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<span>Toggle History and evolution of the lute subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_evolution_of_the_lute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_lutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_lutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First lutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_lutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_barbat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_barbat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Persian barbat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_barbat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Middle_Ages_to_Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Middle_Ages_to_Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>From Middle Ages to Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Middle_Ages_to_Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soundboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soundboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Soundboard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soundboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Back" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Back</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Neck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Frets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Strings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lute_in_the_modern_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lute_in_the_modern_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lute in the modern world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lute_in_the_modern_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Repertoire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_revival_and_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_revival_and_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>20th century revival and composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_revival_and_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuning_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuning_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tuning conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuning_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Makers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lute</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عوديات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عوديات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lla%C3%BAd" title="Llaúd – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llaúd" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyutnya" title="Lyutnya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lyutnya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Лютня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лютня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Лютня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лютня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lla%C3%BCt" title="Llaüt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llaüt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loutna" title="Loutna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Loutna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwt" title="Liwt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Liwt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lut" title="Lut – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lut" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laute" title="Laute – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laute" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauto" title="Lauto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lauto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%BAd" title="Laúd – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laúd" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuto" title="Liuto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liuto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ud" title="Ud – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ud" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laute" title="Laute – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laute" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA_(%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2)" title="لوت (ساز) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوت (ساز)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luth" title="Luth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Luth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAt" title="Lút – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lút" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%BAit" title="Liúit – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Liúit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%BAde" title="Laúde – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Laúde" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%98%ED%8A%B8" title="류트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="류트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1" title="Լյուտնյա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյուտնյա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutnja" title="Lutnja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lutnja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuto" title="Liuto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Liuto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecapi_(alat_musik)" title="Kecapi (alat musik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kecapi (alat musik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAta" title="Lúta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lúta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuto" title="Liuto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liuto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%94" title="לאוטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאוטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF)" title="Лютня (аспап) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лютня (аспап)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudo_(instrumentum_musicum)" title="Testudo (instrumentum musicum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Testudo (instrumentum musicum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauta" title="Lauta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lauta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liutnia" title="Liutnia – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liutnia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%93%C3%BCdo" title="Lœüdo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lœüdo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%BCtt" title="Liütt – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Liütt" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lant" title="Lant – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lant" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Лејта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лејта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute" title="Lute – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lute" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luit" title="Luit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="リュート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リュート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutt" title="Lutt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lutt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutt" title="Lutt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lutt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%BCt" title="Laüt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laüt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutnia" title="Lutnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lutnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala%C3%BAde" title="Alaúde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alaúde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83ut%C4%83" title="Lăută – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lăută" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Лютня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лютня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute" title="Lute – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lute" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="رباب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رباب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutna" title="Lutna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lutna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutnja" title="Lutnja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lutnja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Лаута – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лаута" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutnja" title="Lutnja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lutnja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuttu" title="Luuttu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luuttu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luta" title="Luta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A3)" title="లూట్ (వీణ) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లూట్ (వీణ)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95" title="ลูต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลูต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavta" title="Lavta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lavta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Лютня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лютня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute" title="Lute – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lute" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute" title="Lute – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lute" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E7%89%B9%E7%90%B4" title="鲁特琴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲁特琴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%90%B4" title="魯特琴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魯特琴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180733#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lute_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lute (disambiguation)">Lute (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lute" title="Special:EditPage/Lute">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lute%22">"Lute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lute%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Lute</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lute_(by_Princess_Ruto,_2013-02-11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lute_%28by_Princess_Ruto%2C_2013-02-11%29.jpg/200px-Lute_%28by_Princess_Ruto%2C_2013-02-11%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lute_%28by_Princess_Ruto%2C_2013-02-11%29.jpg/300px-Lute_%28by_Princess_Ruto%2C_2013-02-11%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lute_%28by_Princess_Ruto%2C_2013-02-11%29.jpg/400px-Lute_%28by_Princess_Ruto%2C_2013-02-11%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Renaissance lute in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument" title="Plucked string instrument">plucked</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number:_32" title="List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 32">321</a><br />(Composite <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span class="nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> (early lutes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (modern lutes)</li></ul> </span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(instrument)" title="Angélique (instrument)">Angélique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">Archlute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">Barbat (lute)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitarra_Italiana" title="Chitarra Italiana">Chitarra Italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandocello" title="Mandocello">Mandocello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">Mandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolute" title="Mandolute">Mandolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">Setar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taar" class="mw-redirect" title="Taar">Taar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">Theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torban" title="Torban">Torban</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de">Musicians</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad">Barbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_D%C3%ADaz-Latorre" class="mw-redirect" title="Xavier Díaz-Latorre">Xavier Díaz-Latorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Kirchhof" title="Lutz Kirchhof">Lutz Kirchhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wilke" title="Christopher Wilke">Christopher Wilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkinson_Smith" title="Hopkinson Smith">Hopkinson Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_van_Wissem" title="Jozef van Wissem">Jozef van Wissem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Eguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Eguez">Eduardo Eguez</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de">Builders</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rutherford_(lutenist)" title="Andrew Rutherford (lutenist)">Andrew Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezar_Mateus" title="Cezar Mateus">Cezar Mateus</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>lute </b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/lj/: 'l' in 'lute'">lj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is any plucked <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Neck_(music)" title="Neck (music)">neck</a> and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body. It may be either <a href="/wiki/Fret" title="Fret">fretted</a> or unfretted. </p><p>More specifically, the term "lute" commonly refers to an instrument from the <a href="/wiki/Family_(musical_instruments)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family (musical instruments)">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">European lutes</a> which were themselves influenced by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> short-necked lutes in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> which became the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Islamic</a>, the Sino-Japanese and the <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">European</a> lute families.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term also refers generally to any necked string instrument having the strings running in a plane parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound board (music)">sound table</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs</a> system). </p><p>The strings are attached to pegs or posts at the end of the neck, which have some type of turning mechanism to enable the player to tighten the tension on the string or loosen the tension before playing (which respectively raise or lower the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> of a string), so that each string is tuned to a specific pitch (or <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">note</a>). The lute is plucked or strummed with one hand while the other hand "frets" (presses down) the strings on the neck's <a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">fingerboard</a>. By pressing the strings on different places of the fingerboard, the player can shorten or lengthen the part of the string that is <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">vibrating</a>, thus producing higher or lower pitches (notes). </p><p>The European lute and the modern Near-Eastern <i><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a></i> descend from a common ancestor via diverging evolutionary paths. The lute is used in a great variety of instrumental music from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a> to the late <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> eras and was the most important instrument for <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular music</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a> era, the lute was used as one of the instruments that played the <i><a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> parts. It is also an accompanying instrument in vocal works. The lute player either improvises ("realizes") a chordal accompaniment based on the <a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">figured bass</a> part, or plays a written-out accompaniment (both <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablature" title="Tablature">tablature</a> ("tab") are used for lute). As a small instrument, the lute produces a relatively quiet sound. The player of a lute is called a <i>lutenist</i>, <i>lutanist</i> or <i>lutist</i>, and a maker of lutes (or any similar string instrument, or <a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">violin family</a> instruments) is referred to as a <i><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">luthier</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_evolution_of_the_lute">History and evolution of the lute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and evolution of the lute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_lutes">First lutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First lutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_lute_players_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Egyptian_lute_players_001.jpg/174px-Egyptian_lute_players_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Egyptian_lute_players_001.jpg/261px-Egyptian_lute_players_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Egyptian_lute_players_001.jpg/348px-Egyptian_lute_players_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">Ancient Egyptian</a> tomb painting depicting players with long-necked lutes, <a href="/wiki/18th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Dynasty">18th Dynasty</a> (c. <a href="/wiki/1350_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="1350 BC">1350 BC</a>).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/210px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/315px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/420px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="830" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Hellenistic banquet scene from 1st century A.D., <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. Lute player with short-necked lute, far right.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:312px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1980.15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Clevelandart_1980.15.jpg/197px-Clevelandart_1980.15.