketplane">Lynx rocketplane</a> in 2016 or 2017 at $95,000. The first flights, to be taken by 23 passengers from the <a href="/wiki/Axe_Apollo_Space_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe Apollo Space Academy">Axe Apollo Space Academy</a>, were planned for 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_space_stations">Private space stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Private space stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Bigelow Commercial Space Station">Bigelow Commercial Space Station</a></div> <p>By 2010, <a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a> was developing the <i>Next-Generation Commercial Space Station</i>, a private orbital space complex. The <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> was to have been constructed of both <a href="/wiki/Sundancer" title="Sundancer">Sundancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/B330" title="B330">B330</a> expandable modules as well as a central <a href="/wiki/Docking_Compartment" title="Docking Compartment">docking node</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar arrays</a>, and attached <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">crew capsules</a>. Initial launch of space station components was planned for 2014, with portions of the station projected to be available for leased use as early as 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-baocc20100715_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baocc20100715-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, no launches have taken place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_private_ventures">Lunar private ventures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lunar private ventures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism on Moon">Tourism on Moon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robotic_Lunar-surface_missions">Robotic Lunar-surface missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Robotic Lunar-surface missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following companies and organizations had made initial funded launch commitments for <a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a>-related <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> launches in 2016: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Express" title="Moon Express">Moon Express</a><sup id="cite_ref-lat20110408a_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat20110408a-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceIL" title="SpaceIL">SpaceIL</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergy_Moon" title="Synergy Moon">Synergy Moon</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Indus">Team Indus</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto" title="Hakuto">Hakuto</a> (ispace)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_Lunar-surface_crewed_expeditions">Private Lunar-surface crewed expeditions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Private Lunar-surface crewed expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton_Energy_Company" title="Shackleton Energy Company">Shackleton Energy Company</a><sup id="cite_ref-ieee200906_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee200906-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intends to undertake human tended lunar prospecting for water ice. If significant reserves of ice are located, they plan to establish a network of "refueling service stations" in low Earth orbit and on the Moon to process and provide fuel and consumables for commercial and government customers. If the prospecting is successful—ice deposits are located, the appropriate legal regime is in place to support commercial development, and the ice can be extracted — Shackleton proposes to establish a fuel-processing operation on the lunar surface and in propellant depots in Low Earth Orbit. Equipment would melt the ice and purify the water, "electrolyze the water into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen, and then condense the gases into liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen and also process them into hydrogen peroxide, all of which could be used as rocket fuels."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_exploration">Mars exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mars exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2012, private Dutch non-profit, <a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a>, announced a private one-way (no return) human mission to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> with the aim to establish a permanent <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">human colony on Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Team_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Team-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was to send a <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellite</a> and pathfinder lander to the planet by 2016 and, after several stages, land four humans on the Martian surface for permanent settlement in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-satellite_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satellite-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new set of four <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> would then arrive every two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Reality_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reality-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mars One has received a variety of criticism, mostly relating to medical,<sup id="cite_ref-WIRED-20140212_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIRED-20140212-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> technical and financial feasibility. There are also unverified claims that Mars One is a scam designed to take as much money as possible from donors, including reality show contestants.<sup id="cite_ref-techspot.com_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techspot.com-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many have criticized the project's US$6 billion budget as being too low to successfully transport humans to Mars, to the point of being delusional.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_20152_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_20152-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-delusional_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delusional-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar project study by NASA estimated the cost of such a feat at US$100 billion, although that included transporting the astronauts back to Earth. Objections have also been raised regarding the reality TV project associated with the expedition. Given the transient nature of most reality TV ventures, many believe that as viewership declines, funding could significantly decrease, thereby harming the entire expedition. Further, contestants have reported that they were ranked based on their donations and funds raised.<sup id="cite_ref-techspot.com_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techspot.com-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2013, the US nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars Foundation</a> announced a plan to send a married couple on a 2018 mission to travel to Mars and back to Earth on a 501-day round trip, with no landing planned on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-pm20130227_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pm20130227-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission would have taken advantage of an infrequently occurring <a href="/wiki/Free_return_trajectory" class="mw-redirect" title="Free return trajectory">free return trajectory</a>—a unique orbit opportunity which occurs only once every fifteen years—and will allow the <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsule</a> to use the smallest possible amount of <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">fuel</a> to get it to Mars and back to Earth. The two-person American crew – a man and a woman – will fly around Mars at a distance of 100 miles (160 km) of the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-awst20130304_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awst20130304-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "If anything goes wrong, the spacecraft should make its own way back to Earth — but with no possibility of any shortcuts home."<sup id="cite_ref-independent20130228_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent20130228-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 27, 2016, at the 67th annual meeting of the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Congress" title="International Astronautical Congress">International Astronautical Congress</a>, Elon Musk unveiled substantial details of the <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_Transport_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary Transport System">Interplanetary Transport System</a> (ITS) design for the transport vehicles—including size, construction material, number and type of engines, thrust, cargo and passenger payload capabilities, on-orbit propellant-tanker refills, representative transit times, etc.—as well as a few details of portions of the Mars-side and Earth-side infrastructure that SpaceX intends to build to support the flight vehicles. In addition, Musk championed a larger <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systemic vision</a>, a vision for a <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">bottom-up</a> <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergent order</a> of other interested parties—whether companies, individuals, or governments—to utilize the new and radically lower-cost transport infrastructure to build up a <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">sustainable human civilization on Mars</a>, potentially, on numerous other locations around the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supply_(economics)" title="Supply (economics)">meeting</a> the <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a> that such a growing venture would occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-ars20160928_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars20160928-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sn20161010_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20161010-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2017, SpaceX made public plans for ITS based on a smaller launch vehicle and spacecraft. The new system architecture has "evolved quite a bit" since the November 2016 articulation of the very large "<a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_Transport_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary Transport System">Interplanetary Transport System</a>". A key driver of the new architecture is to make the new system useful for substantial Earth-orbit and <a href="/wiki/Cislunar_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Cislunar space">cislunar</a> launches so that the new system might <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_return" title="Rate of return">pay for itself</a>, in part, through economic spaceflight activities in the near-Earth space zone.<sup id="cite_ref-issR&Dconf20170719-49:48_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issR&Dconf20170719-49:48-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-verge-20170929_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-20170929-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Super Heavy is designed to fulfill the Mars transportation goals while also launching satellites, servicing the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a>, flying humans and cargo to the Moon, and enabling ballistic transport of passengers on Earth as a substitute to <a href="/wiki/Long-haul" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-haul">long-haul</a> airline flights.<sup id="cite_ref-neowin-20170929_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neowin-20170929-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since March 2020, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> conducted several test flights of their <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> spacecraft. The Starship is a fully reusable two-stage vehicle designed to take passengers and cargo to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. SpaceX had initially planned to have an orbital-flight in 2021. On Wednesday, May 5, 2021, the twelfth Starship prototype (SN15) made a 10 km suborbital flight and achieved soft landing. SpaceX is currently in the process of improving and understanding the Starship spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NewSpace"><i>NewSpace</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: NewSpace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>NewSpace</b> (also <b>new space</b>) or <b>entrepreneurial space</b> and  <b>astropreneurship</b><sup id="cite_ref-w636_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w636-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been terms applied to contemporary and increasingly competitive spaceflight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">List of private spaceflight companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_space_stations" title="List of commercial space stations">List of commercial space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Spaceflight_Federation" title="Commercial Spaceflight Federation">Commercial Spaceflight Federation</a> – Private spaceflight industry group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinlein_Prize_for_Advances_in_Space_Commercialization" title="Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization">Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> – Spaceflight with a crew or passengers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L5_Society" title="L5 Society">L5 Society</a> – Society promoting space colonization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="X Prize Foundation">X Prize Foundation</a> – Non-profit organisation in the U.S.<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceadventures.com/experiences/circumlunar-mission/">"Circumlunar mission"</a>. Space Adventures. 3 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212024114/http://www.spaceadventures.com/experiences/circumlunar-mission/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circumlunar+mission&rft.pub=Space+Adventures&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceadventures.com%2Fexperiences%2Fcircumlunar-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaeger1986-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaeger1986_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger,_Ralph-W.Claudon,_Jean-Louis1986" class="citation conference cs1">Jaeger, Ralph-W.; Claudon, Jean-Louis (May 1986). <i>Ariane — The first commercial space transportation system</i>. Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science. Vol. 2. Tokyo, Japan: AGNE Publishing, Inc. (published 1986). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986spte.conf.1431J">1986spte.conf.1431J</a>. A87-32276 13-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Ariane+%E2%80%94+The+first+commercial+space+transportation+system&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pub=AGNE+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986-05&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986spte.conf.1431J&rft.au=Jaeger%2C+Ralph-W.&rft.au=Claudon%2C+Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arianespace1980-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arianespace1980_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218002917/http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/arianespace_today_sub_index.html">"Arianespace was founded in 1980 as the world's first launch services company"</a>. arianespace.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/arianespace_today_sub_index.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arianespace+was+founded+in+1980+as+the+world%27s+first+launch+services+company&rft.pub=arianespace.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arianespace.com%2Fsite%2Fabout%2Farianespace_today_sub_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gm20120205-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gm20120205_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzondy2012" class="citation news cs1">Szondy, David (5 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizmag.com/date-set-for-spacex-dragon-launch/20810/">"SpaceX Dragon's ultimate mission is Mars colonization"</a>. <i>Gizmag</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001065808/http://www.gizmag.com/date-set-for-spacex-dragon-launch/20810/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2012</span>. <q><i>For decades after that first launch, space flight was a government monopoly. Even when private companies started going into space in the 1990s, it was only as providers of launch services to send commercial and government satellites into orbit. Now, all that is changing as private enterprise takes over space exploration in a manner not seen since the early days of the Hudson's Bay Company.