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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardening_and_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardening_and_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Gardening and agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardening_and_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notable trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Crataegus monogyna</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A9" title="زعرور أحادي المدقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زعرور أحادي المدقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Crataegus monogyna" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Crataegus monogyna" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdi%C5%9Ficikli_yemi%C5%9Fan" title="Birdişicikli yemişan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birdişicikli yemişan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بیردیشیجیک‌لی یئمیشان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیردیشیجیک‌لی یئمیشان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Обикновен глог – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обикновен глог" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijeli_glog" title="Bijeli glog – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bijeli glog" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A7_blanc" title="Arç blanc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arç blanc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Crataegus monogyna" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hloh_jednosemenn%C3%BD" title="Hloh jednosemenný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hloh jednosemenný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Crataegus monogyna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draenen_wen" title="Draenen wen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Draenen wen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engriflet_hvidtj%C3%B8rn" title="Engriflet hvidtjørn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Engriflet hvidtjørn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85" title="أدمام – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أدمام" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eingriffeliger_Wei%C3%9Fdorn" title="Eingriffeliger Weißdorn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eingriffeliger Weißdorn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κράταιγος ο μονόγυνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κράταιγος ο μονόγυνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9nn_(Crataegus_monogyna)" title="Spénn (Crataegus monogyna) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Spénn (Crataegus monogyna)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crataegus monogyna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iparraldeko_elorri_zuri" title="Iparraldeko elorri zuri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iparraldeko elorri zuri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="سرخ ولیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرخ ولیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crataegus monogyna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceach_gheal" title="Sceach gheal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sceach gheal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estripeiro" title="Estripeiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estripeiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednop%C4%9Bstkaty_h%C5%82ohonc" title="Jednopěstkaty hłohonc – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jednopěstkaty hłohonc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijeli_glog" title="Bijeli glog – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bijeli glog" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crataegus monogyna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%A8_%D7%97%D7%93-%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="עוזרר חד-גלעיני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עוזרר חד-גלעיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednoseminn%C3%B4_m%C4%85k%C3%B9szka" title="Jednoseminnô mąkùszka – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jednoseminnô mąkùszka" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giv%C3%AEj" title="Givîj – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Givîj" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkan%C4%81_vilk%C4%81bele" title="Sarkanā vilkābele – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarkanā vilkābele" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienapiest%C4%97_gudobel%C4%97" title="Vienapiestė gudobelė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vienapiestė gudobelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egybib%C3%A9s_galagonya" title="Egybibés galagonya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egybibés galagonya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Обичен глог – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обичен глог" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%87" title="زعرور احادى المدقه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زعرور احادى المدقه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="سرخ ولیک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سرخ ولیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Crataegus monogyna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenstijlige_meidoorn" title="Eenstijlige meidoorn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eenstijlige meidoorn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagtorn" title="Hagtorn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hagtorn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagtorn" title="Hagtorn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hagtorn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Crataegus monogyna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82%C3%B3g_jednoszyjkowy" title="Głóg jednoszyjkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Głóg jednoszyjkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crataegus monogyna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83ducel" title="Păducel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Păducel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Боярышник однопестичный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боярышник однопестичный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrog" title="Scrog – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Scrog" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hloh_jednosemenn%C3%BD" title="Hloh jednosemenný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hloh jednosemenný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enovrati_glog" title="Enovrati glog – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enovrati glog" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Бели глог – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бели глог" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylpp%C3%B6orapihlaja" title="Tylppöorapihlaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tylppöorapihlaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubbhagtorn" title="Trubbhagtorn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trubbhagtorn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idmim_azegga%C9%A3" title="Idmim azeggaɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Idmim azeggaɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"May blossom" redirects here. For the films, see <a href="/wiki/May_Blossom_(film)" title="May Blossom (film)">May Blossom (film)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayblossom_(film)" title="Mayblossom (film)">Mayblossom (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Crataegus monogyna</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawthorn_fruit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hawthorn_fruit.JPG/250px-Hawthorn_fruit.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hawthorn_fruit.JPG/330px-Hawthorn_fruit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hawthorn_fruit.JPG/500px-Hawthorn_fruit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Rivers-2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivers-2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Crataegus_ser._Crataegus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus"><i>Crataegus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Section: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_sect._Crataegus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crataegus sect. Crataegus (page does not exist)"><i>Crataegus <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Crataegus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Series: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_ser._Crataegus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crataegus ser. Crataegus (page does not exist)"><i>Crataegus <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Crataegus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. monogyna</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Crataegus monogyna</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Joseph_von_Jacquin" title="Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin">Jacq.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Crataegus_monogyna_range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Crataegus_monogyna_range.svg/220px-Crataegus_monogyna_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Crataegus_monogyna_range.svg/330px-Crataegus_monogyna_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Crataegus_monogyna_range.svg/440px-Crataegus_monogyna_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="850" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution map </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-Plants_of_the_World_Online_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plants_of_the_World_Online-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Many, including: </p> <ul><li><i>Crataegus elegans</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Poir.) Mutel</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Crataegus polyacantha</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Jan</span></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Crataegus monogyna</b></i>, known as <b>common hawthorn</b>, <b>whitethorn,</b> <b>one-seed hawthorn</b>, or <b>single-seeded hawthorn</b>, is a species of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> in the rose family, <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a>. It grows to about 10 metres (33 feet) tall, producing <a href="/wiki/Plant_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sexuality">hermaphrodite</a> flowers in late spring. The berry-like <a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">pomes</a> (known as haws) contain a stone-encased seed. </p><p>The plant is native to Europe, but has been introduced in many other parts of the world. The pome flesh is of little culinary interest due to its dryness, but is used to make jellies. The young leaves and petals are also edible. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common hawthorn is a <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrub</a> or small <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> up to about 10 metres (33 feet) tall,<sup id="cite_ref-Bean's_Trees_and_Shrubs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bean's_Trees_and_Shrubs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a dense crown. The <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> is dull brown with vertical orange cracks. The younger stems bear sharp thorns, about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>12.5 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inch) long. The <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />20 to 40 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> to <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) long, <a href="/wiki/Obovate" class="mw-redirect" title="Obovate">obovate</a>, and deeply lobed, sometimes almost to the midrib, with the lobes spreading at a wide angle. The upper surface is dark green above and paler underneath.<sup id="cite_ref-Bean's_Trees_and_Shrubs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bean's_Trees_and_Shrubs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a> flowers are produced in late spring (May to early June in its native area) in <a href="/wiki/Corymb" title="Corymb">corymbs</a> of 5–25 together; they have numerous red <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> and a single <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> and are moderately fragrant. The flowers are white, frequently pink<sup id="cite_ref-Parnell-2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parnell-2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pollinated by <a href="/wiki/Midge" title="Midge">midges</a>, bees, and other insects, and later in the year bear numerous haws. The haw is a small, oval, dark red <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> about 10 mm long, <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a>-like, but structurally a <a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">pome</a> containing a single <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> within a stone, the <a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">pyrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bean's_Trees_and_Shrubs_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bean's_Trees_and_Shrubs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The haws develop in groups of two or three along smaller branches. They are pulpy and delicate in taste. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eenstijlige_meidoorn_(Crataegus_monogyna_branch).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaves"><img alt="Leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eenstijlige_meidoorn_%28Crataegus_monogyna_branch%29.jpg/120px-Eenstijlige_meidoorn_%28Crataegus_monogyna_branch%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eenstijlige_meidoorn_%28Crataegus_monogyna_branch%29.jpg/180px-Eenstijlige_meidoorn_%28Crataegus_monogyna_branch%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eenstijlige_meidoorn_%28Crataegus_monogyna_branch%29.jpg/240px-Eenstijlige_meidoorn_%28Crataegus_monogyna_branch%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaves</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crataegus_monogyna_-_Common_hawthorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In bloom"><img alt="In bloom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Crataegus_monogyna_-_Common_hawthorn.jpg/120px-Crataegus_monogyna_-_Common_hawthorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Crataegus_monogyna_-_Common_hawthorn.jpg/250px-Crataegus_monogyna_-_Common_hawthorn.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In bloom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink_and_brown_(4627395373).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flowers"><img alt="Flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pink_and_brown_%284627395373%29.jpg/120px-Pink_and_brown_%284627395373%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pink_and_brown_%284627395373%29.jpg/180px-Pink_and_brown_%284627395373%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pink_and_brown_%284627395373%29.jpg/240px-Pink_and_brown_%284627395373%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(MHNT)_Crataegus_monogyna_-_flowers_and_buds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up of flowers"><img alt="Close-up of flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%28MHNT%29_Crataegus_monogyna_-_flowers_and_buds.jpg/120px-%28MHNT%29_Crataegus_monogyna_-_flowers_and_buds.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%28MHNT%29_Crataegus_monogyna_-_flowers_and_buds.jpg/250px-%28MHNT%29_Crataegus_monogyna_-_flowers_and_buds.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="7220" data-file-height="7050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up of flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crataegus_monogyna_in_Joncret_AR1cJPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joncret [fr], Belgium"><img alt="Joncret [fr], Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crataegus_monogyna_in_Joncret_AR1cJPG.jpg/120px-Crataegus_monogyna_in_Joncret_AR1cJPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crataegus_monogyna_in_Joncret_AR1cJPG.jpg/180px-Crataegus_monogyna_in_Joncret_AR1cJPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crataegus_monogyna_in_Joncret_AR1cJPG.jpg/240px-Crataegus_monogyna_in_Joncret_AR1cJPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joncret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joncret (page does not exist)">Joncret</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joncret" class="extiw" title="fr:Joncret">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crataegus_monogyna_(subsp._monogyna)_sl30.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fruit containing a stone (pyrene)"><img alt="Fruit containing a stone (pyrene)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Crataegus_monogyna_%28subsp._monogyna%29_sl30.jpg/120px-Crataegus_monogyna_%28subsp._monogyna%29_sl30.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Crataegus_monogyna_%28subsp._monogyna%29_sl30.jpg/250px-Crataegus_monogyna_%28subsp._monogyna%29_sl30.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4482" data-file-height="2742" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fruit containing a stone (<a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">pyrene</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_species">Similar species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Similar species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common hawthorn is distinguished from the related but less widespread <a href="/wiki/Midland_hawthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Midland hawthorn">Midland hawthorn</a> (<i>C. laevigata</i>) by its more upright growth, the leaves being deeply lobed, with spreading lobes, and the flowers having just one style, not two or three. They are interfertile, however, so hybrids occur frequently; they are only entirely distinct in their more typical forms. Another species that also hybridises with the common hawthorn is <i><a href="/wiki/Crataegus_rhipidophylla" title="Crataegus rhipidophylla">Crataegus rhipidophylla</a></i>, which is distinguished by having finely instead of coarsely serrated lobe margins. </p><p>The pomes of some other hawthorns may have up to five seeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This species is one of several that have been referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Crataegus_oxyacantha" title="Crataegus oxyacantha">Crataegus oxyacantha</a></i>, a name that has been rejected by the botanical community as too ambiguous. In 1793, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kasimir_Medikus" title="Friedrich Kasimir Medikus">Medikus</a> published the name <i>C. apiifolia</i> for a European hawthorn now included in <i>C. monogyna,</i> but that name is <a href="/wiki/Nomen_illegitimum" title="Nomen illegitimum">illegitimate</a> under the rules of <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">botanical nomenclature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPNI_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPNI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other common names include <b>may</b>, <b>mayblossom</b>, <b>maythorn</b>, (as the plant generally flowers in May) <b>quickthorn</b>, <b>whitethorn</b>, <b>motherdie</b>, and <b>haw</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-CABI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CABI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripon_Parks_4_June_2023_(50).