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Clevelandart_1980.15.jpg/296px-Clevelandart_1980.15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Clevelandart_1980.15.jpg/394px-Clevelandart_1980.15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2141" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Lute in Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century-320)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:312px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Lute,_Pakistan,_Swat_Valley,_Gandhara_region,_4th-5th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gandhara_Lute%2C_Pakistan%2C_Swat_Valley%2C_Gandhara_region%2C_4th-5th_century.jpg/187px-Gandhara_Lute%2C_Pakistan%2C_Swat_Valley%2C_Gandhara_region%2C_4th-5th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gandhara_Lute%2C_Pakistan%2C_Swat_Valley%2C_Gandhara_region%2C_4th-5th_century.jpg/281px-Gandhara_Lute%2C_Pakistan%2C_Swat_Valley%2C_Gandhara_region%2C_4th-5th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Gandhara_Lute%2C_Pakistan%2C_Swat_Valley%2C_Gandhara_region%2C_4th-5th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="586" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Gandhara Lute, Pakistan, Swat Valley, Gandhara region, 4th-5th century</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Curt Sachs</a> defined <i>lute</i> in the terminology section of <i>The History of Musical Instruments</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as "composed of a body, and of a neck which serves both as a handle and as a means of stretching the strings beyond the body".<sup id="cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachsshortlong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His definition focused on body and neck characteristics and not on the way the strings were sounded, so the fiddle counted as a "bowed lute".<sup id="cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachsshortlong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sachs also distinguished between the "long-necked lute" and the short-necked variety.<sup id="cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachsshortlong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short-necked variety contained most of our modern instruments, "lutes, <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">hurdy-gurdies</a> and the entire family of <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viols</a> and violins".<sup id="cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachsshortlong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The long lutes were the more ancient lutes; the "<a href="/wiki/Arabic_musical_instruments" title="Arabic musical instruments">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">tanbūr </a>... faithfully preserved the outer appearance of the ancient lutes of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-sachslong_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachslong-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further categorized long lutes with a "pierced lute" and "long neck lute".<sup id="cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachsshortlong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>pierced lute</i> had a neck made from a stick that pierced the body (as in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> long-neck lutes, and the modern African gunbrī<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-sachsegypt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachsegypt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>long lute</i> had an attached neck, and included the <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">tanbur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">tar</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">dutār</a> had two strings, <a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">setār</a> three strings, čārtār four strings, pančtār five strings.<sup id="cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachsshortlong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sachslong_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachslong-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sachs's book is from 1941, and the <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> evidence available to him placed the early lutes at about 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-sachsealiest_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachsealiest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discoveries since then have pushed the existence of the lute back to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumbrillp321_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumbrillp321-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dumbrill_(musicologist)" title="Richard Dumbrill (musicologist)">Richard Dumbrill</a> today uses the word lute more categorically to discuss instruments that existed millennia before the term "lute" was coined.<sup id="cite_ref-dumbrill1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumbrill1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dumbrill documented more than 3,000 years of <a href="/wiki/Iconology" title="Iconology">iconographic</a> evidence of the lutes in Mesopotamia, in his book <i>The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East</i>. According to Dumbrill, the lute family included instruments in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> before 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumbrillp321_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumbrillp321-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He points to a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> as evidence; dating from about 3100 BC or earlier and now in the possession of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, the seal depicts on one side what is thought to be a woman playing a stick "lute".<sup id="cite_ref-Dumbrillp321_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumbrillp321-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britishmuseum_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britishmuseum-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Sachs, Dumbrill saw length as distinguishing lutes, dividing the Mesopotamian lutes into a long variety and a short.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumbrillp310_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumbrillp310-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book does not cover the shorter instruments that became the European lute, beyond showing examples of shorter lutes in the ancient world. He focuses on the longer lutes of Mesopotamia, various types of necked chordophones that developed throughout the ancient world: <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and others), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a>), <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> and others), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Jewish/Israelite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cilician" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilician">Cilician</a> cultures. He names among the long lutes, the <a href="/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura">pandura</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">tanbur</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The line of short-necked lutes was further developed to the east of Mesopotamia, in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, into a short, almond-shaped lute.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curt Sachs talked about the depictions of Gandharan lutes in art, where they are presented in a mix of "Northwest Indian art" under "strong Greek influences".<sup id="cite_ref-sachs2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short-necked lutes in these Gandhara <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">artworks</a> were "the venerable ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Islamic</a>, the Sino-Japanese and the <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">European</a> lute families".<sup id="cite_ref-sachs2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described the Gandhara lutes as having a "pear-shaped body tapering towards the short neck, a frontal stringholder, lateral pegs, and either four or five strings".<sup id="cite_ref-sachs2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachs2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_barbat">Persian barbat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Persian barbat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:393px;max-width:393px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina_2.jpg/129px-Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina_2.jpg/194px-Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina_2.jpg/258px-Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina.jpg/139px-Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina.jpg/209px-Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina.jpg/278px-Lute-family_instrumentalist_at_Capella_Palatina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Geschichte_von_Bay%C3%A2d_und_Riy%C3%A2d_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Maler_der_Geschichte_von_Bay%C3%A2d_und_Riy%C3%A2d_cropped.jpg/113px-Maler_der_Geschichte_von_Bay%C3%A2d_und_Riy%C3%A2d_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Maler_der_Geschichte_von_Bay%C3%A2d_und_Riy%C3%A2d_cropped.jpg/170px-Maler_der_Geschichte_von_Bay%C3%A2d_und_Riy%C3%A2d_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Maler_der_Geschichte_von_Bay%C3%A2d_und_Riy%C3%A2d_cropped.jpg/226px-Maler_der_Geschichte_von_Bay%C3%A2d_und_Riy%C3%A2d_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="992" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(Left-two images) Oud-family instruments painted in the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Cappella Palatina</a> in Sicily, 12th century. <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> employed Muslim musicians in his court, and paintings show them playing a mixture of lute-like instruments, strung with 3, 4 and five courses of strings. (Right) 13th century A.D. image of an Oud, from the 12th century work <a href="/wiki/Hadith_Bayad_wa_Riyad" title="Hadith Bayad wa Riyad">Bayâd und Riyâd</a>, a larger instrument than those in images at the Cappella Palatina</div></div></div></div> <p>Bactria and Gandhara became part of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> (224–651). Under the Sasanians, a short almond-shaped lute from Bactria came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">barbat</a> or barbud, which was developed into the later Islamic world's <i><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a></i> or <i>ud</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusia</a> in 711, they brought their ud or <a href="/wiki/Quitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Quitra">quitra</a> along, into a country that had already known a lute tradition under the Romans, the <a href="/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura">pandura</a>. </p><p>During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia.<sup id="cite_ref-Menocal_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menocal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them was <a href="/wiki/Ziryab" title="Ziryab">Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi'</a> (789–857),<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a prominent musician, who had trained under <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Mawsili" title="Ishaq al-Mawsili">Ishaq al-Mawsili</a> (d. 850) in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and was exiled to Andalusia before 833. He taught and has been credited with adding a fifth string to his oud<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with establishing one of the first schools of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> in <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davila?_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davila?-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 11th century, Muslim Iberia had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually to <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, influencing French <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Trouvères">trouvères</a> and eventually reaching the rest of Europe. While Europe developed the lute, the <i>oud</i> remained a central part of Arab music, and broader <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> music, undergoing a range of transformations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusia</a>) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Sicily</a>, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were singer-lutenists at the court in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> after the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo's royal <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Cappella Palatina</a>, dedicated by the Norman King <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> in 1140.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> grandson <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (1194–1250) continued integrating Muslims into his court, including Moorish musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-courtlylove_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courtlylove-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick II made visits to the <a href="/wiki/Lech_(river)" title="Lech (river)">Lech valley</a> and Bavaria between 1218 and 1237 with a "Moorish Sicilian retinue".<sup id="cite_ref-VEdw_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VEdw-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 14th century, lutes had spread throughout Italy and, probably because of the cultural influence of the Hohenstaufen kings and emperor, based in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, the lute had also made significant inroads into the German-speaking lands. By 1500, the valley and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCssen" title="Füssen">Füssen</a> had several lute-making families, and in the next two centuries the area hosted "famous names of 16th and 17th century lutemaking".<sup id="cite_ref-VEdw2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VEdw2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the major entry of the short lute was in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, leading to a variety of lute styles, the short lute entered Europe in the East as well; as early as the sixth century, the Bulgars brought the short-necked variety of the instrument called <a href="/wiki/Komuz" title="Komuz">komuz</a> to the Balkans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Middle_Ages_to_Baroque">From Middle Ages to Baroque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: From Middle Ages to Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval lutes were four- and five-<a href="/wiki/Course_(music)" title="Course (music)">course</a> instruments, plucked with a quill as a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a>. There were several sizes and, by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, seven sizes (up to the great octave bass) are documented. Song accompaniment was probably the lute's primary function in the Middle Ages, but very little music securely attributable to the lute survives from before 1500. Medieval and early-Renaissance song accompaniments were probably mostly improvised, hence the lack of written records. </p><p>In the last few decades of the fifteenth century, to play <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">Renaissance polyphony</a> on a single instrument, lutenists gradually abandoned the quill in favor of plucking the instrument with the fingers. The number of courses grew to six and beyond. The lute was the premier solo instrument of the sixteenth century, but continued to accompany singers as well. </p><p>About 1500, many <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberian</a> lutenists adopted <a href="/wiki/Vihuela_de_mano" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihuela de mano">vihuela de mano</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a>-shaped instrument tuned like the lute; both instruments continued in coexistence. This instrument also found its way to parts of Italy that were under Spanish domination (especially Sicily and the papal states under the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Borgia pope Alexander VI</a> who brought many Catalan musicians to Italy), where it was known as the <a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">viola da mano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the Renaissance, the number of courses had grown to ten, and during the Baroque era the number continued to grow until it reached 14 (and occasionally as many as 19). These instruments, with up to 35 strings, required innovations in the structure of the lute. At the end of the lute's evolution the <a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">archlute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torban" title="Torban">torban</a> had long extensions attached to the main tuning head to provide a greater resonating length for the bass strings, and since human fingers are not long enough to stop strings across a neck wide enough to hold 14 courses, the bass strings were placed outside the fretboard, and were played <i>open</i>, i.e., without pressing them against the fingerboard with the left hand. "The lute is a very fragile instrument and so, although there are many surviving old lutes, very few with their original soundboards are in playable condition,"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes the <a href="/wiki/Rauwolf_Lute" title="Rauwolf Lute">Rauwolf Lute</a> so notable. </p><p>Over the course of the Baroque era, the lute was increasingly relegated to the <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">continuo</a> accompaniment, and was eventually superseded in that role by keyboard instruments. The lute almost fell out of use after 1800. Some sorts of lute were still used for some time in Germany, Sweden, and Ukraine. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:833px;max-width:833px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masaccio,_madonna_col_bambino,_dal_polittico_di_pisa,_1426,_06_angelo_musicante.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Masaccio%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_dal_polittico_di_pisa%2C_1426%2C_06_angelo_musicante.jpg/98px-Masaccio%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_dal_polittico_di_pisa%2C_1426%2C_06_angelo_musicante.