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gizmag&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Dragon%27s+ultimate+mission+is+Mars+colonization&rft.date=2012-02-05&rft.aulast=Szondy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fdate-set-for-spacex-dragon-launch%2F20810%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo20160819-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo20160819_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo20160819_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2016" class="citation news cs1">Davenport, Christian (19 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/the-billionaire-space-barons-and-the-next-giant-leap/2016/08/19/795a4012-6307-11e6-8b27-bb8ba39497a2_story.html">"The inside story of how billionaires are racing to take you to outer space"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119140724/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/the-billionaire-space-barons-and-the-next-giant-leap/2016/08/19/795a4012-6307-11e6-8b27-bb8ba39497a2_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>. <q><i>the government's monopoly on space travel is over</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+inside+story+of+how+billionaires+are+racing+to+take+you+to+outer+space&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fthe-billionaire-space-barons-and-the-next-giant-leap%2F2016%2F08%2F19%2F795a4012-6307-11e6-8b27-bb8ba39497a2_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "wapo20160819" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee201201-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ieee201201_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberg2012" class="citation news cs1">Oberg, James (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/aviation/private-spaceflight-up-up-and-away">"Private Spaceflight: Up, Up, and Away"</a>. <i>IEEE Spectrum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120108084620/https://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/aviation/private-spaceflight-up-up-and-away">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Private+Spaceflight%3A+Up%2C+Up%2C+and+Away&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Faerospace%2Faviation%2Fprivate-spaceflight-up-up-and-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belfiore2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belfiore2007_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belfiore2007_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelfiore2007" class="citation book cs1">Belfiore, Michael (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rocketeershowvis00belf"><i>Rocketeers: how a visionary band of business leaders, engineers, and pilots is boldly privatizing space</i></a></span>. New York: Smithsonian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-114903-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-114903-0"><bdi>978-0-06-114903-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocketeers%3A+how+a+visionary+band+of+business+leaders%2C+engineers%2C+and+pilots+is+boldly+privatizing+space&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-114903-0&rft.aulast=Belfiore&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frocketeershowvis00belf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "belfiore2007" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tc20200818-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tc20200818_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tc20200818_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/08/18/private-space-industrialization-is-here/">Private space industrialization is here</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kokorich" title="Mikhail Kokorich">Mikhail Kokorich</a>, <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>, 18 August 2020, accessed 25 August 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/news/?Special_Announcement">"Special Announcement"</a>. bigelowaerospace.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331120500/http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/news/?Special_Announcement">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Announcement&rft.pub=bigelowaerospace.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigelowaerospace.com%2Fnews%2F%3FSpecial_Announcement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stAriane20130301-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stAriane20130301_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2013" class="citation news cs1">Engel, Max (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satellitetoday.com/via/satellitegetspersonal/Launch-Market-on-Cusp-of-Change_40648.html">"Launch Market on Cusp of Change"</a>. <i>Satellite Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218050904/http://www.satellitetoday.com/via/satellitegetspersonal/Launch-Market-on-Cusp-of-Change_40648.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2013</span>. <q><i>Although some governments funded vehicle development in different ways, there were no vehicles that were not the product of some form of fairly direct governmental support. Even Ariane, the most "commercial" of launch vehicles, was commercial in operation only, not in inception and development, and could easily call on government support when things went wrong.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Satellite+Today&rft.atitle=Launch+Market+on+Cusp+of+Change&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satellitetoday.com%2Fvia%2Fsatellitegetspersonal%2FLaunch-Market-on-Cusp-of-Change_40648.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113040347/http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/milestones_sub_index.html">"Milestones"</a>. <i>Arianespace.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arianespace.com/site/about/milestones_sub_index.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arianespace.com&rft.atitle=Milestones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arianespace.com%2Fsite%2Fabout%2Fmilestones_sub_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2012:May:Torchinsky-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2012:May:Torchinsky_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorchinsky2012" class="citation web cs1">Torchinsky, Jason (29 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jalopnik.com/spacex-was-not-the-first-private-rocket-company-5913964">"SpaceX Was Not The First Private Rocket Company"</a>. <i>www.jalopnik.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jalopnik.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Was+Not+The+First+Private+Rocket+Company&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft.aulast=Torchinsky&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjalopnik.com%2Fspacex-was-not-the-first-private-rocket-company-5913964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=183768&dt=2082&dl=1345">"Space Transportation - Critical Newspaper Article on Shuttle Program"</a>. United States Department of State. 6 July 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Transportation+-+Critical+Newspaper+Article+on+Shuttle+Program&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=1976-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faad.archives.gov%2Faad%2Fcreatepdf%3Frid%3D183768%26dt%3D2082%26dl%3D1345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1978:October:Zuckerman-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1978:October:Zuckerman_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman1978" class="citation web cs1">Zuckerman, Ed (19 October 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/farms-on-the-asteroids-hotels-on-the-moon-39885/">"Farms on the Asteroids: Hotels on the Moon"</a>. <i>www.rollingstone.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rollingstone.com&rft.atitle=Farms+on+the+Asteroids%3A+Hotels+on+the+Moon&rft.date=1978-10-19&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-news%2Ffarms-on-the-asteroids-hotels-on-the-moon-39885%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vance2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vance2015_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVance2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ashlee_Vance" title="Ashlee Vance">Vance, Ashlee</a> (2015). <i>Elon Musk : Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future</i>. New York: HarperCollins. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-230123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-230123-9"><bdi>978-0-06-230123-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elon+Musk+%3A+Tesla%2C+SpaceX%2C+and+the+Quest+for+a+Fantastic+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-230123-9&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Ashlee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc20141203-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc20141203_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30251863">"Europe to press ahead with Ariane 6 rocket"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715063455/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30251863">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Europe+to+press+ahead+with+Ariane+6+rocket&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-30251863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fp20131209-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fp20131209_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelfiore2013" class="citation news cs1">Belfiore, Michael (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/12/02/the_rocketeer_elon_musk">"The Rocketeer"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210233009/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/12/02/the_rocketeer_elon_musk">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Rocketeer&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.aulast=Belfiore&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F12%2F02%2Fthe_rocketeer_elon_musk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj20150917-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj20150917_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasztor2015" class="citation news cs1">Pasztor, Andy (17 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-rocket-supplier-looks-to-break-short-leash-1437339519">"U.S. Rocket Supplier Looks to Break 'Short Leash'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016131431/http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-rocket-supplier-looks-to-break-short-leash-1437339519">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>. <q><i> The aerospace giants [Boeing Co. and Lockheed Martin Corp.] shared almost $500 million in equity profits from the rocket-making venture last year, when it still had a monopoly on the business of blasting the Pentagon's most important satellites into orbit. But since then, 'they've had us on a very short leash', Tory Bruno, United Launch's chief executive</i>, said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.+Rocket+Supplier+Looks+to+Break+%27Short+Leash%27&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft.aulast=Pasztor&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fu-s-rocket-supplier-looks-to-break-short-leash-1437339519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wired20121227-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wired20121227_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2012" class="citation news cs1">Mann, Adam (27 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/12/audacious-space-companies-2012/">"The Year's Most Audacious Private Space Exploration Plans"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117134652/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/12/audacious-space-companies-2012/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Year%27s+Most+Audacious+Private+Space+Exploration+Plans&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredscience%2F2012%2F12%2Faudacious-space-companies-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph20130611-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph20130611_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph20130611_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanlon2013" class="citation news cs1">Hanlon, Michael (11 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/10112069/Roll-up-for-the-Red-Planet.html">"Roll up for the Red Planet"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411020313/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/10112069/Roll-up-for-the-Red-Planet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Roll+up+for+the+Red+Planet&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2F10112069%2FRoll-up-for-the-Red-Planet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uscbo19861001-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uscbo19861001_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/59xx/doc5935/doc24c-Entire.pdf">"Setting Space Transportation Policy for the 1990s"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Congression Budget Office. 1 October 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213085324/http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/59xx/doc5935/doc24c-Entire.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Setting+Space+Transportation+Policy+for+the+1990s&rft.pub=US+Congression+Budget+Office&rft.date=1986-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbo.gov%2Fftpdocs%2F59xx%2Fdoc5935%2Fdoc24c-Entire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bromberg1999-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bromberg1999_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bromberg1999_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromberg1999" class="citation book cs1">Bromberg, Joan Lisa (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UebVg1YqsoC&pg=PA186"><i>NASA and the Space Industry</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6532-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6532-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6532-9</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"On the other hand, NASA resisted the buildup of a commercial launch industry. Launching was for many years an enterprise that was run by a de facto partnership of NASA and the companies from which NASA bought launchers and launch services. NASA proposed to put an end to that enterprise in the 1980s; it sought to enthrone the shuttle as the nation's commercial, as well as government, launcher. The prospect of erecting a private sector launch industry alongside the NASA shuttle was discussed, but it did not become a reality because the shuttle was too tough a competitor for private vehicles. Only the grounding of the shuttle after the Challenger accident allowed the commercial launch industry to get started".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NASA+and+the+Space+Industry&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6532-9&rft.aulast=Bromberg&rft.aufirst=Joan+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UebVg1YqsoC%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/spp/military/docops/national/nsdd-42.htm">"NSDD-42, National Space Policy, July 4, 1982"</a>. <i>fas.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=NSDD-42%2C+National+Space+Policy%2C+July+4%2C+1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fspp%2Fmilitary%2Fdocops%2Fnational%2Fnsdd-42.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-094.htm">"NSDD - National Security Decision Directives - Reagan Administration"</a>. <i>fas.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=NSDD+-+National+Security+Decision+Directives+-+Reagan+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Foffdocs%2Fnsdd%2Fnsdd-094.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csla1984-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csla1984_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csla1984_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1984/103084i.htm">"Statement on Signing the Commercial Space Launch Act"</a>. reagan.utexas.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927081605/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1984/103084i.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Signing+the+Commercial+Space+Launch+Act&rft.pub=reagan.utexas.