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ripon_Parks_4_June_2023_%2850%29.JPG/220px-Ripon_Parks_4_June_2023_%2850%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ripon_Parks_4_June_2023_%2850%29.JPG/330px-Ripon_Parks_4_June_2023_%2850%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ripon_Parks_4_June_2023_%2850%29.JPG/440px-Ripon_Parks_4_June_2023_%2850%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Flowers, <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>It is native to Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being found in Ireland and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also found in northwestern Africa and Western Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-CABI_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CABI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has escaped to North America, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tktimb_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tktimb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It grows in <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">disturbed</a>, semi-cleared areas.<sup id="cite_ref-tktimb_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tktimb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haws are important for <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> in winter, particularly <a href="/wiki/Thrush_(bird)" title="Thrush (bird)">thrushes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waxwing" title="Waxwing">waxwings</a>; these birds eat the haws and disperse the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> in their droppings.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to excessive animal grazing in the area, new shoots of vulnerable <i>C. monogyna</i> trees in the open field are eaten by animals. This does not allow them to grow and causes them to take a horizontally irregular shape on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study in Wales indicated that current levels of <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> by sheep might extirpate the species in 60–70 years.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fruit of hawthorn, called haws, are sometimes said to be edible raw,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are too dry to be of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are commonly made into jellies,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jams, syrups, or wine, or to add flavour to brandy. </p><p>The young leaves are tender enough to be used in salads.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The petals are also edible.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawthorn petals are used in the medieval English recipe for spinee, an <a href="/wiki/Almond_milk" title="Almond milk">almond milk</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Pottage" title="Pottage">pottage</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recorded in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forme_of_Cury" title="The Forme of Cury">The Forme of Cury</a></i> by the head chef of King <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1390</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-05-23_07_24_06_Crataegus_monogyna_%27Crimson_Cloud%27_blossoms_in_Elko_Nevada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2013-05-23_07_24_06_Crataegus_monogyna_%27Crimson_Cloud%27_blossoms_in_Elko_Nevada.jpg/250px-2013-05-23_07_24_06_Crataegus_monogyna_%27Crimson_Cloud%27_blossoms_in_Elko_Nevada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2013-05-23_07_24_06_Crataegus_monogyna_%27Crimson_Cloud%27_blossoms_in_Elko_Nevada.jpg/330px-2013-05-23_07_24_06_Crataegus_monogyna_%27Crimson_Cloud%27_blossoms_in_Elko_Nevada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2013-05-23_07_24_06_Crataegus_monogyna_%27Crimson_Cloud%27_blossoms_in_Elko_Nevada.jpg/500px-2013-05-23_07_24_06_Crataegus_monogyna_%27Crimson_Cloud%27_blossoms_in_Elko_Nevada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>'Crimson Cloud' in <a href="/wiki/Elko,_Nevada" title="Elko, Nevada">Elko</a>, Nevada</figcaption></figure> <p><i>C. monogyna</i> is one of the most common species used as the "hawthorn" of traditional <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">herbalism</a>. The plant parts used are usually sprigs with both leaves and flowers, or alternatively the fruit ("berries").<sup id="cite_ref-UniMarylandMedCtr_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UniMarylandMedCtr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawthorn has been investigated by <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a> for treating cardiac insufficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-UniMarylandMedCtr_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UniMarylandMedCtr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>C. monogyna</i> is a source of <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, especially extracts of hawthorn leaves with flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gardening_and_agriculture">Gardening and agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gardening and agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Crataegus_monogyna" title="Talk:Crataegus monogyna">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Crataegus+monogyna%22">"Crataegus monogyna"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Crataegus+monogyna%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Crataegus+monogyna%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Crataegus+monogyna%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Crataegus+monogyna%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Crataegus+monogyna%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Common hawthorn is extensively planted as a <a href="/wiki/Hedge" title="Hedge">hedge</a> plant, especially for <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> use. Its spines and close branching habit render it effectively livestock- and human-proof, with some basic maintenance. The traditional practice of <a href="/wiki/Hedgelaying" title="Hedgelaying">hedgelaying</a> is most commonly practised with this species. It is a good <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a>, which burns with a good heat and little smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> exist, some of which are used as garden shrubs. The most widely used hybrid is <i><a href="/wiki/Crataegus_%C3%97_media" title="Crataegus × media">C. × media</a></i> (<i>C. monogyna</i> × <i>C. laevigata</i>), of which several <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> are known, including the very popular 'Paul's Scarlet' with dark pink double flowers. Other garden shrubs that have sometimes been suggested as possible hybrids involving the common hawthorn,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="who has suggested that C. heterophylla is a hybrid? (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> include the <a href="/wiki/Various-leaved_hawthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Various-leaved hawthorn">various-leaved hawthorn</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, which is only very occasionally found in parks and gardens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In pre-modern Europe, hawthorn was used as a symbol of hope, and also as a charm against <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton1994295_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton1994295-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawthorn was believed by some to have the ability to inhibit intruding <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> forces, and was also thought to be sacred in nature due to an association between the hawthorn bush and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a> that, according to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, was placed on <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton1994296_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton1994296-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As protection against witchcraft, hawthorn was sometimes placed in the cradles of infants, or around houses and doorways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton1994295_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton1994295-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks reportedly placed pieces of hawthorn in <a href="/wiki/Casement_window" title="Casement window">casement windows</a> to prevent witches from entering houses,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton1994295–296_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton1994295–296-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemians</a> placed hawthorn on the thresholds of <a href="/wiki/Cow_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow house">cow houses</a> for the same purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton1994296_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton1994296-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawthorn was sometimes placed on the coffin of a deceased person, on top of the person's corpse, or in the corpse's sock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton1994296_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton1994296-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bosnia, women would sometimes place a piece of hawthorn behind the headcloth of a recently deceased person, and then throw away the remaining twig on their way home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton1994296_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton1994296-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the deceased person was a vampire, it would focus its attention on the hawthorn instead of following the woman home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton1994296_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton1994296-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>, stakes made of hawthorn or <a href="/wiki/Blackthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackthorn">blackthorn</a> wood were considered effective in impaling vampires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton1994297_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton1994297-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_trees">Notable trees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawthorn_St_Mars_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hawthorn_St_Mars_2.jpg/250px-Hawthorn_St_Mars_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hawthorn_St_Mars_2.jpg/330px-Hawthorn_St_Mars_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Hawthorn_St_Mars_2.jpg/500px-Hawthorn_St_Mars_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2599" /></a><figcaption>The Saint-Mars tree</figcaption></figure> <p>An ancient specimen, and reputedly the oldest tree of any species in France, is to be found alongside the church at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mars_sur_la_Futaie" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mars sur la Futaie">Saint Mars sur la Futaie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayenne" title="Mayenne">Mayenne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, the tree had a height of 9 m (30 ft) and a girth of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />2.65 m (<span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> ft). The inscription on the plaque beneath reads: "This hawthorn is probably the oldest tree in France. Its origin goes back to <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Le_Mans" title="Julian of Le Mans">St Julien</a> (third century)"; this has not yet been verified. </p><p>A famous specimen in England was the <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Thorn" title="Glastonbury Thorn">Glastonbury or Holy Thorn</a> which, according to legend, sprouted from the staff of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> after he thrust it into the ground while visiting Glastonbury in the first century AD. The tree was noteworthy because it flowered twice in a year, once in the late spring which is normal, but also once after the harshness of midwinter had passed. The original tree at Glastonbury Abbey, felled in the 1640s during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been propagated as the cultivar 'Biflora'.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A replacement was planted by the local council in 1951, but was truncated by vandals in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2012_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known living specimen in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, and possibly in the United Kingdom, is known as the <a href="/wiki/Hethel_Old_Thorn" title="Hethel Old Thorn">Hethel Old Thorn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wildlifetrusts.org_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildlifetrusts.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is located in the churchyard in the small village of <a href="/wiki/Hethel" title="Hethel">Hethel</a>, south of Norwich, in Norfolk. It is reputed to be more than 700 years old, having been planted in the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Wildlifetrusts.org_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildlifetrusts.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crataegus#Folklore" title="Crataegus"><i>Crataegus</i> § Folklore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasineura_crataegi" title="Dasineura crataegi">Dasineura crataegi</a></i> – the dipteran gall-midge, which causes the hawthorn button-top gall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haweater" title="Haweater">Haweater</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rivers-2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rivers-2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRivers,_M.C.Khela,_S.Mark,_J.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rivers, M.C.; Khela, S.; Mark, J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/203426/68083007">"<i>Crataegus monogyna</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2017</b>: e.T203426A68083007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T203426A68083007.