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Masaccio%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_dal_polittico_di_pisa%2C_1426%2C_06_angelo_musicante.jpg/147px-Masaccio%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_dal_polittico_di_pisa%2C_1426%2C_06_angelo_musicante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Masaccio%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_dal_polittico_di_pisa%2C_1426%2C_06_angelo_musicante.jpg/196px-Masaccio%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_dal_polittico_di_pisa%2C_1426%2C_06_angelo_musicante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="4960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detail of painting <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Madonna_with_Child_and_Angels_by_Masaccio" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Madonna with Child and Angels by Masaccio">Madonna with Child and Four Angels</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, 1426. Showing a medieval lute.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1596_Caravaggio,_The_Lute_Player_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1596_Caravaggio%2C_The_Lute_Player_New_York.jpg/170px-1596_Caravaggio%2C_The_Lute_Player_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1596_Caravaggio%2C_The_Lute_Player_New_York.jpg/255px-1596_Caravaggio%2C_The_Lute_Player_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1596_Caravaggio%2C_The_Lute_Player_New_York.jpg/340px-1596_Caravaggio%2C_The_Lute_Player_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="783" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lute_Player_(Caravaggio)" title="The Lute Player (Caravaggio)">The Lute Player</a></i>, c. 1596</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Suonatore_di_Liuto_(1609-1610).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Suonatore_di_Liuto_%281609-1610%29.jpg/101px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Suonatore_di_Liuto_%281609-1610%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Suonatore_di_Liuto_%281609-1610%29.jpg/152px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Suonatore_di_Liuto_%281609-1610%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Suonatore_di_Liuto_%281609-1610%29.jpg/202px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Suonatore_di_Liuto_%281609-1610%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4147" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Lute_Player" title="Lute Player">Lute Player</a></i> (1609–1610)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Lanier_1613.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nicholas_Lanier_1613.jpg/106px-Nicholas_Lanier_1613.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nicholas_Lanier_1613.jpg/159px-Nicholas_Lanier_1613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nicholas_Lanier_1613.jpg/212px-Nicholas_Lanier_1613.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="1869" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lanier" title="Nicholas Lanier">Nicholas Lanier</a>, 1613</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Hals_-_Luitspelende_nar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Frans_Hals_-_Luitspelende_nar.jpg/118px-Frans_Hals_-_Luitspelende_nar.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Frans_Hals_-_Luitspelende_nar.jpg/177px-Frans_Hals_-_Luitspelende_nar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Frans_Hals_-_Luitspelende_nar.jpg/236px-Frans_Hals_-_Luitspelende_nar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1332" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Frans_Hals" title="Frans Hals">Frans Hals</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lute_Player_(Hals)" title="The Lute Player (Hals)">The Lute Player</a></i>, 1623</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Lute_Player_-_WGA21926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Lute_Player_-_WGA21926.jpg/104px-Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Lute_Player_-_WGA21926.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Lute_Player_-_WGA21926.jpg/156px-Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Lute_Player_-_WGA21926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Lute_Player_-_WGA21926.jpg/208px-Bernardo_Strozzi_-_Lute_Player_-_WGA21926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="2893" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Strozzi" title="Bernardo Strozzi">Bernardo Strozzi</a>: <i>Lute Player</i>, after 1640</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kupetzky_Lute_1711.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kupetzky_Lute_1711.jpg/108px-Kupetzky_Lute_1711.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kupetzky_Lute_1711.jpg/162px-Kupetzky_Lute_1711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kupetzky_Lute_1711.jpg/216px-Kupetzky_Lute_1711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Artist David Hoyer painted by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kupetzky" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Kupetzky">Jan Kupetzky</a>, c. 1711</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The words <i>lute</i> and <i>oud</i> possibly derive from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <i>al-ʿoud</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">العود</span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>- literally means "the wood"). It may refer to the wooden <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> traditionally used for playing the oud, to the thin strips of wood used for the back, or to the wooden soundboard that distinguished it from similar instruments with skin-faced bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many theories have been proposed for the origin of the Arabic name. Music scholar Eckhard Neubauer suggested that <i>oud</i> may be an Arabic borrowing from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word <i>rōd</i> or <i>rūd</i>, which meant string.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20029_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20029-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another researcher, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">archaeomusicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dumbrill_(musicologist)" title="Richard Dumbrill (musicologist)">Richard J. Dumbrill</a>, suggests that <i>rud</i> came from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>rudrī</i> (रुद्री, meaning "string instrument") and transferred to Arabic and European languages by way of a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dumbrill_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumbrill-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However another theory, according to Semitic language scholars, is that the Arabic <i>ʿoud</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <i>ʿoud-a</i>, meaning "wooden stick" and "burning wood"—cognate to <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> '<i>ūḏ</i>, referring to a stick used to stir logs in a fire.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Farmer" title="Henry George Farmer">Henry George Farmer</a> notes the similarity between <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-ʿūd</i></span> </i>and <i>al-ʿawda</i> ("the return" – of bliss).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soundboard">Soundboard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soundboard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lute_maker_tools_-_1293.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lute_maker_tools_-_1293.jpg/220px-Lute_maker_tools_-_1293.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lute_maker_tools_-_1293.jpg/330px-Lute_maker_tools_-_1293.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lute_maker_tools_-_1293.jpg/440px-Lute_maker_tools_-_1293.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>A lute being made in a workshop</figcaption></figure> <p>Lutes are made almost entirely of wood. The <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound board (music)">soundboard</a> is a teardrop-shaped thin flat plate of resonant wood (typically <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>). In all lutes the soundboard has a single (sometimes triple) decorated sound hole under the strings called the <i>rose</i>. The sound hole is not open, but rather covered with a grille in the form of an intertwining vine or a decorative knot, carved directly out of the wood of the soundboard. </p><p>The geometry of the lute soundboard is relatively complex, involving a system of barring that places braces perpendicular to the strings at specific lengths along the overall length of the belly, the ends of which are angled to abut the ribs on either side for structural reasons. Robert Lundberg, in his book <i>Historical Lute Construction</i>, suggests ancient builders placed bars according to whole-number ratios of the scale length and belly length. He further suggests the inward bend of the soundboard (the "belly scoop") is a deliberate adaptation by ancient builders to afford the lutenist's right hand more space between the strings and soundboard. </p><p>Soundboard thickness varies, but generally hovers between 1.5 and 2 mm (0.06–0.08 in). Some luthiers tune the belly as they build, removing mass and adapting bracing to produce desirable sonic results. The lute belly is almost never finished, but in some cases the luthier may size the top with a very thin coat of <a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glair" class="mw-redirect" title="Glair">glair</a> to help keep it clean. The belly joins directly to the rib, without a lining glued to the sides, and a cap and counter cap are glued to the inside and outside of the bottom end of the bowl to provide rigidity and increased gluing surface. </p><p>After joining the top to the sides, a half-binding is usually installed around the edge of the soundboard. The half-binding is approximately half the thickness of the soundboard and is usually made of a contrasting color wood. The rebate for the half-binding must be extremely precise to avoid compromising structural integrity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back">Back</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Back"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:250px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:078_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica,_lla%C3%BCts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/078_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_lla%C3%BCts.jpg/188px-078_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_lla%C3%BCts.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/078_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_lla%C3%BCts.jpg/282px-078_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_lla%C3%BCts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/078_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_lla%C3%BCts.jpg/376px-078_Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica%2C_lla%C3%BCts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lutes by Matthäus Büchenberg, 1613 (left) and by Matteo Sellas, 1641 in <a href="/wiki/Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona" title="Museu de la Música de Barcelona">Museu de la Música de Barcelona</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:250px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Museum_(121282543).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Deutsches_Museum_%28121282543%29.jpg/188px-Deutsches_Museum_%28121282543%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Deutsches_Museum_%28121282543%29.jpg/282px-Deutsches_Museum_%28121282543%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Deutsches_Museum_%28121282543%29.jpg/376px-Deutsches_Museum_%28121282543%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Various lutes exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum" title="Deutsches Museum">Deutsches Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <i>back</i> or the shell is assembled from thin strips of hardwood (maple, cherry, ebony, rosewood, gran, wood and/or other tonewoods) called <i>ribs</i>, joined (with glue) edge to edge to form a deep rounded body for the instrument. There are braces inside on the soundboard to give it strength.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neck">Neck</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Neck_(music)" title="Neck (music)">neck</a></i> is made of light wood, with a veneer of hardwood (usually ebony) to provide durability for the <i><a href="/wiki/Fretboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Fretboard">fretboard</a></i> beneath the strings. Unlike most modern stringed instruments, the lute's fretboard is mounted flush with the top. The <i><a href="/wiki/Pegbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegbox">pegbox</a></i> for lutes before the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> era was angled back from the neck at almost 90° (see image), presumably to help hold the low-tension strings firmly against the <i>nut</i> which, traditionally, is not glued in place but is held in place by string pressure only. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tuning_peg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuning peg">tuning pegs</a></i> are simple pegs of hardwood, somewhat tapered, that are held in place by friction in holes drilled through the pegbox. </p><p>As with other instruments that use friction pegs, the wood for the pegs is crucial. As the wood suffers dimensional changes through age and loss of humidity, it must retain a reasonably circular cross-section to function properly—as there are no gears or other mechanical aids for <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">tuning</a> the instrument. Often pegs were made from suitable fruitwoods such as European pearwood, or equally dimensionally stable analogues. Matheson, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1720, said, "If a lute-player has lived eighty years, he has surely spent sixty years tuning."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridge">Bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bridge, sometimes made of a fruitwood, is attached to the soundboard typically between a fifth and a seventh of the belly length. It does not have a separate saddle but has holes bored into it to which the strings attach directly. The bridge is made so that it tapers in height and length, with the small end holding the trebles and the higher and wider end carrying the basses. Bridges are often colored black with carbon black in a binder, often shellac and often have inscribed decoration. The scrolls or other decoration on the ends of lute bridges are integral to the bridge, and are not added afterwards as on some Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a> (cf <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Tielke" title="Joachim Tielke">Joachim Tielke</a>'s guitars). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frets">Frets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Frets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fret" title="Fret">frets</a> are made of loops of <a href="/wiki/Gut_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut (zoology)">gut</a> tied around the neck. They fray with use, and must be replaced from time to time. A few additional partial frets of wood are usually glued to the body of the instrument, to allow stopping the highest-pitched courses up to a full octave higher than the open string, though these are considered anachronistic by some (though John Dowland and Thomas Robinson describe the practice of gluing wooden frets onto the soundboard). Given the choice between nylon and gut, many luthiers prefer to use gut, as it conforms more readily to the sharp angle at the edge of the fingerboard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strings">Strings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Strings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strings were historically made of animal gut, usually from the small intestine of sheep (sometimes in combination with metal) and are still made of gut or a synthetic substitute, with metal windings on the lower-pitched strings. Modern manufacturers make both gut and nylon strings, and both are in common use. Gut is more authentic for playing period pieces, though unfortunately it is also more susceptible to irregularity and pitch instability owing to changes in humidity. Nylon offers greater tuning stability, but is seen as anachronistic by purists, as its timbre differs from the sound of earlier gut strings. Such concerns are moot when more recent compositions for the lute are performed. </p><p>Of note are the <i>catlines</i> used as basses on historical instruments. Catlines are several gut strings wound together and soaked in heavy metal solutions to increase the string mass. Catlines can be quite large in diameter compared to wound nylon strings of the same pitch. They produce a bass that differs somewhat in timbre from nylon basses. </p><p>The lute's strings are arranged in <i><a href="/wiki/Course_(music)" title="Course (music)">courses</a></i>, of two strings each, though the highest-pitched course usually consists of only a single string, called the <i>chanterelle</i>. In later Baroque lutes, two upper courses are single. The courses are numbered sequentially, counting from the highest pitched, so that the <i>chanterelle</i> is the <i>first course</i>, the next pair of strings is the <i>second course</i>, etc. Thus an 8-course Renaissance lute usually has 15 strings, and a 13-course Baroque lute has 24. </p><p>The courses are tuned in unison for high and intermediate pitches, but for lower pitches one of the two strings is tuned an octave higher (the course where this split starts changed over the history of the lute). The two strings of a course are virtually always stopped and plucked together, as if a single string—but in rare cases, a piece requires that the two strings of a course be stopped or plucked separately. The tuning of a lute is a complicated issue, described in a section of its own <a href="#Tuning_conventions">below</a>. The lute's design makes it extremely light for its size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lute_in_the_modern_world">Lute in the modern world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lute in the modern world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lute enjoyed a revival with the awakening of interest in historical music around 1900 and throughout the century. That revival was further boosted by the <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early music</a> movement in the twentieth century. Important pioneers in lute revival were <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bream" title="Julian Bream">Julian Bream</a>, Hans Neemann, Walter Gerwig, Suzanne Bloch and <a href="/wiki/Diana_Poulton" title="Diana Poulton">Diana Poulton</a>. Lute performances are now not uncommon; there are many professional lutenists, especially in Europe where the most employment is found, and new compositions for the instrument are being produced by composers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren-lute-ref.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ren-lute-ref.jpg/220px-Ren-lute-ref.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Ren-lute-ref.