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reagan.utexas.edu%2Farchives%2Fspeeches%2F1984%2F103084i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/spp/military/docops/national/policy88.htm">"Presidential Directive on National Space Policy, Feb. 11, 1988"</a>. <i>fas.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=Presidential+Directive+on+National+Space+Policy%2C+Feb.+11%2C+1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fspp%2Fmilitary%2Fdocops%2Fnational%2Fpolicy88.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space-frontier.org/commercialspace/lspalaw.txt">"$ 2465d. Requirement of US Federal government to procure commercial launch services"</a>. space-frontier.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080204082111/http://www.space-frontier.org/commercialspace/lspalaw.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%24+2465d.+Requirement+of+US+Federal+government+to+procure+commercial+launch+services&rft.pub=space-frontier.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space-frontier.org%2Fcommercialspace%2Flspalaw.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9790&page=1"><i>Streamlining Space Launch Range Safety - Executive Summary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F9790">10.17226/9790</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06931-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06931-1"><bdi>978-0-309-06931-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streamlining+Space+Launch+Range+Safety+-+Executive+Summary&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F9790&rft.isbn=978-0-309-06931-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D9790%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usg19981028-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usg19981028_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usg19981028_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/offices/ogc/commercial/CommercialSpaceActof1998.html">"Public Law 105-303: Commercial Space Act of 1998"</a>. <i>NASA Office of the General Counsel - Reference</i>. NASA. 28 October 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202023518/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/ogc/commercial/CommercialSpaceActof1998.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Office+of+the+General+Counsel+-+Reference&rft.atitle=Public+Law+105-303%3A+Commercial+Space+Act+of+1998&rft.date=1998-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Foffices%2Fogc%2Fcommercial%2FCommercialSpaceActof1998.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asi.org/adb/j/02/legal-roadblocks.html">It's illegal for private enterprise to go into space.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990218062255/http://www.asi.org/adb/j/02/legal-roadblocks.html">Archived</a> 1999-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br /> U.S. law regulates private space launches, and the current law is quite unreasonable. A private company wanting to build and launch a rocket faces a mountain of red tape and very long lead times for getting approval from the government. However, although these problems add a tremendous amount of cost to private space launches, there are no laws that prohibit private space launches.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbc2004-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nbc2004_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbc2004_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/6682611/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/private-spaceflight-bill-signed-law/">Private Spaceflight Bill Signed into Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231001919/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6682611/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/private-spaceflight-bill-signed-law/">Archived</a> 31 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />The Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act, or H.R. 5382, placed a clear legislative stamp on regulations that were being formulated by the Federal Aviation Administration. Among other provisions, the law was intended to let paying passengers fly on suborbital launch vehicles at their own risk.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsr20150526-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tsr20150526_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsr20150526_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsr20150526_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2015" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (26 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2759/1">"Congress launches commercial space legislation"</a>. <i>The Space Review</i>. Space News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527063504/http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2759/1">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Space+Review&rft.atitle=Congress+launches+commercial+space+legislation&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F2759%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaunted.com/story/2014/1/29/17284/7200/travel/Wow.+FAA+Paperwork+Delays+May+Block+Virgin+Galactic+Debut.">Wow. FAA Paperwork Delays May Block Virgin Galactic Debut.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231035525/http://www.jaunted.com/story/2014/1/29/17284/7200/travel/Wow.+FAA+Paperwork+Delays+May+Block+Virgin+Galactic+Debut.">Archived</a> 31 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hr2262-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hr2262_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2262">"H.R.2262 – 114th Congress (2015–2016): U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act"</a>. <i>congress.gov</i>. 25 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119195538/https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2262">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=congress.gov&rft.atitle=H.R.2262+%E2%80%93+114th+Congress+%282015%E2%80%932016%29%3A+U.S.+Commercial+Space+Launch+Competitiveness+Act&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F114th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F2262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wired20151112-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wired20151112_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wired20151112_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-11/12/how-to-mine-asteroids-for-fun-and-profit">"Space Act of 2015: American companies could soon mine asteroids for profit (Wired UK)"</a>. <i>Wired UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151204145256/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-11/12/how-to-mine-asteroids-for-fun-and-profit">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=Space+Act+of+2015%3A+American+companies+could+soon+mine+asteroids+for+profit+%28Wired+UK%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2015-11%2F12%2Fhow-to-mine-asteroids-for-fun-and-profit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=16790">"Boeing, Lockheed Martin to Form Launch Services Joint Venture"</a>. spaceref.com. 2 May 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209234346/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=16790">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boeing%2C+Lockheed+Martin+to+Form+Launch+Services+Joint+Venture&rft.pub=spaceref.com&rft.date=2005-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewpr.html%3Fpid%3D16790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceservicesinc.com/#!company-heritage/c1z05">"Heritage: Pioneering the Commercial Space Frontier"</a>. Space Services Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150803174817/http://www.spaceservicesinc.com/#!company-heritage/c1z05">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage%3A+Pioneering+the+Commercial+Space+Frontier&rft.pub=Space+Services+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceservicesinc.com%2F%23%21company-heritage%2Fc1z05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wade, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210032018/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/matsland.htm">"Matagorda Island"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Astronautica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/sites/matsland.htm">the original</a> on 10 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matagorda+Island&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fsites%2Fmatsland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Furniss, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/first-conestoga-booster-explodes-after-launch/13792.article">First Conestoga booster explodes after launch</a>", 31 October 1995, <i>Flightglobal.com</i>. Accessed 1 June 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orbitalatk.com/flight-systems/space-launch-vehicles/pegasus/">"Pegasus"</a>. Orbital ATK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pegasus&rft.pub=Orbital+ATK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbitalatk.com%2Fflight-systems%2Fspace-launch-vehicles%2Fpegasus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iac-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iac_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittmanRaskyHarper2012" class="citation web cs1">Pittman, Bruce; Rasky, Dan; Harper, Lynn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cammpus.s3.amazonaws.com/resource/file/5351/IAC_Paper_Commercial_Space.pdf">"Infrastructure Based Exploration – An Affordable Path To Sustainable Space Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IAC - 12, D3, 2, 4, x14203: IAC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026081409/https://cammpus.s3.amazonaws.com/resource/file/5351/IAC_Paper_Commercial_Space.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infrastructure+Based+Exploration+%E2%80%93+An+Affordable+Path+To+Sustainable+Space+Development&rft.place=IAC+-+12%2C+D3%2C+2%2C+4%2C+x14203&rft.pub=IAC&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pittman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Rasky%2C+Dan&rft.au=Harper%2C+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcammpus.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fresource%2Ffile%2F5351%2FIAC_Paper_Commercial_Space.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jn20150603-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jn20150603_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0002195521">"Private-sector rocket launch legislation eyed"</a>. <i>Japan News</i>. Yomiuri Shimbun. 3 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607023425/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0002195521">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+News&rft.atitle=Private-sector+rocket+launch+legislation+eyed&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe-japan-news.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F0002195521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016:August:Fingas-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2016:August:Fingas_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingas2016" class="citation web cs1">Fingas, Jon (3 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2016/08/03/us-clears-private-moon-flight/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAIZctMMN9UqViHFf_p7Gh6wISe6jEMvRU11oYLHttJMHdVNLM_VQLdSbyT-KMyOyLiGIiuRTJ7aEPUVPFZ3PleRKEDSbP_iRvepmzCR_e4in9xJ0NPnv2We0Y7aPcnf9zeGmm9Fl_g4bXHJy5JM-OE6Y4j-WviLc7Z6zrbhevRA3">"US grants its first clearance for a private flight to the Moon"</a>. <i>www.endgadget.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.endgadget.com&rft.atitle=US+grants+its+first+clearance+for+a+private+flight+to+the+Moon&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft.aulast=Fingas&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2016%2F08%2F03%2Fus-clears-private-moon-flight%2F%3Fguccounter%3D1%26guce_referrer%3DaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8%26guce_referrer_sig%3DAQAAAIZctMMN9UqViHFf_p7Gh6wISe6jEMvRU11oYLHttJMHdVNLM_VQLdSbyT-KMyOyLiGIiuRTJ7aEPUVPFZ3PleRKEDSbP_iRvepmzCR_e4in9xJ0NPnv2We0Y7aPcnf9zeGmm9Fl_g4bXHJy5JM-OE6Y4j-WviLc7Z6zrbhevRA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars20211207-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ars20211207_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars20211207_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2021" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Erik (7 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/12/france-seeks-to-build-reusable-rocket-make-up-for-bad-choices-in-the-past/">"Concerned about SpaceX, France to accelerate reusable rocket plans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Concerned+about+SpaceX%2C+France+to+accelerate+reusable+rocket+plans&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2021%2F12%2Ffrance-seeks-to-build-reusable-rocket-make-up-for-bad-choices-in-the-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-intuitive-machines-nova-c-moon-lander-launch-preparations">SpaceX gearing up to launch Intuitive Machines private moon lander in February</a> Space.com. By Mike Wall. Jan. 31, 2024. Retrieved Feb. 5, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2024" class="citation web cs1">David, Emillia (22 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/22/24080498/odysseus-lunar-lander-nasa-moon-intuitive-machines">"Odysseus achieves the first US Moon landing since 1972"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Odysseus+achieves+the+first+US+Moon+landing+since+1972&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Emillia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2024%2F2%2F22%2F24080498%2Fodysseus-lunar-lander-nasa-moon-intuitive-machines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/2005_YIR_FAA_AST_0206.pdf">"Commercial Space Transportation: 2005 Year In Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. faa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227051110/http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/2005_YIR_FAA_AST_0206.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commercial+Space+Transportation%3A+2005+Year+In+Review&rft.pub=faa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fabout%2Foffice_org%2Fheadquarters_offices%2Fast%2Fmedia%2F2005_YIR_FAA_AST_0206.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn20180517-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn20180517_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTohWang2018" class="citation news cs1">Toh, Michelle; Wang, Serenitie (17 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2018/05/16/technology/onespace-china-spacex-startup/index.html">"OneSpace launches China's first private rocket"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=OneSpace+launches+China%27s+first+private+rocket&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.aulast=Toh&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Wang%2C+Serenitie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2018%2F05%2F16%2Ftechnology%2Fonespace-china-spacex-startup%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hc20130628-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hc20130628_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hc20130628_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hc20130628_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hc20130628_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2013" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Eric (28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2013/06/ten-billionaires-are-betting-on-private-spaceflight-smart-or-squandered-money/">"Ten billionaires are betting on private spaceflight: Smart or squandered money?"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701180426/http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2013/06/ten-billionaires-are-betting-on-private-spaceflight-smart-or-squandered-money/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Ten+billionaires+are+betting+on+private+spaceflight%3A+Smart+or+squandered+money%3F&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.chron.com%2Fsciguy%2F2013%2F06%2Ften-billionaires-are-betting-on-private-spaceflight-smart-or-squandered-money%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph2021" class="citation web cs1">Ralph, Eric (4 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-falcon-9-rocket-global-orbital-launch-leader/">"SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket is dominating global orbital launches in 2021"</a>. <i>teslarati.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teslarati.