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T203426A68083007.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Crataegus+monogyna&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=e.T203426A68083007&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T203426A68083007.en&rft.au=Rivers%2C+M.C.&rft.au=Khela%2C+S.&rft.au=Mark%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F203426%2F68083007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/11239/?offset=#page=370&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=">"Mutel, Fl. Franç. 1: 358 (1834)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230715091525/https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/11239/?offset=%23page=370&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mutel%2C+Fl.+Fran%C3%A7.+1%3A+358+%281834%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibdigital.rjb.csic.es%2Fviewer%2F11239%2F%3Foffset%3D%23page%3D370%26viewer%3Dpicture%26o%3Dbookmark%26n%3D0%26q%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plants_of_the_World_Online-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plants_of_the_World_Online_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/723820-1">"<i>Crataegus monogyna</i> Jacq"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Crataegus+monogyna+Jacq.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2F723820-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bean's_Trees_and_Shrubs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bean's_Trees_and_Shrubs_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bean's_Trees_and_Shrubs_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bean's_Trees_and_Shrubs_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beanstreesandshrubs.org/browse/crataegus/crataegus-monogyna-jacq/">"Crataegus monogyna Jacq"</a>. <i>Bean's Trees and Shrubs</i>. International Dendrology Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bean%27s+Trees+and+Shrubs&rft.atitle=Crataegus+monogyna+Jacq.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beanstreesandshrubs.org%2Fbrowse%2Fcrataegus%2Fcrataegus-monogyna-jacq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parnell-2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parnell-2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParnell,_J.Curtis,_T.Webb,_D.A.2012" class="citation book cs1">Parnell, J.; Curtis, T.; Webb, D.A. (2012). <i>Webb's an Irish Flora</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cork_University_Press" title="Cork University Press">Cork University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-185918-4783" title="Special:BookSources/978-185918-4783"><bdi>978-185918-4783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webb%27s+an+Irish+Flora&rft.pub=Cork+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-185918-4783&rft.au=Parnell%2C+J.&rft.au=Curtis%2C+T.&rft.au=Webb%2C+D.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristensen1992" class="citation book cs1">Christensen, Knud Ib (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vz0lAQAAMAAJ"><i>Revision of </i>Crataegus<i> sect. </i>Crataegus<i> and nothosect. </i>Crataeguineae<i> (Rosaceae-Maloideae) in the Old World</i></a>. American Society of Plant Taxonomists. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912861-35-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912861-35-7"><bdi>978-0-912861-35-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revision+of+Crataegus+sect.+Crataegus+and+nothosect.+Crataeguineae+%28Rosaceae-Maloideae%29+in+the+Old+World&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Plant+Taxonomists&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-912861-35-7&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Knud+Ib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvz0lAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPNI-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPNI_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/67864-2">"Crataegus apiifolia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft.atitle=Crataegus+apiifolia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fn%2F67864-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CABI-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CABI_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CABI_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPasiecznik2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pasiecznik, N (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.16496">"Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn)"</a>. <i>CABI Compendium</i>. CABI International. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2Fcabicompendium">10.1079/cabicompendium</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CABI+Compendium&rft.atitle=Crataegus+monogyna+%28hawthorn%29.&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2Fcabicompendium&rft.aulast=Pasiecznik&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1079%2Fcabicompendium.16496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancis-Baker2021" class="citation book cs1">Francis-Baker, Tiffany (2021). <i>Concise Foraging Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wildlife_Trusts" title="The Wildlife Trusts">The Wildlife Trusts</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/fra/mayenne/saintmarssurlafutaie/2810_church">the original</a> on 19 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monumental+trees&rft.atitle=Common+Hawthorn+next+to+the+church+in+Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie%2C+Mayenne%2C+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monumentaltrees.com%2Fen%2Ffra%2Fmayenne%2Fsaintmarssurlafutaie%2F2810_church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-2012-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News-2012_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News-2012_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17589575">"BBC News – The mystery over who attacked the Holy Thorn Tree"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 4 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+The+mystery+over+who+attacked+the+Holy+Thorn+Tree&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-17589575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phipps, J.B.; O'Kennon, R.J.; Lance, R.W. 2003. <i>Hawthorns and medlars</i>. Royal Horticultural Society, Cambridge, UK.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildlifetrusts.org-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wildlifetrusts.org_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wildlifetrusts.org_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224040329/http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/norfolk/nature%20reserves/map-links/hethel.htm">"Hethel Old Thorn"</a>. Wildlifetrusts.org/. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/norfolk/nature%20reserves/map-links/hethel.htm">the original</a> on 24 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hethel+Old+Thorn&rft.pub=Wildlifetrusts.org%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifetrust.org.uk%2Fnorfolk%2Fnature%2520reserves%2Fmap-links%2Fhethel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelton1994" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (1994). <i>The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead</i>. <a href="/wiki/Visible_Ink_Press" title="Visible Ink Press">Visible Ink Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578590766" title="Special:BookSources/978-1578590766"><bdi>978-1578590766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vampire+Book%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Undead&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1578590766&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crataegus_monogyna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crataegus_monogyna" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crataegus monogyna">Crataegus monogyna</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Philips, R. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treesofnorthamer0000phil"><i>Trees of North America and Europe</i></a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span>. New York: Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50259-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50259-0">0-394-50259-0</a>.</li> <li>Kheloufi, A., Mansouri, L. M., & Vanbellinghen, C. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/110">"Seed germination of <i>Crataegus monogyna</i>—a species with a stony endocarp"</a>. <i>Reforesta</i> (7), 73–80.</li> <li>Bahorun, Theeshan, et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12866623/">"Phenolic constituents and antioxidant capacities of <i>Crataegus monogyna</i> (Hawthorn) callus extracts"</a>. <i>Food/Nahrung</i> 47.3 (2003): 191–198.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709061857/http://www.topwalks.net/plants/white/crataegus_monogyna_more.htm"><i>Crataegus monogyna</i> in Topwalks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202070858/http://www.archiemiles.co.uk/Hawthorn_Gallery.html">Hawthorn Gallery</a> (photographs of a number of such trees, including Hethel Old Thorn)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hawthorn"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Hawthorn">"Hawthorn" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hawthorn&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrataegus+monogyna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220144214/http://www.floraiberica.es/PHP/cientificos2.php?gen=Crataegus&espe=monogyna&infrank=_&infra=_&autabre=Jacq.&familia=Rosaceae"><i>Crataegus monogyna</i> at Flora Iberica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers7406" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers7406" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Crataegus monogyna</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161511" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q161511">Q161511</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Crataegus monogyna">Crataegus monogyna</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/83785">83785</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/84219">84219</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id39595">39595</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=288718">288718</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8429">8429</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Cal-IPC: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/crataegus-monogyna-profile/">crataegus-monogyna</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6BB5X">6BB5X</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=4935">4935</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Crataegus_monogyna">Crataegus_monogyna</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/628306">628306</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CSCMO">CSCMO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250100133">250100133</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FoIO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/cramon">cramon</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9220780">9220780</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=12122">12122</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/51147">51147</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=5392">5392</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/723820-1">723820-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10696520">10696520</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/16496">16496</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=24586">24586</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/203426">203426</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2466">2466</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.735801/">2.735801</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000003430">NBNSYS0000003430</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=140997">140997</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/af8c241e-1bf2-4767-af5d-7b01c947e73b">af8c241e-1bf2-4767-af5d-7b01c947e73b</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3788">3788</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/6656/">6656</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=653070">653070</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Crataegus_monogyna">Crataegus_monogyna</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=2208">2208</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-49">rjp-49</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/CRMO3">CRMO3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A723820-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:723820-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/4775/wd/Details">4775</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">SANBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=3447-2">3447-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/27800045">27800045</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/8700">8700</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/89ce8787-657a-4a79-b9fe-035acb2d3d95">89ce8787-657a-4a79-b9fe-035acb2d3d95</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=3271">3271</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WoI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=453">453</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001009785">wfo-0001009785</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161511#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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