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="143" /></a><figcaption>Man playing a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> lute (holding position), 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early days of the early music movement, many lutes were constructed by available luthiers, whose specialty was often classical guitars. Such lutes were heavily built with construction similar to that of classical guitars, with fan bracing, heavy tops, fixed frets, and lined sides, all of which are anachronistic to historical lutes. As lutherie scholarship increased, makers began constructing instruments based on historical models, which have proven lighter and more responsive instruments. </p><p>Lutes built at present are invariably replicas or near copies of those surviving historical instruments that are in museums or private collections. Many are custom-built, but there is a growing number of luthiers who build lutes for general sale, and there is a fairly strong, if small, second-hand market. Because of this fairly limited market, lutes are generally more expensive than mass-produced modern instruments. Factory-made guitars and violins, for example, can be purchased more cheaply than low-end lutes, while at the highest level of modern instruments, guitars and violins tend to command the higher prices. </p><p>Unlike in the past, there are many types of lutes encountered today: 5-course medieval lutes, renaissance lutes of 6 to 10 courses in many pitches for solo and ensemble performance of Renaissance works, the <a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">archlute</a> of Baroque works, 11-course lutes in d-minor tuning for 17th-century French, German and Czech music, 13/14-course d-minor tuned German Baroque Lutes for later High Baroque and Classical music, <a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a> for basso continuo parts in Baroque ensembles, gallichons/<a href="/wiki/Mandora" title="Mandora">mandoras</a>, bandoras, <a href="/wiki/Orpharion" title="Orpharion">orpharions</a> and others. </p><p>Lutenistic practice has reached considerable heights in recent years, thanks to a growing number of world-class lutenists: <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Lislevand" title="Rolf Lislevand">Rolf Lislevand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopkinson_Smith" title="Hopkinson Smith">Hopkinson Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_O%27Dette" title="Paul O'Dette">Paul O'Dette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wilke" title="Christopher Wilke">Christopher Wilke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Martin_(lutenist)" title="Andreas Martin (lutenist)">Andreas Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barto" title="Robert Barto">Robert Barto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Eg%C3%BCez" title="Eduardo Egüez">Eduardo Egüez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edin_Karamazov" title="Edin Karamazov">Edin Karamazov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_North" title="Nigel North">Nigel North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wilson_(lutenist)" title="Christopher Wilson (lutenist)">Christopher Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pianca" title="Luca Pianca">Luca Pianca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasunori_Imamura" title="Yasunori Imamura">Yasunori Imamura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bailes" title="Anthony Bailes">Anthony Bailes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Croton" title="Peter Croton">Peter Croton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Diaz-Latorre" title="Xavier Diaz-Latorre">Xavier Diaz-Latorre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelina_Mascardi" title="Evangelina Mascardi">Evangelina Mascardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Lindberg" title="Jakob Lindberg">Jakob Lindberg</a>. Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> has also played lute and archlute, in and out of his collaborations with <a href="/wiki/Edin_Karamazov" title="Edin Karamazov">Edin Karamazov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Akkerman" title="Jan Akkerman">Jan Akkerman</a> released two albums of lute music in the 1970s while he was a guitarist in the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Rock_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock band">rock band</a> <a href="/wiki/Focus_(band)" title="Focus (band)">Focus</a>. Lutenist/Composer <a href="/wiki/Jozef_van_Wissem" title="Jozef van Wissem">Jozef van Wissem</a> composed the soundtrack to the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jarmusch" title="Jim Jarmusch">Jim Jarmusch</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Only_Lovers_Left_Alive" title="Only Lovers Left Alive">Only Lovers Left Alive</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repertoire">Repertoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_composers_for_lute" title="List of composers for lute">List of composers for lute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orazio_Gentileschi_-_Il_suonatore_di_liuto_(National_Gallery_of_Art).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Orazio_Gentileschi_-_Il_suonatore_di_liuto_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg/220px-Orazio_Gentileschi_-_Il_suonatore_di_liuto_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Orazio_Gentileschi_-_Il_suonatore_di_liuto_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg/330px-Orazio_Gentileschi_-_Il_suonatore_di_liuto_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Orazio_Gentileschi_-_Il_suonatore_di_liuto_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg/440px-Orazio_Gentileschi_-_Il_suonatore_di_liuto_%28National_Gallery_of_Art%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3385" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orazio_Gentileschi" title="Orazio Gentileschi">Orazio Gentileschi</a>'s young lutenist, painted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1626, plays a 10-course lute, typical of the time from around 1600 through the 1630s</figcaption></figure> <p>Lutes were in widespread use in Europe at least since the 13th century, and documents mention numerous early performers and composers. However, the earliest surviving lute music dates from the late 15th century. Lute music flourished during the 16th and 17th centuries: numerous composers published collections of their music, and modern scholars have uncovered a vast number of manuscripts from the era—however, much of the music is still lost. In the second half of the 17th century lutes, vihuelas and similar instruments started losing popularity, and little music was written for the instrument after 1750. The interest in lute music was revived only in the second half of the 20th century. </p><p>Improvisation (making up music on the spot) was, apparently, an important aspect of lute performance, so much of the repertoire was probably never written down. Furthermore, it was only around 1500 that lute players began to transition from <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> to plucking. That change facilitated complex polyphony, which required that they develop notation. In the next hundred years, three schools of <a href="/wiki/Tablature" title="Tablature">tablature</a> notation gradually developed: Italian (also used in Spain), German, and French. Only the last survived into the late 17th century. The earliest known tablatures are for a six-stringed instrument, though evidence of earlier four- and five-stringed lutes exists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel194954_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel194954-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tablature notation depends on the actual instrument the music is written for. To read it, a musician must know the instrument's tuning, number of strings, etc. </p><p>Renaissance and Baroque forms of lute music are similar to keyboard music of the periods. <a href="/wiki/Intabulation" title="Intabulation">Intabulations</a> of vocal works were very common, as well as various dances, some of which disappeared during the 17th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Piva_(dance)" title="Piva (dance)">piva</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saltarello" title="Saltarello">saltarello</a>. The advent of polyphony brought about <i>fantasias</i>: complex, intricate pieces with much use of imitative counterpoint. The improvisatory element, present to some degree in most lute pieces, is particularly evident in the early ricercares (not imitative as their later namesakes, but completely free), as well as in numerous preludial forms: preludes, tastar de corde ("testing the strings"), etc. During the 17th century keyboard and lute music went hand in hand, and by 1700 lutenists were writing suites of dances quite akin to those of keyboard composers. The lute was also used throughout its history as an ensemble instrument—most frequently in songs for voice and lute, which were particularly popular in Italy (see <a href="/wiki/Frottola" title="Frottola">frottola</a>) and England. </p><p>The earliest surviving lute music is Italian, from a late 15th-century manuscript. The early 16th century saw <a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Petrucci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_publications_by_Ottaviano_Petrucci#Lute" title="List of publications by Ottaviano Petrucci">publications</a> of lute music by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Spinacino" title="Francesco Spinacino">Francesco Spinacino</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1507) and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Ambrosio_Dalza" title="Joan Ambrosio Dalza">Joan Ambrosio Dalza</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1508); together with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Capirola" title="Vincenzo Capirola">Capirola Lutebook</a>, these represent the earliest stage of written lute music in Italy. The leader of the next generation of Italian lutenists, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Canova_da_Milano" title="Francesco Canova da Milano">Francesco Canova da Milano</a> (1497–1543), is now acknowledged as one of the most famous lute composers in history. The bigger part of his output consists of pieces called fantasias or ricercares, in which he makes extensive use of imitation and sequence, expanding the scope of lute polyphony. In the early 17th century <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hieronymus_Kapsberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Hieronymus Kapsberger">Johannes Hieronymus Kapsberger</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1580–1651) and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Piccinini" title="Alessandro Piccinini">Alessandro Piccinini</a> (1566–1638) revolutionized the instrument's technique and Kapsberger, possibly, influenced the keyboard music of <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a>. </p><p>French written lute music began, as far as we know, with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Attaingnant" title="Pierre Attaingnant">Pierre Attaingnant</a>'s (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1494 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1551) prints, which comprised preludes, dances and intabulations. Particularly important was the Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Rippe" title="Albert de Rippe">Albert de Rippe</a> (1500–1551), who worked in France and composed polyphonic fantasias of considerable complexity. His work was published posthumously by his pupil, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Morlaye" title="Guillaume de Morlaye">Guillaume de Morlaye</a> (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1510), who, however, did not pick up the complex polyphony of de Rippe. French lute music declined during the second part of the 16th century; however, various changes to the instrument (the increase of diapason strings, new tunings, etc.) prompted an important change in style that led, during the early Baroque, to the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Style_bris%C3%A9" title="Style brisé">style brisé</a>: broken, arpeggiated textures that influenced <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger" title="Johann Jakob Froberger">Johann Jakob Froberger</a>'s suites. The French Baroque school is exemplified by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Ennemond_Gaultier" title="Ennemond Gaultier">Ennemond Gaultier</a> (1575–1651), <a href="/wiki/Denis_Gaultier" title="Denis Gaultier">Denis Gaultier</a> (1597/1603–1672), <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dufault" title="François Dufault">François Dufaut</a> (before 1604 – before 1672) and many others. The last stage of French lute music is exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Vis%C3%A9e" title="Robert de Visée">Robert de Visée</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1655–1732/3), whose suites exploit the instrument's possibilities to the fullest. </p><p>The history of German written lute music started with <a href="/wiki/Arnolt_Schlick" title="Arnolt Schlick">Arnolt Schlick</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1460–after 1521), who, in 1513, published a collection of pieces that included 14 voice and lute songs, and three solo lute pieces, alongside organ works. He was not the first important German lutenist, because contemporaries credited <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Paumann" title="Conrad Paumann">Conrad Paumann</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1410–1473) with the invention of German lute tablature, though this claim remains unproven, and no lute works by Paumann survive. After Schlick, a string of composers developed German lute music: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Judenk%C3%BCnig" title="Hans Judenkünig">Hans Judenkünig</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1445/50 – 1526), the Neusidler family (particularly <a href="/wiki/Hans_Neusidler" title="Hans Neusidler">Hans Neusidler</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1508/09 – 1563)) and others. During the second half of the 16th century, German tablature and German repertoire were gradually replaced by Italian and French tablature and international repertoire, respectively, and the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648) effectively stopped publications for half a century. German lute music was revived much later by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Esaias_Reusner" title="Esaias Reusner">Esaias Reusner</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1670), however, a distinctly German style came only after 1700 in the works of <a href="/wiki/Silvius_Leopold_Weiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvius Leopold Weiss">Silvius Leopold Weiss</a> (1686–1750), one of the greatest lute composers, some of whose works were transcribed for keyboard by none other than <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (1685–1750), who composed a few pieces for the lute himself (though it is unclear whether they were really intended for the lute, rather than another plucked string instrument or the <a href="/wiki/Lautenwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Lautenwerk">lautenwerk</a>). </p><p>Of other European countries, particularly important are England and Spain. English-written lute music began only around 1540; however, the country produced numerous lutenists, of which <a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a> (1563–1626) is perhaps the most famous. His influence spread very far: variations on his themes were written by keyboard composers in Germany decades after his death. Dowland's predecessors and colleagues, such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Holborne" title="Anthony Holborne">Anthony Holborne</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1545–1602) and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bacheler" title="Daniel Bacheler">Daniel Bacheler</a> (1572–1619), were less known. Spanish composers wrote mostly for the <a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">vihuela</a>; their main genres were polyphonic fantasias and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">differencias</i></span> (variations). <a href="/wiki/Luis_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Milan">Luys Milan</a> (c. 1500 – after 1560) and <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Luis de Narváez">Luys de Narváez</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1526–1549) were particularly important for their contributions to the development of lute polyphony in Spain. </p><p>Finally, perhaps the most influential European lute composer was the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1lint_Bakfark" title="Bálint Bakfark">Bálint Bakfark</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1526/30–1576), whose contrapuntal fantasias were much more difficult and tighter than those of his Western European contemporaries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a>'s famous orchestral suites called <i>Ancient Airs and Dances</i> are drawn from various books and articles on 16th- and 17th-century lute music transcribed by the musicologist Oscar Chilesotti, including eight pieces from a German manuscript <i>Da un Codice Lauten-Buch</i>, now in a private library in northern Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century_revival_and_composers">20th century revival and composers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 20th century revival and composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The revival of lute-playing in the 20th century has its roots in the pioneering work of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Dolmetsch" title="Arnold Dolmetsch">Arnold Dolmetsch</a> (1858–1940); whose research into <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early music</a> and instruments started the movement for authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revival of the lute gave composers an opportunity to create new works for it. </p><p>One of the first such composers was <a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_David" title="Johann Nepomuk David">Johann Nepomuk David</a> in Germany. Composer <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Fyodorovich_Vavilov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Fyodorovich Vavilov">Vladimir Vavilov</a> was a pioneer of the lute revival in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, he was also the author of numerous <a href="/wiki/Musical_hoax" title="Musical hoax">musical hoaxes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sandor_Kallos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandor Kallos">Sandor Kallos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Satoh" title="Toyohiko Satoh">Toyohiko Satoh</a> applied <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modernist</a> idiom to the lute, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kats-Chernin" title="Elena Kats-Chernin">Elena Kats-Chernin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jozef_van_Wissem" title="Jozef van Wissem">Jozef van Wissem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Danilevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Danilevsky">Alexandre Danilevsky</a> minimalist and post-minimalist idiom, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Turovsky-Savchuk" title="Roman Turovsky-Savchuk">Roman Turovsky-Savchuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Galv%C3%A3o" title="Paulo Galvão">Paulo Galvão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_MacKillop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert MacKillop">Robert MacKillop</a> historicist idiom, and <a href="/wiki/Ronn_McFarlane" title="Ronn McFarlane">Ronn McFarlane</a> New Age. This active movement by early music specialists has inspired composers in different fields; for example, in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Ifukube" title="Akira Ifukube">Akira Ifukube</a>, a classical and film composer best known for the <a href="/wiki/Godzilla" title="Godzilla">Godzilla</a>'s theme, wrote the Fantasia for Baroque Lute with the historical tablature notation, rather than the modern staff one.