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX%27s+Falcon+9+rocket+is+dominating+global+orbital+launches+in+2021&rft.date=2021-07-04&rft.aulast=Ralph&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslarati.com%2Fspacex-falcon-9-rocket-global-orbital-launch-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2021" class="citation web cs1">Howell, Elizabeth (26 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/elon-musk-spacex-valued-100-billion">"Elon Musk's SpaceX now valued at $100 billion: report"</a>. <i>space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=space.com&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk%27s+SpaceX+now+valued+at+%24100+billion%3A+report&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Felon-musk-spacex-valued-100-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2020" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (23 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/bigelow-aerospace-lays-off-entire-workforce/">"Bigelow Aerospace lays off entire workforce"</a>. <i>spacenews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spacenews.com&rft.atitle=Bigelow+Aerospace+lays+off+entire+workforce&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fbigelow-aerospace-lays-off-entire-workforce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagan2022" class="citation web cs1">Pagan, McCord (29 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law360.com/articles/1488691/space-focused-spac-withdraws-plans-for-300m-ipo">"Space-Focused SPAC Withdraws Plans For $300M IPO"</a>. <i>law360.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law360.com&rft.atitle=Space-Focused+SPAC+Withdraws+Plans+For+%24300M+IPO&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft.aulast=Pagan&rft.aufirst=McCord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F1488691%2Fspace-focused-spac-withdraws-plans-for-300m-ipo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo20160128-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo20160128_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo20160128_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2016" class="citation news cs1">Davenport, Christian (28 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/why-investors-are-following-musk-bezos-in-betting-on-the-stars/2016/01/28/42bd5066-b962-11e5-b682-4bb4dd403c7d_story.html">"Why investors are following Musk, Bezos in betting on the stars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729124423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/why-investors-are-following-musk-bezos-in-betting-on-the-stars/2016/01/28/42bd5066-b962-11e5-b682-4bb4dd403c7d_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+investors+are+following+Musk%2C+Bezos+in+betting+on+the+stars&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fwhy-investors-are-following-musk-bezos-in-betting-on-the-stars%2F2016%2F01%2F28%2F42bd5066-b962-11e5-b682-4bb4dd403c7d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibt20151009-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibt20151009_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibt20151009_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordrum2015" class="citation news cs1">Nordrum, Amy (9 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/space-advocate-makes-business-case-private-company-exploration-extraterrestrial-2134171">"Space Advocate Makes Business Case For Private Company Exploration Of Extraterrestrial Resources"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011230749/http://www.ibtimes.com/space-advocate-makes-business-case-private-company-exploration-extraterrestrial-2134171">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Space+Advocate+Makes+Business+Case+For+Private+Company+Exploration+Of+Extraterrestrial+Resources&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft.aulast=Nordrum&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fspace-advocate-makes-business-case-private-company-exploration-extraterrestrial-2134171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fortune20160222-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fortune20160222_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fortune20160222_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2016/02/22/vcs-invested-more-in-space-startups-last-year/">"VCs Invested More in Space Startups Last Year Than in the Previous 15 Years Combined"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. 22 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308060353/http://fortune.com/2016/02/22/vcs-invested-more-in-space-startups-last-year/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>. <q><i>The Tauri Group suggests that space startups turned a major corner in 2015, at least in the eyes of venture capital firms that are now piling money into young space companies with unprecedented gusto... he study also found that more than 50 venture capital firms invested in space companies in 2015, signaling that venture capital has warmed to a space industry it has long considered both too risky and too slow to yield returns</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=VCs+Invested+More+in+Space+Startups+Last+Year+Than+in+the+Previous+15+Years+Combined&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2016%2F02%2F22%2Fvcs-invested-more-in-space-startups-last-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016:August:CBInsights-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2016:August:CBInsights_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbinsights.com/research/space-startups-funding-trends/">"Funding And Deals To Space Startups In A Slump"</a>. <i>www.cbinsights.com</i>. 23 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbinsights.com&rft.atitle=Funding+And+Deals+To+Space+Startups+In+A+Slump&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbinsights.com%2Fresearch%2Fspace-startups-funding-trends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017:May-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017:May_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbinsights.com/research/top-space-tech-startup-investors/">"Betting On The Moon: The Most Active Space Tech Investors"</a>. <i>www.cbinsights.com</i>. 2 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbinsights.com&rft.atitle=Betting+On+The+Moon%3A+The+Most+Active+Space+Tech+Investors&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbinsights.com%2Fresearch%2Ftop-space-tech-startup-investors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2019:June:Kramer-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2019:June:Kramer_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2019" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, Miriam (18 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/international-space-station-privatization-space-companies-29721f1c-f2a0-49a9-97a0-c060ab647bdc.html">"Private spaceflight companies plan to capitalize on the ISS"</a>. <i>www.axios.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.axios.com&rft.atitle=Private+spaceflight+companies+plan+to+capitalize+on+the+ISS&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Finternational-space-station-privatization-space-companies-29721f1c-f2a0-49a9-97a0-c060ab647bdc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Jones2024" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Jones (21 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-blue-origin-space-force-launch-contracts-2025-2029">"Pentagon picks SpaceX, Blue Origin and ULA for $5.6 billion launch deal"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Pentagon+picks+SpaceX%2C+Blue+Origin+and+ULA+for+%245.6+billion+launch+deal&rft.date=2024-06-21&rft.au=Andrew+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacex-blue-origin-space-force-launch-contracts-2025-2029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=18791">"NASA Seeks Proposals for Crew and Cargo Transportation to Orbit"</a>. spaceref.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061224233704/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid%3D18791">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Seeks+Proposals+for+Crew+and+Cargo+Transportation+to+Orbit&rft.pub=spaceref.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewpr.html%3Fpid%3D18791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991009132937/http://ec.msfc.nasa.gov/hq/library/unSol-Prop.html">"GUIDANCE FOR THE PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF UNSOLICITED PROPOSALS"</a>. nasa.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.msfc.nasa.gov/hq/library/unSol-Prop.html">the original</a> on 9 October 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GUIDANCE+FOR+THE+PREPARATION+AND+SUBMISSION+OF+UNSOLICITED+PROPOSALS&rft.pub=nasa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.msfc.nasa.gov%2Fhq%2Flibrary%2FunSol-Prop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/exploration/news/COTS_selection.html">"NASA Invests in Private Sector Space Flight with SpaceX, Rocketplane-Kistler"</a>. nasa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223112559/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/exploration/news/COTS_selection.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Invests+in+Private+Sector+Space+Flight+with+SpaceX%2C+Rocketplane-Kistler&rft.pub=nasa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fexploration%2Fnews%2FCOTS_selection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227051121/http://spaceoperations.nasa.gov/tran_plan.pdf">"Human_Space_Flight_Transition_Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. nasa.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceoperations.nasa.gov/tran_plan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human_Space_Flight_Transition_Plan&rft.pub=nasa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceoperations.nasa.gov%2Ftran_plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/dec/HQ_C08-069_ISS_Resupply.html">"NASA Awards Space Station Commercial Resupply Services Contracts"</a>. nasa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715085914/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/dec/HQ_C08-069_ISS_Resupply.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Awards+Space+Station+Commercial+Resupply+Services+Contracts&rft.pub=nasa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2008%2Fdec%2FHQ_C08-069_ISS_Resupply.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnatoly_Zak2015" class="citation web cs1">Anatoly Zak (27 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sen.com/features/soyuz-tm-11-first-journalist-in-space">"Soyuz TM-11: First journalist in space"</a>. SEN.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005021101/http://sen.com/features/soyuz-tm-11-first-journalist-in-space">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soyuz+TM-11%3A+First+journalist+in+space&rft.pub=SEN.com&rft.date=2015-06-27&rft.au=Anatoly+Zak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsen.com%2Ffeatures%2Fsoyuz-tm-11-first-journalist-in-space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangSchwartz2014" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth; Schwartz, John (31 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/science/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-crashes-during-test-flight.html">"Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Crashes in New Setback for Commercial Spaceflight"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216054401/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/science/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-crashes-during-test-flight.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Virgin+Galactic%27s+SpaceShipTwo+Crashes+in+New+Setback+for+Commercial+Spaceflight&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F01%2Fscience%2Fvirgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-crashes-during-test-flight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=13774">"House Approves H.R. 3752, The Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004"</a>. spaceref.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104210710/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=13774">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+Approves+H.R.+3752%2C+The+Commercial+Space+Launch+Amendments+Act+of+2004&rft.pub=spaceref.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewpr.html%3Fpid%3D13774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalou" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Palou, Nacho. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsiervos.com/archivo/mundoreal/bloon-ascension-globo-hasta-casi-estrellas.html">"Bloon: ascensión en globo hasta casi las estrellas"</a>. <i>Microsiervos</i> (in European Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsiervos&rft.atitle=Bloon%3A+ascensi%C3%B3n+en+globo+hasta+casi+las+estrellas&rft.aulast=Palou&rft.aufirst=Nacho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsiervos.com%2Farchivo%2Fmundoreal%2Fbloon-ascension-globo-hasta-casi-estrellas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes2014" class="citation news cs1">Reyes, Tim (17 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/115391/balloon-launcher-zero2infinity-sets-its-sights-to-the-stars/">"Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars"</a>. <i>Universe Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710031224/http://www.universetoday.com/115391/balloon-launcher-zero2infinity-sets-its-sights-to-the-stars/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=Balloon+launcher+Zero2Infinity+Sets+Its+Sights+to+the+Stars&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F115391%2Fballoon-launcher-zero2infinity-sets-its-sights-to-the-stars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/world-view-reaches-new-milestone-in-stratollite-development/">"World View reaches new milestone in Stratollite development"</a>. <i>SpaceNews</i>. 6 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=World+View+reaches+new+milestone+in+Stratollite+development&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fworld-view-reaches-new-milestone-in-stratollite-development%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Wall2021" class="citation web cs1">Mike Wall (4 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/world-view-space-tourism-stratosphere-balloon">"World View to start flying passengers on stratospheric balloon rides in 2024"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=World+View+to+start+flying+passengers+on+stratospheric+balloon+rides+in+2024&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft.au=Mike+Wall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fworld-view-space-tourism-stratosphere-balloon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zephalto.com/">"La croisière aux portes de l'espace"</a>. <i>Zephalto</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zephalto&rft.atitle=La+croisi%C3%A8re+aux+portes+de+l%27espace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzephalto.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thespaceperspective.com/">"Home - Space Perspective human spaceflight, space tourism, spaceship"</a>. <i>Space Perspective</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space+Perspective&rft.atitle=Home+-+Space+Perspective+human+spaceflight%2C+space+tourism%2C+spaceship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthespaceperspective.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackie_Wattles2021" class="citation web cs1">Jackie Wattles (11 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/11/tech/richard-branson-virgin-galactic-space-flight-scn/index.html">"Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson successfully rockets to outer space"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Virgin+Galactic+founder+Richard+Branson+successfully+rockets+to+outer+space&rft.date=2021-07-11&rft.au=Jackie+Wattles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F07%2F11%2Ftech%2Frichard-branson-virgin-galactic-space-flight-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2021" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (20 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/07/20/science/jeff-bezos-space-flight">"Latest Updates: Bezos and Blue Origin Crew Land After Short Flight to Space"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Latest+Updates%3A+Bezos+and+Blue+Origin+Crew+Land+After+Short+Flight+to+Space&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flive%2F2021%2F07%2F20%2Fscience%2Fjeff-bezos-space-flight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancel1-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cancel1_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/b612-studying-smallsat-missions-to-search-for-near-earth-objects/">"B612 studying smallsat missions to search for near Earth objects"</a>. <i>SpaceNews</i>. 20 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=B612+studying+smallsat+missions+to+search+for+near+Earth+objects&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fb612-studying-smallsat-missions-to-search-for-near-earth-objects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B612-20120913-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B612-20120913_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406092842/http://b612foundation.org/b612/b612-foundation/">"The Foundation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/B612_Foundation" title="B612 Foundation">B612 Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://b612foundation.org/b612/b612-foundation/">the original</a> on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Foundation&rft.pub=B612+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fb612foundation.org%2Fb612%2Fb612-foundation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B612-20120919-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B612-20120919_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910234035/http://b612foundation.org/media/sentinelmission/">"The Sentinel Mission"</a>. B612 Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://b612foundation.org/media/sentinelmission/">the original</a> on 10 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sentinel+Mission&rft.pub=B612+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fb612foundation.org%2Fmedia%2Fsentinelmission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2015" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Jason (26 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/2015/20150112-lightsail-test-flight.html">"It's Official: LightSail Test Flight Scheduled for May 2015"</a>. Planetary Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201021831/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/2015/20150112-lightsail-test-flight.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+Official%3A+LightSail+Test+Flight+Scheduled+for+May+2015&rft.pub=Planetary+Society&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fblogs%2Fjason-davis%2F2015%2F20150112-lightsail-test-flight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfn20100604-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sfn20100604_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/001/100604launch/index.html">"Falcon 9 booster rockets into orbit on dramatic first launch"</a>. <i>spaceflightnow.com</i>. 4 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607023438/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/001/100604launch/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spaceflightnow.com&rft.atitle=Falcon+9+booster+rockets+into+orbit+on+dramatic+first+launch&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2Ffalcon9%2F001%2F100604launch%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowing2006" class="citation news cs1">Cowing, Keith (6 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewnews.html?id=1095">"The SpaceX Dragon: America's First Privately Financed Manned Orbital Spacecraft?"</a>. SpaceRef.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+SpaceX+Dragon%3A+America%27s+First+Privately+Financed+Manned+Orbital+Spacecraft%3F&rft.date=2006-03-06&rft.aulast=Cowing&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewnews.html%3Fid%3D1095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aw20140530-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aw20140530_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2014" class="citation news cs1">Norris, Guy (30 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2">"SpaceX Unveils 'Step Change' Dragon 'V2'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Aviation Week</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531110355/http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Unveils+%27Step+Change%27+Dragon+%27V2%27&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fspace%2Fspacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international/">"NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140918000227/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Chooses+American+Companies+to+Transport+U.S.+Astronauts+to+International+Space+Station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress%2F2014%2Fseptember%2Fnasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parabolicarc.com/2010/09/22/uksa-reviews-skylon-sabre/">"UKSA Reviews Skylon and SABRE at Parabolic Arc"</a>. <i>parabolicarc.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614172527/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2010/09/22/uksa-reviews-skylon-sabre/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parabolicarc.com&rft.atitle=UKSA+Reviews+Skylon+and+SABRE+at+Parabolic+Arc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parabolicarc.com%2F2010%2F09%2F22%2Fuksa-reviews-skylon-sabre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602004107/http://www.reactionengines.co.uk/faq.html">"Reaction Engines Ltd - Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>reactionengines.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reactionengines.co.uk/faq.html#q6">the original</a> on 2 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reactionengines.co.uk&rft.atitle=Reaction+Engines+Ltd+-+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reactionengines.co.uk%2Ffaq.html%23q6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926162015/http://www.ukspaceagency.bis.gov.uk/19661.aspx">"UK Space Agency - Skylon System Requirements Review"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukspaceagency.bis.gov.uk/19661.aspx">the original</a> on 26 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Space+Agency+-+Skylon+System+Requirements+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukspaceagency.bis.gov.uk%2F19661.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReactionEngines1-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReactionEngines1_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reactionengines.co.uk/">"Reaction Engines Limited"</a>. <i>reactionengines.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617112938/http://www.reactionengines.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reactionengines.co.uk&rft.atitle=Reaction+Engines+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reactionengines.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes20130304-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forbes20130304_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp2013" class="citation news cs1">Knapp, Alex (4 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2013/02/13/the-space-station-is-the-final-frontier-of-biological-research/">"The Space Station Is The Final Frontier Of Bio Research"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217111658/http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2013/02/13/the-space-station-is-the-final-frontier-of-biological-research/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Space+Station+Is+The+Final+Frontier+Of+Bio+Research&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Falexknapp%2F2013%2F02%2F13%2Fthe-space-station-is-the-final-frontier-of-biological-research%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/138033main_griffin_aas1.pdf">"NASA and the Business of Space"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227051110/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/138033main_griffin_aas1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+and+the+Business+of+Space&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpdf%2F138033main_griffin_aas1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227051110/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/constellation/references/presentations/Potential_Impact_of_LEO_Propellant_on_NASA_ESAS_Architecture.pdf">"The Potential Impact of a LEO Propellant Depot on the NASA ESAS Architecture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Boeing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/constellation/references/presentations/Potential_Impact_of_LEO_Propellant_on_NASA_ESAS_Architecture.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Potential+Impact+of+a+LEO+Propellant+Depot+on+the+NASA+ESAS+Architecture&rft.pub=Boeing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boeing.com%2Fdefense-space%2Fspace%2Fconstellation%2Freferences%2Fpresentations%2FPotential_Impact_of_LEO_Propellant_on_NASA_ESAS_Architecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ss20121214c-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ss20121214c_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespaceshow.com/detail.asp?q=1914">Shackleton Energy's cislunar economic development plans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130105032615/http://www.thespaceshow.com/detail.asp?q=1914">Archived</a> 5 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> David Livingston interview with James Keravala, <i>The Space Show</i>, 14 December 2012, accessed 3 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/asteroid-mining1.htm">"How Asteroid Mining Will Work"</a>. howstuffworks.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210094619/http://science.howstuffworks.com/asteroid-mining1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Asteroid+Mining+Will+Work&rft.pub=howstuffworks.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.howstuffworks.com%2Fasteroid-mining1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liftport.com/">"The LiftPort Space Elevator"</a>. liftport.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212031628/http://www.liftport.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+LiftPort+Space+Elevator&rft.pub=liftport.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liftport.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/x-33/01-31.htm">"NASA Reaches Milestone in Space Launch Initiative Program"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080805093450/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/x-33/01-31.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Reaches+Milestone+in+Space+Launch+Initiative+Program&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2Fx-33%2F01-31.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205044014/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/bealba2.htm">"Beal BA-2"</a>. astronautix.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/bealba2.htm">the original</a> on 5 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beal+BA-2&rft.pub=astronautix.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Flvs%2Fbealba2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceprojects.com/Beal/">"Beal Aerospace regrets to announce that it is ceasing all business operations effective October 23, 2000"</a> (Press release). spaceprojects.com. 23 March 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701234134/http://www.spaceprojects.com/Beal/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beal+Aerospace+regrets+to+announce+that+it+is+ceasing+all+business+operations+effective+October+23%2C+2000&rft.pub=spaceprojects.com&rft.date=2000-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceprojects.com%2FBeal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109095817/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/roton.htm">"Roton"</a>. astronautix.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/craft/roton.htm">the original</a> on 9 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roton&rft.pub=astronautix.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fcraft%2Froton.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/shooting-for-the-moon-time-called-on-isle-of-man-space-race-10101750.html">"Shooting for the Moon: Time is called on Isle of Man space race"</a>. <i>independent.co.uk</i>. 11 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914034208/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/shooting-for-the-moon-time-called-on-isle-of-man-space-race-10101750.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Shooting+for+the+Moon%3A+Time+is+called+on+Isle+of+Man+space+race&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fshooting-for-the-moon-time-called-on-isle-of-man-space-race-10101750.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20160206-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sn20160206_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2016" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (5 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacenews.com/advanced-space-propulsion-startup-shuts-down/">"Advanced space propulsion startup shuts down"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceNews_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceNews (publication)">SpaceNews</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Advanced+space+propulsion+startup+shuts+down&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fadvanced-space-propulsion-startup-shuts-down%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/12/golden-spike-announcement/">"Golden Spike Company Unveils Plans to Fly Commercial Crews to the Moon"</a>. <i>WIRED</i>. 6 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929211750/http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/12/golden-spike-announcement/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIRED&rft.atitle=Golden+Spike+Company+Unveils+Plans+to+Fly+Commercial+Crews+to+the+Moon&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwiredscience%2F2012%2F12%2Fgolden-spike-announcement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norris, Guy (8 October 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/awin-only/xcor-lynx-moves-final-assembly">XCOR Lynx Moves Into Final Assembly</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120195759/http://aviationweek.com/awin-only/xcor-lynx-moves-final-assembly">Archived</a> 20 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Aviation Week, Retrieved 20 January 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindman, Nate C. (23 October 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/23/xcor-lynx-the-supersonic-plane_n_2005323.html">XCOR Lynx: Supersonic Plane To Fly Between NYC And Tokyo In 90 Minutes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826121122/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/23/xcor-lynx-the-supersonic-plane_n_2005323.html">Archived</a> 26 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Huffington Post, Retrieved 19 February 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chow, Denise (8 June 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/47742352/ns/technology_and_science-space/#.USOpQB28GSo">Space tourists can hop on a flight in 2014, XCOR says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120173404/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/47742352/ns/technology_and_science-space/">Archived</a> 20 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NBC news, Retrieved 19 February 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baocc20100715-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baocc20100715_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710092025/http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/orbital-complex-construction.php">"Next-Generation Commercial Space Stations: Orbital Complex Construction"</a>. Bigelow Aerospace. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigelowaerospace.com/orbital-complex-construction.php">the original</a> on 10 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Next-Generation+Commercial+Space+Stations%3A+Orbital+Complex+Construction&rft.pub=Bigelow+Aerospace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigelowaerospace.com%2Forbital-complex-construction.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat20110408a-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lat20110408a_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-moon-venture-20110408,0,1715396.story">"MoonEx aims to scour moon for rare materials"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 8 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2011</span>. <q><i>The company is among several teams hoping to someday win the Google Lunar X Prize competition, a $30-million race to the moon in which a privately-funded team must successfully place a robot on the moon's surface and have it explore at least 1/3 of a mile. It also must transmit high definition video and images back to Earth before 2016. ... should be ready to land on the lunar surface by 2013</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=MoonEx+aims+to+scour+moon+for+rare+materials&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-moon-venture-20110408%2C0%2C1715396.