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuning_conventions">Tuning conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tuning conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Lute tunings</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuning-e-ren.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Tuning-e-ren.png/288px-Tuning-e-ren.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Tuning-e-ren.png/432px-Tuning-e-ren.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/Tuning-e-ren.png/576px-Tuning-e-ren.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="198" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">6-course Early Renaissance lute tuning chart</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuning-ren.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Tuning-ren.png/288px-Tuning-ren.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Tuning-ren.png/432px-Tuning-ren.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Tuning-ren.png/576px-Tuning-ren.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="210" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">10-course Late Renaissance/Early Baroque lute tuning chart</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuning-arch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Tuning-arch.png/288px-Tuning-arch.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Tuning-arch.png/432px-Tuning-arch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Tuning-arch.png/576px-Tuning-arch.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="187" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">14-course Archlute tuning chart</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuning-tior.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tuning-tior.png/288px-Tuning-tior.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tuning-tior.png/432px-Tuning-tior.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tuning-tior.png/576px-Tuning-tior.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="210" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">15-course Theorbo tuning chart</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Lutes were made in a large variety of sizes, with varying numbers of strings/courses, and with no permanent standard for tuning. However, the following seems to have been <i>generally</i> true of the Renaissance lute. </p><p>A 6-course Renaissance tenor lute would be tuned to the same intervals as a <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">tenor viol</a>, with intervals of a <i>perfect fourth</i> between all the courses except the third and fourth, which differed only by a <i>major third</i>. The tenor lute was usually tuned nominally "in G" (there was no pitch standard before the 20th century), named after the pitch of the highest course, yielding the pattern <span class="nowrap">(G'G) (Cc) (FF) (AA) (dd) (g)</span> from the lowest course to the highest. (Much renaissance lute music can be played on a guitar by tuning the guitar's third string down by a half tone.) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Lute fretboard and tuning explained in 1732</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lute_fingerchart,_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_66.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lute_fingerchart%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_66.jpg/100px-Lute_fingerchart%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_66.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lute_fingerchart%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_66.jpg/150px-Lute_fingerchart%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_66.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lute_fingerchart%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_66.jpg/200px-Lute_fingerchart%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_66.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="1843" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lute fingerchart, <a href="/wiki/Museum_musicum_theoreticalo_practicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum musicum theoreticalo practicum">Museum Musicum Theoretico Practicum</a>, 1732.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lute,_chart_of_string-note_relations,_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_67.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lute%2C_chart_of_string-note_relations%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_67.jpg/100px-Lute%2C_chart_of_string-note_relations%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_67.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lute%2C_chart_of_string-note_relations%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_67.jpg/150px-Lute%2C_chart_of_string-note_relations%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_67.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lute%2C_chart_of_string-note_relations%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_67.jpg/200px-Lute%2C_chart_of_string-note_relations%2C_Museum_Musicum_Theoretico-Practicum_page_67.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="1855" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lute, chart of position of strings on musical scale.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Courses were numbered 1-11, and each open string shown with its corresponding note. In addition to the main strings (A'A') (DD) (FF) (AA) (d) (f), five courses below these were tuned to (C') (D') (E'E) (F'F) (G'G).</div></div></div></div> <p>For lutes with more than six courses, the extra courses would be added on the low end. Because of the large number of strings, lutes have very wide necks, and it is difficult to stop strings beyond the sixth course, so additional courses were usually tuned to pitches useful as bass notes rather than continuing the regular pattern of fourths, and these lower courses are most often played without stopping. Thus an 8-course tenor Renaissance lute would be tuned to <span class="nowrap">(D'D) (F'F) (G'G) (Cc) (FF) (AA) (dd) (g)</span>, and a 10-course to <span class="nowrap">(C'C) (D'D) (E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>'E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>) (F'F) (G'G) (Cc) (FF) (AA) (dd) (g)</span>. </p><p>However, none of these patterns were <i>de rigueur</i>, and a modern lutenist occasionally retunes one or more courses between pieces. Manuscripts bear instructions for the player, e.g., <i>7<sup>e</sup> chœur en fa</i> = "seventh course in <i>fa</i>" (= F in the standard C scale). </p><p>The early 17th century was a period of considerable development for the lute, particularly with new tuning schemes developed in France. At this time French lutenists began to explore the expressive capabilities of the lute through experimentation in tuning schemes on the instrument. Today these tunings are often labeled as transitional tunings or Accords nouveaux (French: “new tunings”). Transitional tunings document the transition from the established Renaissance lute tuning, to the later established Baroque d-minor tuning scheme. </p><p>This development in tuning is credited to French lutenists of the early 17th century, who began increasing the number of major or minor thirds on the adjacent open strings of the 10-course lute. As a result the French lutenist found a more sonorous sound and increased sympathetic vibration on the instrument. This led to new compositional styles and playing techniques on the instrument, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Style_bris%C3%A9" title="Style brisé">Style brisé</a> (French: "broken style"). Manuscript sources from the first half of the 17th century provide evidence that French transitional tunings gained popularity and were adopted across much of continental Europe. </p><p>The most used transitional tunings during this time were known as the "sharp" and "flat" tunings. Read from the tenth to the first course on a 10-course lute, the sharp tuning reads: C, D, E, F, G, C, F, A, C, E. The flat tuning reads, C, Db, Eb, F, G, C, F, Ab, C, Eb.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, by around 1670 the scheme known today as the "Baroque" or "D minor" tuning became the norm, at least in France and in northern and central Europe. In this case, the first six courses outline a d-minor triad, and an additional five to seven courses are tuned generally scalewise below them. Thus the 13-course lute played by composer <a href="/wiki/Sylvius_Leopold_Weiss" title="Sylvius Leopold Weiss">Sylvius Leopold Weiss</a> would have been tuned <span class="nowrap">(A″A') (B″B') (C'C) (D'D) (E'E) (F'F) (G'G) (A'A') (DD) (FF) (AA) (d) (f),</span> or with sharps or flats on the lower 7 courses appropriate to the key of the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern lutenists tune to a variety of pitch standards, ranging from A = 392 to 470 Hz, depending on the type of instrument they are playing, the repertory, the pitch of other instruments in an ensemble and other performing expediencies. No attempt at a universal pitch standard existed during the period of the lute's historical popularity. The standards varied over time and from place to place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instrument tunings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkish music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greek music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Crete" title="Music of Crete">Cretan music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tablature" title="Tablature">Tablature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">Classical music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments">Instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>European Lutes</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(instrument)" title="Angélique (instrument)">Angélique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">Archlute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobza" title="Cobza">Cobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittern" title="Gittern">Gittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobza" title="Kobza">Kobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">Mandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">Mandore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandora" title="Mandora">Mandora</a> or Gallichon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oúti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_lute" title="Swedish lute">Swedish lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torban" title="Torban">Torban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">Theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">Vihuela</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>African Lutes</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwitra" title="Kwitra">Kwitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masenqo" title="Masenqo">Masenqo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoni_(instrument)" title="Ngoni (instrument)">Ngoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalam" title="Xalam">Xalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akonting" title="Akonting">Akonting</a></li></ul> <p><b>Asian Lutes</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">Barbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipa" title="Bipa">Bipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">Biwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombra" title="Dombra">Dombra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Dutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramyin" title="Dramyin">Dramyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komuz" title="Komuz">Komuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">Kutiyapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panduri" title="Panduri">Panduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs" title="Qanbūs">Qanbūs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinqin" title="Qinqin">Qinqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">Sanshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanxian" title="Sanxian">Sanxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapeh" title="Sapeh">Sapeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setar_(lute)" class="mw-redirect" title="Setar (lute)">Setar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sueng" title="Sueng">Sueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarabat" title="Swarabat">Swarabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">Tanbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueqin" title="Yueqin">Yueqin</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>South American Lutes</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistil" title="Sistil">Sistil</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Players">Players</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Lutenists" title="Category:Lutenists">Category:Lutenists</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barto" title="Robert Barto">Robert Barto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Burris" title="Timothy Burris">Timothy Burris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Chancy" title="François de Chancy">François de Chancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_D%C3%ADaz-Latorre" class="mw-redirect" title="Xavier Díaz-Latorre">Xavier Díaz-Latorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dunford" title="Thomas Dunford">Thomas Dunford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Eguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Eguez">Eduardo Eguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Kirchhof" title="Lutz Kirchhof">Lutz Kirchhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Lislevand" title="Rolf Lislevand">Rolf Lislevand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_North" title="Nigel North">Nigel North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_O%27Dette" title="Paul O'Dette">Paul O'Dette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkinson_Smith" title="Hopkinson Smith">Hopkinson Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wilke" title="Christopher Wilke">Christopher Wilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_van_Wissem" title="Jozef van Wissem">Jozef van Wissem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelina_Mascardi" title="Evangelina Mascardi">Evangelina Mascardi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Makers">Makers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Makers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cezar_Mateus" title="Cezar Mateus">Cezar Mateus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Murphy_(lutemaker)" title="Stephen Murphy (lutemaker)">Stephen Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rubio" title="David Rubio">David Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rutherford_(lutenist)" title="Andrew Rutherford (lutenist)">Andrew Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Stradivari" title="Antonio Stradivari">Antonio Stradivari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieffenbrucker" title="Tieffenbrucker">Tieffenbrucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Tielke" title="Joachim Tielke">Joachim Tielke</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. lute</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurt_Sachs1940" class="citation book cs1">Curt Sachs (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the_history_of_musical_instruments_curt_sachs"><i>The History of Musical Instruments - Curt Sachs</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Musical+Instruments+-+Curt+Sachs&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Curt+Sachs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe_history_of_musical_instruments_curt_sachs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrout1962" class="citation book cs1">Grout, Donald Jay (1962). "Chapter 7: New Currents In The Sixteenth Century". <i>A History Of Western Music</i>. J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd, London. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393937119" title="Special:BookSources/0393937119"><bdi>0393937119</bdi></a>. <q>By far the most popular household solo instrument of the Renaissance was the lute</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+New+Currents+In+The+Sixteenth+Century&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Western+Music&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Sons+Ltd%2C+London&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0393937119&rft.aulast=Grout&rft.aufirst=Donald+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1914" class="citation web cs1">Sachs, Curt (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/guruguha/MusicResearchLibrary/Books-English/BkE-CurtSachs-TheHistoryofMusicalInstruments-1940-0015.pdf">"The history of Musical Instruments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Public's Library and Digital Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Public%27s+Library+and+Digital+Archive&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fguruguha%2FMusicResearchLibrary%2FBooks-English%2FBkE-CurtSachs-TheHistoryofMusicalInstruments-1940-0015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachsshortlong-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachsshortlong_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1940" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Curt (1940). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach"><i>The History of Musical Instruments</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/464">464</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393020687" title="Special:BookSources/9780393020687"><bdi>9780393020687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9780393020687&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmusical00sach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachslong-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sachslong_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachslong_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1940" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Curt (1940). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach"><i>The History of Musical Instruments</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/255">255–257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393020687" title="Special:BookSources/9780393020687"><bdi>9780393020687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=255-257&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9780393020687&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmusical00sach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasofpluckedinstruments.com/">"ATLAS of Plucked Instruments"</a>. <i>www.atlasofpluckedinstruments.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atlasofpluckedinstruments.com&rft.atitle=ATLAS+of+Plucked+Instruments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasofpluckedinstruments.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachsegypt-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sachsegypt_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1940" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Curt (1940). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach"><i>The History of Musical Instruments</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/102">102–103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393020687" title="Special:BookSources/9780393020687"><bdi>9780393020687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9780393020687&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmusical00sach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachsealiest-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sachsealiest_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1940" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Curt (1940). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach"><i>The History of Musical Instruments</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/82">82–83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393020687" title="Special:BookSources/9780393020687"><bdi>9780393020687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9780393020687&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmusical00sach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumbrillp321-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dumbrillp321_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumbrillp321_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumbrillp321_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumbrill1998">Dumbrill 1998</a>, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dumbrill1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dumbrill1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumbrill2005">Dumbrill 2005</a>, pp. 305–310. "The long-necked lute would have stemmed from the bow-harp and eventually became the tunbur; and the fat-bodied smaller lute would have evolved into the modern Oud ... the lute pre-dated the lyre which can therefore be considered as a development of the lute, rather than the contrary, as had been thought until quite recently ... Thus the lute not only dates but also locates the transition from musical protoliteracy to musical literacy ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britishmuseum-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britishmuseum_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1447477&partId=1&people=24615&peoA=24615-3-17&page=1">"Cylinder Seal"</a>. <i>British Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=Cylinder+Seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D1447477%26partId%3D1%26people%3D24615%26peoA%3D24615-3-17%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span> Culture/period Uruk, Date c. 3100 BC, Museum number 41632.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumbrillp310-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dumbrillp310_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumbrill1998">Dumbrill 1998</a>, p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumbrill2005">Dumbrill 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlm1Kbc7P5UC&pg=PA320">319–320</a>. "The long-necked lute in the OED is orthographed as tambura; tambora, tamera, tumboora; tambur(a) and tanpoora. We have an Arabic Õunbur; Persian tanbur; Armenian pandir; Georgian panturi. and a Serbo-Croat tamburitza. The Greeks called it pandura; panduros; phanduros; panduris or pandurion. The Latin is pandura. It is attested as a Nubian instrument in the third century BC. The earliest literary allusion to lutes in Greece comes from Anaxilas in his play The Lyre-maker as 'trichordos' ... According to Pollux, the trichordon (sic) was Assyrian and they gave it the name pandoura...These instruments survive today in the form of the various Arabian <i>tunbar</i> ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuring1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">During, Jean (15 December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barbat">"Barbat"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barbat&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=1988-12-15&rft.aulast=During&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbarbat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clevelandart.org/art/1980.15">"Bracket with two musicians 100s, Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century – 20)"</a>. The Cleveland Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bracket+with+two+musicians+100s%2C+Pakistan%2C+Gandhara%2C+probably+Butkara+in+Swat%2C+Kushan+Period+%281st+century+%E2%80%93+20%29&rft.pub=The+Cleveland+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clevelandart.org%2Fart%2F1980.15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachs2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sachs2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachs2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachs2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1940" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Curt (1940). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach"><i>The History of Musical Instruments</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmusical00sach/page/159">159–161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393020687" title="Special:BookSources/9780393020687"><bdi>9780393020687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=159-161&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9780393020687&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmusical00sach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menocal-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menocal_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenocalScheindlinSells2000" class="citation cs2">Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael Anthony, eds. (2000), <i>The Literature of Al-Andalus</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Al-Andalus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2008" class="citation book cs1">Gill, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGY2fSXko5kC&pg=PA81"><i>Andalucia: A Cultural History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-95-37610-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-95-37610-4"><bdi>978-01-95-37610-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andalucia%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-01-95-37610-4&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGY2fSXko5kC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2002" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Ira M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA311"><i>A History of Islamic Societies</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521779333" title="Special:BookSources/9780521779333"><bdi>9780521779333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521779333&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3mVUEzm8xMC%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davila?-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davila?_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavila2009" class="citation journal cs1">Davila, Carl (2009). "Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World". <i>Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110902875475">10.1080/09503110902875475</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161670287">161670287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Masaq%3A+Islam+in+the+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.atitle=Fixing+a+Misbegotten+Biography%3A+Ziryab+in+the+Mediterranean+World&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09503110902875475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161670287%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Davila&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oudmigrations.com/2016/03/08/journeys-of-ottoman-ouds/">"The journeys of Ottoman ouds"</a>. <i>oudmigrations</i>. 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oudmigrations&rft.atitle=The+journeys+of+Ottoman+ouds&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foudmigrations.com%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fjourneys-of-ottoman-ouds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawsonStowell2012" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Colin; Stowell, Robin, eds. (16 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdmaBAAAQBAJ&dq=history%2520of%2520the%2520lute%2C%2520%2522roger%2520II%2522&pg=PT460"><i>The Cambridge History of Musical Performance</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-18442-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-18442-4"><bdi>978-1-316-18442-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Musical+Performance&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft.isbn=978-1-316-18442-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdmaBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhistory%252520of%252520the%252520lute%252C%252520%252522roger%252520II%252522%26pg%3DPT460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-courtlylove-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-courtlylove_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoase1977" class="citation book cs1">Boase, Roger (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRC8AAAAIAAJ&dq=roger%2520ii%2C%2520court%2520musicians&pg=PA70"><i>The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0656-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0656-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-0656-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Meaning+of+Courtly+Love%3A+A+Critical+Study+of+European+Scholarship&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0656-2&rft.aulast=Boase&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRC8AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Droger%252520ii%252C%252520court%252520musicians%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VEdw-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VEdw_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Vane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanedwards.co.uk/history1.htm">"An Illustrated History of the Lute Part One"</a>. <i>vanedwards.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>Bletschacher (1978) has argued that this was due largely to the royal visits of Friedrich II with his magnificent Moorish Sicilian retinue to the towns in this valley between 1218 and 1237.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vanedwards.co.uk&rft.atitle=An+Illustrated+History+of+the+Lute+Part+One&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Vane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanedwards.co.uk%2Fhistory1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VEdw2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VEdw2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Vane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanedwards.co.uk/history2.htm">"An Illustrated History of the Lute Part Two"</a>. <i>vanedwards.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>By 1500 the first written records confirm the existence of several families making lutes as a trade in and around Füssen in the Lech valley. Most of the famous names of 16th and 17th century lutemaking seem to have come originally from around this small area of Southern Germany. By 1562 the Füssen makers were sufficiently well established to set up as a guild with elaborate regulations which have survived (see Bletschacher, 1978, and Layer, 1978).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vanedwards.co.uk&rft.atitle=An+Illustrated+History+of+the+Lute+Part+Two&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Vane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanedwards.co.uk%2Fhistory2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinamino2004" class="citation journal cs1">Minamino, Hiroyuki (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/178631">"The Spanish plucked viola in Renaissance Italy, 1480-1530"</a>. <i>Early Music</i>. <b>32</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">177–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-7260">1741-7260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Music&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+plucked+viola+in+Renaissance+Italy%2C+1480-1530&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1741-7260&rft.aulast=Minamino&rft.aufirst=Hiroyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F178631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicamano.com/lute/luteinfo.html">"Jakob Lindberg Homepage"</a>. <i>musicamano.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=musicamano.com&rft.atitle=Jakob+Lindberg+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicamano.com%2Flute%2Fluteinfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20029-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20029_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourjavady2000–2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pourjavady, Amir Hossein (Autumn 2000 – Winter 2001). "Journal Article Review Reviewed Works: The Science of Music in Islam. Vols. 1-2, Studies in Oriental Music by Henry George Farmer, Eckhard Neubauer; The Science of Music in Islam. Vol. 3, Arabisch Musiktheorie von den Anfängen bis zum 6./12. Jahrhundert by Eckhard Neubauer, Fuat Sezgin; The Science of Music in Islam. Vol. 4, Der Essai sur la musique orientale von Charles Fonton mit Zeichnungen von Adanson by Eckhard Neubauer, Fuat Sezgin". <i>Asian Music</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">206–</span>209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F834339">10.2307/834339</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/834339">834339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Music&rft.atitle=Journal+Article+Review+Reviewed+Works%3A+The+Science+of+Music+in+Islam.+Vols.+1-2%2C+Studies+in+Oriental+Music+by+Henry+George+Farmer%2C+Eckhard+Neubauer%3B+The+Science+of+Music+in+Islam.+Vol.+3%2C+Arabisch+Musiktheorie+von+den+Anf%C3%A4ngen+bis+zum+6.%2F12.+Jahrhundert+by+Eckhard+Neubauer%2C+Fuat+Sezgin%3B+The+Science+of+Music+in+Islam.+Vol.+4%2C+Der+Essai+sur+la+musique+orientale+von+Charles+Fonton+mit+Zeichnungen+von+Adanson+by+Eckhard+Neubauer%2C+Fuat+Sezgin&rft.chron=fall+2000+%E2%80%93+winter+2001&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=2000%2F2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F834339&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F834339%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pourjavady&rft.aufirst=Amir+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dumbrill-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dumbrill_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumbrill1998">Dumbrill 1998</a>, p. 319. "'rud' comes from the Sanskrit 'rudrī' which means 'stringed instrument' [...] The word spreads on the one hand via the Indo-European medium into the Spanish 'rota'; French 'rotte'; Welsh 'crwth', etc, and on the other, via the Semitic medium, into Arabic 'ud; Ugaritic 'd; Spanish 'laúd'; German 'Laute'; French 'luth'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/sureth/dosearch.php?searchkey=17090&language=id">"Search Entry"</a>. <i>www.assyrianlanguages.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.assyrianlanguages.org&rft.atitle=Search+Entry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assyrianlanguages.org%2Fsureth%2Fdosearch.php%3Fsearchkey%3D17090%26language%3Did&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/hebrew/181.htm">"Strong's Hebrew: 181. אוּד (ud) -- a brand, firebrand"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew%3A+181.+%D7%90%D7%95%D6%BC%D7%93+%28ud%29+--+a+brand%2C+firebrand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fhebrew%2F181.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer1939" class="citation journal cs1">Farmer, Henry George (1939). "The Structure of the Arabian and Persian Lute in the Middle Ages". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>: 41–51 [49].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+the+Arabian+and+Persian+Lute+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=41-51+49&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/vanL/lute-inside.gif">"Photo of lute internal"</a>. <i>www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.dartmouth.edu%2F~wbc&rft.atitle=Photo+of+lute+internal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.dartmouth.edu%2F~wbc%2FvanL%2Flute-inside.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattheson1713" class="citation book cs1">Mattheson, Johann (1713). <i>Das neu Eroffnet Orchestre</i>. Hamburg. pp. 247ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+neu+Eroffnet+Orchestre&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pages=247ff&rft.date=1713&rft.aulast=Mattheson&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel194954-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel194954_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApel1949">Apel 1949</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1995" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Margaret (1995). <i>Henry Purcell (Glory Of His Age)</i>. Open University Press. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282368-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-282368-X"><bdi>0-19-282368-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Purcell+%28Glory+Of+His+Age%29&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-282368-X&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span> (about Alfred Dolmetsch) "His discoveries were so fruitful that he decided to concentrate on performing early music on original instruments, something that had not been attempted hitherto—at least not outside a private drawing-room."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYokomizo1996" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Yokomizo, Ryoichi (1996). <i>伊福部昭ギター・リュート作品集 (Akira Ifukube - Works for Guitar and Lute)</i> (CD Booklet). Yoh Nishimura and Deborah Minkin. Japan: FONTEC. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BC%8A%E7%A6%8F%E9%83%A8%E6%98%AD%E3%82%AE%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E9%9B%86+%28Akira+Ifukube+-+Works+for+Guitar+and+Lute%29&rft.place=Japan&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=FONTEC&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Yokomizo&rft.aufirst=Ryoichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Spring, M. (2001). From Renaissance to Baroque: a continental excursus, 1600-1650. In <i>The lute in Britain: a history of the instrument and its music</i> (pp. 290–306). essay, Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~lsa/aboutLute/Baroque.html">"Forms of the Lute"</a>. <i>The Lute Society of America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Trustees_of_Dartmouth_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Trustees of Dartmouth College">Trustees of Dartmouth College</a>. 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lute+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Forms+of+the+Lute&rft.date=2015-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.dartmouth.edu%2F~lsa%2FaboutLute%2FBaroque.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Articles in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~lsa/publications/JLSA-Index.html">Journal of the Lute Society of America</a></i> (1968–), <i>The Lute</i> (1958–), and other journals published by the various national lute societies.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApel1949" class="citation book cs1">Apel, Willi (1949). <i>The notation of polyphonic music 900–1600</i>. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248068157">248068157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+notation+of+polyphonic+music+900%E2%80%931600&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Medieval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248068157&rft.aulast=Apel&rft.aufirst=Willi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumbrill1998" class="citation book cs1">Dumbrill, Richard J. (1998). <i>The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East</i>. London: Tadema Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeomusicology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tadema+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Dumbrill&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumbrill2005" class="citation book cs1">Dumbrill, Richard J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlm1Kbc7P5UC"><i>The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-5538-3"><bdi>978-1-4120-5538-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62430171">62430171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeomusicology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62430171&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-5538-3&rft.aulast=Dumbrill&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnlm1Kbc7P5UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Lundberg, Robert (2002). <i>Historical Lute Construction</i>. Guild of American Luthiers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Lute+Construction&rft.pub=Guild+of+American+Luthiers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lundberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeubauer1993" class="citation book cs1">Neubauer, Eckhard (1993). "Der Bau der Laute und ihre Besaitung nach arabischen, persischen und türkischen Quellen des 9. bis 15. Jahrhunderts". <i>Zeitschrift für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften</i>. Vol. 8. pp. <span class="nowrap">279–</span>378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Bau+der+Laute+und+ihre+Besaitung+nach+arabischen%2C+persischen+und+t%C3%BCrkischen+Quellen+des+9.+bis+15.+Jahrhunderts&rft.btitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+der+arabisch-islamischen+Wissenschaften&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Neubauer&rft.aufirst=Eckhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPio2012" class="citation book cs1">Pio, Stefano (2012). <i>Viol and Lute Makers of Venice 1490 - 1640</i>. Venice Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-907252-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-907252-0-3"><bdi>978-88-907252-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viol+and+Lute+Makers+of+Venice+1490+-+1640&rft.pub=Venice+Research&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-907252-0-3&rft.aulast=Pio&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPio2004" class="citation book cs1">Pio, Stefano (2004). <i>Violin and Lute Makers of Venice 1630 - 1760</i>. Venice Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-907252-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-907252-2-7"><bdi>978-88-907252-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violin+and+Lute+Makers+of+Venice+1630+-+1760&rft.pub=Venice+Research&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-88-907252-2-7&rft.aulast=Pio&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebuffa2012" class="citation book cs1">Rebuffa, Davide (2012). <i>Il Liutoy</i>. Palermo: L'Epos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-830237-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-830237-7-4"><bdi>978-88-830237-7-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Liutoy&rft.place=Palermo&rft.pub=L%27Epos&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-830237-7-4&rft.aulast=Rebuffa&rft.aufirst=Davide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlegel2006" class="citation book cs1">Schlegel, Andreas (2006). <i>The Lute in Europe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lute+in+Europe&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Schlegel&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lutecorner.ch">The Lute Corner</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9523232-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9523232-0-5">978-3-9523232-0-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Douglas Alton (2002). <i>A History of the Lute from Antiquity to the Renaissance</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Lute+from+Antiquity+to+the+Renaissance&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Alton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://LuteSocietyofAmerica.org">Lute Society of America</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9714071-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9714071-0-X">0-9714071-0-X</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9714071-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9714071-0-7">978-0-9714071-0-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpring2001" class="citation book cs1">Spring, Matthew (2001). <i>The Lute in Britain: A History of the Instrument and its Music</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lute+in+Britain%3A+A+History+of+the+Instrument+and+its+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Spring&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaccaro1981" class="citation book cs1">Vaccaro, Jean-Michel (1981). <i>La musique de luth en France au XVIe siècle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+musique+de+luth+en+France+au+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Vaccaro&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALute" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lute&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lutes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lutes"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Lutes</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lute" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lute">Lute</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <p><b>Societies</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://LuteSocietyofAmerica.org">The Lute Society of America</a> (America)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lute-academy.be/">The Belgian Lute Society</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-luth.org/">The French Lute Society</a> (France)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lautengesellschaft.de">The German Lute Society</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lute.penne.jp/lsj/">The Lute Society of Japan</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.kpn.nl/ooije006/lgs/homepage_f.html">The Lute and Early Guitar Society</a> (Japan, Founded by <a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Satoh" title="Toyohiko Satoh">Toyohiko Satoh</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nederlandseluitvereniging.nl/">The Dutch Lute Society</a> (the Netherlands)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutesoc.co.uk/">The Lute Society</a> (UK)</li></ul> <p><b>Online music and other useful resources</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reneszanszlant.lap.hu">reneszanszlant.lap.hu</a> collection of many useful links: luthiers/lute makers, lute players, tablatures, etc. (in English and Hungarian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419100340/http://www.abc.net.au/classic/lute/">ABC Classic FM presents: Lute Project videos</a> Watch Tommie Andersson play the theorbo, 7-course & 10-course lutes.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute/lute.html">Wayne Cripps' lute pages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tielke-hamburg.de">Joachim Tielke</a> The website for the great Hamburg lute maker Joachim Tielke</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://django.musickshandmade.com/">Musick's Handmade</a> Facsimiles/Scans (Dowland, etc.) and pdfs - by Alain Veylit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gerbode.net">Sarge Gerbode's Lute Page</a> 7000+ lute solo and ensemble pieces by 300+ composers in midi, PDF, TAB, and Fronimo formats</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/view/another-lute-website/home">Another Lute Website</a> Categorized view on youtube videos of over 250 lute composers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contemporaryandmodernlutemusic.doomby.com">Contemporary and Modern Lute Music</a> Modern (post 1815) and Contemporary Lute Music. A list of modern lute music written after 1815</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/music">Music Collection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Digital_Library" title="Cambridge Digital Library">Cambridge Digital Library</a>. One of the most important collections of manuscript music in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library" title="Cambridge University Library">Cambridge University Library</a> is the group of nine lute manuscripts copied by Mathew Holmes in the early years of the seventeenth century.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leluthdore.com/en/sheet-music.html">Le Luth Doré Urtext music editions</a> The most important collection of modern Urtext music editions for lute.</li></ul> <p><b>Photos of historic instruments</b> </p> <ul><li>Photos of historic lutes at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collectionsdumusee.philharmoniedeparis.fr/cordes-incontournables.aspx"><i>Cité de la Musique</i></a> in Paris</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediatheque.cite-musique.fr/masc/?INSTANCE=CITEMUSIQUE&URL=/clientbooklineCIMU/toolkit/p_requests/FSFormulaire.asp?GRILLE=CIMUINSTRUMENTAVANCEE_0&TYPEMENU=catalogue-instrumentoeuvre-bandeau.asp?TYPESOUSMENU=2">Instruments et oeuvres d'art</a> – search-phrase: Mot-clé(s) : <i>luth</i></dd> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediatheque.cite-musique.fr/clientbooklineCIMU/toolkit/p_requests/FSFormulaire.asp?GRILLE=CIMUFACTEURAVANCEE_0&TYPEMENU=catalogue-facteurinstrument-bandeau.asp?TYPESOUSMENU=2">Facteurs d'instruments</a> – search-phrase: Instrument fabriqué : <i>luth</i></dd> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediatheque.cite-musique.fr/clientbooklineCIMU/toolkit/p_requests/FSFormulaire.asp?GRILLE=CIMUPHOTOTHEQUESIMPLE_0&TYPEMENU=catalogue-phototheque-bandeau.asp">Photothèque</a> – search-phrase: Instrument de musique, ville ou pays : <i>luth</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/listview.aspx?page=1&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=lute&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1">Lutes at the Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <p><b>Articles and resources</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lute-academy.be/docstore/JVHPioneers.pdf"><i>Pioneers of the Lute Revival</i></a> by Jo Van Herck (Belgian Lute Academy)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Original: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823160843/http://www.lute-academy.be/CMSimple/en/?Publications:Newsletter:2001"><i>Over de pioniers van de luitrevival</i></a>; Luthinerie / Geluit <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lute-academy.be/CMSimple/downloads/Geluit15.pdf">no. 15 (September 2001)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lute-academy.be/CMSimple/downloads/Geluit16.pdf">no. 16 (December 2001)</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://le.luth.free.fr/">Photos and Paintings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabulatura.com/FRELUTE.htm">French Lutenists and French Lute Music in Sweden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccca.ca/c/writing/d/druick/druick003t.html">La Rhétorique des Dieux</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~lsa/associated/LuteDBCover01.html">Lautenweltadressbuch: A List of Extant Historical Lutes</a> from Lute Society of America</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lute" title="Template talk:Lute"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lute" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lute"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lute162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lute</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goje" title="Goje">Goje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalam" title="Xalam">Xalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">Barbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipa" title="Bipa">Bipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">Biwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombra" title="Dombra">Dombra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Dutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramyin" title="Dramyin">Dramyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komuz" title="Komuz">Komuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">Kutiyapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs" title="Qanbūs">Qanbūs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinqin" title="Qinqin">Qinqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">Sanshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanxian" title="Sanxian">Sanxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapeh" title="Sapeh">Sapeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">Setar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">Tanbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueqin" title="Yueqin">Yueqin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(instrument)" title="Angélique (instrument)">Angélique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">Archlute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobza" title="Cobza">Cobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobza" title="Kobza">Kobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">Mandore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandora" title="Mandora">Mandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_lute" title="Swedish lute">Swedish lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torban" title="Torban">Torban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">Theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">Vihuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citole" title="Citole">Citole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">Cittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_guitar" title="English guitar">English guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittern" title="Gittern">Gittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_latina" title="Guitarra latina">Guitarra latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_morisca" title="Guitarra morisca">Guitarra morisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BAd" title="Laúd">Laúd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_composers_for_lute" title="List of composers for lute">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lute_makers" title="Category:Lute makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutenists_by_nationality" title="Category:Lutenists by nationality">Players</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lutes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lutes">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_music861" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_music" title="Template talk:Medieval music"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_music861" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers" title="List of medieval composers">List of composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">List of music theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">List of musical instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)" title="Medieval music">Early (before 1150)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Saint Gall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker the Stammerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuotilo" title="Tuotilo">Tuotilo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Stephen of Liège">Stephen of Liège</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Hucbald" title="Hucbald">Hucbald</a>*</span></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Fulbert of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriger_of_Lobbes" title="Heriger of Lobbes">Heriger of Lobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Saint Martial school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar de Chabannes</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Arezzo" title="Odo of Arezzo">Odo of Arezzo</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Physicus" title="Notker Physicus">Notker Physicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godric_of_Finchale" title="Godric of Finchale">St. Godric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Saint_Victor" title="Adam of Saint Victor">Adam of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_the_Cantor" title="Wulfstan the Cantor">Wulfstan the Cantor</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipo_of_Burgundy" title="Wipo of Burgundy">Wipo of Burgundy</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)" title="Medieval music">High (1150–1300)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Parisiensis" title="Albertus Parisiensis">Albertus Parisiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Chancellor" title="Philip the Chancellor">Philippe le Chancelier</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Cruce" title="Petrus de Cruce">Petrus de Cruce</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Trobairitz" title="Trobairitz">Trobairitz</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimeric_de_Peguilhan" title="Aimeric de Peguilhan">Aimeric de Peguilhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" title="Arnaut Daniel">Arnaut Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_de_Mareuil" title="Arnaut de Mareuil">Arnaut de Mareuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn" title="Bernart de Ventadorn">Bernart de Ventadorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelloza" title="Castelloza">Castelloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerver%C3%AD_de_Girona" title="Cerverí de Girona">Cerverí de Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtessa_de_Dia" title="Comtessa de Dia">Comtessa de Dia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folquet_de_Marselha" title="Folquet de Marselha">Folquet de Marselha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaucelm_Faidit" title="Gaucelm Faidit">Gaucelm Faidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraut_de_Bornelh" title="Giraut de Bornelh">Giraut de Bornelh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiraut_Riquier" title="Guiraut Riquier">Guiraut Riquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaufre_Rudel" title="Jaufre Rudel">Jaufre Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcabru" title="Marcabru">Marcabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_d%27Alvernha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peire d'Alvernha">Peire d'Alvernha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Cardenal" title="Peire Cardenal">Peire Cardenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Vidal" title="Peire Vidal">Peire Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirol" title="Peirol">Peirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdigon" title="Perdigon">Perdigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_d%27Aurenga" title="Raimbaut d'Aurenga">Raimbaut d'Aurenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimon_de_Miravalh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimon de Miravalh">Raimon de Miravalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William IX, Duke of Aquitaine">William IX, Duke of Aquitaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_troubadours_and_trobairitz" title="List of troubadours and trobairitz">Other troubadours and trobairitz...