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34462323">BBC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225011828/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34462323">Archived</a> 25 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 7 October 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lunar.xprize.org/teams/synergy-moon">X-Prize website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421033113/http://lunar.xprize.org/teams/synergy-moon">Archived</a> 21 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 9 February 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnan2016" class="citation news cs1">Krishnan, Alnoor Peermohamed & Raghu (2 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/team-indus-gets-slot-on-pslv-rocket-for-its-journey-to-moon-116110200836_1.html">"Team Indus gets slot on PSLV rocket for its journey to moon"</a>. <i>Business Standard India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127110649/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/team-indus-gets-slot-on-pslv-rocket-for-its-journey-to-moon-116110200836_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=Team+Indus+gets+slot+on+PSLV+rocket+for+its+journey+to+moon&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft.aulast=Krishnan&rft.aufirst=Alnoor+Peermohamed+%26+Raghu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fteam-indus-gets-slot-on-pslv-rocket-for-its-journey-to-moon-116110200836_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/20/14023336/google-lunar-x-prize-teams-moon-pslv-rocket-hakuto-indus">The Verge website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624151901/https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/20/14023336/google-lunar-x-prize-teams-moon-pslv-rocket-hakuto-indus">Archived</a> 24 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 9 February 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee200906-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ieee200906_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/mining-the-moon">Mining the Moon: How the extraction of lunar hydrogen or ice could fuel humanity's expansion into space</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a></i>, June 2009, accessed 5 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Team-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Team_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Sewell2012" class="citation web cs1">Anne Sewell (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/325858">"Mars One: Human settlement on Mars in 2023"</a>. <i>Digital Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604000020/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/325858">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Journal&rft.atitle=Mars+One%3A+Human+settlement+on+Mars+in+2023&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft.au=Anne+Sewell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaljournal.com%2Farticle%2F325858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-satellite-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-satellite_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdario_Strange2012" class="citation web cs1">Adario Strange (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2405162,00.asp">"Dutch Group Planning for Mars Settlement by 2023"</a>. <i>PC Mag</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604000643/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2405162,00.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+Mag&rft.atitle=Dutch+Group+Planning+for+Mars+Settlement+by+2023&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft.au=Adario+Strange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2405162%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reality-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reality_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDario_Borghino2012" class="citation web cs1">Dario Borghino (4 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizmag.com/mars-one-human-settlement-2023/22799/">"Mission to Mars meets reality TV"</a>. <i>Gizmag</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607215244/http://www.gizmag.com/mars-one-human-settlement-2023/22799/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmag&rft.atitle=Mission+to+Mars+meets+reality+TV&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft.au=Dario+Borghino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fmars-one-human-settlement-2023%2F22799%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIRED-20140212-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WIRED-20140212_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFong,_MD2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Fong, MD, Kevin (12 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2014/02/happens-body-mars/">"The Strange, Deadly Effects Mars Would Have on Your Body"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Strange%2C+Deadly+Effects+Mars+Would+Have+on+Your+Body&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft.aulast=Fong%2C+MD&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fopinion%2F2014%2F02%2Fhappens-body-mars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techspot.com-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-techspot.com_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-techspot.com_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techspot.com/news/60071-mars-one-finalist-breaks-silence-claims-organization-total.html">'Mars One' finalist breaks silence, claims organization is a total scam, 16 March 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoche2015" class="citation news cs1">Roche, Joseph (18 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/18/mars-one-astronaut-joseph-roche-space-missions">"I'm on list to be a Mars One astronaut – but I won't see the red planet"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=I%27m+on+list+to+be+a+Mars+One+astronaut+%E2%80%93+but+I+won%27t+see+the+red+planet&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Fmar%2F18%2Fmars-one-astronaut-joseph-roche-space-missions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day_20152-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Day_20152_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2015" class="citation news cs1">Day, Dwayne (17 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2809/1">"Red planet rumble"</a>. <i>The Space Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Space+Review&rft.atitle=Red+planet+rumble&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Dwayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F2809%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delusional-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-delusional_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickerson2015" class="citation web cs1">Dickerson, Kelly (3 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/mars-ones-plan-colonize-red-155056558.html">"The Mars One plan is totally delusional"</a>. <i>Yahoo! News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=The+Mars+One+plan+is+totally+delusional&rft.date=2015-03-03&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fmars-ones-plan-colonize-red-155056558.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2013" class="citation news cs1">West, Kesha (15 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-15/an-ethical-questions-over-one-way-mars-mission/4690824">"Ethical questions over one-way Mars trip"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Ethical+questions+over+one-way+Mars+trip&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Kesha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2013-05-15%2Fan-ethical-questions-over-one-way-mars-mission%2F4690824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pm20130227-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pm20130227_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelfiore2013" class="citation news cs1">Belfiore, Michael (27 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/moon-mars/the-crazy-plan-to-fly-two-humans-to-mars-in-2018-15152667">"The Crazy Plan to Fly Two Humans to Mars in 2018"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302224710/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/moon-mars/the-crazy-plan-to-fly-two-humans-to-mars-in-2018-15152667">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=The+Crazy+Plan+to+Fly+Two+Humans+to+Mars+in+2018&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft.aulast=Belfiore&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularmechanics.com%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fmoon-mars%2Fthe-crazy-plan-to-fly-two-humans-to-mars-in-2018-15152667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-awst20130304-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-awst20130304_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorring2013" class="citation news cs1">Morring, Frank Jr. (4 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_03_04_2013_p24-553876.xml">"Serious Intent About 2018 Human Mars Mission"</a>. <i>Aviation Week and Space Technology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095022/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2FAW_03_04_2013_p24-553876.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week+and+Space+Technology&rft.atitle=Serious+Intent+About+2018+Human+Mars+Mission&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft.aulast=Morring&rft.aufirst=Frank+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationweek.com%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D%2Farticle-xml%2FAW_03_04_2013_p24-553876.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent20130228-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent20130228_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2013" class="citation news cs1">Connor, Steve (26 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-millionaire-dennis-tito-and-his-mission-to-mars-8512034.html">"The millionaire Dennis Tito and his mission to Mars"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228043944/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-millionaire-dennis-tito-and-his-mission-to-mars-8512034.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+millionaire+Dennis+Tito+and+his+mission+to+Mars&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fthe-millionaire-dennis-tito-and-his-mission-to-mars-8512034.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars20160928-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ars20160928_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2016" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Eric (28 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/musks-mars-moment-audacity-madness-brilliance-or-maybe-all-three/">"Musk's Mars moment: Audacity, madness, brilliance—or maybe all three"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Musk%27s+Mars+moment%3A+Audacity%2C+madness%2C+brilliance%E2%80%94or+maybe+all+three&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2F09%2Fmusks-mars-moment-audacity-madness-brilliance-or-maybe-all-three%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20161010-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sn20161010_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2016" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (10 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacenewsmag.com/feature/can-elon-musk-get-to-mars/">"Can Elon Musk get to Mars?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Can+Elon+Musk+get+to+Mars%3F&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacenewsmag.com%2Ffeature%2Fcan-elon-musk-get-to-mars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-issR&Dconf20170719-49:48-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-issR&Dconf20170719-49:48_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Elon Musk (19 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqvBhhTtUm4?t=852"><i>Elon Musk, ISS R&D Conference</i></a> (video). ISS R&D Conference, Washington DC, United States. Event occurs at 49:48–51:35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/BqvBhhTtUm4">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>. <q><i>the updated version of the Mars architecture: Because it has evolved quite a bit since that last talk. ... The key thing that I figured out is how do you pay for it? if we downsize the Mars vehicle, make it capable of doing Earth-orbit activity as well as Mars activity, maybe we can pay for it by using it for Earth-orbit activity. That is one of the key elements in the new architecture. It is similar to what was shown at IAC, but a little bit smaller. Still big, but this one has a shot at being real on the economic front.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elon+Musk%2C+ISS+R%26D+Conference&rft.place=ISS+R%26D+Conference%2C+Washington+DC%2C+United+States&rft.date=2017-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DBqvBhhTtUm4%3Ft%3D852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verge-20170929-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verge-20170929_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrush2017" class="citation news cs1">Grush, Loren (29 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/29/16378802/elon-musk-mars-plan-rocket-spaceship-colonization-iac-2017">"Elon Musk plans to put all of SpaceX's resources into its Mars rocket"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929071320/https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/29/16378802/elon-musk-mars-plan-rocket-spaceship-colonization-iac-2017">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+plans+to+put+all+of+SpaceX%27s+resources+into+its+Mars+rocket&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.aulast=Grush&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2017%2F9%2F29%2F16378802%2Felon-musk-mars-plan-rocket-spaceship-colonization-iac-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neowin-20170929-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neowin-20170929_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlewitt2017" class="citation news cs1">Blewitt, Richard Tyr (29 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neowin.net/news/elon-musks-plans-for-the-big-fucking-rocket-mars-moon-and-earth">"Elon Musk's plans for the Big Fucking Rocket: Mars, Moon, and Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neowin" title="Neowin">Neowin</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929153255/https://www.neowin.net/news/elon-musks-plans-for-the-big-fucking-rocket-mars-moon-and-earth">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neowin&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk%27s+plans+for+the+Big+Fucking+Rocket%3A+Mars%2C+Moon%2C+and+Earth&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.aulast=Blewitt&rft.aufirst=Richard+Tyr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neowin.net%2Fnews%2Felon-musks-plans-for-the-big-fucking-rocket-mars-moon-and-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacex.com/">"SpaceX"</a>. <i>SpaceX</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceX&rft.atitle=SpaceX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacex.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w636-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w636_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldenhoferMarschall" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baldenhofer, Kurt; Marschall, Nicolas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fe-lexikon.info/lexikon/newspace">"NewSpace"</a>. <i>Lexikon der Fernerkundung</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexikon+der+Fernerkundung&rft.atitle=NewSpace&rft.aulast=Baldenhofer&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Marschall%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fe-lexikon.info%2Flexikon%2Fnewspace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Belfiore, Michael. <i>Rocketeers: How a Visionary Band of Business Leaders, Engineers, and Pilots is Boldly Privatizing Space</i>. Harper Paperbacks, 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Bizony" title="Piers Bizony">Bizony, Piers</a>. <i>How to Build Your Own Spaceship: The Science of Personal Space Travel</i>. Plume, 2009.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hobbyspace.com/AAdmin/archive/SpecialTopics/toSpaceTimeLine.html">Climbing a Commercial Stairway to Space: A Plausible Timeline</a> RLV News, 2 February 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025146/http://spaceliberates.us/news/an-introduction-to-private-spaceflight/">An Introduction to Private Spaceflight</a> Space Liberates Us!, 20 March 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacefellowship.com/News/?p=5480">Study defining personal spaceflight industry</a> Space Fellowship, 29 May 2008</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928232121/http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/space/library/reports/2002-10-suborbital-LowRes.pdf">Suborbital Reusable Launch Vehicles and Applicable Markets</a> DOC OSC, 2002</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_ventures">Corporate ventures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Corporate ventures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.candspace.com/">C&SPACE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starchaser.co.uk/">Starchaser Industries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceservicesinc.com/">Space Services, Inc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space-frontier.org/commercialspace/">Commercial Space Companies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090608135939/http://space-frontier.org/commercialspace/">Archived</a> 8 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Space Frontier Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrobotictech.com">Astrobotic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Media coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=12252">A Word from the Know-Nothing Bureaucrats</a> NASA union viewpoint on private spaceflight</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space-frontier.org/OpEds/20050214privateindustry.html">Private Industry Can Help NASA Open the Space Frontier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505001616/http://space-frontier.org/OpEds/20050214privateindustry.html">Archived</a> 5 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Space Frontier Foundation, 14 February 2005</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_tourism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_tourism" title="Template:Space tourism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_tourism" title="Template talk:Space tourism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_tourism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space tourism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_tourism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Space" title="Axiom Space">Axiom Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space_Spaceplane" title="Airbus Defence and Space Spaceplane">Airbus D&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Aerospace_Ventures" title="Mojave Aerospace Ventures">Mojave Aerospace Ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station">Orbital Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD_AeroSpace" title="PD AeroSpace">PDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwire" title="Redwire">Redwire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Adventures" title="Space Adventures">Space Adventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceship_Company" title="The Spaceship Company">The Spaceship Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAS_Space" title="CAS Space">CAS Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCA_Space_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ARCA Space Corporation">ARCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Autonomous_Astronauts" title="Association of Autonomous Astronauts">Association of Autonomous Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaute_Club_Europ%C3%A9en" title="Astronaute Club Européen">Astronaute Club Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Spaceflight_Federation" title="Commercial Spaceflight Federation">Commercial Spaceflight Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Suborbitals" title="Copenhagen Suborbitals">Copenhagen Suborbitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Tourism_Society" title="Space Tourism Society">Space Tourism Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armadillo_Aerospace" title="Armadillo Aerospace">Armadillo Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arrow" title="Canadian Arrow">Canadian Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Spike_Company" title="Golden Spike Company">Golden Spike Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MirCorp" class="mw-redirect" title="MirCorp">MirCorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Span" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion Span">Orion Span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetSpace" title="PlanetSpace">PlanetSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RocketShip_Tours" title="RocketShip Tours">RocketShip Tours</a></li> <li>Space Island Group (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Island_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Island Project (page does not exist)">Space Island Project</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCOR_Aerospace" title="XCOR Aerospace">XCOR Aerospace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Denis Tito, Talgat Musabayev, and Yury Baturin"><img alt="Denis Tito, Talgat Musabayev, and Yury Baturin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/140px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/210px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/280px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Future <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShip_III" title="SpaceShip III">SpaceShip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Living in space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercialization_of_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercialization of space">Commercialization of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suborbital_spaceplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital spaceplane">Suborbital spaceplane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_competition" title="Space competition">Space competitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Space_Prize" title="America's Space Prize">America's Space Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansari_X_Prize" title="Ansari X Prize">Ansari X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_elevator_competitions" title="Space elevator competitions">Space elevator competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space tourists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Olsen" title="Gregory Olsen">Gregory Olsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anousheh_Ansari" title="Anousheh Ansari">Anousheh Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi">Charles Simonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garriott" title="Richard Garriott">Richard Garriott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Lalibert%C3%A9" title="Guy Laliberté">Guy Laliberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Daemen" title="Oliver Daemen">Oliver Daemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Isaacman" title="Jared Isaacman">Jared Isaacman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_Proctor" title="Sian Proctor">Sian Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayley_Arceneaux" title="Hayley Arceneaux">Hayley Arceneaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sembroski" title="Christopher Sembroski">Christopher Sembroski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusaku_Maezawa" title="Yusaku Maezawa">Yusaku Maezawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yozo_Hirano" title="Yozo Hirano">Yozo Hirano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Connor" title="Larry Connor">Larry Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pathy" title="Mark Pathy">Mark Pathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eytan_Stibbe" title="Eytan Stibbe">Eytan Stibbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shoffner" title="John Shoffner">John Shoffner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space tourism<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration4" title="Inspiration4">Inspiration4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-16" title="Blue Origin NS-16">Blue Origin NS-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-18" title="Blue Origin NS-18">Blue Origin NS-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-19" title="Blue Origin NS-19">Blue Origin NS-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-20" title="Blue Origin NS-20">Blue Origin NS-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-21" title="Blue Origin NS-21">Blue Origin NS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-22" title="Blue Origin NS-22">Blue Origin NS-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_02" title="Galactic 02">Galactic 02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_03" title="Galactic 03">Galactic 03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_04" title="Galactic 04">Galactic 04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_05" title="Galactic 05">Galactic 05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_06" title="Galactic 06">Galactic 06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_1" title="Axiom Mission 1">Axiom-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_2" title="Axiom Mission 2">Axiom-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Dawn" title="Polaris Dawn">Polaris Dawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">dearMoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Orbital_Segment" title="Axiom Orbital Segment">Axiom Orbital Segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism on Mars">Tourism on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haven-1" title="Haven-1">Haven-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" title="Template:Spaceflight lists and timelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" title="Template talk:Spaceflight lists and timelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight lists and timelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight_lists_and_timelines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a> lists and timelines</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline of spaceflight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration" title="Timeline of space exploration">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Spaceflight records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_rocket_and_missile_technology" title="Timeline of rocket and missile technology">Rocket and missile technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights#Timeline" title="List of human spaceflights">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">by program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights" title="List of human spaceflights">Spaceflights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1961%E2%80%931970" title="List of human spaceflights, 1961–1970">1961–1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1971%E2%80%931980" title="List of human spaceflights, 1971–1980">1971–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1981%E2%80%931990" title="List of human spaceflights, 1981–1990">1981–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_1991%E2%80%932000" title="List of human spaceflights, 1991–2000">1991–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_2001%E2%80%932010" title="List of human spaceflights, 2001–2010">2001–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_2011%E2%80%932020" title="List of human spaceflights, 2011–2020">2011–2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights,_2021%E2%80%93present" title="List of human spaceflights, 2021–present">2021–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vostok_and_Voskhod_missions" title="List of Vostok and Voskhod missions">Vostok and Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Gaganyaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Artemis_missions" title="List of Artemis missions">Artemis</a></li> <li>Civilian spaceflight <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fully_civilian_crewed_orbital_spaceflights" title="List of fully civilian crewed orbital spaceflights">Orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fully_civilian_crewed_suborbital_spaceflights" title="List of fully civilian crewed suborbital spaceflights">Suborbital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_expeditions" title="List of Salyut expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li>Spaceflights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations" title="List of human spaceflights to Salyut space stations">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Salyut_space_stations" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Salyut space stations">uncrewed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_spacewalks" title="List of Salyut spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Salyut_visitors" title="List of Salyut visitors">Visitors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_expeditions" title="List of Mir expeditions">Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ESA_space_expeditions" title="List of ESA space expeditions">ESA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spaceflights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of human spaceflights to Mir">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir">uncrewed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_spacewalks" title="List of Mir spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_visitors" title="List of Mir visitors">Visitors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of International Space Station expeditions">Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ESA_space_expeditions" title="List of ESA space expeditions">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visiting_expeditions_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of visiting expeditions to the International Space Station">Visiting</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spaceflights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station">uncrewed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_spacewalks" title="List of International Space Station spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visitors_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of visitors to the International Space Station">Visitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacecraft_deployed_from_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of spacecraft deployed from the International Space Station">Deployed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tiangong_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of Tiangong Space Station expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_Tiangong_space_station" title="List of human spaceflights to the Tiangong space station">Crewed Spaceflights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tiangong_space_station_spacewalks" title="List of Tiangong space station spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Shuttle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Crews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_rollbacks" title="List of Space Shuttle rollbacks">Rollbacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_astronauts" title="Lists of astronauts">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year of selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven#Group_members" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_astronauts" title="List of Chinese astronauts">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_astronauts" title="List of Asian astronauts">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_astronauts" title="List of European astronauts">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">Cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_astronauts" title="List of women astronauts">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_astronauts" title="List of Muslim astronauts">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_astronauts" title="List of Arab astronauts">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ibero-American_spacefarers" title="List of Ibero-American spacefarers">Ibero-America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_space_scientists" title="Lists of space scientists">Space scientists</a></li> <li>Space travelers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travelers_by_name" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space travelers by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travellers_by_first_flight" title="List of space travellers by first flight">by first flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travelers_by_nationality" title="List of space travelers by nationality">by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_billionaire_spacetravellers" title="List of billionaire spacetravellers">billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_travel_by_nationality" title="Timeline of space travel by nationality">timeline by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Spaceflight-related human fatalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">EVA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_and_moonwalks_1965%E2%80%931999" title="List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999">1965–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_2000%E2%80%932014" title="List of spacewalks 2000–2014">2000–2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_since_2015" title="List