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrieu_Contredit_d%27Arras" title="Andrieu Contredit d'Arras">Andrieu Contredit d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audefroi_le_Bastart" title="Audefroi le Bastart">Audefroi le Bastart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" title="Blondel de Nesle">Blondel de Nesle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chastelain_de_Couci" title="Le Chastelain de Couci">Le Chastelain de Couci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Muset" title="Colin Muset">Colin Muset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_de_B%C3%A9thune" class="mw-redirect" title="Conon de Béthune">Conon de Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gace_Brul%C3%A9" title="Gace Brulé">Gace Brulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Coincy" title="Gautier de Coincy">Gautier de Coincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Dargies" title="Gautier de Dargies">Gautier de Dargies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_d%27Espinal" title="Gautier d'Espinal">Gautier d'Espinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillebert_de_Berneville" title="Gillebert de Berneville">Gillebert de Berneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gontier_de_Soignies" title="Gontier de Soignies">Gontier de Soignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Vinier" title="Guillaume le Vinier">Guillaume le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Dijon" title="Guiot de Dijon">Guiot de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Bretel" title="Jehan Bretel">Jehan Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Erart" title="Jehan Erart">Jehan Erart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_le_Cuvelier_d%27Arras" title="Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras">Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_d%27Arras" title="Moniot d'Arras">Moniot d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_d%27Angicourt" title="Perrin d'Angicourt">Perrin d'Angicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_R%C3%A9mi_(died_1265)" title="Philippe de Rémi (died 1265)">Philippe de Rémi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Soissons" title="Raoul de Soissons">Raoul de Soissons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re#List_of_trouvères" title="Trouvère">Other trouvères...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casella_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Casella (Divine Comedy)">Casella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Galician-Portuguese lyric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician-Portuguese_troubadours" title="List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours">List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)" title="Medieval music">Late (1300–1400)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Andrieu" title="F. Andrieu">F. Andrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Le_Grant" title="Denis Le Grant">Denis Le Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Franciscus" title="Magister Franciscus">Magister Franciscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_(composer)" title="Grimace (composer)">Grimace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Lescurel" title="Jehan de Lescurel">Jehan de Lescurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._des_Molins" title="P. des Molins">P. des Molins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Vaillant" title="Jehan Vaillant">Jehan Vaillant</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>*</span></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Trecento59" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Predecessors12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marchetto_da_Padova" title="Marchetto da Padova">Marchetto da Padova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Cascia" title="Giovanni da Cascia">Giovanni da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Bologna" title="Jacopo da Bologna">Jacopo da Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_Piero" title="Maestro Piero">Maestro Piero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_da_Rimini" title="Vincenzo da Rimini">Vincenzo da Rimini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_de_Florentia" title="Andreas de Florentia">Andreas de Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_da_Cascia" title="Donato da Cascia">Donato da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Francesco Landini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardello_da_Firenze" title="Gherardello da Firenze">Gherardello da Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Firenze" title="Lorenzo da Firenze">Lorenzo da Firenze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_da_Firenze" title="Paolo da Firenze">Paolo da Firenze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolino_da_Padova" title="Bartolino da Padova">Bartolino da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Caserta" title="Antonello da Caserta">Antonello da Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_da_Perugia" title="Matteo da Perugia">Matteo da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mazzuoli" title="Giovanni Mazzuoli">Giovanni Mazzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazioso_da_Padova" title="Grazioso da Padova">Grazioso da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Perugia" title="Niccolò da Perugia">Niccolò da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Omer" title="Sant Omer">Sant Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Zacara da Teramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borlet" title="Borlet">Borlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradus_de_Pistoria" title="Conradus de Pistoria">Conradus de Pistoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cuvelier" title="Johannes Cuvelier">Johannes Cuvelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egardus" title="Egardus">Egardus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidius_(Chantilly_Codex_composer)" title="Egidius (Chantilly Codex composer)">Egidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Fabri" title="Martinus Fabri">Martinus Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Goscalch" title="Petrus de Goscalch">Petrus de Goscalch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Symonis_Hasprois" title="Johannes Symonis Hasprois">Johannes Symonis Hasprois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matheus_de_Sancto_Johanne" title="Matheus de Sancto Johanne">Matheus de Sancto Johanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacian_Reyneau" title="Gacian Reyneau">Gacian Reyneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Uciredor" title="S Uciredor">Rodericus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Senleches" title="Jacob Senleches">Jacob Senleches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solage" title="Solage">Solage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Susay" title="Johannes Susay">Johannes Susay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Antonio Zacara da Teramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebor_(composer)" title="Trebor (composer)">Trebor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Alanus" title="Johannes Alanus">Johannes Alanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contenance_angloise" title="Contenance angloise">Contenance angloise</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fabri" title="Thomas Fabri">Thomas Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Henry" title="Roy Henry">Roy Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_de_Lantins" title="Arnold de Lantins">Arnold de Lantins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._de_Wycombe" title="W. de Wycombe">W. de Wycombe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_IV" title="Anonymous IV">Anonymous IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco of Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cotto" title="Johannes Cotto">Johannes Cotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Garlandia_(music_theorist)" title="Johannes de Garlandia (music theorist)">Johannes de Garlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Grocheio" title="Johannes de Grocheio">Johannes de Grocheio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacobus_de_Ispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Iacobus de Ispania">Iacobus de Ispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Labeo" title="Notker Labeo">Notker Labeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Muris" title="Johannes de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Odington" title="Walter Odington">Walter Odington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno of Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelian of Réôme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chansonnier" title="Chansonnier">Chansonnier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">Conductus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estampie" title="Estampie">Estampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">Virelai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">Geisslerlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Lai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tydorel" title="Tydorel">Tydorel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">Liturgical drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planctus" title="Planctus">Planctus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_England" title="Music in Medieval England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Music in Medieval Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Medieval_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_France#Medieval_Period" title="Music history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Minnesingers_and_Meistersingers" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Medieval_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Medieval_period" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardcore" title="Bardcore">Bardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_folk_rock" title="Medieval folk rock">Medieval folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Medieval_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Medieval music">Neo-Medieval music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <ul><li>Also music theorist*</li></ul> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></b> →</div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_music" title="Category:Medieval music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renaissance_music907" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_music" title="Template talk:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance_music907" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">List of Renaissance composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Early_period_(1400–1470)" title="Renaissance music">Early (1400–1470)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agricola" title="Alexander Agricola">Alexander Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re" title="Loyset Compère">Loyset Compère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frye" title="Walter Frye">Walter Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Japart" title="Jean Japart">Jean Japart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Martini" title="Johannes Martini">Johannes Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Johannes Tinctoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_van_Weerbeke" title="Gaspar van Weerbeke">Gaspar van Weerbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Middle_period_(1470–1530)" title="Renaissance music">Middle (1470–1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Divitis" title="Antonius Divitis">Antonius Divitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Festa" title="Costanzo Festa">Costanzo Festa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" title="Antoine de Févin">Antoine de Févin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin" title="Clément Janequin">Clément Janequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales" title="Cristóbal de Morales">Cristóbal de Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mouton" title="Jean Mouton">Jean Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Rue" title="Pierre de la Rue">Pierre de la Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taverner" title="John Taverner">John Taverner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot" title="Philippe Verdelot">Philippe Verdelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Late_period_(1530–1600)" title="Renaissance music">Late (1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Antonio de Cabezón">Antonio de Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Clemens non Papa">Jacobus Clemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gombert" title="Nicolas Gombert">Nicolas Gombert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Goudimel" title="Claude Goudimel">Claude Goudimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Guerrero_(composer)" title="Francisco Guerrero (composer)">Francisco Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Le_Jeune" title="Claude Le Jeune">Claude Le Jeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lusitano" title="Vicente Lusitano">Vicente Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Manchicourt" title="Pierre de Manchicourt">Pierre de Manchicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Neusidler" title="Hans Neusidler">Hans Neusidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Porta" title="Costanzo Porta">Costanzo Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tye" title="Christopher Tye">Christopher Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Tomás Luis de Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Mannerism" title="Renaissance music">Mannerism</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a><br />c.1600</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" title="Thomas Campion">Thomas Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cooper (composer)">John Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli" title="Alfonso Fontanelli">Alfonso Fontanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler" title="Hans Leo Hassler">Hans Leo Hassler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Lobo" title="Alonso Lobo">Alonso Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzasco Luzzaschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de_Macque" title="Giovanni de Macque">Giovanni de Macque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rogier" title="Philippe Rogier">Philippe Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist_(music)" title="Colorist (music)">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedio" title="Intermedio">Intermedio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavane" title="Pavane">Pavane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Renaissance_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era" title="Music in the Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance#Music" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music:_16th_century_to_the_present" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Early_music_to_the_seventeenth_century" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Renaissance_and_Baroque_Periods" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">Music publishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Andreae" title="Hieronymus Andreae">Hieronymus Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Antico" title="Andrea Antico">Andrea Antico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Attaingnant" title="Pierre Attaingnant">Pierre Attaingnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Baldini" title="Vittorio Baldini">Vittorio Baldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bathen" title="Jacob Bathen">Jacob Bathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Dorico" title="Valerio Dorico">Valerio Dorico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gardano" title="Antonio Gardano">Antonio Gardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Phalesius_the_Elder" title="Petrus Phalesius the Elder">Petrus Phalesius the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Scotto" title="Girolamo Scotto">Girolamo Scotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tielman_Susato" title="Tielman Susato">Tielman Susato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vautrollier" title="Thomas Vautrollier">Thomas Vautrollier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music">Medieval music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music">Baroque music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music" title="Category:Renaissance music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180733#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata823" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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