of spacewalks since 2015">2015–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cumulative_spacewalk_records" title="List of cumulative spacewalk records">Cumulative spacewalk records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_spacewalks" title="List of longest spacewalks">Longest spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalkers" title="List of spacewalkers">Spacewalkers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Solar System<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interplanetary_voyages" title="List of interplanetary voyages">Interplanetary voyages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landings_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies">Landings on other planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rovers_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies">rovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_extraterrestrial_surfaces" title="List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces">artificial objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_objects_at_Lagrange_points" title="List of objects at Lagrange points">Objects at Lagrange points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_Solar_System_probes" title="List of proposed Solar System probes">future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System" title="List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System">leaving the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">lunar probes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes" title="Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes">Timeline of satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth-orbiting<br />satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communications_satellite_firsts" title="List of communications satellite firsts">Communications satellite firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketQube" title="PocketQube">PocketQube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth_observation_satellites" title="List of Earth observation satellites">Earth observation satellites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_Earth_observation_satellites" title="Timeline of first Earth observation satellites">Timeline of first Earth observation satellites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellites_in_geosynchronous_orbit" title="List of satellites in geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GOES_satellites" title="List of GOES satellites">GOES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GPS_satellites" title="List of GPS satellites">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites" title="List of Kosmos satellites">Kosmos</a></li> <li>Magnetospheric</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NRO_launches" title="List of NRO launches">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_TDRS_satellites" title="List of TDRS satellites">TDRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="List of orbital launch systems">Orbital launch systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sounding_rockets" title="List of sounding rockets">Sounding rocket list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of spacecraft">Spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spacecraft_by_program" class="mw-redirect" title="List of uncrewed spacecraft by program">uncrewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heaviest_spacecraft" title="List of heaviest spacecraft">heaviest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_stages" title="List of rocket stages">Upper stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">Sounding rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">Small-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">Medium-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">Heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">Super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launches<br />by rocket type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ariane_launches" title="List of Ariane launches">Ariane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antares_launches" title="List of Antares launches">Antares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_launches" title="List of Atlas launches">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_LV3B_launches" title="List of Atlas LV3B launches">Atlas LV3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atlas_LV3C_launches" title="List of Atlas LV3C launches">Atlas LV3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Black_Brant_launches" title="List of Black Brant launches">Black Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Electron_launches" title="List of Electron launches">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_DM-19_launches" title="List of Delta DM-19 launches">Delta DM-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_1_launches" title="List of Delta 1 launches">Delta 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_II_launches" title="List of Delta II launches">Delta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_III_launches" title="List of Delta III launches">Delta III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_IV_Heavy_launches" title="List of Delta IV Heavy launches">Delta IV Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_IV_Medium_launches" title="List of Delta IV Medium launches">Delta IV Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Delta_IV_launches" title="List of Delta IV launches">Delta IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches">Falcon 9 and Heavy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019)">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2020%E2%80%932022)" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2022)">2020–2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GSLV_launches" title="List of GSLV launches">GSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_H-II_series_and_H3_launches" title="List of H-II series and H3 launches">H-II and H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_launches" title="List of Kosmos launches">Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Long_March_launches" title="List of Long March launches">Long March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Proton_launches" title="List of Proton launches">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches" title="List of PSLV launches">PSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_R-7_launches" title="List of R-7 launches">R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scout_launches" title="List of Scout launches">Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Launch_System_launches" title="List of Space Launch System launches">SLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_and_Delta_launches" title="List of Thor and Delta launches">Thor and Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor-Agena_launches" title="List of Thor-Agena launches">Thor-Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor-Able_launches" title="List of Thor-Able launches">Thor DM-18 Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_DM-18_Agena-A_launches" title="List of Thor DM-18 Agena-A launches">Thor DM-18 Agena-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_DM-18_launches" title="List of Thor DM-18 launches">Thor DM-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thor_DM-21_Agena-B_launches" title="List of Thor DM-21 Agena-B launches">Thor DM-21 Agena-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Titan_launches" title="List of Titan launches">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tsyklon_launches" title="List of Tsyklon launches">Tsyklon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_V-2_test_launches" title="List of V-2 test launches">V-2 tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vega_launches" title="List of Vega launches">Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vulcan_launches" title="List of Vulcan launches">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zenit_launches" title="List of Zenit launches">Zenit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.15em;">Launches by spaceport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">Satish Dhawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies, companies<br />and facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communication_satellite_companies" title="List of communication satellite companies">Communications satellite companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_communication_satellite_operators" title="Comparison of communication satellite operators">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">Private spaceflight companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_launch_sites" title="List of rocket launch sites">Rocket launch sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Space agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacecraft_manufacturers" title="List of spacecraft manufacturers">Spacecraft manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.15em;">Other mission lists<br />and timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">First orbital launches by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_satellites_by_country" title="List of first satellites by country">First satellites by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Constellation_missions" title="List of Constellation missions">Constellation missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_images_of_Earth_from_space" title="Timeline of first images of Earth from space">Timeline of first images of Earth from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_longest_spaceflights" title="Timeline of longest spaceflights">Timeline of longest spaceflights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_private_spaceflight" title="Timeline of private spaceflight">Timeline of private spaceflight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Private_transport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Private_transport" title="Template:Private transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Private_transport" title="Template talk:Private transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Private_transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Private transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Private_transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Private_transport" title="Private transport">Private transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motorized vehicular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorboat" title="Motorboat">Motorboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_skateboard" title="Electric skateboard">Electric skateboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">Motorcycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moped" title="Moped">Moped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">Scooter (motorcycle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_scooter" title="Mobility scooter">Mobility scooter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Private jet">Private jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_ship" title="Motor ship">Motor ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_wheelchair" title="Motorized wheelchair">Motorized wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_railroad_car" title="Private railroad car">Private railroad car</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Private spaceflight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-motorized vehicular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">Scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">Skateboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">Hot air balloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_rental" title="Car rental">Car rental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boda-boda" class="mw-redirect" title="Boda-boda">Boda-boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ridesharing company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shared</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shared_transport" title="Shared transport">Shared transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Peer-to-peer ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non vehicular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skate" title="Ice skate">Ice skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skates" title="Inline skates">Inline skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_Climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stair Climbing">Stair Climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_Climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stair Climbing">Stair Climbing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_public_transport" title="Personal public transport">Personal public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_share" title="Modal share">Modal share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&oldid=1257453823">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&oldid=1257453823</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Private_spaceflight" title="Category:Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_applications" title="Category:Space applications">Space applications</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_reference_errors" title="Category:Pages with reference errors">Pages with reference errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_duplicate_reference_names" title="Category:Pages with duplicate reference names">Pages with duplicate reference names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_European_Spanish-language_sources_(es-es)" title="Category:CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)">CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from November 2024">Articles needing cleanup from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cleanup_tagged_articles_with_a_reason_field_from_November_2024" title="Category:Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2024">Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_needing_cleanup_from_November_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2024">Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2018">Use dmy dates from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_May_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_June_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_October_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_January_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2013">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_November_2010" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 23:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_spaceflight&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gxqwf","wgBackendResponseTime":183,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.713","walltime":"2.259","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12018,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":395775,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11347,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":32,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":499689,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1850.596 1 -total"," 44.94% 831.637 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.11% 390.607 67 Template:Cite_web"," 10.48% 193.863 3 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.16% 188.056 37 Template:Cite_news"," 8.30% 153.530 5 Template:Annotated_link"," 6.67% 123.467 1 Template:Spaceflight_sidebar"," 6.03% 111.664 1 Template:Cleanup"," 5.82% 107.731 15 Template:Main_other"," 4.82% 89.185 2 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.013","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25021200,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","24.5"],["?","200","18.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","9.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.8"],["[others]","220","20.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-ccf99","timestamp":"20241123002130","ttl":85126,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Private spaceflight","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Private_spaceflight","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q44906","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q44906","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-25T12:06:13Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T23:42:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/09\/Space_missions_conducted_between_1957_and_2020.svg","headline":"paid for by an entity other than a government agency"}</script> </body> </html>